{"id":3585,"date":"2024-07-15T13:14:47","date_gmt":"2024-07-15T05:14:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/?p=3585"},"modified":"2025-01-31T10:11:23","modified_gmt":"2025-01-31T02:11:23","slug":"iran-fulltext-zhen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/2024\/07\/15\/iran-fulltext-zhen\/","title":{"rendered":"\u4f0a\u6717 \/ Iran – \uff08\u5168\u6587\uff09\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u8bcd\u6761\u878d\u5408"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\uff08Wikipedia\uff09\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7684\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u767e\u79d1\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u5230\u7acb\u573a\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u6765\u6e90\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8bf7\u5ba2\u89c2\u770b\u5f85\u3002\u6b63\u6587\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u8bd1\u8005\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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0. \u6982\u8ff0<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/a>
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\"\"<\/a>
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\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 3.0\u534f\u8bae
\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aIran on the globe\u3010\u4f0a\u6717\u5728\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3011
\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1aP30Carl<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY 2.0\u534f\u8bae
\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aLocator map of Iran<\/a>.\u3010\u4f0a\u6717\u5b9a\u4f4d\u56fe\u3002\u3011
\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aOCHA<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

0.1 \u6587\u5b57\u8bf4\u660e<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

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With a mostly Persian-ethnic<\/a> population of almost 90 million in an area of 1,648,195 km2<\/sup> (636,372 sq mi), Iran ranks 17th globally in both geographic size<\/a> and population<\/a>. It is the sixth-largest country<\/a> entirely in Asia<\/a> and one of the world’s most mountainous<\/a> countries. Officially an Islamic republic<\/a>, Iran has a Muslim-majority population<\/a>. The country is divided into five regions<\/a> with 31 provinces<\/a>. Tehran<\/a> is the nation’s capital<\/a>, largest city<\/a> and financial center<\/a>.
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A cradle of civilization<\/a>, Iran has been inhabited since the Lower Palaeolithic<\/a>. It was first unified as a state by Deioces<\/a> in the seventh century BC, and reached its territorial height in the sixth century BC, when Cyrus the Great<\/a> founded the Achaemenid Empire<\/a>, one of the largest in ancient history<\/a>. Alexander the Great<\/a> conquered the empire in the fourth century BC. An Iranian rebellion established the Parthian Empire<\/a> in the third century BC and liberated the country, which was succeeded by the Sasanian Empire<\/a> in the third century AD. Ancient Iran<\/a> saw some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, religion and central government. Muslims conquered<\/a> the region in the seventh century AD, leading to Iran’s Islamization<\/a>. The blossoming literature<\/a>, philosophy<\/a>, mathematics<\/a>, medicine<\/a>, astronomy<\/a> and art<\/a> became major elements for Iranian civilization during the Islamic Golden Age<\/a>.
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A series of Iranian Muslim dynasties<\/a> ended Arab rule, revived the Persian language<\/a> and ruled the country until the Seljuk<\/a> and Mongol<\/a> conquests of the 11th to 14th centuries. In the 16th century, the native Safavids<\/a> re-established a unified Iranian state with Twelver Shi’ism<\/a> as the official religion<\/a>.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u4f0a\u6717\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u738b\u671d\u7ec8\u7ed3\u4e86\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u590d\u5174\u4e86\u6ce2\u65af\u8bed\uff0c\u5e76\u7edf\u6cbb\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u76f4\u523011\u4e16\u7eaa\u81f314\u4e16\u7eaa\u585e\u5c14\u67f1\u548c\u8499\u53e4\u7684\u5f81\u670d\u300216\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u672c\u571f\u7684\u8428\u6cd5\u7ef4\u738b\u671d\u91cd\u65b0\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u4f0a\u6717\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ee5\u5341\u4e8c\u4f0a\u739b\u76ee\u4ec0\u53f6\u6d3e\u4e3a\u5b98\u65b9\u5b97\u6559\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

During the Afsharid Empire<\/a> in the 18th century, Iran was a leading world power, though by the 19th century, it had lost significant territory through conflicts<\/a> with the Russian Empire<\/a>. The early 20th century saw the Persian Constitutional Revolution<\/a> and the establishment of the Pahlavi dynasty<\/a>. Attempts by Mohammad Mosaddegh<\/a> to nationalize the oil industry<\/a> led to an Anglo-American coup in 1953<\/a>. After the Iranian Revolution<\/a>, the monarchy was overthrown in 1979 and the Islamic Republic of Iran was established by Ruhollah Khomeini<\/a>, who became the country’s first Supreme Leader<\/a>. The forces of Saddam Hussein<\/a> invaded in 1980, initiating the 8-year-long Iran-Iraq War<\/a>.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5230\u4e8618\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u963f\u592b\u6c99\u5c14\u738b\u671d\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u5f3a\u56fd\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4f46\u5230\u4e8619\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4e0e\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u9886\u571f\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u7acb\u5baa\u9769\u547d\u5e76\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5df4\u5217\u7ef4\u738b\u671d\u3002\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u00b7\u6469\u8428\u53f0\u8bd5\u56fe\u56fd\u6709\u5316\u77f3\u6cb9\u5de5\u4e1a\u7684\u4e3e\u63aa\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e861953\u5e74\u7684\u82f1\u7f8e\u8054\u5408\u653f\u53d8\u30021979\u5e74\u4f0a\u6717\u9769\u547d\u540e\uff0c\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u88ab\u63a8\u7ffb\uff0c\u9c81\u970d\u62c9\u00b7\u970d\u6885\u5c3c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u4f0a\u6717\uff0c\u5e76\u6210\u4e3a\u8be5\u56fd\u9996\u4f4d\u6700\u9ad8\u9886\u8896\u30021980\u5e74\uff0c\u8428\u8fbe\u59c6\u00b7\u4faf\u8d5b\u56e0\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u519b\u961f\u5165\u4fb5\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u957f\u8fbe\u516b\u5e74\u7684\u4e24\u4f0a\u6218\u4e89\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

19\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u81f320\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u6ce2\u65af\u9010\u6e10\u6ca6\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd<\/a>\u548c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af<\/a>\u7684\u534a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u30021925\u5e74\uff0c\u5df4\u5217\u7ef4\u738b\u671d<\/a>\u5efa\u7acb\u3002\u4e8c\u6218<\/a>\u540e\uff0c\u56fd\u738b\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7-\u793c\u8428\u00b7\u5df4\u5217\u7ef4<\/a>\u9010\u6e10\u6446\u8131\u82f1\u3001\u82cf<\/a>\u4e24\u56fd\u5bf9\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u5949\u884c\u4eb2\u7f8e<\/a>\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u5316\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u662f\u541b\u4e3b\u4e13\u5236\uff0c\u4f46\u5f00\u660e\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5efa\u8bbe\uff0c\u4f7f\u56fd\u5bb6\u83b7\u5f97\u8f83\u5927\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u30021979\u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u9c81\u970d\u62c9\u00b7\u7a46\u8428\u7ef4\u00b7\u970d\u6885\u5c3c<\/a>\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u9769\u547d<\/a>\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u738b\u671d\u653f\u6743\u5f88\u5feb\u88ab\u63a8\u7ffb\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u4f0a\u6717\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5171\u548c\u56fd\uff0c\u540c\u5e74\u5e95\u53d1\u751f\u7f8e\u56fd\u9a7b\u4f0a\u4f7f\u9986\u4eba\u8d28\u4e8b\u4ef6<\/a>\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u6b64\u540e\u8f6c\u4e3a\u53cd\u7f8e\u7684\u5148\u950b\uff0c\u4e0e\u4ee5\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e3a\u9996\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6<\/a>\u4ea4\u6076\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iran is officially governed<\/a> as a unitary<\/a> Islamic Republic<\/a> with a Presidential system<\/a>, with ultimate authority vested in a Supreme Leader. The government is authoritarian<\/a> and has attracted widespread criticism for its significant violations of human rights<\/a> and civil liberties. Iran is a major regional power<\/a>, due to its large reserves of fossil fuels<\/a>, including the world’s second largest natural gas supply<\/a>, third largest proven oil reserves<\/a>, its geopolitically significant location, military capabilities<\/a>, cultural hegemony<\/a>, regional influence, and role as the world’s focal point of Shia Islam<\/a>. The Iranian economy<\/a> is the world’s 19th-largest by PPP<\/a>. Iran is an active and founding member of the United Nations<\/a>, OIC<\/a>, OPEC<\/a>, ECO<\/a>, NAM<\/a>, SCO<\/a> and BRICS<\/a>. Iran is home to 27 UNESCO World Heritage Sites<\/a>, the 10th highest in the world, and ranks 5th in Intangible Cultural Heritage<\/a>, or human treasures. Iran was the world’s third fastest-growing tourism destination in 2019.[12]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u5b98\u65b9\u5b9e\u884c\u5355\u4e00\u5236\u7684\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u91c7\u7528\u603b\u7edf\u5236\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6743\u529b\u5f52\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6700\u9ad8\u9886\u8896\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u5177\u6709\u5a01\u6743\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u56e0\u4e25\u91cd\u4fb5\u72af\u4eba\u6743\u548c\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u800c\u5e7f\u53d7\u56fd\u9645\u6279\u8bc4\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5730\u533a\u5927\u56fd\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u51ed\u501f\u5176\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u5316\u77f3\u71c3\u6599\u50a8\u5907\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5168\u7403\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5927\u7684\u5929\u7136\u6c14\u50a8\u91cf\u548c\u7b2c\u4e09\u5927\u7684\u5df2\u63a2\u660e\u77f3\u6cb9\u50a8\u91cf\uff09\u3001\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5730\u7f18\u6218\u7565\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3001\u519b\u4e8b\u5b9e\u529b\u3001\u6587\u5316\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u3001\u5730\u533a\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5168\u7403\u4ec0\u53f6\u6d3e\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u800c\u8457\u79f0\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6309\u8d2d\u4e70\u529b\u5e73\u4ef7\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c19\u5927\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u662f\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u3001\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5408\u4f5c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u77f3\u6cb9\u8f93\u51fa\u56fd\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5408\u4f5c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u4e0d\u7ed3\u76df\u8fd0\u52a8\u3001\u4e0a\u6d77\u5408\u4f5c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u91d1\u7816\u56fd\u5bb6\u7b49\u56fd\u9645\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u521b\u5efa\u6210\u5458\u56fd\u548c\u6210\u5458\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u62e5\u670927\u9879\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u6559\u79d1\u6587\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e16\u754c\u9057\u4ea7\uff0c\u6570\u91cf\u4f4d\u5c45\u5168\u7403\u7b2c\u5341\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u975e\u7269\u8d28\u6587\u5316\u9057\u4ea7\uff08\u4eba\u7c7b\u975e\u7269\u8d28\u8d22\u5bcc\uff09\u65b9\u9762\u6392\u540d\u7b2c\u4e94\u30022019\u5e74\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u662f\u5168\u7403\u589e\u957f\u901f\u5ea6\u7b2c\u4e09\u5feb\u7684\u65c5\u6e38\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f0a\u6717\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u5b9e\u884c\u653f\u6559\u5408\u4e00<\/a>\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\uff0c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u62c5\u4efb\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u9886\u8896<\/a>\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba<\/a>\u548c\u6b66\u88c5\u529b\u91cf<\/a>\u6700\u9ad8\u7edf\u5e05\uff0c\u7531\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u795e\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\u4f1a\u8bae<\/a>\u9009\u4e3e\u4ea7\u751f\uff0c\u970d\u6885\u5c3c\u4e3a\u9996\u4efb\u6700\u9ad8\u9886\u8896\uff0c\u73b0\u4efb\u6700\u9ad8\u9886\u8896\u4e3a\u8d5b\u4e49\u5fb7\u963f\u91cc\u00b7\u4faf\u8d5b\u5c3c\u00b7\u54c8\u6885\u5185\u4f0a<\/a>\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u653f\u5e9c\u5b9e\u884c\u603b\u7edf\u5171\u548c\u5236<\/a>\uff0c\u603b\u7edf<\/a>\u662f\u7ee7\u6700\u9ad8\u9886\u8896\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u7b2c\u4e8c\u53f7\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\uff0c\u65e2\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u5143\u9996\uff0c\u53c8\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u9996\u8111\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u519b\u4e8b\u7edf\u5e05\uff0c\u7531\u5168\u6c11\u666e\u9009\u4ea7\u751f\uff0c\u73b0\u7531\u9a6c\u82cf\u5fb7\u00b7\u4f69\u6cfd\u5e0c\u9f50\u626c<\/a>\u4efb\u603b\u7edf\u804c\u52a1\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u6700\u9ad8\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u4e3a\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u8bae\u4f1a<\/a>\uff0c\u5b9e\u884c\u4e00\u9662\u5236<\/a>\uff0c\u73b0\u4efb\u8bae\u957f\u4e3a\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u00b7\u5df4\u5409\u5c14\u00b7\u5361\u5229\u5df4\u592b<\/a>\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u53f8\u6cd5\u603b\u76d1\u662f\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u6700\u9ad8\u9996\u8111\uff0c\u7531\u6700\u9ad8\u9886\u8896\u4efb\u547d\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u548c\u603b\u68c0\u5bdf\u957f\u5219\u7531\u53f8\u6cd5\u603b\u76d1\u4efb\u547d\uff0c\u73b0\u4efb\u53f8\u6cd5\u603b\u76d1\u4e3a\u8428\u8fea\u683c\u00b7\u62c9\u91cc\u8d3e\u5c3c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u77f3\u6cb9<\/a>\u4ea7\u4e1a\u662f\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u652f\u67f1\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u56db\u5927\u77f3\u6cb9\u751f\u4ea7\u56fd\u3001\u77f3\u6cb9\u8f93\u51fa\u56fd\u7ec4\u7ec7<\/a>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5927\u77f3\u6cb9\u8f93\u51fa\u56fd\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u8d27\u5e01\u540d\u79f0\u4e3a\u91cc\u4e9a\u5c14<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

0.2 \u6982\u51b5\u8868\u683c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u8fbd\u89c2\u6ce8\uff1a\u6b64\u6807\u9898\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u642c\u8fd0\u3001\u6574\u5408\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Motto\u3010\u56fd\u5bb6\u683c\u8a00\u3011: <\/strong>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0622\u0632\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc
Esteql\u00e2l, \u00c2z\u00e2di, Jomhuri-ye Esl\u00e2mi<\/em>
“Independence, freedom, the Islamic Republic”(de facto<\/a><\/em>)[1]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u201c\u72ec\u7acb\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u201d\uff08\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u7684\uff09[1]\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Anthem\u3010\u56fd\u6b4c\u3011:<\/strong> \u0633\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0644\u06cc \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646
Sorud-e Melli-ye Jomhuri-ye Esl\u00e2mi-ye Ir\u00e2n<\/em>
“National Anthem of the Islamic Republic of Iran<\/a>“<\/a>Duration: 58 seconds.0:58
\u3010\u300a\u4f0a\u6717\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u56fd\u6b4c\u300b\u65f6\u957f\uff1a58\u79d20:58\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Capital and largest city
\u3010\u9996\u90fd\u548c\u6700\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u3011<\/th>		Tehran<\/a> \/ \u5fb7\u9ed1\u5170<\/a>
\"\"35\u00b041\u2032N 51\u00b025\u2032E<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
Official languages
\u3010\u5b98\u65b9\u8bed\u8a00\u3011<\/th>		Persian<\/a> \/ \u6ce2\u65af\u8bed<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
Recognised regional languages
\u3010\u5f97\u5230\u627f\u8ba4\u7684\u533a\u57df\u8bed\u8a00\u3011<\/th>		Predominantly Persian<\/a>\u3010\u4ee5\u6ce2\u65af\u8bed\u4e3a\u4e3b\u3011
18% Azerbaijani<\/a> and other Turkic languages<\/a> (incl. Qashqai<\/a>, Turkmen<\/a>)[2]<\/a><\/sup>\u301018% \u963f\u585e\u62dc\u7586\u8bed\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7a81\u53a5\u8bed\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5361\u4ec0\u52a0\u8bed\u3001\u571f\u5e93\u66fc\u8bed\uff09\u3011
10% Kurdish<\/a>\u301010% \u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u8bed\u3011
7% Gilaki<\/a> and Mazanderani<\/a>\u30107% \u5409\u62c9\u57fa\u8bed\u548c\u9a6c\u8d5e\u5fb7\u5170\u8bed\u3011
6% Luri<\/a>\u30106% \u5362\u91cc\u8bed\u3011
2% Balochi<\/a>\u30102% \u4ffe\u8def\u652f\u8bed\u3011
2% Arabic<\/a>\u30102% \u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u3011
2% other[3]<\/a><\/sup> (incl. Armenian<\/a>, Assyrian<\/a>, Georgian<\/a>, Laki<\/a>, Semnani<\/a>, Talysh<\/a>, Tati<\/a>)\u30102% \u5176\u4ed6\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u8bed\u3001\u4e9a\u8ff0\u8bed\u3001\u683c\u9c81\u5409\u4e9a\u8bed\u3001\u62c9\u57fa\u8bed\u3001\u585e\u59c6\u7eb3\u5c3c\u8bed\u3001\u5854\u96f7\u4ec0\u8bed\u3001\u5854\u8482\u8bed\uff09\u3011<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
National language<\/a>\u3010\u56fd\u5bb6\u8bed\u8a00\u3011<\/th>Persian<\/a> \/ \u6ce2\u65af\u8bed<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
Ethnic groups<\/a> (2003 estimate)[5]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u65cf\u7fa4\uff082003\u5e74\u4f30\u8ba1\u60c5\u51b5\uff09\u3011<\/th>		Predominantly Persians<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u8981\u4e3a\u6ce2\u65af\u4eba\u3011
Azeris<\/a>\u3010\u963f\u585e\u62dc\u7586\u4eba\u3011
Kurds<\/a>\u3010\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u4eba\u3011
Mazanderanis<\/a>\u3010\u9a6c\u8d5e\u5fb7\u5170\u4eba\u3011
Lurs<\/a>\u3010\u5362\u5c14\u4eba\u3011
Gilaks<\/a>\u3010\u5409\u62c9\u514b\u4eba\u3011
Arabs<\/a>\u3010\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\u3011
Armenians<\/a>\u3010\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u3011
Turkmens<\/a>\u3010\u571f\u5e93\u66fc\u4eba\u3011
Baloch<\/a>\u3010\u4ffe\u8def\u652f\u4eba\u3011
Talysh<\/a>\u3010\u5854\u96f7\u4ec0\u4eba\u3011
Tat<\/a>\u3010\u5854\u7279\u4eba\u3011<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
Demonym(s)<\/a>\u3010\u5bf9\u5f53\u5730\u4eba\u7684\u79f0\u547c\u3011<\/th>Iranian<\/a>\u3010\u4f0a\u6717\u4eba\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Government<\/a>\u3010\u653f\u4f53\u3011<\/th>Unitary presidential theocratic Islamic republic<\/a> \/
\u5355\u4e00\u5236<\/a>\u603b\u7edf\u5236<\/a>\u795e\u6743\u653f\u6cbb<\/a>\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5171\u548c\u56fd<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Supreme Leader<\/a> \/ \u6700\u9ad8\u9886\u8896<\/a><\/th>Ali Khamenei<\/a> \/ \u963f\u91cc\u00b7\u54c8\u6885\u5185\u4f0a<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 President<\/a> \/ \u4ee3\u7406\u603b\u7edf<\/a><\/th>Mohammad Mokhber<\/a> (acting) \/ <\/a>
\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u00b7\u7a46\u8d6b\u8d1d\u5c14<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Vice President<\/a> \/  \u7b2c\u4e00\u526f\u603b\u7edf<\/a><\/th>Mohommad Mokhber \/ \u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u00b7\u7a46\u8d6b\u8d1d\u5c14<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Speaker of the Parliament<\/a> \/ \u8bae\u4f1a\u8bae\u957f<\/a><\/th>Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf<\/a> \/ <\/a>
\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u00b7\u5df4\u5409\u5c14\u00b7\u5361\u5229\u5df4\u592b<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Chief Justice<\/a>\u3010\u9996\u5e2d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u3011<\/th>Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje’i<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Secretary of the Guardian Council<\/a>
\u3010\u5baa\u6cd5\u76d1\u62a4\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u79d8\u4e66\u3011<\/th>		Ahmad Jannati<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
Legislature\u3010\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u3011<\/th>Islamic Consultative Assembly<\/a> \/ \u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u8bae\u4f1a<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
Formation<\/a>\u3010\u5efa\u56fd\u3011<\/th><\/tr>
\u2022 Unified as a state<\/a>\u3010\u6210\u4e3a\u7edf\u4e00\u56fd\u5bb6\u3011<\/th>c.\u2009678 BC<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Achaemenid Empire<\/a>\u3010\u963f\u5951\u7f8e\u5c3c\u5fb7\u5e1d\u56fd\u3011<\/th>550 BC<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Parthian Empire<\/a>\u3010\u6ce2\u65af\u5e1d\u56fd\u3011<\/th>247 BC<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Sasanian Empire<\/a>\u3010\u8428\u73ca\u5e1d\u56fd\u3011<\/th>224 AD<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Safavid Iran<\/a>\u3010\u8428\u6cd5\u7ef4\u4f0a\u6717\u3011<\/th>1501<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Afsharid Iran<\/a>\u3010\u963f\u592b\u6c99\u91cc\u5fb7 \u4f0a\u6717\u3011<\/th>1736<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Zand dynasty<\/a>\u3010\u6c99\u738b\u671d\u3011<\/th>1751<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Qajar Iran<\/a>\u3010\u5361\u624e\u5c14\u4f0a\u6717\u3011<\/th>1789<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Constitutional Revolution<\/a> \/ \u6ce2\u65af\u7acb\u5baa\u9769\u547d<\/a><\/th>12 December 1905\u30101905\u5e7412\u670812\u65e5\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Pahlavi Iran<\/a> \/ \u5df4\u52d2\u7ef4\u738b\u671d<\/a><\/th>15 December 1925\u30101925\u5e7412\u670815\u65e5\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Iranian Revolution<\/a> \/ \u4f0a\u6717\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u9769\u547d<\/a><\/th>11 February 1979\u30101979\u5e742\u670811\u65e5\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Current Constitution<\/a>\u3010\u73b0\u884c\u5baa\u6cd5\u3011<\/th>3 December 1979\u30101979\u5e7412\u67083\u65e5\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Area<\/a>\u3010\u9762\u79ef\u3011<\/th><\/tr>
\u2022 Total\u3010\u603b\u9762\u79ef\u3011<\/th>1,648,195 km2<\/sup> (636,372 sq mi) (17th<\/a>)
\u3010164.8195\u4e07\u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\uff0863.6372\u4e07\u5e73\u65b9\u82f1\u91cc\uff09\uff08\u7b2c17\u4f4d\uff09\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Water (%)\u3010\u6c34\u57df\u7387\u3011<\/th>1.63 (as of 2015)[6]<\/a><\/sup>
\u30101.63\uff08\u6839\u636e2015\u5e74\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff09\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Population<\/a>\u3010\u4eba\u53e3\u3011<\/th><\/tr>
\u2022 2024 estimate\u30102024\u5e74\u4f30\u8ba1\u503c\u3011<\/th>\"Neutral 89,819,750[7]<\/a><\/sup> (17th<\/a>)\u30108981\u4e079750\u4eba\uff08\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c17\u4f4d\uff09\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Density\u3010\u4eba\u53e3\u5bc6\u5ea6\u3011<\/th>55\/km2<\/sup> (142.4\/sq mi) (132nd<\/a>)\u301055\u4eba\/\u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\uff08142.4\u4eba\/\u5e73\u65b9\u82f1\u91cc\uff09\uff08\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c132\u4f4d\uff09\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
GDP<\/a> (PPP<\/a>)
\u3010\u56fd\u5185\u751f\u4ea7\u603b\u503c\uff08\u6309\u8d2d\u4e70\u529b\u5e73\u4ef7\u8ba1\u7b97\uff09\u3011<\/th>		2024 estimate\u30102024\u5e74\u4f30\u8ba1\u503c\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Total\u3010\u603b\u503c\u3011<\/th>\"Increase\" $1.855 trillion[8]<\/a><\/sup> (19th<\/a>)\u30101.855\u4e07\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\uff08\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c19\u4f4d\uff09\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Per capita\u3010\u4eba\u5747\u503c\u3011<\/th>\"Increase\" $21,220[8]<\/a><\/sup> (78th<\/a>)\u301021,220\u7f8e\u5143\uff08\u7b2c78\u4f4d\uff09\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
GDP<\/a> (nominal)
\u3010\u56fd\u5185\u751f\u4ea7\u603b\u503c\uff08\u540d\u4e49\u503c\uff0c\u5373\u6309\u6c47\u7387\u8ba1\u7b97\u6240\u5f97\u3011<\/th>		2024 estimate\u30102024\u5e74\u4f30\u8ba1\u503c\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Total\u3010\u603b\u503c\u3011<\/th>\"Increase\" $464.181 billion[8]<\/a><\/sup> (34th<\/a>)
\u30104641.81\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\uff08\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c34\u4f4d\uff09\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Per capita\u3010\u4eba\u5747\u503c\u3011<\/th>\"Increase\" $5,310[8]<\/a><\/sup> (113th<\/a>)\u30105310\u7f8e\u5143\uff08\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c113\u4f4d\uff09\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Gini<\/a> (2019) \/ \u57fa\u5c3c\u7cfb\u6570<\/a><\/th>40.9[9]<\/a><\/sup> medium\u3010\u4e2d\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
HDI<\/a> (2022) \/ \u4eba\u7c7b\u53d1\u5c55\u6307\u6570<\/a><\/th>\"Increase\" 0.780[10]<\/a><\/sup> high (78th<\/a>)\u3010\u9ad8\uff08\u5168\u7403\u7b2c78\u540d\uff09\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Currency\u3010\u8d27\u5e01\u3011<\/th>Iranian rial<\/a> (\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0644<\/a>) (IRR<\/a>)\u3010\u4f0a\u6717\u91cc\u4e9a\u5c14<\/a>\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Time zone\u3010\u65f6\u533a\u3011<\/th>UTC<\/a>+3:30 (IRST<\/a>)\u3010UTC+3:30\uff08\u4f0a\u6717\u6807\u51c6\u65f6\u95f4\uff09\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
ISO 3166 code<\/a><\/th>IR<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
Internet TLD<\/a> <\/a>\/ \u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u9876\u7ea7\u57df<\/a><\/th>.ir<\/a>\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646.<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1. \u8bcd\u6e90 | Etymology<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Name of Iran<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe1-1\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

The term Iran<\/a><\/em> ‘the land of the Aryans’ derives from Middle Persian<\/a> \u0112r\u0101n<\/em>, first attested in a 3rd-century inscription at Naqsh-e Rostam<\/a>, with the accompanying Parthian<\/a> inscription using Ary\u0101n<\/em>, in reference to the Iranians<\/a>.[13]<\/a><\/sup> \u0112r\u0101n<\/em> and Ary\u0101n<\/em> are oblique plural forms of gentilic<\/a> nouns \u0113r-<\/em> (Middle Persian) and ary-<\/em> (Parthian), deriving from Proto-Iranian language<\/a> *arya-<\/em> (meaning ‘Aryan<\/a>‘, i.e. of the Iranians),[13]<\/a>[14]<\/a><\/sup> recognised as a derivative of Proto-Indo-European language<\/a> *ar-yo-<\/em>, meaning ‘one who assembles (skilfully)’.[15]<\/a><\/sup> According to Iranian mythology<\/a>, the name comes from Iraj<\/a>, a legendary king.[16]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u201c\u96c5\u5229\u5b89\u4eba\u4e4b\u5730\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u6e90\u4e8e\u4e2d\u6ce2\u65af\u8bed \u0112r\u0101n\uff0c\u6700\u65e9\u89c1\u4e8e 3 \u4e16\u7eaa\u7eb3\u683c\u4ec0\u7f57\u65af\u5854\u59c6\u7684\u4e00\u5757\u94ed\u6587\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u4f34\u7684\u5e15\u63d0\u4e9a\u94ed\u6587\u4e5f\u4f7f\u7528 Ary\u0101n \u6765\u6307\u4ee3\u4f0a\u6717\u4eba\u3002[13] \u0112r\u0101n \u548c Ary\u0101n \u662f\u6c0f\u65cf\u540d\u8bcd \u0113r-\uff08\u4e2d\u6ce2\u65af\u8bed\uff09\u548c ary-\uff08\u5e15\u63d0\u4e9a\u8bed\uff09\u7684\u95f4\u63a5\u590d\u6570\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u6e90\u81ea\u539f\u59cb\u4f0a\u6717\u8bed *arya-\uff08\u610f\u4e3a\u201c\u96c5\u5229\u5b89\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u4f0a\u6717\u4eba\uff09\uff0c[13][14] \u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u539f\u59cb\u5370\u6b27\u8bed *ar-yo- \u7684\u884d\u751f\u8bcd\uff0c\u610f\u4e3a\u201c\uff08\u5de7\u5999\u5730\uff09\u805a\u96c6\u7684\u4eba\u201d\u3002[15] \u6839\u636e\u4f0a\u6717\u795e\u8bdd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57\u6765\u81ea\u4f20\u8bf4\u4e2d\u7684\u56fd\u738b\u4f0a\u62c9\u5409 (Iraj)\u3002[16]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iran was referred to as Persia<\/em> by the West<\/a>, due to Greek<\/a> historians who referred to all of Iran as Pers\u00eds<\/em>, meaning ‘the land of the Persians<\/a>‘.[17]<\/a>[18]<\/a>[19]<\/a>[20]<\/a><\/sup> Persia<\/em> is the Fars province<\/a> in southwest Iran, the 4th largest province, also known as P\u00e2rs<\/em>.[21]<\/a>[22]<\/a><\/sup> The Persian<\/a> F\u00e2rs<\/em> (\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633), derived from the earlier form P\u00e2rs<\/em> (\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0633), which is in turn derived from P\u00e2rs\u00e2<\/em> (Old Persian<\/a>: \ud800\udfb1\ud800\udfa0\ud800\udfbc\ud800\udfbf). Due to Fars’ historical importance,[23]<\/a>[24]<\/a><\/sup> Persia<\/em> originated from this territory<\/a> through Greek in around 550 BC,[25]<\/a><\/sup> and Westerners referred to the entire country as Persia<\/em>,[26]<\/a>[27]<\/a><\/sup> until 1935, when Reza Shah<\/a> requested the international community to use its native and original name, Iran<\/em>;[28]<\/a><\/sup> Iranians called their nation Iran<\/em> since at least 1000 BC.[21]<\/a><\/sup> Today, both Iran<\/em> and Persia<\/em> are used culturally, while Iran<\/em> remains mandatory in official use.[29]<\/a>[30]<\/a>[31]<\/a>[32]<\/a>[33]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u88ab\u897f\u65b9\u79f0\u4e3a\u6ce2\u65af\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5e0c\u814a\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5c06\u6574\u4e2a\u4f0a\u6717\u79f0\u4e3a Pers\u00eds\uff0c\u610f\u601d\u662f\u201c\u6ce2\u65af\u4eba\u7684\u571f\u5730\u201d\u3002[17][18][19][20] \u6ce2\u65af\u662f\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4f0a\u6717\u897f\u5357\u90e8\u7684\u6cd5\u5c14\u65af\u7701\uff0c\u662f\u4f0a\u6717\u7b2c\u56db\u5927\u7701\uff0c\u4e5f\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u5e15\u5c14\u65af (P\u00e2rs)\u3002[21][22] \u6ce2\u65af\u8bed F\u00e2rs (\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633) \u6e90\u81ea\u65e9\u671f\u5f62\u5f0f P\u00e2rs (\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0633)\uff0c\u800c P\u00e2rs \u53c8\u6e90\u81ea P\u00e2rs\u00e2\uff08\u53e4\u6ce2\u65af\u8bed\uff1a\ud800\udfb1\ud800\udfa0\ud800\udfbc\ud800\udfbf\uff09\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u6cd5\u5c14\u65af\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u91cd\u8981\u6027[23][24]\uff0c\u201c\u6ce2\u65af\u201d\u4e00\u540d\u4e8e\u516c\u5143\u524d 550 \u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u901a\u8fc7\u5e0c\u814a\u4eba\u4ece\u8fd9\u7247\u9886\u571f\u8d77\u6e90[25]\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u5c06\u6574\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u6ce2\u65af\u201d[26][27]\uff0c\u76f4\u5230 1935 \u5e74\uff0c\u793c\u8428\u6c99\u8981\u6c42\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u5176\u672c\u571f\u548c\u539f\u59cb\u540d\u79f0\u201c\u4f0a\u6717\u201d[28]\uff1b\u4f0a\u6717\u4eba\u81f3\u5c11\u4ece\u516c\u5143\u524d 1000 \u5e74\u8d77\u5c31\u79f0\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3a\u201c\u4f0a\u6717\u201d[21]\u3002[29][30][31][32][33]\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u201c\u4f0a\u6717\u201d\u548c\u201c\u6ce2\u65af\u201d\u5728\u6587\u5316\u4e0a\u90fd\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u201c\u4f0a\u6717\u201d\u5728\u5b98\u65b9\u4f7f\u7528\u4e2d\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u7684\u3002[29][30][31][32][33]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Persian pronunciation of Iran<\/em> is [\u0294i\u02d0\u02c8\u027e\u0252\u02d0n]<\/a>. Commonwealth English<\/a> pronunciations of Iran<\/em> are listed in the Oxford English Dictionary<\/a><\/em> as \/\u026a\u02c8r\u0251\u02d0n\/<\/a> and \/\u026a\u02c8r\u00e6n\/<\/a>,[34]<\/a><\/sup> while American English<\/a> dictionaries provide pronunciations which map to \/\u026a\u02c8r\u0251\u02d0n, -\u02c8r\u00e6n, a\u026a\u02c8r\u00e6n\/<\/a>,[35]<\/a><\/sup> or \/\u026a\u02c8r\u00e6n, \u026a\u02c8r\u0251\u02d0n, a\u026a\u02c8r\u00e6n\/<\/a>. The Cambridge Dictionary<\/a><\/em> lists \/\u026a\u02c8r\u0251\u02d0n\/<\/a> as the British pronunciation and \/\u026a\u02c8r\u00e6n\/<\/a> as the American pronunciation. Voice of America<\/a>‘s pronunciation guide provides \/\u026a\u02c8r\u0251\u02d0n\/<\/a>.[36]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u6ce2\u65af\u8bed\u53d1\u97f3\u662f [\u0294i\u02d0\u02c8\u027e\u0252\u02d0n]\u3002\u725b\u6d25\u82f1\u8bed\u8bcd\u5178\u5c06\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u82f1\u8054\u90a6\u82f1\u8bed\u53d1\u97f3\u5217\u4e3a \/\u026a\u02c8r\u0251\u02d0n\/ \u548c \/\u026a\u02c8r\u00e6n\/\uff0c[34] \u800c\u7f8e\u5f0f\u82f1\u8bed\u8bcd\u5178\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u53d1\u97f3\u5219\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e3a \/\u026a\u02c8r\u0251\u02d0n, -\u02c8r\u00e6n, a\u026a\u02c8r\u00e6n\/\uff0c[35] \u6216 \/\u026a\u02c8r\u00e6n, \u026a\u02c8r\u0251\u02d0n, a\u026a\u02c8r\u00e6n\/\u3002\u5251\u6865\u8bcd\u5178\u5c06 \/\u026a\u02c8r\u0251\u02d0n\/ \u5217\u4e3a\u82f1\u5f0f\u53d1\u97f3\uff0c\u5c06 \/\u026a\u02c8r\u00e6n\/ \u5217\u4e3a\u7f8e\u5f0f\u53d1\u97f3\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e4b\u97f3\u7684\u53d1\u97f3\u6307\u5357\u63d0\u4f9b \/\u026a\u02c8r\u0251\u02d0n\/\u3002[36]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. \u5386\u53f2 | History<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Main article: History of Iran<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3011\/ \u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u5386\u53f2<\/a>\u548c\u6ce2\u65af\u5386\u53f2<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Iranian history<\/a>.\u3010\u6709\u5173\u6309\u65f6\u95f4\u987a\u5e8f\u6392\u5217\u7684\u6307\u5357\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u9605\u201c\u4f0a\u6717\u5386\u53f2\u5e74\u8868\u201d\u3002\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.1 \u53f2\u524d | Prehistory<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Further information: Prehistory of Iran<\/a> and List of archaeological sites in Iran<\/a>
\u3010\u66f4\u591a\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a\u201c\u4f0a\u6717\u53f2\u524d\u53f2\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4f0a\u6717\u8003\u53e4\u9057\u5740\u5217\u8868\u201d\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u6ce2\u65af<\/a>\u548c\u6ce2\u65af\u5e1d\u56fd<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe2-1\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Archaeological artifacts confirm human presence in Iran since the Lower Palaeolithic<\/a>.[37]<\/a><\/sup> Neanderthal<\/a> artifacts have been found in the Zagros<\/a> region.[38]<\/a>[39]<\/a>[40]<\/a><\/sup> From the 10th to the 7th millennium BC, agricultural communities flourished around the Zagros region, including Chogha Golan<\/a>,[41]<\/a>[42]<\/a><\/sup> Chogha Bonut<\/a>,[43]<\/a>[44]<\/a><\/sup> and Chogha Mish<\/a>.[45]<\/a>[46]<\/a>[47]<\/a><\/sup> The occupation of grouped hamlets in the area of Susa<\/a> ranges from 4395 to 3490 BC.[48]<\/a><\/sup> There are several prehistoric sites across the country, such as Shahr-e Sukhteh<\/a> and Teppe Hasanlu<\/a>, all pointing to ancient cultures and civilizations.[49]<\/a>[50]<\/a>[51]<\/a><\/sup> From the 34th to the 20th century BC, northwest Iran was part of the Kura-Araxes culture<\/a>, which stretched into the neighbouring Caucasus<\/a> and Anatolia<\/a>.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u6587\u7269\u8bc1\u5b9e\uff0c\u81ea\u65e7\u77f3\u5668\u65f6\u4ee3\u65e9\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u5730\u533a\u5c31\u5df2\u6709\u4eba\u7c7b\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u75d5\u8ff9\u3002[37]\u5728\u624e\u683c\u7f57\u65af\u5730\u533a\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u5c3c\u5b89\u5fb7\u7279\u4eba\u7684\u9057\u7269\u3002[38][39][40]\u4ece\u516c\u5143\u524d10\u5343\u5e74\u5230\u516c\u5143\u524d7\u5343\u5e74\uff0c\u519c\u4e1a\u793e\u7fa4\u5728\u624e\u683c\u7f57\u65af\u5730\u533a\u84ec\u52c3\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5305\u62ecChogha Golan\u3001[41][42]Chogha Bonut\u3001[43][44]\u548cChogha Mish\u3002[45][46][47]\u82cf\u8428\u5730\u533a\u7684\u805a\u843d\u7fa4\u5c45\u4f4f\u5386\u53f2\u53ef\u8ffd\u6eaf\u81f3\u516c\u5143\u524d4395\u5e74\u81f3\u516c\u5143\u524d3490\u5e74\u3002[48]\u5168\u56fd\u8fd8\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u53f2\u524d\u9057\u5740\uff0c\u5982Shahr-e Sukhteh\u548cTeppe Hasanlu\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u6307\u5411\u4e86\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u6587\u5316\u548c\u6587\u660e\u3002[49][50][51]\u4ece\u516c\u5143\u524d34\u4e16\u7eaa\u5230\u516c\u5143\u524d20\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u897f\u5317\u90e8\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5e93\u62c9-\u963f\u62c9\u514b\u65af\u6587\u5316\u5708\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6587\u5316\u5708\u5ef6\u4f38\u5230\u4e86\u90bb\u8fd1\u7684\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u548c\u5b89\u7eb3\u6258\u5229\u4e9a\u5730\u533a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since the Bronze Age<\/a>, the area has been home to Iranian civilization,[52]<\/a>[53]<\/a><\/sup> including Elam<\/a>, Jiroft<\/a>, and Zayanderud<\/a>. Elam, the most prominent, continued until the Plateau was unified as a state by the Medes<\/a> in 7th century BC. The advent of writing in Elam was parallelled to Sumer<\/a>; the Elamite cuneiform<\/a> developed beginning in the third millennium BC.[54]<\/a><\/sup> Elam was part of the early urbanization of the Near East<\/a> during the Chalcolithic<\/a> period. Diverse artifacts from the Bronze Age and huge structures from the Iron Age indicates suitable conditions for human civilization over the past 8,000 years in Piranshahr<\/a> and other areas.[55]<\/a>[56]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u81ea\u9752\u94dc\u65f6\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5730\u533a\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u4f0a\u6717\u6587\u660e\u7684\u53d1\u6e90\u5730\uff0c[52][53]\u5305\u62ec\u57c3\u5170\u3001\u6770\u7f57\u592b\u7279\u548c\u624e\u56e0\u8fbe\u9c81\u5fb7\u6587\u660e\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u57c3\u5170\u6700\u4e3a\u663e\u8457\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u5ef6\u7eed\u81f3\u516c\u5143\u524d7\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u5f53\u7c73\u5e95\u4eba\u5728\u4f0a\u6717\u9ad8\u539f\u4e0a\u7edf\u4e00\u5404\u90a6\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u57c3\u5170\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0e\u82cf\u7f8e\u5c14\u5e76\u884c\uff0c\u57c3\u5170\u6954\u5f62\u6587\u5b57\u81ea\u516c\u5143\u524d\u7b2c\u4e09\u5343\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u5f62\u6210\u3002[54]\u57c3\u5170\u662f\u65b0\u77f3\u5668\u65f6\u4ee3\u665a\u671f\u8fd1\u4e1c\u65e9\u671f\u57ce\u5e02\u5316\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u9752\u94dc\u65f6\u4ee3\u591a\u6837\u7684\u6587\u7269\u548c\u94c1\u5668\u65f6\u4ee3\u5b8f\u5927\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u9057\u8ff9\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u8fc7\u53bb8000\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u76ae\u5170\u6c99\u8d6b\u5c14\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u533a\u5177\u5907\u4e86\u9002\u5408\u4eba\u7c7b\u6587\u660e\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002[55][56]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.2 \u53e4\u4ee3\u4f0a\u6717\u53ca\u7edf\u4e00 | Ancient Iran and unification<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Median Empire<\/a>, Achaemenid Empire<\/a>, Seleucid Empire<\/a>, Parthian Empire<\/a>, and Sasanian Empire<\/a>
\u3010\u4e3b\u8981\u6587\u7ae0\uff1a\u7c73\u5e95\u5e1d\u56fd\u3001\u963f\u5951\u7f8e\u5c3c\u5fb7\u5e1d\u56fd\u3001\u585e\u7409\u53e4\u5e1d\u56fd\u3001\u5e15\u63d0\u4e9a\u5e1d\u56fd\u548c\u8428\u73ca\u5e1d\u56fd\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe2-2\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

By the 2nd millennium BC, ancient Iranian peoples<\/a> arrived from the Eurasian Steppe<\/a>.[57]<\/a>[58]<\/a>[59]<\/a><\/sup> As the Iranians<\/a> dispersed into Greater Iran<\/a>, it was dominated by Median, Persian<\/a>, and Parthian<\/a> tribes.[60]<\/a><\/sup> From the 10th to 7th century BC, Iranian peoples, together with pre-Iranian kingdoms, fell under the Assyrian Empire<\/a>, based in Mesopotamia<\/a>.[61]<\/a><\/sup> The Medes and Persians entered into an alliance with Babylonian<\/a> ruler Nabopolassar<\/a>, and attacked the Assyrians<\/a>. Civil war ravaged the Assyrian Empire between 616 and 605 BC, freeing peoples from three centuries of Assyrian rule.[62]<\/a><\/sup> The interference of the Assyrians in Zagros<\/a> unified the Median tribes by Deioces<\/a> in 728 BC, the foundation of the Medes Kingdom<\/a> and their capital Ecbatana<\/a>, unifying Iran as a state and nation for the first time in 678 BC.[63]<\/a><\/sup> By 612 BC, the Medes with the Babylonians overthrown the Assyrian Empire.[64]<\/a><\/sup> This ended the Kingdom of Urartu<\/a>.[65]<\/a>[66]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5230\u4e86\u516c\u5143\u524d\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5343\u7eaa\uff0c\u53e4\u4f0a\u6717\u6c11\u65cf\u4ece\u6b27\u4e9a\u8349\u539f\u8fc1\u5f99\u800c\u6765\u3002[57][58][59]\u968f\u7740\u4f0a\u6717\u6c11\u65cf\u6563\u5e03\u5230\u5927\u4f0a\u6717\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u533a\u57df\u4e3b\u8981\u7531\u7c73\u5e95\u4eba\u3001\u6ce2\u65af\u4eba\u548c\u5e15\u63d0\u4e9a\u90e8\u843d\u4e3b\u5bb0\u3002[60]\u4ece\u516c\u5143\u524d10\u4e16\u7eaa\u5230\u516c\u5143\u524d7\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u6c11\u65cf\u8fde\u540c\u524d\u4f0a\u6717\u738b\u56fd\u4e00\u540c\u843d\u5165\u4ee5\u7f8e\u7d22\u4e0d\u8fbe\u7c73\u4e9a\u4e3a\u57fa\u5730\u7684\u4e9a\u8ff0\u5e1d\u56fd\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e4b\u4e0b\u3002[61]\u7c73\u5e95\u4eba\u548c\u6ce2\u65af\u4eba\u4e0e\u5df4\u6bd4\u4f26\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u90a3\u6ce2\u5e15\u62c9\u8428\u5c14\u7ed3\u76df\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u5bf9\u6297\u4e9a\u8ff0\u4eba\u3002\u516c\u5143\u524d616\u5e74\u81f3\u516c\u5143\u524d605\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u5185\u6218\u6495\u88c2\u4e86\u4e9a\u8ff0\u5e1d\u56fd\uff0c\u7ed3\u675f\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u4e9a\u8ff0\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u5404\u6c11\u65cf\u5f97\u4ee5\u89e3\u8131\u3002[62]\u4e9a\u8ff0\u4eba\u5728\u624e\u683c\u7f57\u65af\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5e72\u6d89\u4fc3\u4f7f\u8fea\u5965\u585e\u65af\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d728\u5e74\u7edf\u4e00\u4e86\u7c73\u5e95\u90e8\u843d\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u7c73\u5e95\u738b\u56fd\u53ca\u5176\u9996\u90fd\u57c3\u514b\u5df4\u5854\u90a3\uff0c\u9996\u6b21\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d678\u5e74\u5c06\u4f0a\u6717\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u6c11\u65cf\u7edf\u4e00\u8d77\u6765\u3002[63]\u5230\u516c\u5143\u524d612\u5e74\uff0c\u7c73\u5e95\u4eba\u4e0e\u5df4\u6bd4\u4f26\u4eba\u5171\u540c\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e86\u4e9a\u8ff0\u5e1d\u56fd\u3002[64]\u8fd9\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u4e4c\u62c9\u5c14\u56fe\u738b\u56fd\u7684\u7ec8\u7ed3\u3002[65][66]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe2-3\u548c2-4\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

In 550 BC, Cyrus the Great<\/a> defeated the last Median king, Astyages<\/a>, and established the Achaemenid Empire<\/a>. Conquests under Cyrus and his successors expanded it to include Lydia<\/a>, Babylon<\/a>, Egypt<\/a>, parts of the Eastern Europe<\/a>, and lands west of the Indus<\/a> and Oxus<\/a> rivers. In 539 BC, Persian forces defeated the Babylonians at Opis<\/a>, ending four centuries of Mesopotamian domination by the Neo-Babylonian Empire<\/a>.[67]<\/a><\/sup> In 518 BC, Persepolis<\/a> was founded by Darius the Great<\/a> as the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire, then the largest ever empire; it ruled over 40% of the world’s population.[68]<\/a>[69]<\/a><\/sup> The Empire had a successful model of centralized bureaucracy, multiculturalism, road system<\/a>, postal system<\/a>, use of official languages, civil service<\/a> and large, professional army<\/a>. It inspired similar governance by later empires.[70]<\/a><\/sup> In 334 BC, Alexander the Great<\/a> defeated the last Achaemenid king, Darius III<\/a> and burned down Persepolis. After Alexander’s death<\/a> in 323 BC, Iran fell under the Seleucid Empire<\/a>, and divided into several Hellenistic<\/a> states.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u516c\u5143\u524d550\u5e74\uff0c\u5c45\u9c81\u58eb\u5927\u5e1d\u51fb\u8d25\u4e86\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4f4d\u7c73\u5e95\u56fd\u738b\u963f\u65af\u63d0\u963f\u683c\u65af\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u963f\u5951\u7f8e\u5c3c\u5fb7\u5e1d\u56fd\u3002\u5728\u5c45\u9c81\u58eb\u53ca\u5176\u540e\u7ee7\u8005\u7684\u5f81\u670d\u4e0b\uff0c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7248\u56fe\u6269\u5f20\u81f3\u5415\u5e95\u4e9a\u3001\u5df4\u6bd4\u4f26\u3001\u57c3\u53ca\u3001\u4e1c\u6b27\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5370\u5ea6\u6cb3\u4e0e\u963f\u59c6\u6cb3\u4ee5\u897f\u7684\u9886\u5730\u3002\u516c\u5143\u524d539\u5e74\uff0c\u6ce2\u65af\u519b\u961f\u5728\u5965\u76ae\u65af\u51fb\u8d25\u4e86\u5df4\u6bd4\u4f26\u4eba\uff0c\u7ec8\u7ed3\u4e86\u65b0\u5df4\u6bd4\u4f26\u5e1d\u56fd\u5bf9\u7f8e\u7d22\u4e0d\u8fbe\u7c73\u4e9a\u957f\u8fbe\u56db\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002[67]\u516c\u5143\u524d518\u5e74\uff0c\u5927\u6d41\u58eb\u4e00\u4e16\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u6ce2\u65af\u6ce2\u5229\u65af\u4f5c\u4e3a\u963f\u5951\u7f8e\u5c3c\u5fb7\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u793c\u4eea\u9996\u90fd\uff0c\u90a3\u65f6\u5e1d\u56fd\u662f\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\uff0c\u7edf\u6cbb\u7740\u5168\u7403\u7ea640%\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u3002[68][69]\u8be5\u5e1d\u56fd\u62e5\u6709\u6210\u529f\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u5b98\u50da\u4f53\u7cfb\u3001\u591a\u5143\u6587\u5316\u653f\u7b56\u3001\u9053\u8def\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u90ae\u653f\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u5b98\u65b9\u8bed\u8a00\u4f7f\u7528\u3001\u6587\u5b98\u5236\u5ea6\u4ee5\u53ca\u5e9e\u5927\u800c\u4e13\u4e1a\u7684\u519b\u961f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u4e3a\u540e\u6765\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6cbb\u7406\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u7075\u611f\u3002[70]\u516c\u5143\u524d334\u5e74\uff0c\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u5927\u5e1d\u51fb\u8d25\u4e86\u672b\u4ee3\u963f\u5951\u7f8e\u5c3c\u5fb7\u56fd\u738b\u5927\u6d41\u58eb\u4e09\u4e16\uff0c\u5e76\u711a\u6bc1\u4e86\u6ce2\u65af\u6ce2\u5229\u65af\u3002\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u53bb\u4e16\u540e\uff0c\u5373\u516c\u5143\u524d323\u5e74\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u6ca6\u5165\u585e\u7409\u53e4\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e4b\u624b\uff0c\u5e76\u5206\u88c2\u4e3a\u591a\u4e2a\u5e0c\u814a\u5316\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iran remained under Seleucid occupation until 250\u2013247 BC, when the native Parthians<\/a> liberated<\/a> Parthia in the northeast, and rebelled against the Seleucids, founding the Parthian Empire<\/a>. Parthians became the main power, and the geopolitical arch-rivalry between the Romans<\/a> and the Parthians began, culminating in the Roman\u2013Parthian Wars<\/a>. At its height, the Parthian Empire stretched from the north reaches of the Euphrates<\/a> in present-day Turkey, to Afghanistan<\/a> and Pakistan. Located on the Silk Road<\/a> trade route between the Roman Empire<\/a> and China<\/a>, it became a commercial center. As the Parthians expanded west, they conflicted with Armenia<\/a> and the Roman Republic<\/a>.[71]<\/a><\/sup>
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After five centuries of Parthian rule, civil war proved more dangerous to stability, than invasion. Parthian power evaporated when Persian ruler Ardashir I<\/a>, killed Artabanus IV<\/a>, and founded the Sasanian Empire<\/a> in 224 AD. Sassanids and their arch-rival, the Roman<\/a>–Byzantines<\/a>, were the world’s dominant powers for four centuries. Late antiquity is one of Iran’s most influential periods,[72]<\/a><\/sup> its influence reached ancient Rome<\/a>,[73]<\/a>[74]<\/a><\/sup> Africa<\/a>,[75]<\/a><\/sup> China<\/a>, and India<\/a>,[76]<\/a><\/sup> and played a prominent role in the mediaeval art of Europe<\/a> and Asia<\/a>.[77]<\/a>[78]<\/a><\/sup> Sasanian rule was a high point, characterized by sophisticated bureaucracy, and revitalized Zoroastrianism<\/a> as a legitimizing and unifying force.[79]<\/a><\/sup>
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2.3 \u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u4f0a\u6717\u548c\u4f0a\u6717\u95f4\u671f | Mediaeval Iran and Iranian Intermezzo<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Early Muslim conquests<\/a>, Mediaeval Iran<\/a>, and Iranian Intermezzo<\/a>
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Following early Muslim conquests, the influence of Sasanian art<\/a>, architecture<\/a>, music<\/a>, literature<\/a> and philosophy<\/a> on Islamic culture<\/a>, spread Iranian culture, knowledge and ideas in the Muslim world<\/a>. The Byzantine\u2013Sasanian wars<\/a>, and conflict within the Sasanian Empire<\/a>, allowed Arab invasion in the 7th century.[80]<\/a>[81]<\/a><\/sup> The empire was defeated by the Rashidun Caliphate<\/a>, which was succeeded by the Umayyad Caliphate<\/a>, then the Abbasid Caliphate<\/a>. Islamization<\/a> followed, which targeted Iran’s Zoroastrian<\/a> majority and included religious persecution,[82]<\/a>[83]<\/a>[84]<\/a><\/sup> demolition of libraries[85]<\/a><\/sup> and fire temples,[86]<\/a><\/sup> a tax penalty (“jizya<\/a>“),[87]<\/a>[88]<\/a><\/sup> and language shift.[89]<\/a>[90]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u968f\u7740\u65e9\u671f\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5f81\u670d\u7684\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u8428\u73ca\u827a\u672f\u3001\u5efa\u7b51\u3001\u97f3\u4e50\u3001\u6587\u5b66\u53ca\u54f2\u5b66\u5bf9\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4f20\u64ad\u4e86\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u6587\u5316\u3001\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u601d\u60f3\u81f3\u6574\u4e2a\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u62dc\u5360\u5ead-\u8428\u73ca\u6218\u4e89\u4ee5\u53ca\u8428\u73ca\u5e1d\u56fd\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u4e3a7\u4e16\u7eaa\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\u7684\u5165\u4fb5\u655e\u5f00\u4e86\u5927\u95e8\u3002[80][81]\u5e1d\u56fd\u6700\u7ec8\u8d25\u7ed9\u4e86\u4f0d\u9ea6\u4e9a\u738b\u671d\u6240\u7ee7\u627f\u7684\u56db\u5927\u54c8\u91cc\u53d1\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u2014\u2014\u62c9\u65af\u8482\u5fb7\u738b\u671d\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u53c8\u88ab\u4f0d\u9ea6\u4e9a\u738b\u671d\u548c\u963f\u62d4\u65af\u738b\u671d\u6240\u53d6\u4ee3\u3002\u968f\u4e4b\u800c\u6765\u7684\u662f\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u9488\u5bf9\u4f0a\u6717\u5360\u591a\u6570\u7684\u7410\u7f57\u4e9a\u65af\u5fb7\u6559\u4fe1\u5f92\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u5b97\u6559\u8feb\u5bb3\u3001[82][83][84]\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u7684\u6467\u6bc1\u3001[85]\u706b\u795e\u5e99\u7684\u62c6\u9664\u3001[86]\u5f81\u6536\u5409\u5179\u4e9a\u7a0e\uff08”jizya”\uff09\u4f5c\u4e3a\u975e\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u7684\u60e9\u7f5a\u6027\u7a0e\u6536\u3001[87][88]\u4ee5\u53ca\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002[89][90]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe2-6\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

In 750, the Abbasids<\/a> overthrew the Umayyads<\/a>.[91]<\/a><\/sup> Arab and Persians Muslims made up the rebel army together, which was united by Persian Abu Muslim<\/a>.[92]<\/a>[93]<\/a><\/sup> In their struggle for power, society became cosmopolitan. Persians and Turks replaced Arabs. A hierarchy of officials emerged, a bureaucracy at first Persian and later Turkish<\/a> which decreased Abbasid prestige and power for good.[94]<\/a><\/sup> After two centuries of Arab rule, Iranian Muslim dynasties in the Plateau rose, appearing on the fringes of the declining Abbasid Caliphate<\/a>.[95]<\/a><\/sup> The Iranian Intermezzo<\/a> was an interlude between Abbasid rule by Arabs, and the “Sunni Revival<\/a>“, with the 11th-century emergence of the Seljuks<\/a>. The Intermezzo ended the Arab rule over Iran, revived the Iranian national spirit<\/a> and culture in Islamic form, and the Persian language<\/a>. The most significant literature was Shahnameh<\/a> by Ferdowsi<\/a>, the national epic.[96]<\/a>[97]<\/a>[98]<\/a>[99]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011750\u5e74\uff0c\u963f\u62d4\u65af\u738b\u671d\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e86\u4f0d\u9ea6\u4e9a\u738b\u671d\u3002[91]\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u548c\u6ce2\u65af\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5171\u540c\u7ec4\u6210\u4e86\u53db\u519b\uff0c\u7531\u6ce2\u65af\u4eba\u963f\u5e03\u00b7\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u7edf\u4e00\u9886\u5bfc\u3002[92][93]\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6743\u529b\u6597\u4e89\u4e2d\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u53d8\u5f97\u56fd\u9645\u5316\u3002\u6ce2\u65af\u4eba\u548c\u7a81\u53a5\u4eba\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b98\u5458\u7b49\u7ea7\u5236\u5ea6\u5e94\u8fd0\u800c\u751f\uff0c\u8d77\u521d\u662f\u6ce2\u65af\u4eba\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u571f\u8033\u5176\u4eba\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u8fd9\u9010\u6e10\u524a\u5f31\u4e86\u963f\u62d4\u65af\u738b\u671d\u7684\u58f0\u671b\u548c\u6743\u529b\u3002[94]\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u9ad8\u539f\u4e0a\u7684\u4f0a\u6717\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u738b\u671d\u5174\u8d77\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u8870\u843d\u7684\u963f\u62d4\u65af\u54c8\u91cc\u53d1\u56fd\u7684\u8fb9\u7f18\u5730\u5e26\u3002[95]\u4f0a\u6717\u63d2\u66f2\u662f\u963f\u62d4\u65af\u738b\u671d\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0e\u201c\u900a\u5c3c\u6d3e\u590d\u5174\u201d\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u95f4\u6b47\u671f\uff0c\u968f\u774011\u4e16\u7eaa\u585e\u5c14\u67f1\u4eba\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\u800c\u7ed3\u675f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u63d2\u66f2\u7ec8\u6b62\u4e86\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u5bf9\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u590d\u5174\u4e86\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u7cbe\u795e\u548c\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5f62\u5f0f\u53ca\u6ce2\u65af\u8bed\u8fdb\u884c\u4f20\u627f\u3002\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6587\u5b66\u4f5c\u54c1\u662f\u83f2\u5c14\u591a\u897f\u7684\u300a\u5217\u738b\u7eaa\u300b\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u53f2\u8bd7\u3002[96][97][98][99]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The blossoming literature<\/a>, philosophy<\/a>, mathematics<\/a>, medicine<\/a>, astronomy<\/a> and art<\/a> became major elements in the Islamic Golden Age<\/a>.[100]<\/a>[101]<\/a><\/sup> This Golden Age peaked in the 10th and 11th centuries, when Iran was the main theatre of scientific activities.[102]<\/a><\/sup> The 10th century saw a mass migration of Turkic tribes<\/a> from Central Asia<\/a> to Iran. Turkic tribesmen were first used in the Abbasid army as mamluks<\/a> (slave-warriors);[103]<\/a><\/sup> and gained significant political power. Portions of Iran were occupied by the Seljuk<\/a> and Khwarezmian<\/a> empires.[104]<\/a>[105]<\/a><\/sup> The result of the adoption and patronage of Iranian culture by Turkish rulers was the development of a distinct Turco-Persian tradition<\/a>.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6587\u5b66\u3001\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u3001\u533b\u5b66\u3001\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u53ca\u827a\u672f\u7684\u7e41\u8363\u6210\u4e3a\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u9ec4\u91d1\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6784\u6210\u5143\u7d20\u3002[100][101]\u8fd9\u4e00\u9ec4\u91d1\u65f6\u4ee3\u572810\u4e16\u7eaa\u548c11\u4e16\u7eaa\u8fbe\u5230\u9876\u5cf0\uff0c\u5f7c\u65f6\u4f0a\u6717\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u821e\u53f0\u3002[102]10\u4e16\u7eaa\u89c1\u8bc1\u4e86\u7a81\u53a5\u90e8\u843d\u4ece\u4e2d\u4e9a\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u8fc1\u5f99\u81f3\u4f0a\u6717\u3002\u7a81\u53a5\u90e8\u843d\u6c11\u6700\u521d\u88ab\u7528\u4f5c\u963f\u62d4\u65af\u519b\u961f\u4e2d\u7684\u9a6c\u6728\u8def\u514b\uff08\u5974\u96b6\u6218\u58eb\uff09\uff1b[103]\u5e76\u9010\u6e10\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u663e\u8457\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u533a\u540e\u6765\u88ab\u585e\u5c14\u67f1\u548c\u82b1\u524c\u5b50\u6a21\u5e1d\u56fd\u5360\u9886\u3002[104][105]\u571f\u8033\u5176\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u91c7\u7eb3\u5e76\u8d5e\u52a9\u4f0a\u6717\u6587\u5316\u7684\u540e\u679c\u662f\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u7a81\u53a5-\u6ce2\u65af\u4f20\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df
\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1a\u7531\u963f\u5e03\u00b7\u5361\u897f\u59c6\u00b7\u83f2\u8fbe\u5c14\u897f\u4e66\u4e2d\u63cf\u7ed8\u7684\u6ce2\u65af\u4eba\u7684\u5361\u8fea\u4e9a\u6218\u5f79\u7f29\u5f71
\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a\u7c73\u5c14 \u8428\u4f0a\u5fb7 \u963f\u91cc<\/a> \/ Sultan Muhammad<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Between 1219 and 1221, under the Khwarazmian Empire<\/a>, Iran suffered under the Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire<\/a>. According to Steven Ward, “Mongol violence…<\/a> killed up to three-fourths of the population of the Iranian Plateau, possibly 10 to 15 million people….Iran’s population did not…reach its pre-Mongol levels until the mid-20th century.” Others believe this to be an exaggeration by Muslim chroniclers.[106]<\/a>[107]<\/a>[108]<\/a><\/sup> Following the fracture of the Mongol Empire in 1256, Hulegu Khan<\/a> established the Ilkhanate Empire<\/a> in Iran. In 1357, the capital Tabriz<\/a> was occupied by the Golden Horde<\/a> and centralised power collapsed, resulting in rivalling dynasties. In 1370, yet another Mongol, Timur<\/a>, took control of Iran, and established the Timurid Empire<\/a>. In 1387, Timur ordered the complete massacre of Isfahan<\/a>, killing 70,000 people.[109]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111219 \u5e74\u81f3 1221 \u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u82b1\u524c\u5b50\u6a21\u5e1d\u56fd\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u906d\u53d7\u8499\u53e4\u5165\u4fb5\u3002\u6839\u636e\u53f2\u8482\u82ac\u00b7\u6c83\u5fb7\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u201c\u8499\u53e4\u7684\u66b4\u884c\u2026\u2026\u6740\u6b7b\u4e86\u4f0a\u6717\u9ad8\u539f\u56db\u5206\u4e4b\u4e09\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u6709 1000 \u4e07\u5230 1500 \u4e07\u4eba\u2026\u2026\u76f4\u5230 20 \u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u624d\u2026\u2026\u8fbe\u5230\u8499\u53e4\u7edf\u6cbb\u524d\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u3002\u201d\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u7f16\u5e74\u53f2\u5bb6\u7684\u5938\u5927\u5176\u8bcd\u3002[106][107][108] 1256 \u5e74\u8499\u53e4\u5e1d\u56fd\u5d29\u6e83\u540e\uff0c\u65ed\u70c8\u5140\u5728\u4f0a\u6717\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4f0a\u5c14\u6c57\u56fd\u30021357 \u5e74\uff0c\u9996\u90fd\u5927\u4e0d\u91cc\u58eb\u88ab\u91d1\u5e10\u6c57\u56fd\u5360\u9886\uff0c\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u5d29\u6e83\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u738b\u671d\u76f8\u4e92\u7ade\u4e89\u30021370 \u5e74\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u8499\u53e4\u4eba\u5e16\u6728\u513f\u63a7\u5236\u4e86\u4f0a\u6717\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5e16\u6728\u513f\u5e1d\u56fd\u3002 1387\u5e74\uff0c\u5e16\u6728\u513f\u4e0b\u4ee4\u5bf9\u4f0a\u65af\u6cd5\u7f55\u8fdb\u884c\u5f7b\u5e95\u5c60\u6740\uff0c\u9020\u62107\u4e07\u4eba\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002[109]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.4 \u8fd1\u73b0\u4ee3\u65e9\u671f | Early modern period<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

2.4.1 \u8428\u6cd5\u7ef4\u738b\u671d | Safavids<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Safavid Iran<\/a>, Portuguese\u2013Safavid wars<\/a>, and Ottoman\u2013Safavid war (1603\u20131612)<\/a>
\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u8428\u6cd5\u7ef4\u4f0a\u6717\u3001\u8461\u8404\u7259\u2013\u8428\u6cd5\u7ef4\u6218\u4e89\u548c\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u2013\u8428\u6cd5\u7ef4\u6218\u4e89 (1603\u20131612)\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe2-7\u548c2-8\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

In 1501, Ismail I<\/a> established the Safavid Empire<\/a>, and chose Tabriz<\/a> as capital.[110]<\/a><\/sup> Beginning with Azerbaijan<\/a>, he extended his authority over Iranian territories, and established Iranian hegemony over Greater Iran<\/a>.[111]<\/a><\/sup> The Safavids, along with the Ottomans<\/a> and Mughals<\/a>, were creators of the “Gunpowder empires<\/a>“, flourished from mid-16th, to the early 18th century. Iran was predominantly Sunni<\/a>, but Ismail forced conversion<\/a> to Shia<\/a>, a turning point in the history of Islam<\/a>;[112]<\/a>[113]<\/a>[114]<\/a>[115]<\/a>[116]<\/a><\/sup> Iran is the world’s only official Shia nation today.[117]<\/a>[118]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111501\u5e74\uff0c\u4f0a\u65af\u739b\u4eea\u4e00\u4e16\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u8428\u6cd5\u7ef4\u5e1d\u56fd\uff0c\u5e76\u9009\u5b9a\u5927\u4e0d\u91cc\u58eb\u4e3a\u9996\u90fd\u3002[110]\u4ed6\u4ece\u963f\u585e\u62dc\u7586\u8d77\u59cb\uff0c\u9010\u6b65\u5c06\u5176\u7edf\u6cbb\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u4f0a\u6717\u5404\u5730\uff0c\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u4f0a\u6717\u5bf9\u5927\u4f0a\u6717\u5730\u533a\u7684\u9738\u6743\u3002[111]\u8428\u6cd5\u7ef4\u738b\u671d\u4e0e\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u548c\u83ab\u5367\u513f\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e00\u540c\uff0c\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u201c\u706b\u836f\u5e1d\u56fd\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u4ece16\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\u6301\u7eed\u523018\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u4f0a\u6717\u4e3b\u8981\u4fe1\u5949\u900a\u5c3c\u6d3e\uff0c\u4f46\u4f0a\u65af\u739b\u4eea\u5f3a\u5236\u6539\u5b97\u4e3a\u4ec0\u53f6\u6d3e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8f6c\u6298\u70b9\u6df1\u523b\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff1b[112][113][114][115][116]\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u4ec0\u53f6\u6d3e\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002[117][118]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Relations between Safavids and the West began with the Portuguese, in the Persian Gulf, from the 16th century, oscillating between alliances and war up to the 18th century. The Safavid era saw integration from Caucasian populations<\/a> and their resettlement within Iran’s heartlands. In 1588, Abbas the Great<\/a> ascended during a troubled period. Iran developed the ghilman<\/a> system where thousands of Circassian<\/a>, Georgian<\/a>, and Armenian<\/a> slave-soldiers joined the administration and military. The Christian<\/a> Iranian-Armenian<\/a> community is the largest minority in Iran today.[119]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8428\u6cd5\u7ef4\u738b\u671d\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u59cb\u4e8e 16 \u4e16\u7eaa\u6ce2\u65af\u6e7e\u7684\u8461\u8404\u7259\u4eba\uff0c\u76f4\u5230 18 \u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u5728\u540c\u76df\u4e0e\u6218\u4e89\u4e4b\u95f4\u6447\u6446\u4e0d\u5b9a\u3002\u8428\u6cd5\u7ef4\u738b\u671d\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u4eba\u79cd\u5f00\u59cb\u878d\u5165\u4f0a\u6717\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u4f0a\u6717\u8179\u5730\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u5c45\u30021588 \u5e74\uff0c\u963f\u62d4\u65af\u5927\u5e1d\u5728\u52a8\u8361\u65f6\u671f\u767b\u57fa\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u5409\u5c14\u66fc\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u6210\u5343\u4e0a\u4e07\u7684\u5207\u5c14\u514b\u65af\u4eba\u3001\u683c\u9c81\u5409\u4e9a\u4eba\u548c\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5974\u96b6\u58eb\u5175\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u519b\u961f\u3002\u4fe1\u5949\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u4f0a\u6717-\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u793e\u533a\u662f\u5f53\u4eca\u4f0a\u6717\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5c11\u6570\u6c11\u65cf\u3002[119]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abbas eclipsed the power of the Qizilbash<\/a> in the civil administration, royal house and military. He relocated the capital from Qazvin<\/a> to Isfahan<\/a>, making it the focal point of Safavid architecture<\/a>. Tabriz<\/a> returned to Iran from the Ottomans<\/a> under his rule. Following court intrigue, Abbas became suspicious of his sons and had them killed or blinded. Following a gradual decline in the late 1600s and early 1700s, caused by internal conflicts, wars with the Ottomans, and foreign interference, the Safavid rule was ended by the Pashtun rebels<\/a> who besieged Isfahan, and defeated Soltan Hoseyn<\/a> in 1722. Safavids’ legacy was the revival of Iran as an economic stronghold between East<\/a> and West<\/a>, an efficient bureaucracy<\/a> based upon “checks and balances<\/a>“, their architectural innovations<\/a>, and patronage for fine arts<\/a>. They established Twelver Sh\u012b\u02bf\u012bsm as the state religion<\/a>-it still is-and spread Sh\u012b\u02bfa Islam across the Middle East<\/a>, Central Asia<\/a>, Caucasus<\/a>, Anatolia<\/a>, the Persian Gulf<\/a>, and Mesopotamia<\/a>.[120]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u963f\u5df4\u65af\u4e00\u4e16\u524a\u5f31\u4e86\u5728\u6c11\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u738b\u5ba4\u53ca\u519b\u961f\u4e2d\u5361\u672d\u5c14\u5df4\u4ec0\u4eba\u7684\u52bf\u529b\u3002\u4ed6\u5c06\u9996\u90fd\u4ece\u52a0\u5179\u6e29\u8fc1\u79fb\u5230\u4f0a\u65af\u6cd5\u7f55\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u6210\u4e3a\u8428\u6cd5\u7ef4\u5efa\u7b51\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0b\uff0c\u5927\u4e0d\u91cc\u58eb\u4ece\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u624b\u4e2d\u91cd\u56de\u4f0a\u6717\u3002\u5bab\u5ef7\u9634\u8c0b\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u963f\u5df4\u65af\u5bf9\u4ed6\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u4eec\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u6000\u7591\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4ed6\u4eec\u88ab\u6740\u5bb3\u6216\u5f04\u778e\u300217\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u81f318\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5185\u90e8\u51b2\u7a81\u3001\u4e0e\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u4ee5\u53ca\u5916\u56fd\u5e72\u6d89\uff0c\u8428\u6cd5\u7ef4\u738b\u671d\u9010\u6e10\u8870\u843d\u3002\u666e\u4ec0\u56fe\u53db\u519b\u56f4\u653b\u4f0a\u65af\u6cd5\u7f55\uff0c\u4e8e1722\u5e74\u51fb\u8d25\u82cf\u4e39\u4faf\u8d5b\u56e0\uff0c\u7ed3\u675f\u4e86\u8428\u6cd5\u7ef4\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002\u8428\u6cd5\u7ef4\u738b\u671d\u7684\u9057\u4ea7\u5305\u62ec\u4f7f\u4f0a\u6717\u91cd\u632f\u4e3a\u4e1c\u897f\u65b9\u4e4b\u95f4\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5f3a\u6743\u3001\u57fa\u4e8e\u201c\u5236\u8861\u201d\u539f\u5219\u7684\u6709\u6548\u5b98\u50da\u4f53\u7cfb\u3001\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u5efa\u7b51\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u7cbe\u7ec6\u827a\u672f\u7684\u8d44\u52a9\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u5341\u4e8c\u4f0a\u739b\u76ee\u4ec0\u53f6\u6d3e\u5b9a\u4e3a\u56fd\u6559\u2014\u2014\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u4ec0\u53f6\u6d3e\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u4f20\u64ad\u5230\u4e2d\u4e1c\u3001\u4e2d\u4e9a\u3001\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u3001\u5b89\u7eb3\u6258\u5229\u4e9a\u3001\u6ce2\u65af\u6e7e\u548c\u7f8e\u7d22\u4e0d\u8fbe\u7c73\u4e9a\u5730\u533a\u3002[120]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.4.2 \u963f\u592b\u6c99\u5c14\u738b\u671d\u548c\u8d5e\u5fb7\u738b\u671d | Afsharids and Zands<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Afsharid Iran<\/a>, Afsharid dynasty<\/a>, Zand dynasty<\/a>, Zand (tribe)<\/a>, and Ottoman\u2013Persian War (1775\u20131776)<\/a>
\u3010\u4e3b\u8981\u6587\u7ae0\uff1a\u963f\u592b\u6c99\u5c14\u738b\u671d\u4f0a\u6717\u3001\u963f\u592b\u6c99\u5c14\u738b\u671d\u3001\u8d5e\u5fb7\u738b\u671d\u3001\u8d5e\u5fb7\uff08\u90e8\u843d\uff09\u548c\u5965\u65af\u66fc-\u6ce2\u65af\u6218\u4e89 (1775\u20131776)\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe2-9\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

In 1729, Nader Shah Afshar<\/a> drove out Pashtun invaders, and founded the Afsharid Empire<\/a>. He took back the Caucasian territories which were divided<\/a> among the Ottoman and Russian authorities. Iran reached its greatest extent since the Sasanian Empire, reestablishing hegemony over the Caucasus<\/a>, west<\/a> and central Asia<\/a>, arguably the most powerful empire at that time.[121]<\/a><\/sup> Nader invaded India and sacked Delhi<\/a> by the 1730s, his army defeated the Mughals<\/a> at the Battle of Karnal<\/a> and captured their capital. Historians have described him as the “Napoleon<\/a> of Iran” and “the Second Alexander<\/a>“.[122]<\/a>[123]<\/a><\/sup> Nader’s territorial expansion and military successes declined following campaigns in the Northern Caucasus<\/a> against revolting Lezgins<\/a>. Nader became cruel as a result of illness and desire to extort more taxes to pay for campaigns. Nader crushed revolts, building towers from victims’ skulls in imitation of his hero Timur.[124]<\/a>[125]<\/a><\/sup> After his assassination in 1747, most of Nader’s empire was divided between the Zands<\/a>, Durranis<\/a>, Georgians<\/a>, and Caucasian khanates<\/a>, while Afsharid rule was limited to a small local state in Khorasan<\/a>. His death sparked civil war, after which Karim Khan Zand<\/a> came to power in 1750.[126]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111729\u5e74\uff0c\u7eb3\u8fea\u5c14\u00b7\u6c99\u963f\u00b7\u963f\u592b\u6c99\u5c14\u9a71\u9010\u4e86\u666e\u4ec0\u56fe\u4fb5\u7565\u8005\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u963f\u592b\u6c99\u5c14\u738b\u671d\u3002\u4ed6\u593a\u56de\u4e86\u4e4b\u524d\u88ab\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u548c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u52bf\u529b\u5206\u5272\u7684\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u9886\u571f\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u7248\u56fe\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86\u81ea\u8428\u73ca\u738b\u671d\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u6700\u5927\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u5bf9\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u3001\u897f\u4e9a\u53ca\u4e2d\u4e9a\u7684\u9738\u6743\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u5f53\u65f6\u6700\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002[121]\u5230\u4e861730\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u7eb3\u8fea\u5c14\u5165\u4fb5\u5370\u5ea6\uff0c\u6d17\u52ab\u4e86\u5fb7\u91cc\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u519b\u961f\u5728\u5361\u7eb3\u5c14\u6218\u5f79\u4e2d\u51fb\u8d25\u4e86\u83ab\u5367\u513f\u5e1d\u56fd\u5e76\u5360\u9886\u4e86\u5176\u9996\u90fd\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5c06\u4ed6\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u201c\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u201d\u548c\u201c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u201d\u3002[122][123]\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7eb3\u8fea\u5c14\u5728\u5317\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u5bf9\u6297\u8d77\u4e49\u7684\u52d2\u5179\u91d1\u4eba\u7684\u6218\u5f79\u540e\uff0c\u5176\u9886\u571f\u6269\u5f20\u548c\u519b\u4e8b\u80dc\u5229\u5f00\u59cb\u8870\u9000\u3002\u75be\u75c5\u548c\u5bf9\u5f81\u6536\u66f4\u591a\u7a0e\u6b3e\u4ee5\u652f\u4ed8\u6218\u4e89\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u6e34\u671b\u4f7f\u5f97\u7eb3\u8fea\u5c14\u53d8\u5f97\u6b8b\u9177\uff0c\u4ed6\u9547\u538b\u53db\u4e71\uff0c\u6a21\u4eff\u4ed6\u7684\u82f1\u96c4\u5e16\u6728\u513f\uff0c\u7528\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u5934\u9aa8\u5efa\u9020\u5854\u697c\u3002[124][125]1747\u5e74\u4ed6\u9047\u523a\u8eab\u4ea1\u540e\uff0c\u7eb3\u8fea\u5c14\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5e1d\u56fd\u88ab\u8d5e\u5fb7\u738b\u671d\u3001\u675c\u5170\u5c3c\u738b\u671d\u3001\u4e54\u6cbb\u4e9a\u4eba\u4ee5\u53ca\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u6c57\u56fd\u74dc\u5206\uff0c\u963f\u592b\u6c99\u5c14\u738b\u671d\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u547c\u7f57\u73ca\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u5730\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u6b7b\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u5185\u6218\uff0c\u76f4\u52301750\u5e74\u5361\u91cc\u59c6\u00b7\u6c57\u00b7\u8d5e\u5fb7\u638c\u6743\u3002[126]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Compared to preceding dynasties, the Zands’ geopolitical reach was limited. Many Iranian territories in the Caucasus gained autonomy and ruled through Caucasian khanates<\/a>. However, they remained subjects<\/a> and vassals to the Zand kingdom. It expanded to include much of Iran as well as parts of modern Iraq<\/a>. The lands of present-day Armenia<\/a>, Azerbaijan<\/a>, and Georgia<\/a> were controlled by khanates – legally part of Zand rule, but actually autonomous.[127]<\/a><\/sup> The reign of its most important ruler, Karim Khan<\/a>, was marked by prosperity and peace. With his capital in Shiraz<\/a>, arts and architecture flourished in the city. Following Khan’s death in 1779, Iran went into decline due to civil war within the Zand dynasty. Its last ruler, Lotf Ali Khan<\/a>, was executed by Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar<\/a> in 1794.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4e0e\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u738b\u671d\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u8d5e\u5fb7\u738b\u671d\u7684\u5730\u7f18\u653f\u6cbb\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u6709\u9650\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u5728\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u9886\u571f\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u81ea\u6cbb\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u6c57\u56fd\u8fdb\u884c\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4ecd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8d5e\u5fb7\u738b\u56fd\u7684\u9644\u5eb8\u548c\u81e3\u5c5e\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u8d5e\u5fb7\u738b\u671d\u7684\u7586\u57df\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u5305\u62ec\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4f0a\u6717\u4ee5\u53ca\u73b0\u4ee3\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u533a\u3002\u73b0\u4eca\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u3001\u963f\u585e\u62dc\u7586\u548c\u683c\u9c81\u5409\u4e9a\u7684\u571f\u5730\u7531\u6c57\u56fd\u63a7\u5236\u2014\u2014\u540d\u4e49\u4e0a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8d5e\u5fb7\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4eab\u6709\u81ea\u6cbb\u3002[127]\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u5361\u91cc\u59c6\u00b7\u6c57\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u65f6\u671f\u4ee5\u7e41\u8363\u548c\u548c\u5e73\u4e3a\u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u8bbe\u62c9\u5b50\u5efa\u7acb\u9996\u90fd\uff0c\u827a\u672f\u548c\u5efa\u7b51\u5728\u6b64\u5174\u76db\u3002\u5361\u91cc\u59c6\u00b7\u6c57\u4e8e1779\u5e74\u53bb\u4e16\u540e\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8d5e\u5fb7\u738b\u671d\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u5185\u6218\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u518d\u5ea6\u9677\u5165\u8870\u843d\u3002\u5176\u672b\u4ee3\u541b\u4e3b\u6d1b\u7279\u83f2\u00b7\u963f\u91cc\u6c57\u4e8e1794\u5e74\u88ab\u5361\u8d3e\u5c14\u738b\u671d\u7684\u963f\u8fe6\u00b7\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u00b7\u6c57\u5904\u51b3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.4.3 \u5361\u624e\u5c14\u738b\u671d | Qajars<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Qajar Iran<\/a>, Qajar dynasty<\/a>, and Battle of Krtsanisi<\/a>
\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u5361\u624e\u5c14\u4f0a\u6717\u3001\u5361\u624e\u5c14\u738b\u671d\u548c\u514b\u5c14\u624e\u5c3c\u897f\u6218\u5f79\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe2-10\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Qajars took control in 1794 and founded the Qajar Empire.<\/a> In 1795, following the disobedience of Georgians<\/a> and their Russian alliance<\/a>, the Qajars captured Tbilisi<\/a> at the Battle of Krtsanisi<\/a>, and drove the Russians out of the Caucasus, re-establishing Iranian suzerainty<\/a>. In 1796, Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar<\/a> seized Mashhad<\/a> with ease, and ended the Afsharid rule. He was crowned king and chose Tehran<\/a> as capital; it still is today. His reign saw a return to a centralized and unified Iran. He was cruel and rapacious, while also viewed as a pragmatic, calculating, and shrewd military and political leader.[128]<\/a>[129]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5361\u8d3e\u5c14\u738b\u671d\u4e8e1794\u5e74\u593a\u53d6\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5361\u8d3e\u5c14\u5e1d\u56fd\u30021795\u5e74\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u683c\u9c81\u5409\u4e9a\u4eba\u7684\u4e0d\u670d\u4ece\u548c\u4e0e\u4fc4\u56fd\u7684\u7ed3\u76df\uff0c\u5361\u8d3e\u5c14\u4eba\u5728\u514b\u5c14\u5bdf\u5c3c\u897f\u6218\u5f79\u4e2d\u653b\u5360\u4e86\u7b2c\u6bd4\u5229\u65af\uff0c\u5c06\u4fc4\u56fd\u4eba\u8d76\u51fa\u4e86\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u5b97\u4e3b\u6743\u30021796\u5e74\uff0c\u963f\u8fe6\u00b7\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u00b7\u6c57\u00b7\u5361\u8d3e\u5c14\u8f7b\u677e\u593a\u53d6\u4e86\u9a6c\u4ec0\u54c8\u5fb7\uff0c\u7ec8\u7ed3\u4e86\u963f\u592b\u6c99\u5c14\u738b\u671d\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002\u4ed6\u52a0\u5195\u4e3a\u738b\uff0c\u5e76\u9009\u62e9\u5fb7\u9ed1\u5170\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9996\u90fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5730\u4f4d\u6cbf\u88ad\u81f3\u4eca\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u4f0a\u6717\u56de\u5f52\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u548c\u7edf\u4e00\u3002\u4ed6\u867d\u7136\u6b8b\u5fcd\u4e14\u8d2a\u5a6a\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u52a1\u5b9e\u3001\u7cbe\u4e8e\u7b97\u8ba1\u548c\u673a\u667a\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u53ca\u653f\u6cbb\u9886\u8896\u3002[128][129]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Russo-Iranian wars of 1804\u20131813<\/a> and 1826\u20131828<\/a> resulted in territorial losses for Iran in the Caucasus: South Caucasus<\/a> and Dagestan<\/a>.[130]<\/a><\/sup> The Russians took over Iran’s integral territories in the region, which was confirmed in the treaties of Gulistan<\/a> and Turkmenchay<\/a>.[131]<\/a>[132]<\/a>[133]<\/a>[134]<\/a><\/sup> The weakening of Iran made it a victim of the struggle between Russia and Britain known as the Great Game<\/a>.[135]<\/a><\/sup> Especially after the treaty of Turkmenchay, Russia was the dominant force in Iran,[136]<\/a><\/sup> while the Qajars would play a role in ‘Great Game’ battles such as the sieges of Herat in 1837<\/a> and 1856<\/a>. As Iran shrank, many South Caucasian<\/a> and North Caucasian<\/a> Muslims moved towards Iran,[137]<\/a><\/sup> especially until the Circassian genocide<\/a>, and the decades afterwards, while Iran’s Armenians were encouraged to settle in the newly incorporated Russian territories,[138]<\/a>[139]<\/a><\/sup> causing demographic shifts. Around 1.5 million people\u201420 to 25% of the population\u2014died as a result of the Persian famine of 1870\u20131872<\/a>.[140]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111804\u5e74\u81f31813\u5e74\u53ca1826\u5e74\u81f31828\u5e74\u7684\u4fc4\u4f0a\u6218\u4e89\u5bfc\u81f4\u4f0a\u6717\u5728\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u5730\u533a\u635f\u5931\u9886\u571f\uff1a\u5357\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u548c\u8fbe\u5409\u65af\u5766\u3002[130]\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u63a5\u7ba1\u4e86\u4f0a\u6717\u5728\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u7684\u56fa\u6709\u9886\u571f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u5b9e\u901a\u8fc7\u300a\u53e4\u5229\u65af\u5766\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u548c\u300a\u571f\u5e93\u66fc\u67e5\u4f0a\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u5f97\u5230\u786e\u8ba4\u3002[131][132][133][134]\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u8870\u5f31\u4f7f\u5176\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u5927\u535a\u5f08\u201d\u7684\u727a\u7272\u54c1\u3002[135]\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u300a\u571f\u5e93\u66fc\u67e5\u4f0a\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u6210\u4e3a\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u4e3b\u5bfc\u529b\u91cf\uff0c[136]\u800c\u5361\u8d3e\u5c14\u738b\u671d\u5219\u5728\u8bf8\u59821837\u5e74\u548c1856\u5e74\u8d6b\u62c9\u7279\u56f4\u57ce\u6218\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u201c\u5927\u535a\u5f08\u201d\u51b2\u7a81\u4e2d\u626e\u6f14\u4e86\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u968f\u7740\u4f0a\u6717\u9886\u571f\u7684\u7f29\u51cf\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u5357\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u548c\u5317\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u7684\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u8fc1\u5f80\u4f0a\u6717\uff0c[137]\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u5207\u5c14\u514b\u65af\u4eba\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u53ca\u5176\u540e\u7684\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u91cc\uff0c\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u88ab\u9f13\u52b1\u8fc1\u79fb\u5230\u65b0\u5e76\u5165\u7684\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u9886\u571f\u4e0a\u5b9a\u5c45\uff0c[138][139]\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u4eba\u53e3\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u53d8\u52a8\u3002\u5927\u7ea6150\u4e07\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u5360\u603b\u4eba\u53e3\u768420%\u523025%\u2014\u2014\u57281870\u5e74\u81f31872\u5e74\u7684\u6ce2\u65af\u9965\u8352\u4e2d\u4e27\u751f\u3002[140]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.4.4 \u5baa\u6cd5\u9769\u547d\u548c\u5df4\u5217\u7ef4\u738b\u671d | Constitutional Revolution and Pahlavis<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Persian Constitutional Revolution<\/a>, 1st Iranian Majlis<\/a>, Pahlavi Iran<\/a>, and Pahlavi dynasty<\/a>
\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u6ce2\u65af\u5baa\u6cd5\u9769\u547d\u3001\u7b2c\u4e00\u5c4a\u4f0a\u6717\u8bae\u4f1a\u3001\u5df4\u5217\u7ef4\u4f0a\u6717\u548c\u5df4\u5217\u7ef4\u738b\u671d\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe2-11\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Between 1872 and 1905, protesters objected to the sale of concessions<\/a> to foreigners by Qajar monarchs, leading to the Persian Constitutional Revolution<\/a> in 1905. The first Iranian constitution<\/a> and national parliament were founded in 1906; the Constitution recognised Christians<\/a>, Jews<\/a>, and Zoroastrians<\/a>. This was followed by the Triumph of Tehran<\/a> in 1909, when Mohammad Ali<\/a> was forced to abdicate. The event ended the Minor Tyranny<\/a>; the revolution was the first of its kind in the Islamic world.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4ece1872\u5e74\u52301905\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u6297\u8bae\u8005\u5bf9\u5361\u8d3e\u5c14\u541b\u4e3b\u5411\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u51fa\u552e\u7279\u6743\u8868\u793a\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5f15\u53d1\u4e861905\u5e74\u7684\u6ce2\u65af\u7acb\u5baa\u9769\u547d\u30021906\u5e74\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5baa\u6cd5\u548c\u56fd\u6c11\u8bae\u4f1a\u6210\u7acb\uff1b\u5baa\u6cd5\u627f\u8ba4\u4e86\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u3001\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u548c\u7410\u7f57\u4e9a\u65af\u5fb7\u6559\u5f92\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002\u968f\u4e4b\u800c\u6765\u7684\u662f1909\u5e74\u7684\u5fb7\u9ed1\u5170\u80dc\u5229\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u00b7\u963f\u91cc\u88ab\u8feb\u9000\u4f4d\uff0c\u7ed3\u675f\u4e86\u5c0f\u66b4\u653f\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u8fd9\u573a\u9769\u547d\u662f\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u4e16\u754c\u540c\u7c7b\u9769\u547d\u4e2d\u7684\u9996\u6b21\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The old order was replaced by new institutions. In 1907, the Anglo-Russian Convention<\/a> divided Iran into influence zones. The Russians occupied north Iran<\/a> and Tabriz<\/a> and maintained a military presence for years. This did not end the civil uprisings and was followed by Mirza Kuchik Khan<\/a>‘s Jungle Movement<\/a> against the Qajar monarchy and foreign invaders.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u65e7\u79e9\u5e8f\u88ab\u65b0\u673a\u6784\u6240\u53d6\u4ee3\u30021907\u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u4fc4\u534f\u7ea6\u5c06\u4f0a\u6717\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u52bf\u529b\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u4fc4\u56fd\u4eba\u5360\u9886\u4e86\u4f0a\u6717\u5317\u90e8\u548c\u5927\u4e0d\u91cc\u58eb\uff0c\u5e76\u7ef4\u6301\u4e86\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u5e76\u672a\u7ed3\u675f\u6c11\u95f4\u8d77\u4e49\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u7c73\u5c14\u624e\u00b7\u5e93\u5947\u514b\u00b7\u6c57\u7684\u4e1b\u6797\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u5361\u8d3e\u5c14\u738b\u671d\u548c\u5916\u56fd\u4fb5\u7565\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Despite Iran’s neutrality during World War I, the Ottoman, Russian, and British Empires<\/a> occupied west Iran and fought the Persian campaign<\/a> before withdrawing in 1921. At least 2 million civilians died in the fighting, the Ottoman-perpetrated anti-Christian genocides<\/a> or the war-induced famine of 1917\u20131919<\/a>. Iranian Assyrian<\/a> and Iranian Armenian<\/a> Christians, as well Muslims who tried to protect them, were victims of mass murders committed by the invading Ottoman troops<\/a>.[141]<\/a>[142]<\/a>[143]<\/a>[144]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4f0a\u6717\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u4e2d\u4fdd\u6301\u4e2d\u7acb\uff0c\u4f46\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u3001\u4fc4\u56fd\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u5e1d\u56fd\u4ecd\u5360\u9886\u4e86\u4f0a\u6717\u897f\u90e8\uff0c\u5e76\u57281921\u5e74\u524d\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6ce2\u65af\u6218\u5f79\u540e\u64a4\u519b\u3002\u81f3\u5c11\u6709200\u4e07\u5e73\u6c11\u6b7b\u4e8e\u6218\u6597\u3001\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u5236\u9020\u7684\u9488\u5bf9\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u62161917\u5e74\u81f31919\u5e74\u6218\u4e89\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u9965\u8352\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u4e9a\u8ff0\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u3001\u4f0a\u6717\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u4ee5\u53ca\u8bd5\u56fe\u4fdd\u62a4\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u90fd\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u5165\u4fb5\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u519b\u961f\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u3002[141][142][143][144]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from Agha Mohammad Khan, Qajar rule was incompetent.[145]<\/a><\/sup> The inability to prevent occupation during, and immediately after, World War I, led to the British-directed 1921 Persian coup d’\u00e9tat<\/a>. Military officer Reza Pahlavi<\/a> took power in 1925, becoming Prime Minister<\/a>, monarch and establishing the Pahlavi dynasty<\/a>. In 1941, during World War II, the British demanded Iran expel all Germans. Pahlavi refused so the British and Soviets launched a successful surprise invasion<\/a>,[146]<\/a><\/sup> which secured a supply line<\/a> to the USSR and limited German influence. Pahlavi was quickly surrendered, went to exile and replaced by his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi<\/a>.[147]<\/a>[148]<\/a>[149]<\/a><\/sup> Iran became a major conduit<\/a> for British and American aid<\/a> to the Soviet Union and through which over 120,000 Polish refugees<\/a> and Polish Armed Forces<\/a> fled.[150]<\/a><\/sup> At the 1943 Tehran Conference<\/a>, the Allies<\/a> issued the Tehran Declaration to guarantee the independence and boundaries of Iran. However, the Soviets established puppet states in north-west Iran: the People’s Government of Azerbaijan<\/a> and Republic of Mahabad<\/a>. This led to the Iran crisis of 1946<\/a>, one of the first confrontations of the Cold War<\/a>, which ended after oil concessions were promised to the USSR, which withdrew in 1946. The puppet states were overthrown, and the concessions revoked.[151]<\/a>[152]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u9664\u4e86\u963f\u8fe6\u00b7\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u00b7\u6c57\u5916\uff0c\u5361\u8d3e\u5c14\u738b\u671d\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u666e\u904d\u65e0\u80fd\u3002[145]\u672a\u80fd\u963b\u6b62\u4e00\u6218\u671f\u95f4\u53ca\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u5360\u9886\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e861921\u5e74\u7531\u82f1\u56fd\u6307\u5bfc\u7684\u6ce2\u65af\u653f\u53d8\u3002\u519b\u4e8b\u5b98\u5458\u793c\u8428\u00b7\u5df4\u5217\u7ef4\u4e8e1925\u5e74\u638c\u6743\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u9996\u76f8\u3001\u541b\u4e3b\u5e76\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5df4\u5217\u7ef4\u738b\u671d\u30021941\u5e74\u4e8c\u6218\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u8981\u6c42\u4f0a\u6717\u9a71\u9010\u6240\u6709\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u3002\u5df4\u5217\u7ef4\u62d2\u7edd\u540e\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u82cf\u8054\u53d1\u8d77\u4e86\u6210\u529f\u7684\u7a81\u88ad\u5165\u4fb5\uff0c[146]\u8fd9\u786e\u4fdd\u4e86\u901a\u5f80\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u8865\u7ed9\u7ebf\u5e76\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5df4\u5217\u7ef4\u8fc5\u901f\u6295\u964d\uff0c\u6d41\u4ea1\u6d77\u5916\uff0c\u7531\u5176\u5b50\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u00b7\u793c\u8428\u00b7\u5df4\u5217\u7ef4\u63a5\u66ff\u3002[147][148][149]\u4f0a\u6717\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u63f4\u52a9\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u901a\u9053\uff0c\u5e76\u6709\u8d85\u8fc712\u4e07\u540d\u6ce2\u5170\u96be\u6c11\u548c\u6ce2\u5170\u6b66\u88c5\u90e8\u961f\u7ecf\u6b64\u9003\u4ea1\u3002[150]\u57281943\u5e74\u7684\u5fb7\u9ed1\u5170\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\uff0c\u76df\u56fd\u53d1\u5e03\u4e86\u5fb7\u9ed1\u5170\u5ba3\u8a00\uff0c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u548c\u8fb9\u754c\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u82cf\u8054\u5728\u4f0a\u6717\u897f\u5317\u90e8\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5080\u5121\u653f\u6743\uff1a\u963f\u585e\u62dc\u7586\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u9a6c\u54c8\u5df4\u5fb7\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u3002\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e861946\u5e74\u7684\u4f0a\u6717\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u51b7\u6218\u521d\u671f\u7684\u9996\u6b21\u5bf9\u6297\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5728\u627f\u8bfa\u7ed9\u4e88\u82cf\u8054\u77f3\u6cb9\u7279\u8bb8\u6743\u540e\uff0c\u82cf\u8054\u4e8e1946\u5e74\u64a4\u519b\uff0c\u5080\u5121\u653f\u6743\u88ab\u63a8\u7ffb\uff0c\u7279\u8bb8\u6743\u4e5f\u88ab\u64a4\u9500\u3002[151][152]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.5 1951\u20131978\uff1a\u6469\u8428\u53f0\u3001\u5df4\u5217\u7ef4\u548c\u970d\u6885\u5c3c | 1951\u20131978: Mosaddegh, Pahlavi and Khomeini<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry<\/a> and 1953 Iran coup<\/a>
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\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a\u793c\u8428\u00b7\u6c57<\/a>\u3001\u82f1\u82cf\u5165\u4fb5\u4f0a\u6717<\/a>\u3001\u963f\u8d3e\u514b\u65af\u884c\u52a8<\/a>\u548c\u767d\u8272\u9769\u547d<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aMohammad Mosaddegh<\/a>
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\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aMohammad Reza Pahlavi<\/a>
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\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aRuhollah Khomeini<\/a>
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In 1951, Mohammad Mosaddegh<\/a> was democratically elected Prime Minister of Iran<\/a>. Mosaddegh became popular after he nationalized the oil industry<\/a>, which had been controlled by foreign interests. He worked to weaken the monarchy until he was removed in the 1953 Iran coup\u2014an Anglo-American covert operation.[153]<\/a><\/sup> Before its removal, Mosaddegh’s administration introduced social and political measures such as social security, land reforms and higher taxes, including the introduction of tax on the rent of land. Mosaddegh was imprisoned, then put under house arrest<\/a> until his death and buried in his home to prevent a political furore. In 2013, the US government acknowledged its role in the coup, including paying protestors and bribing officials.[154]<\/a><\/sup> After the coup, Pahlavi aligned Iran with the Western Bloc<\/a> and cultivated a close relationship with the United States to consolidate his power as an authoritarian ruler, relying heavily on American support amidst the Cold War.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111951 \u5e74\uff0c\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u00b7\u6469\u8428\u53f0\u88ab\u6c11\u9009\u4e3a\u4f0a\u6717\u603b\u7406\u3002\u6469\u8428\u53f0\u5c06\u5916\u56fd\u5229\u76ca\u96c6\u56e2\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u77f3\u6cb9\u5de5\u4e1a\u6536\u5f52\u56fd\u6709\u540e\uff0c\u58f0\u540d\u9e4a\u8d77\u3002\u4ed6\u52aa\u529b\u524a\u5f31\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\uff0c\u76f4\u5230 1953 \u5e74\u4f0a\u6717\u653f\u53d8\u4e2d\u88ab\u63a8\u7ffb\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u82f1\u7f8e\u79d8\u5bc6\u884c\u52a8\u3002[153] \u5728\u88ab\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6469\u8428\u53f0\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u5982\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u969c\u3001\u571f\u5730\u6539\u9769\u548c\u63d0\u9ad8\u7a0e\u6536\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u571f\u5730\u79df\u91d1\u5f81\u7a0e\u3002\u6469\u8428\u53f0\u88ab\u76d1\u7981\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u88ab\u8f6f\u7981\u76f4\u81f3\u53bb\u4e16\uff0c\u5e76\u88ab\u57cb\u846c\u5728\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u653f\u6cbb\u9a9a\u52a8\u30022013 \u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u627f\u8ba4\u5176\u5728\u653f\u53d8\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5411\u6297\u8bae\u8005\u652f\u4ed8\u8d39\u7528\u548c\u8d3f\u8d42\u5b98\u5458\u3002[154] \u653f\u53d8\u540e\uff0c\u5df4\u5217\u7ef4\u5c06\u4f0a\u6717\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u96c6\u56e2\u7ed3\u76df\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u5efa\u7acb\u5bc6\u5207\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4ee5\u5de9\u56fa\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a\u72ec\u88c1\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u5728\u51b7\u6218\u671f\u95f4\u4e25\u91cd\u4f9d\u8d56\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Grand Ayatollah<\/a> Ruhollah Khomeini<\/a> first came to political prominence in 1963, when he led opposition to Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and his White Revolution<\/a>. Khomeini was arrested after declaring Mohammad Reza a “wretched miserable man” who had “embarked on the…destruction of Islam in Iran.”[155]<\/a><\/sup> Major riots followed, with 15,000 killed by the police.[156]<\/a><\/sup> Khomeini was released after eight months of house arrest and continued his agitation, condemning Iran’s cooperation with Israel and its capitulations<\/a>, or extension of diplomatic immunity<\/a>, to US government personnel. In November 1964, Khomeini was re-arrested and sent into exile<\/a>, where he remained for 15 years.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5927\u963f\u4e9a\u56fe\u62c9\u9c81\u970d\u62c9\u00b7\u970d\u6885\u5c3c\u4e8e 1963 \u5e74\u9996\u6b21\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u5d2d\u9732\u5934\u89d2\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u4ed6\u9886\u5bfc\u53cd\u5bf9\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u00b7\u793c\u8428\u00b7\u5df4\u5217\u7ef4\u53ca\u5176\u767d\u8272\u9769\u547d\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u3002\u970d\u6885\u5c3c\u5728\u5ba3\u79f0\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u00b7\u793c\u8428\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u53ef\u601c\u7684\u53ef\u60b2\u7684\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u201c\u5f00\u59cb\u5728\u4f0a\u6717\u6467\u6bc1\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u201d\u540e\u88ab\u6355\u3002[155] \u968f\u540e\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u9a9a\u4e71\uff0c15,000 \u4eba\u88ab\u8b66\u5bdf\u6253\u6b7b\u3002[156] \u970d\u6885\u5c3c\u88ab\u8f6f\u7981\u516b\u4e2a\u6708\u540e\u83b7\u91ca\uff0c\u5e76\u7ee7\u7eed\u4ed6\u7684\u717d\u52a8\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u8c34\u8d23\u4f0a\u6717\u4e0e\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u5c48\u670d\u6216\u6269\u5927\u5916\u4ea4\u8c41\u514d\u6743\u30021964 \u5e74 11 \u6708\uff0c\u970d\u6885\u5c3c\u518d\u6b21\u88ab\u6355\u5e76\u6d41\u4ea1\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u4ed6\u5f85\u4e86 15 \u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohammad Reza Pahlavi became autocratic<\/a> and sultanistic<\/a>, and Iran entered a decade of controversially-close relations with the US.[157]<\/a><\/sup> While Mohammad Reza modernised Iran and claimed to retain it as a secular state<\/a>,[158]<\/a><\/sup> arbitrary arrests and torture by his secret police, the SAVAK<\/a>, were used for crushing opposition.[159]<\/a><\/sup> Due to the 1973 oil crisis<\/a>, the economy was flooded with foreign currency, causing inflation<\/a>. By 1974, Iran was experiencing double-digit inflation, and despite large modernising projects, corruption was rampant<\/a>. By 1976, a recession<\/a> increased unemployment, especially among youths who had migrated to the cities for construction jobs during the boom years of the early 1970s. By the late 1970s, they protested against Pahlavi’s regime.[160<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u00b7\u793c\u8428\u00b7\u5df4\u5217\u7ef4\u5b9e\u884c\u72ec\u88c1\u548c\u82cf\u4e39\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u4e89\u8bae\u6027\u5bc6\u5207\u65f6\u671f\u3002[157] \u867d\u7136\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u00b7\u793c\u8428\u4f7f\u4f0a\u6717\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\uff0c\u5e76\u58f0\u79f0\u8981\u4fdd\u7559\u5176\u4e16\u4fd7\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c[158] \u4f46\u4ed6\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\u8b66\u5bdf SAVAK \u5374\u4efb\u610f\u902e\u6355\u548c\u9177\u5211\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u9547\u538b\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u3002[159] \u7531\u4e8e 1973 \u5e74\u7684\u77f3\u6cb9\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5145\u65a5\u7740\u5916\u6c47\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u901a\u8d27\u81a8\u80c0\u3002\u5230 1974 \u5e74\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u4e24\u4f4d\u6570\u7684\u901a\u8d27\u81a8\u80c0\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6709\u5927\u578b\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u4f46\u8150\u8d25\u73b0\u8c61\u4ecd\u7136\u7316\u7357\u3002\u5230 1976 \u5e74\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8870\u9000\u5bfc\u81f4\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\u4e0a\u5347\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728 20 \u4e16\u7eaa 70 \u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7e41\u8363\u65f6\u671f\u79fb\u5c45\u57ce\u5e02\u4ece\u4e8b\u5efa\u7b51\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u4e2d\u3002\u5230 20 \u4e16\u7eaa 70 \u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u6297\u8bae\u5df4\u5217\u7ef4\u653f\u6743\u3002[160]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.6 \u4f0a\u6717\u9769\u547d | Iranian Revolution<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Iranian Revolution<\/a>, 1979 oil crisis<\/a>, and Iran hostage crisis<\/a>
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\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u9769\u547d<\/a>\u3001\u4e24\u4f0a\u6218\u4e89<\/a>\u3001\u54c8\u5854\u7c73<\/a>\u548c\u5185\u8d3e\u5fb7<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aReturn of Grand Ayatollah<\/a> Ruhollah Khomeini<\/a> on 1 February 1979.\u30101979 \u5e74 2 \u6708 1 \u65e5\uff0c\u5927\u963f\u4e9a\u56fe\u62c9\u9c81\u970d\u62c9\u00b7\u970d\u6885\u5c3c\u56de\u5f52\u3002\u3011
\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1aAlso uploaded by en:User:Sa.vakilian<\/a> in en.wiki and by fa:User:Mrostam<\/a> in fa.Wiki
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As ideological and political tensions persisted between Pahlavi and Khomeini, demonstrations began in October 1977, developing into civil resistance, including secularism<\/a> and Islamism<\/a>.[161]<\/a><\/sup> In 1978, the death of hundreds in the Cinema Rex fire<\/a> in August, and September’s Black Friday<\/a>\u2014catalysed the revolutionary movement, with nation-wide strikes and demonstrations paralyzing the country.[162]<\/a>[163]<\/a>[164]<\/a><\/sup> After a year of strikes<\/a> and demonstrations<\/a>, in January 1979, Pahlavi fled to the US,[165]<\/a><\/sup> and Khomeini returned<\/a> in February, forming a new government.[166]<\/a><\/sup> Millions of people gathered to greet him as he landed in the capital city Tehran<\/a>.[167]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u7531\u4e8e\u5df4\u5217\u7ef4\u548c\u970d\u6885\u5c3c\u4e4b\u95f4\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u7d27\u5f20\u5c40\u52bf\u6301\u7eed\u5b58\u5728\uff0c1977 \u5e74 10 \u6708\u7206\u53d1\u4e86\u793a\u5a01\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u5e76\u53d1\u5c55\u6210\u4e3a\u5305\u62ec\u4e16\u4fd7\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u5185\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u62b5\u6297\u3002[161] 1978 \u5e74\uff0c8 \u6708 Cinema Rex \u5927\u706b\u9020\u6210\u6570\u767e\u4eba\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c9 \u6708\u7684\u9ed1\u8272\u661f\u671f\u4e94\u50ac\u5316\u4e86\u9769\u547d\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u7684\u7f62\u5de5\u548c\u793a\u5a01\u6d3b\u52a8\u4f7f\u6574\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u9677\u5165\u762b\u75ea\u3002[162][163][164] \u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e00\u5e74\u7684\u7f62\u5de5\u548c\u793a\u5a01\u540e\uff0c1979 \u5e74 1 \u6708\uff0c\u5df4\u5217\u7ef4\u9003\u5f80\u7f8e\u56fd[165]\uff0c\u970d\u6885\u5c3c\u4e8e 2 \u6708\u56de\u56fd\uff0c\u7ec4\u5efa\u65b0\u653f\u5e9c\u3002[166] \u5f53\u4ed6\u62b5\u8fbe\u9996\u90fd\u5fb7\u9ed1\u5170\u65f6\uff0c\u6570\u767e\u4e07\u4eba\u805a\u96c6\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u6b22\u8fce\u4ed6\u3002[167]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Following the March 1979 referendum<\/a>, in which 98% of voters approved the shift to an Islamic republic<\/a>, the government began to draft a Constitution<\/a>, and Ayatollah Khomeini emerged as Supreme Leader of Iran<\/a> in December 1979. He became Time<\/a> magazine’s Man of the Year<\/a> in 1979 for his international influence, and been described as the “virtual face of Shia Islam in Western popular culture”.[168]<\/a><\/sup> Following Khomeini’s order to purge officials loyal to Pahlavi, many former ministers and officials, were executed<\/a>.[169]<\/a><\/sup> In the aftermath of the revolution<\/a>, Iran began to back Shia<\/a> militancy around the world to combat Sunni<\/a> influence and establish Iranian dominance within the Muslim world<\/a>. The Cultural Revolution<\/a> began in 1980, with threats to close universities which did not conform to Islamization. All universities were closed in 1980, and reopened in 1983.[170]<\/a>[171]<\/a>[172]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111979 \u5e74 3 \u6708\u7684\u5168\u6c11\u516c\u6295\u4e2d\uff0c98% \u7684\u9009\u6c11\u540c\u610f\u5411\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u653f\u5e9c\u5f00\u59cb\u8d77\u8349\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u963f\u4e9a\u56fe\u62c9\u00b7\u970d\u6885\u5c3c\u4e8e 1979 \u5e74 12 \u6708\u6210\u4e3a\u4f0a\u6717\u6700\u9ad8\u9886\u8896\u3002\u4ed6\u56e0\u5176\u56fd\u9645\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u800c\u6210\u4e3a\u300a\u65f6\u4ee3\u300b\u6742\u5fd7 1979 \u5e74\u5e74\u5ea6\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u5e76\u88ab\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u201c\u897f\u65b9\u6d41\u884c\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u4ec0\u53f6\u6d3e\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u201d\u3002[168] \u970d\u6885\u5c3c\u4e0b\u4ee4\u6e05\u6d17\u6548\u5fe0\u5df4\u5217\u7ef4\u738b\u671d\u7684\u5b98\u5458\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u524d\u90e8\u957f\u548c\u5b98\u5458\u88ab\u5904\u51b3\u3002[169] \u9769\u547d\u540e\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u5f00\u59cb\u652f\u6301\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u7684\u4ec0\u53f6\u6d3e\u6b66\u88c5\uff0c\u4ee5\u5bf9\u6297\u900a\u5c3c\u6d3e\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u786e\u7acb\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u6587\u5316\u9769\u547d\u59cb\u4e8e 1980 \u5e74\uff0c\u5a01\u80c1\u8981\u5173\u95ed\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5316\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u3002\u6240\u6709\u5927\u5b66\u4e8e 1980 \u5e74\u5173\u95ed\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e 1983 \u5e74\u91cd\u65b0\u5f00\u653e\u3002[170][171][172]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November 1979, after the US refused the extradition of Pahlavi, Iranian students<\/a> seized its embassy and took 53 Americans hostage<\/a>.[173]<\/a><\/sup> Jimmy Carter<\/a>‘s administration attempted to negotiate their release<\/a>, and to rescue them<\/a>. On Carter’s final day in office, the last hostages were set free under the Algiers Accords<\/a>. The US and Iran severed diplomatic relations in April 1980, and have had no formal diplomatic relationship since.[174]<\/a><\/sup> The crisis was a pivotal episode in Iran\u2013United States relations<\/a>.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111979 \u5e74 11 \u6708\uff0c\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u62d2\u7edd\u5f15\u6e21\u5df4\u5217\u7ef4\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u5b66\u751f\u5360\u9886\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u5927\u4f7f\u9986\u5e76\u52ab\u6301\u4e86 53 \u540d\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u8d28\u3002[173] \u5409\u7c73\u00b7\u5361\u7279\u653f\u5e9c\u8bd5\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u8c08\u5224\u91ca\u653e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u8d28\uff0c\u5e76\u8425\u6551\u4ed6\u4eec\u3002\u5728\u5361\u7279\u4efb\u804c\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u5929\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u300a\u963f\u5c14\u53ca\u5c14\u534f\u8bae\u300b\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6279\u4eba\u8d28\u83b7\u91ca\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u4f0a\u6717\u4e8e 1980 \u5e74 4 \u6708\u65ad\u7edd\u5916\u4ea4\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u6b64\u540e\u518d\u65e0\u6b63\u5f0f\u5916\u4ea4\u5173\u7cfb\u3002[174] \u8fd9\u573a\u5371\u673a\u662f\u4f0a\u6717\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5173\u952e\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.7 \u4e24\u4f0a\u6218\u4e89\uff081980-1988\u5e74\uff09| Iran\u2013Iraq War (1980\u20131988)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Iran\u2013Iraq War<\/a>, Iran\u2013Iraq relations<\/a>, and Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014\u2013present)<\/a>
\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4e24\u4f0a\u6218\u4e89\u3001\u4e24\u4f0a\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u4f0a\u6717\u5bf9\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u7684\u5e72\u9884\uff082014 \u5e74\u81f3\u4eca\uff09\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe2-12\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

In September 1980, Iraq invaded Khuzestan<\/a>, initiating the Iran\u2013Iraq War<\/a>. While Iraq hoped to take advantage of Iran’s post-revolutionary chaos<\/a>, the Iraqi military only made progress for three months, and by December 1980, the forces of Saddam Hussein<\/a> had stalled. By mid-1982, Iranian forces began to gain momentum, successfully driving the Iraqis back into Iraq<\/a>, and regaining all lost territory by June 1982. Iran rejected United Nations Security Council Resolution 514<\/a> and launched an invasion, capturing cities such as Basra<\/a>. Iranian offensives in Iraq lasted for five years, with Iraq launching counter-offensives.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111980\u5e749\u6708\uff0c\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u5165\u4fb5\u80e1\u9f50\u65af\u5766\u7701\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u4e24\u4f0a\u6218\u4e89\u3002\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u539f\u672c\u5e0c\u671b\u5229\u7528\u4f0a\u6717\u9769\u547d\u540e\u7684\u6df7\u4e71\u5c40\u9762\uff0c\u4f46\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u519b\u961f\u4ec5\u5728\u5934\u4e09\u4e2a\u6708\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u8fdb\u5c55\uff0c\u52301980\u5e7412\u6708\uff0c\u8428\u8fbe\u59c6\u00b7\u4faf\u8d5b\u56e0\u7684\u90e8\u961f\u653b\u52bf\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d7\u963b\u3002\u52301982\u5e74\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u519b\u961f\u5f00\u59cb\u53cd\u653b\uff0c\u6210\u529f\u5730\u5c06\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u519b\u961f\u903c\u56de\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u5883\u5185\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e1982\u5e746\u6708\u6536\u590d\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u5931\u5730\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u62d2\u7edd\u63a5\u53d7\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u5b89\u7406\u4f1a\u7b2c514\u53f7\u51b3\u8bae\uff0c\u5e76\u53d1\u52a8\u4e86\u8fdb\u653b\uff0c\u5360\u9886\u4e86\u5305\u62ec\u5df4\u58eb\u62c9\u5728\u5185\u7684\u591a\u4e2a\u57ce\u5e02\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u5728\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u5883\u5185\u7684\u653b\u52bf\u6301\u7eed\u4e86\u4e94\u5e74\uff0c\u671f\u95f4\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u4e5f\u53d1\u8d77\u4e86\u53cd\u51fb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War continued until 1988, when Iraq defeated Iranian forces inside Iraq, and pushed Iranian troops back across the border. Khomeini accepted a truce mediated by the United Nations<\/a>: both withdrew to their pre-war borders. It was the longest conventional war<\/a> of the 20th century and second longest after the Vietnam War<\/a>. Total Iranian casualties were estimated to be 123,000\u2013160,000 KIA<\/a>, 61,000 MIA<\/a>, and 11,000\u201316,000 civilians killed<\/a>.[176]<\/a>[177]<\/a><\/sup> Since the downfall of Saddam Hussein, Iran has shaped Iraq’s politics, and relations between the two<\/a> has warmed immensely.[178]<\/a>[179]<\/a>[180]<\/a><\/sup> Significant military assistance has been provided by Iran to Iraq, resulting in Iran holding a large amount of influence and foothold. Iraq is heavily dependent on the more stable and developed Iran for its energy needs.[181]<\/a>[182]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6218\u4e89\u4e00\u76f4\u6301\u7eed\u52301988\u5e74\uff0c\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u5728\u672c\u571f\u51fb\u8d25\u4e86\u4f0a\u6717\u519b\u961f\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u4f0a\u6717\u519b\u961f\u9010\u56de\u8fb9\u5883\u3002\u970d\u6885\u5c3c\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u65a1\u65cb\u7684\u505c\u706b\u534f\u8bae\uff1a\u53cc\u65b9\u64a4\u56de\u5230\u6218\u524d\u8fb9\u754c\u3002\u8fd9\u573a\u6218\u4e89\u662f20\u4e16\u7eaa\u6700\u957f\u7684\u5e38\u89c4\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u4ec5\u6b21\u4e8e\u8d8a\u5357\u6218\u4e89\u3002\u636e\u4f30\u8ba1\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u603b\u4f24\u4ea1\u4eba\u6570\u4e3a12.3\u4e07\u81f316\u4e07\u4eba\u9635\u4ea1\uff0c6.1\u4e07\u4eba\u5931\u8e2a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca1.1\u4e07\u81f31.6\u4e07\u5e73\u6c11\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002[176][177]\u81ea\u8428\u8fbe\u59c6\u00b7\u4faf\u8d5b\u56e0\u5012\u53f0\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u5851\u9020\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5c40\u52bf\uff0c\u4e24\u56fd\u5173\u7cfb\u663e\u8457\u5347\u6e29\u3002[178][179][180]\u4f0a\u6717\u5411\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u519b\u4e8b\u63f4\u52a9\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u4f0a\u6717\u5728\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u62e5\u6709\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u548c\u7acb\u8db3\u70b9\u3002\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u5728\u80fd\u6e90\u9700\u6c42\u4e0a\u4e25\u91cd\u4f9d\u8d56\u66f4\u4e3a\u7a33\u5b9a\u548c\u53d1\u8fbe\u7684\u4f0a\u6717\u3002[181][182]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.8 1990\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765 | Since the 1990s<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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\u56fe2-13\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action<\/a>, Operation Martyr Soleimani<\/a>, and 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u8054\u5408\u5168\u9762\u884c\u52a8\u8ba1\u5212\u3001\u70c8\u58eb\u82cf\u83b1\u66fc\u5c3c\u884c\u52a8\u548c 2024 \u5e74\u4f0a\u6717\u5bf9\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u7684\u88ad\u51fb\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1989, Akbar Rafsanjani<\/a> concentrated on a pro-business policy of rebuilding the economy without breaking with the ideology of the revolution. He supported a free market<\/a> domestically, favoring privatization<\/a> of state industries and a moderate position internationally.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111989\u5e74\uff0c\u963f\u514b\u5df4\u5c14\u00b7\u54c8\u4ec0\u7c73\u00b7\u62c9\u592b\u6851\u8d3e\u5c3c\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u4e00\u9879\u4eb2\u5546\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u91cd\u5efa\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u4e0d\u8fdd\u80cc\u9769\u547d\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u3002\u4ed6\u652f\u6301\u56fd\u5185\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u56fd\u6709\u4f01\u4e1a\u79c1\u6709\u5316\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u4e0a\u91c7\u53d6\u6e29\u548c\u7acb\u573a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1997, Rafsanjani was succeeded by moderate reformist<\/a> Mohammad Khatami<\/a>, whose government advocated freedom of expression<\/a>, constructive diplomatic relations with Asia and the European Union<\/a>, and an economic policy that supported a free market and foreign investment.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111997\u5e74\uff0c\u62c9\u592b\u6851\u8d3e\u5c3c\u88ab\u6e29\u548c\u6539\u9769\u6d3e\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u00b7\u54c8\u5854\u7c73\u63a5\u66ff\uff0c\u54c8\u5854\u7c73\u653f\u5e9c\u5021\u5bfc\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u4e0e\u4e9a\u6d32\u53ca\u6b27\u76df\u5efa\u7acb\u5efa\u8bbe\u6027\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u652f\u6301\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u573a\u548c\u5916\u56fd\u6295\u8d44\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u653f\u7b56\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2005 presidential election<\/a> brought conservative populist<\/a> and nationalist candidate Mahmoud Ahmadinejad<\/a> to power. He was known for his hardline views, nuclearisation, and hostility towards Israel<\/a>, Saudi Arabia<\/a>, the UK<\/a>, the US and other states. He was the first president to be summoned by the parliament<\/a> to answer questions regarding his presidency.[183]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112005\u5e74\u7684\u603b\u7edf\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\uff0c\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u9a6c\u54c8\u8302\u5fb7\u00b7\u827e\u54c8\u8fc8\u8fea\u5185\u8d3e\u5fb7\u80dc\u51fa\u3002\u4ed6\u4ee5\u5176\u5f3a\u786c\u89c2\u70b9\u3001\u6838\u8ba1\u5212\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u3001\u6c99\u7279\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u7b49\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u654c\u5bf9\u6001\u5ea6\u800c\u8457\u79f0\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u9996\u4f4d\u88ab\u8bae\u4f1a\u4f20\u5524\u4ee5\u56de\u7b54\u5173\u4e8e\u5176\u603b\u7edf\u4efb\u671f\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u603b\u7edf\u3002[183]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe2-14\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

In 2013, centrist and reformist Hassan Rouhani<\/a> was elected president. In domestic policy, he encouraged personal freedom, free access to information, and improved women’s rights. He improved Iran’s diplomatic relations through exchanging conciliatory letters.[184]<\/a><\/sup> The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action<\/a> (JCPOA) was reached in Vienna<\/a> in 2015, between Iran, the P5+1<\/a> (UN Security Council<\/a> + Germany) and the EU. The negotiations centered around ending the economic sanctions<\/a> in exchange for Iran’s restriction in producing enriched uranium<\/a>.[185]<\/a><\/sup> In 2018, however, the US under Trump Administration<\/a> withdrew from the deal and new sanctions were imposed. This nulled the economic provisions, left the agreement in jeopardy, and brought Iran to nuclear threshold status<\/a>.[186]<\/a><\/sup> In 2020, IRGC<\/a> general, Qasem Soleimani<\/a>, the 2nd-most powerful person in Iran,[187]<\/a><\/sup> was assassinated by the US<\/a>, heightening tensions between them<\/a>.[188]<\/a><\/sup> Iran retaliated against US airbases in Iraq<\/a>, the largest ballistic missile attack ever on Americans;[189]<\/a><\/sup> 110 sustained brain injuries<\/a>.[190]<\/a>[191]<\/a>[192]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112013 \u5e74\uff0c\u4e2d\u95f4\u6d3e\u548c\u6539\u9769\u6d3e\u54c8\u6851\u00b7\u9c81\u54c8\u5c3c\u5f53\u9009\u603b\u7edf\u3002\u5728\u56fd\u5185\u653f\u7b56\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ed6\u9f13\u52b1\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u83b7\u53d6\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5e76\u6539\u5584\u5987\u5973\u6743\u5229\u3002\u4ed6\u901a\u8fc7\u4ea4\u6362\u548c\u89e3\u4fe1\u6539\u5584\u4e86\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u5173\u7cfb\u3002[184] 2015 \u5e74\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u3001P5+1\uff08\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u5b89\u7406\u4f1a + \u5fb7\u56fd\uff09\u548c\u6b27\u76df\u5728\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\u8fbe\u6210\u4e86\u300a\u8054\u5408\u5168\u9762\u884c\u52a8\u8ba1\u5212\u300b\uff08JCPOA\uff09\u3002\u8c08\u5224\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u662f\u7ed3\u675f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5236\u88c1\uff0c\u4ee5\u6362\u53d6\u4f0a\u6717\u9650\u5236\u751f\u4ea7\u6d53\u7f29\u94c0\u3002[185] \u7136\u800c\uff0c2018 \u5e74\uff0c\u7279\u6717\u666e\u653f\u5e9c\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u9000\u51fa\u4e86\u8be5\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u5e76\u5b9e\u65bd\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u5236\u88c1\u3002\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6761\u6b3e\u65e0\u6548\uff0c\u4f7f\u534f\u8bae\u9677\u5165\u5371\u9669\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u4f0a\u6717\u8fdb\u5165\u6838\u95e8\u69db\u72b6\u6001\u3002[186] 2020 \u5e74\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5927\u6743\u52bf\u4eba\u7269\u3001\u4f0a\u6717\u9769\u547d\u536b\u961f\u5c06\u519b\u5361\u897f\u59c6\u00b7\u82cf\u83b1\u66fc\u5c3c[187]\u88ab\u7f8e\u56fd\u6697\u6740\uff0c\u52a0\u5267\u4e86\u4e24\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7d27\u5f20\u5173\u7cfb\u3002[188] \u4f0a\u6717\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u5728\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u7684\u7a7a\u519b\u57fa\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u62a5\u590d\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6709\u53f2\u4ee5\u6765\u9488\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u6700\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u5f39\u9053\u5bfc\u5f39\u88ad\u51fb\uff1b[189] 110 \u4eba\u8111\u90e8\u53d7\u4f24\u3002[190][191][192]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY 4.0\u534f\u8bae
\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u6c11\u4f17\u5728\u5fb7\u9ed1\u5170\u963f\u624e\u8fea\u5854<\/a>\u4e0b\u60bc\u5ff5\u82cf\u83b1\u66fc\u5c3c
\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aMehr News Agency<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Hardliner Ebrahim Raisi<\/a> ran for president again in 2021<\/a>, succeeding Hassan Rouhani<\/a>. During Raisi’s term, Iran intensified uranium enrichment<\/a>, hindered international inspections, joined SCO and BRICS, supported Russia<\/a> in its invasion of Ukraine<\/a> andrestored diplomatic relations with Saudi Arabia. In April 2024, Israel’s airstrike<\/a> on an Iranian consulate<\/a>, killed an IRGC commander.[193]<\/a>[194]<\/a><\/sup> Iran retaliated<\/a> with UAVs<\/a>, cruise<\/a> and ballistic missiles<\/a>; 9 hit Israel.[195]<\/a>[196]<\/a>[197]<\/a><\/sup> Western and Jordanian military helped Israel down some Iranian drones.[198]<\/a>[199]<\/a><\/sup> It was the largest drone strike in history,[200]<\/a><\/sup> biggest missile attack in Iranian history,[201]<\/a><\/sup> its first ever direct attack on Israel[202]<\/a>[203]<\/a><\/sup> and the first time since 1991<\/a> Israel was directly attacked by a state force.[204]<\/a><\/sup> This occurred during heightened tensions amid the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip<\/a>.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5f3a\u786c\u6d3e\u6613\u535c\u62c9\u6b23\u00b7\u83b1\u897f\u4e8e 2021 \u5e74\u518d\u6b21\u7ade\u9009\u603b\u7edf\uff0c\u63a5\u66ff\u54c8\u6851\u00b7\u9c81\u54c8\u5c3c\u3002\u5728\u83b1\u897f\u4efb\u671f\u5185\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u52a0\u5f3a\u4e86\u94c0\u6d53\u7f29\uff0c\u963b\u788d\u4e86\u56fd\u9645\u68c0\u67e5\uff0c\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u4e0a\u5408\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u91d1\u7816\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5165\u4fb5\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u6c99\u7279\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u6062\u590d\u4e86\u5916\u4ea4\u5173\u7cfb\u30022024 \u5e74 4 \u6708\uff0c\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u7a7a\u88ad\u4e86\u4f0a\u6717\u9886\u4e8b\u9986\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u4f0a\u6717\u9769\u547d\u536b\u961f\u6307\u6325\u5b98\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002[193][194] \u4f0a\u6717\u4ee5\u65e0\u4eba\u673a\u3001\u5de1\u822a\u5bfc\u5f39\u548c\u5f39\u9053\u5bfc\u5f39\u8fdb\u884c\u62a5\u590d\uff1b\u5176\u4e2d 9 \u679a\u51fb\u4e2d\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u3002[195][196][197] \u897f\u65b9\u548c\u7ea6\u65e6\u519b\u65b9\u5e2e\u52a9\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u51fb\u843d\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f0a\u6717\u65e0\u4eba\u673a\u3002[198][199] \u8fd9\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u65e0\u4eba\u673a\u88ad\u51fb[200]\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4f0a\u6717\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u5bfc\u5f39\u88ad\u51fb[201]\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4f0a\u6717\u9996\u6b21\u76f4\u63a5\u88ad\u51fb\u4ee5\u8272\u5217[202][203]\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u81ea 1991 \u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u9996\u6b21\u906d\u5230\u56fd\u5bb6\u519b\u961f\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u88ad\u51fb\u3002[204]\u6b64\u4e8b\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u5165\u4fb5\u52a0\u6c99\u5730\u5e26\u671f\u95f4\u7d27\u5f20\u5c40\u52bf\u52a0\u5267\u671f\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In May 2024, President Raisi was killed in a helicopter crash<\/a>, and Iran held a presidential election<\/a> in June according to the constitution<\/a>, which reformist politician and former Minister of Health<\/a>, Masoud Pezeshkian<\/a>, came to power.[205]<\/a>[206]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112024\u5e745\u6708\uff0c\u603b\u7edf\u83b1\u897f\u5728\u4e00\u6b21\u76f4\u5347\u673a\u5760\u6bc1\u4e8b\u6545\u4e2d\u4e27\u751f\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u4e8e6\u6708\u6839\u636e\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e3e\u884c\u603b\u7edf\u9009\u4e3e\uff0c\u6539\u9769\u6d3e\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u3001\u524d\u536b\u751f\u90e8\u957f\u9a6c\u82cf\u5fb7\u00b7\u4f69\u6cfd\u4ec0\u57fa\u5b89\u4e0a\u53f0\u3002[205][206]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. \u5730\u7406 | Geography<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Geography of Iran<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u5730\u7406\u3011\/ \u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u5730\u7406<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

See also: Borders of Iran<\/a> and Agriculture in Iran<\/a>\u3010\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a\u201c\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u519c\u4e1a\u201d\u8bcd\u6761\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe3-1\u81f33-4\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iran has an area of 1,648,195\u00a0km2<\/sup> (636,372\u00a0sq\u00a0mi). It is the sixth-largest country entirely in Asia<\/a> and the second-largest in West Asia.[207]<\/a><\/sup> It lies between latitudes 24\u00b0<\/a> and 40\u00b0 N<\/a>, and longitudes 44\u00b0<\/a> and 64\u00b0 E<\/a>. It is bordered to the northwest by Armenia<\/a> (35\u00a0km or 22\u00a0mi), the Azeri exclave of Nakhchivan<\/a> (179\u00a0km or 111\u00a0mi),[208]<\/a><\/sup> and the Republic of Azerbaijan<\/a> (611\u00a0km or 380\u00a0mi); to the north by the Caspian Sea<\/a>; to the northeast by Turkmenistan<\/a> (992\u00a0km or 616\u00a0mi); to the east by Afghanistan<\/a> (936\u00a0km or 582\u00a0mi) and Pakistan (909\u00a0km or 565\u00a0mi); to the south by the Persian Gulf<\/a> and the Gulf of Oman<\/a>; and to the west by Iraq<\/a> (1,458\u00a0km or 906\u00a0mi) and Turkey (499\u00a0km or 310\u00a0mi).
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u9762\u79ef\u4e3a1,648,195\u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\uff08636,372\u5e73\u65b9\u82f1\u91cc\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u5728\u4e9a\u6d32\u5883\u5185\u7684\u7b2c\u516d\u5927\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u897f\u4e9a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5927\u56fd\u3002[207]\u5b83\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5317\u7eac24\u00b0\u523040\u00b0\uff0c\u4e1c\u7ecf44\u00b0\u523064\u00b0\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002\u5176\u897f\u5317\u90e8\u4e0e\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\uff0835\u516c\u91cc\u621622\u82f1\u91cc\uff09\u3001\u963f\u585e\u62dc\u7586\u98de\u5730\u7eb3\u5e0c\u5207\u4e07\uff08179\u516c\u91cc\u6216111\u82f1\u91cc\uff09[208]\u4ee5\u53ca\u963f\u585e\u62dc\u7586\u5171\u548c\u56fd\uff08611\u516c\u91cc\u6216380\u82f1\u91cc\uff09\u63a5\u58e4\uff1b\u5317\u90e8\u6fd2\u4e34\u91cc\u6d77\uff1b\u4e1c\u5317\u90e8\u4e0e\u571f\u5e93\u66fc\u65af\u5766\uff08992\u516c\u91cc\u6216616\u82f1\u91cc\uff09\u63a5\u58e4\uff1b\u4e1c\u90e8\u4e0e\u963f\u5bcc\u6c57\uff08936\u516c\u91cc\u6216582\u82f1\u91cc\uff09\u548c\u5df4\u57fa\u65af\u5766\uff08909\u516c\u91cc\u6216565\u82f1\u91cc\uff09\u4e3a\u90bb\uff1b\u5357\u90e8\u5219\u6fd2\u4e34\u6ce2\u65af\u6e7e\u548c\u963f\u66fc\u6e7e\uff1b\u897f\u90e8\u4e0e\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\uff081,458\u516c\u91cc\u6216906\u82f1\u91cc\uff09\u548c\u571f\u8033\u5176\uff08499\u516c\u91cc\u6216310\u82f1\u91cc\uff09\u76f8\u63a5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iran is in a seismically active area.[209]<\/a><\/sup> On average, an earthquake of magnitude seven on the Richter scale<\/a> occurs once every ten years.[210]<\/a><\/sup> Most earthquakes are shallow-focus and can be very devastating, such as the 2003 Bam earthquake<\/a>.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5730\u9707\u6d3b\u8dc3\u5e26\u4e0a\u3002[209]\u5e73\u5747\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u91cc\u6c0f\u9707\u7ea7\u4e03\u7ea7\u7684\u5730\u9707\u6bcf\u5341\u5e74\u53d1\u751f\u4e00\u6b21\u3002[210]\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5730\u9707\u4e3a\u6d45\u6e90\u5730\u9707\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u6781\u5177\u7834\u574f\u6027\uff0c\u59822003\u5e74\u7684\u5df4\u59c6\u5730\u9707\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iran consists of the Iranian Plateau<\/a>. It is one of the world’s most mountainous countries, its landscape is dominated by rugged mountain ranges<\/a> that separate basins<\/a> or plateaus<\/a>. The populous west part is the most mountainous, with ranges such as the Caucasus<\/a>, Zagros<\/a>, and Alborz<\/a>, the last containing Mount Damavand<\/a>, Iran’s highest point, at 5,610\u00a0m (18,406\u00a0ft), which is the highest volcano in Asia. Iran’s mountains have impacted its politics and economics for centuries.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u7531\u4f0a\u6717\u9ad8\u539f\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u591a\u5c71\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5730\u5f62\u4ee5\u5d0e\u5c96\u7684\u5c71\u8109\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c71\u8109\u5206\u9694\u4e86\u76c6\u5730\u6216\u9ad8\u539f\u3002\u4eba\u53e3\u7a20\u5bc6\u7684\u897f\u90e8\u5730\u533a\u6700\u4e3a\u591a\u5c71\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u5c71\u8109\u3001\u624e\u683c\u7f57\u65af\u5c71\u8109\u548c\u963f\u5c14\u4f2f\u5179\u5c71\u8109\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u963f\u5c14\u4f2f\u5179\u5c71\u8109\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u5cf0\u2014\u2014\u8fbe\u9a6c\u4e07\u5fb7\u5c71\uff0c\u6d77\u62d45,610\u7c73\uff0818,406\u82f1\u5c3a\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e9a\u6d32\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u706b\u5c71\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u5c71\u8109\u51e0\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\u4e00\u76f4\u5f71\u54cd\u7740\u5176\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The north part is covered by the lush lowland Caspian Hyrcanian forests<\/a>, near the southern shores of the Caspian Sea. The east part consists mostly of desert<\/a> basins, such as the Kavir Desert<\/a>, which is the country’s largest desert, and the Lut Desert<\/a>, as well as salt lakes<\/a>. The Lut Desert is the hottest recorded spot on the Earth’s surface, with 70.7\u00a0\u00b0C recorded in 2005.[211]<\/a>[212]<\/a>[213]<\/a>[214]<\/a><\/sup> The only large plains<\/a> are found along the coast of the Caspian and at the north end of the Persian Gulf, where the country borders the mouth of the Arvand river<\/a>. Smaller, discontinuous plains are found along the remaining coast of the Persian Gulf, the Strait of Hormuz<\/a>, and Gulf of Oman.[215]<\/a>[216]<\/a>[217]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5317\u90e8\u5730\u533a\u8986\u76d6\u7740\u7e41\u8302\u7684\u4f4e\u5730\u91cc\u6d77\u8d6b\u5c14\u5361\u5c3c\u4e9a\u68ee\u6797\uff0c\u9760\u8fd1\u91cc\u6d77\u5357\u5cb8\u3002\u4e1c\u90e8\u5730\u533a\u4e3b\u8981\u7531\u6c99\u6f20\u76c6\u5730\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u5982\u8be5\u56fd\u6700\u5927\u7684\u6c99\u6f20\u2014\u2014\u5361\u7ef4\u5c14\u6c99\u6f20\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5362\u7279\u6c99\u6f20\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u76d0\u6e56\u3002\u5362\u7279\u6c99\u6f20\u662f\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u8bb0\u5f55\u5230\u7684\u6700\u70ed\u5730\u70b9\uff0c2005\u5e74\u66fe\u6d4b\u5f9770.7\u00b0C\u7684\u9ad8\u6e29\u3002[211][212][213][214]\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u5927\u5e73\u539f\u5206\u5e03\u5728\u91cc\u6d77\u6cbf\u5cb8\u548c\u6ce2\u65af\u6e7e\u5317\u7aef\uff0c\u90a3\u91cc\u662f\u963f\u65fa\u5fb7\u6cb3\u6cb3\u53e3\u6240\u5728\u3002\u8f83\u5c0f\u4e14\u4e0d\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u5e73\u539f\u5206\u5e03\u5728\u6ce2\u65af\u6e7e\u5176\u4f59\u6d77\u5cb8\u3001\u970d\u5c14\u6728\u5179\u6d77\u5ce1\u548c\u963f\u66fc\u6e7e\u6cbf\u5cb8\u3002[215][216][217]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.1 \u5c9b\u5c7f | Islands<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: List of islands of Iran<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u5c9b\u5c7f\u5217\u8868\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe3-5\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian islands are mainly located in the Persian Gulf. Iran has 102 islands in Urmia Lake<\/a>, 427 in Aras River<\/a>, several in Anzali Lagoon<\/a>, Ashurade Island<\/a> in the Caspian Sea<\/a>, Sheytan Island in the Oman Sea<\/a> and other inland islands. Iran has an uninhabited island at the far end of the Gulf of Oman<\/a>, near Pakistan. A few islands can be visited by tourists. Most are owned by the military or used for wildlife protection, and entry is prohibited or requires a permit.[218]<\/a>[219]<\/a>[220]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u5c9b\u5c7f\u4e3b\u8981\u5206\u5e03\u5728\u6ce2\u65af\u6e7e\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u5728\u4e4c\u5c14\u7c73\u8036\u6e56\u62e5\u6709102\u4e2a\u5c9b\u5c7f\uff0c\u5728\u963f\u62c9\u65af\u6cb3\u6709427\u4e2a\u5c9b\u5c7f\uff0c\u5728\u5b89\u624e\u5229\u6e7f\u5730\u6709\u6570\u4e2a\u5c9b\u5c7f\uff0c\u91cc\u6d77\u4e2d\u6709\u963f\u8212\u62c9\u5fb7\u5c9b\uff0c\u963f\u66fc\u6d77\u4e2d\u6709\u8c22\u5766\u5c9b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u5185\u9646\u5c9b\u5c7f\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e0\u4eba\u5c45\u4f4f\u7684\u5c9b\u5c7f\u4f4d\u4e8e\u963f\u66fc\u6e7e\u7684\u8fdc\u7aef\uff0c\u63a5\u8fd1\u5df4\u57fa\u65af\u5766\u3002\u5c11\u6570\u5c9b\u5c7f\u5bf9\u6e38\u5ba2\u5f00\u653e\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5c9b\u5c7f\u5f52\u519b\u961f\u6240\u6709\u6216\u7528\u4e8e\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u8fdb\u5165\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c9b\u5c7f\u6216\u662f\u88ab\u7981\u6b62\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u9700\u8981\u7279\u522b\u8bb8\u53ef\u3002[218][219][220]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iran took control<\/a> of Bumusa<\/a>, and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs<\/a> in 1971, in the Strait of Hormuz<\/a> between the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman. Despite the islands being small and having little natural resources or population, they are highly valuable for their strategic location.[221]<\/a>[222]<\/a>[223]<\/a>[224]<\/a>[225]<\/a><\/sup> Although the United Arab Emirates<\/a> claims sovereignty,[226]<\/a>[227]<\/a>[228]<\/a><\/sup> it has consistently been met with a strong response from Iran,[229]<\/a>[230]<\/a>[231]<\/a><\/sup> based on their historical and cultural background.[232]<\/a><\/sup> Iran has full-control over the islands.[233]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111971\u5e74\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u63a7\u5236\u4e86\u970d\u5c14\u6728\u5179\u6d77\u5ce1\uff08\u4f4d\u4e8e\u6ce2\u65af\u6e7e\u4e0e\u963f\u66fc\u6e7e\u4e4b\u95f4\uff09\u7684\u5e03\u7a46\u8428\u5c9b\u3001\u5927\u901a\u5e03\u5c9b\u548c\u5c0f\u901a\u5e03\u5c9b\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c9b\u5c7f\u9762\u79ef\u4e0d\u5927\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u8d44\u6e90\u6709\u9650\u4e14\u4eba\u53e3\u7a00\u5c11\uff0c\u4f46\u56e0\u5176\u6218\u7565\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6781\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u3002[221][222][223][224][225]\u867d\u7136\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8054\u5408\u914b\u957f\u56fd\u58f0\u79f0\u5bf9\u5176\u62e5\u6709\u4e3b\u6743\uff0c[226][227][228]\u4f46\u4f0a\u6717\u57fa\u4e8e\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u6587\u5316\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u59cb\u7ec8\u5f3a\u786c\u56de\u5e94\uff0c[229][230][231]\u5e76\u4fdd\u6301\u7740\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c9b\u5c7f\u7684\u5168\u9762\u63a7\u5236\u3002[233]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kish island<\/a>, as a free trade zone<\/a>, is touted as a consumer’s paradise, with malls, shopping centres, tourist attractions, and luxury hotels. Qeshm<\/a> is the largest island in Iran, and a UNESCO Global Geopark<\/a> since 2016.[234]<\/a>[235]<\/a>[236]<\/a><\/sup> Its salt cave, Namakdan, is the largest in the world, and one of the world’s longest caves.[237]<\/a>[238]<\/a>[239]<\/a>[240]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u57fa\u4ec0\u5c9b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u7531\u8d38\u6613\u533a\uff0c\u88ab\u8a89\u4e3a\u8d2d\u7269\u8005\u7684\u5929\u5802\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u8d2d\u7269\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3001\u65c5\u6e38\u666f\u70b9\u548c\u8c6a\u534e\u9152\u5e97\u3002\u683c\u4ec0\u59c6\u5c9b\u662f\u4f0a\u6717\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5c9b\u5c7f\uff0c\u81ea2016\u5e74\u8d77\u6210\u4e3a\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u6559\u79d1\u6587\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5168\u7403\u5730\u8d28\u516c\u56ed\u3002[234][235][236]\u5176\u5185\u7684\u7eb3\u9a6c\u514b\u4e39\u76d0\u6d1e\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u5927\u7684\u76d0\u6d1e\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u957f\u7684\u6d1e\u7a74\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002[237][238][239][240]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.2 \u6c14\u5019 | Climate<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Climate of Iran<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u6c14\u5019\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe3-6\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iran’s climate is diverse, ranging from arid<\/a> and semi-arid<\/a>, to subtropical<\/a> along the Caspian coast and northern forests.[241]<\/a><\/sup> On the north edge of the country, temperatures rarely fall below freezing and the area remains humid. Summer temperatures rarely exceed 29\u00a0\u00b0C (84.2\u00a0\u00b0F).[242]<\/a><\/sup> Annual precipitation is 680\u00a0mm (26.8\u00a0in) in the east part of the plain and more than 1,700\u00a0mm (66.9\u00a0in) in the west part. The UN Resident Coordinator for Iran, has said that “Water scarcity<\/a> poses the most severe human security challenge in Iran today”.[243]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u6c14\u5019\u591a\u6837\uff0c\u4ece\u5e72\u65f1\u548c\u534a\u5e72\u65f1\u6c14\u5019\u5230\u91cc\u6d77\u6cbf\u5cb8\u548c\u5317\u90e8\u68ee\u6797\u7684\u4e9a\u70ed\u5e26\u6c14\u5019\u90fd\u6709\u5206\u5e03\u3002[241]\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5317\u7f18\uff0c\u6c14\u6e29\u5f88\u5c11\u964d\u81f3\u51b0\u70b9\u4ee5\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u533a\u57df\u4fdd\u6301\u6e7f\u6da6\u3002\u590f\u5b63\u6e29\u5ea6\u5f88\u5c11\u8d85\u8fc729\u00b0C\uff0884.2\u00b0F\uff09\u3002[242]\u5e74\u964d\u6c34\u91cf\u5728\u4e1c\u90e8\u5e73\u539f\u90e8\u5206\u4e3a680\u6beb\u7c73\uff0826.8\u82f1\u5bf8\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u897f\u90e8\u90e8\u5206\u5219\u8d85\u8fc71700\u6beb\u7c73\uff0866.9\u82f1\u5bf8\uff09\u3002\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u9a7b\u4f0a\u6717\u534f\u8c03\u5458\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u201c\u6c34\u8d44\u6e90\u77ed\u7f3a\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u5f53\u4eca\u4f0a\u6717\u6700\u4e25\u5cfb\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b89\u5168\u6311\u6218\u201d\u3002[243]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To the west, settlements in the Zagros basin experience lower temperatures, severe winters with freezing average daily temperatures and heavy snowfall. The east and central basins are arid, with less than 200\u00a0mm (7.9\u00a0in) of rain and have occasional deserts.[244]<\/a><\/sup> Average summer temperatures rarely exceed 38\u00a0\u00b0C (100.4\u00a0\u00b0F). The southern coastal plains of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman have mild winters, and very humid and hot summers. The annual precipitation ranges from 135 to 355\u00a0mm (5.3 to 14.0\u00a0in).[245]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5f80\u897f\uff0c\u624e\u683c\u7f57\u65af\u76c6\u5730\u7684\u5c45\u6c11\u533a\u7ecf\u5386\u66f4\u4f4e\u7684\u6c14\u6e29\uff0c\u4e25\u51ac\u65f6\u8282\u65e5\u5747\u6e29\u4f1a\u964d\u5230\u51b0\u70b9\u4ee5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5e76\u4f34\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u964d\u96ea\u3002\u4e1c\u90e8\u548c\u4e2d\u90e8\u76c6\u5730\u5219\u662f\u5e72\u65f1\u5730\u5e26\uff0c\u964d\u6c34\u91cf\u5c11\u4e8e200\u6beb\u7c73\uff087.9\u82f1\u5bf8\uff09\uff0c\u5076\u5c14\u53ef\u89c1\u6c99\u6f20\u666f\u89c2\u3002[244]\u590f\u5b63\u5e73\u5747\u6e29\u5ea6\u5f88\u5c11\u8d85\u8fc738\u00b0C\uff08100.4\u00b0F\uff09\u3002\u6ce2\u65af\u6e7e\u548c\u963f\u66fc\u6e7e\u7684\u5357\u90e8\u6cbf\u6d77\u5e73\u539f\u51ac\u5b63\u6e29\u548c\uff0c\u590f\u5b63\u975e\u5e38\u6f6e\u6e7f\u4e14\u708e\u70ed\u3002\u5e74\u964d\u6c34\u91cf\u5728135\u5230355\u6beb\u7c73\uff085.3\u523014.0\u82f1\u5bf8\uff09\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002[245]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.3 \u751f\u7269\u591a\u6837\u6027 | Biodiversity<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

See also: Wildlife of Iran<\/a>, List of national parks and protected areas of Iran<\/a>, and Forests of Iran<\/a>
\u3010\u53e6\u8bf7\u53c2\u9605\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u3001\u4f0a\u6717\u56fd\u5bb6\u516c\u56ed\u548c\u4fdd\u62a4\u533a\u5217\u8868\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f0a\u6717\u68ee\u6797\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe3-7\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

More than one-tenth of the country is forested<\/a>.[246]<\/a><\/sup> About 120 million hectares of forests and fields are government-owned for national exploitation.[247]<\/a>[248]<\/a><\/sup> Iran’s forests can be divided into five vegetation regions: Hyrcanian region<\/a> which forms the green belt of the north side of the country; the Turan<\/a> region, which are mainly scattered in the center of Iran; Zagros region<\/a>, which mainly contains oak forests in the west; the Persian Gulf region<\/a>, which is scattered in the southern coastal belt; the Arasbarani region<\/a>, which contains rare and unique species. More than 8,200 plant<\/a> species are grown. The land covered by natural flora is four times that of Europe’s.[249]<\/a><\/sup> There are over 200 protected areas to preserve biodiversity and wildlife, with over 30 being national parks<\/a>.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u8d85\u8fc7\u5341\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u56fd\u571f\u88ab\u68ee\u6797\u8986\u76d6\u3002[246]\u5927\u7ea61.2\u4ebf\u516c\u9877\u7684\u68ee\u6797\u548c\u7530\u91ce\u5c5e\u4e8e\u653f\u5e9c\u6240\u6709\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f00\u53d1\u3002[247][248]\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u68ee\u6797\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u4e3a\u4e94\u4e2a\u690d\u88ab\u533a\u57df\uff1a\u5f62\u6210\u56fd\u5bb6\u5317\u4fa7\u7eff\u5e26\u7684\u5e0c\u5c14\u5361\u5c3c\u4e9a\u533a\u57df\uff1b\u4e3b\u8981\u6563\u5e03\u5728\u4f0a\u6717\u4e2d\u90e8\u7684\u56fe\u5170\u533a\u57df\uff1b\u4ee5\u6a61\u6811\u6797\u4e3a\u4e3b\u7684\u624e\u683c\u7f57\u65af\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u897f\u90e8\uff1b\u5206\u6563\u5728\u5357\u90e8\u6cbf\u6d77\u5730\u5e26\u7684\u6ce2\u65af\u6e7e\u533a\u57df\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\u62e5\u6709\u7a00\u6709\u72ec\u7279\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u963f\u62c9\u65af\u5df4\u5c14\u5c3c\u533a\u57df\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u751f\u957f\u7740\u8d85\u8fc78200\u79cd\u690d\u7269\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u690d\u88ab\u8986\u76d6\u7684\u571f\u5730\u9762\u79ef\u662f\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u56db\u500d\u3002[249]\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u62a4\u751f\u7269\u591a\u6837\u6027\u548c\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u690d\u7269\uff0c\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e86200\u591a\u4e2a\u4fdd\u62a4\u533a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8d85\u8fc730\u4e2a\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u516c\u56ed\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iran’s living fauna includes 34 bat<\/a> species, Indian grey mongoose<\/a>, small Indian mongoose<\/a>, golden jackal<\/a>, Indian wolf<\/a>, foxes<\/a>, striped hyena<\/a>, leopard<\/a>, Eurasian lynx<\/a>, brown bear<\/a> and Asian black bear<\/a>. Ungulate<\/a> species include wild boar<\/a>, urial<\/a>, Armenian mouflon<\/a>, red deer<\/a>, and goitered gazelle<\/a>.[250]<\/a>[251]<\/a><\/sup> One of the most famous animals is the critically endangered Asiatic cheetah<\/a>, which survives only in Iran. Iran lost all its Asiatic lions<\/a> and the extinct Caspian tigers<\/a> by the early 20th century.[252]<\/a><\/sup> Domestic ungulates are represented by sheep<\/a>, goat<\/a>, cattle<\/a>, horse<\/a>, water buffalo<\/a>, donkey<\/a> and camel<\/a>. Bird species like pheasant<\/a>, partridge<\/a>, stork<\/a>, eagles<\/a> and falcons<\/a> are native.[253]<\/a>[254]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u79cd\u7c7b\u5305\u62ec34\u79cd\u8759\u8760\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u7070\u7374\u3001\u5c0f\u5370\u5ea6\u7374\u3001\u91d1\u8c7a\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u72fc\u3001\u72d0\u72f8\u3001\u6761\u7eb9\u9b23\u72d7\u3001\u8c79\u3001\u6b27\u4e9a\u731e\u7301\u3001\u68d5\u718a\u548c\u4e9a\u6d32\u9ed1\u718a\u3002\u6709\u8e44\u7c7b\u52a8\u7269\u5305\u62ec\u91ce\u732a\u3001\u4e4c\u5c14IAL\u7f8a\u3001\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u76d8\u7f8a\u3001\u8d64\u9e7f\u548c\u9e45\u5589\u7f9a\u3002[250][251]\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u6781\u5ea6\u6fd2\u5371\u7684\u4e9a\u6d32\u730e\u8c79\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u4ec5\u5b58\u4e8e\u4f0a\u6717\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4e9a\u6d32\u72ee\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u91cc\u6d77\u864e\u5df2\u7ecf\u706d\u7edd\u3002[252]\u5bb6\u517b\u7684\u6709\u8e44\u7c7b\u52a8\u7269\u5305\u62ec\u7ef5\u7f8a\u3001\u5c71\u7f8a\u3001\u725b\u3001\u9a6c\u3001\u6c34\u725b\u3001\u9a74\u548c\u9a86\u9a7c\u3002\u96c9\u9e21\u3001\u9e67\u9e2a\u3001\u9e73\u3001\u9e70\u548c\u730e\u9e70\u7b49\u9e1f\u7c7b\u90fd\u662f\u539f\u751f\u79cd\u7c7b\u3002[253][254]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. \u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u653f\u6cbb | Government and politics<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Government of Iran<\/a> and Politics of Iran<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u201c\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\u8bcd\u6761\u3011<\/em>\/ \u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u653f\u6cbb<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f0a\u6717\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531\u4ec0\u53f6\u6d3e<\/a>\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7684\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5171\u548c\u5236<\/a>\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559<\/a>\u5728\u4f0a\u6717\u62e5\u6709\u81f3\u9ad8\u65e0\u4e0a\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6743\u5a01\uff0c\u662f\u516c\u5171\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u51c6\u5219\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u5efa\u56fd\u9886\u8896\u5373\u660e\u786e\u62d2\u7edd\u897f\u65b9\u6c11\u4e3b\u4f53\u5236\uff0c\u9996\u4efb\u6700\u9ad8\u9886\u8896\u970d\u6885\u5c3c<\/a>\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u5728\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u653f\u4f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u5e94\u8be5\u7531\u4e4c\u7406\u739b<\/a>\u6267\u638c\uff0c\u8bae\u4f1a<\/a>\u4ec5\u6709\u6709\u9650\u7684\u6743\u529b\u3002[21]<\/a><\/sup>\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u6fc0\u8fdb\u6d3e\u5728\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u516b\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u5c06\u672c\u56fd\u5f52\u5165\u201c\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u6307\u5bfc\u578b\u201d\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u540c\u82cf\u8054<\/a>\u5e76\u5217\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f0a\u6717\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u515a\u5236<\/a>\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u6709\u7740\u8f83\u4e3a\u53d1\u8fbe\u7684\u9009\u4e3e<\/a>\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u9009\u4e3e\u7ed3\u679c\u80fd\u5728\u76f8\u5f53\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53cd\u5e94\u771f\u5b9e\u6c11\u610f\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u5a01\u6743\u653f\u5e9c<\/a>\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u9650\u5ea6\u5185\u5bb9\u5fcd\u516c\u6c11\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u591a\u5143\u9009\u62e9\u6743\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5c06\u795e\u6743\u7edf\u6cbb<\/a>\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u9009\u4e3e\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u201c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5171\u548c\u56fd<\/a>\u201d\u8fc4\u4eca\u4ecd\u662f\u72ec\u4e00\u65e0\u4e8c\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u3002[22]<\/a><\/sup>\u6700\u9ad8\u9886\u8896<\/a>\u3001\u4e13\u5bb6\u4f1a\u8bae<\/a>\u3001\u5baa\u6cd5\u76d1\u7763\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a<\/a>\u4e0e\u786e\u5b9a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5229\u76ca\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a<\/a>\u6743\u529b\u66f4\u5927\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6743\u529b\u5e76\u4e0d\u5728\u4e16\u4fd7\u653f\u5e9c\u624b\u4e2d\u3002[23]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.1 \u6700\u9ad8\u9886\u8896 | Supreme Leader<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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\"\"<\/a>
\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1a\u73b0\u4efb\u4f0a\u6717\u6700\u9ad8\u9886\u8896<\/a>\u963f\u91cc\u00b7\u54c8\u6885\u5185\u4f0a<\/a>
\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aKhamenei.ir<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY 4.0\u534f\u8bae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aPresident-elect<\/a>
Masoud Pezeshkian<\/a>
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5f53\u9009\u603b\u7edf\u9a6c\u82cf\u5fb7\u00b7\u4f69\u6cfd\u4ec0\u57fa\u5b89
\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aMehr News Agency
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY 4.0\u534f\u8bae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The Supreme Leader<\/a>, “Rahbar”, Leader of the Revolution or Supreme Leadership Authority, is head of state<\/a> and responsible for supervision of policy. The president has limited power compared to the Rahbar. Key ministers are selected with the Rahbar’s agreement and they have the ultimate say on foreign policy.[255]<\/a><\/sup> The Rahbar is directly involved in ministerial appointments for Defence, Intelligence and Foreign Affairs, as well as other top ministries after submission of candidates from the president.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6700\u9ad8\u9886\u8896\uff0c\u5373\u9769\u547d\u9886\u8896\u6216\u6700\u9ad8\u9886\u5bfc\u673a\u6784\u201c\u62c9\u8d6b\u5df4\u5c14\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u5143\u9996\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u76d1\u7763\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u4e0e\u62c9\u8d6b\u5df4\u5c14\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u603b\u7edf\u7684\u6743\u529b\u6709\u9650\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u90e8\u957f\u662f\u5728\u62c9\u8d6b\u5df4\u5c14\u7684\u540c\u610f\u4e0b\u9009\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u5916\u4ea4\u653f\u7b56\u62e5\u6709\u6700\u7ec8\u51b3\u5b9a\u6743\u3002[255] \u5728\u603b\u7edf\u63d0\u4ea4\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u540e\uff0c\u62c9\u8d6b\u5df4\u5c14\u76f4\u63a5\u53c2\u4e0e\u56fd\u9632\u3001\u60c5\u62a5\u548c\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u9ad8\u7ea7\u90e8\u59d4\u7684\u90e8\u957f\u4efb\u547d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Regional policy is directly controlled by the Rahbar, with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs’ task limited to protocol and ceremonial occasions. Ambassadors to Arab countries, for example, are chosen by the Quds Force<\/a>, which directly reports to the Rahbar.[256]<\/a><\/sup> The Rahbar can order laws to be amended.[257]<\/a><\/sup> Setad<\/a> was estimated at $95\u00a0billion in 2013 by Reuters, accounts of which are secret even to the parliament<\/a>.[258]<\/a>[259]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5730\u533a\u653f\u7b56\u7531\u8bae\u4f1a\u76f4\u63a5\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u7684\u804c\u8d23\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u793c\u5bbe\u548c\u793c\u4eea\u573a\u5408\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u9a7b\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5927\u4f7f\u7531\u5723\u57ce\u519b\u9009\u51fa\uff0c\u5723\u57ce\u519b\u76f4\u63a5\u5411\u8bae\u4f1a\u6c47\u62a5\u3002[256] \u8bae\u4f1a\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4ee4\u4fee\u6539\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002[257] \u8def\u900f\u793e\u4f30\u8ba1\uff0c2013 \u5e74 Setad \u7684\u8d44\u4ea7\u4e3a 950 \u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d26\u76ee\u751a\u81f3\u5bf9\u8bae\u4f1a\u6765\u8bf4\u90fd\u662f\u79d8\u5bc6\u3002[258][259]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Rahbar is the commander-in-chief<\/a> of the Armed Forces<\/a>, controls military intelligence and security operations, and has sole power to declare war or peace. The heads of the judiciary, state radio and television networks, commanders of the police and military, and the members of the Guardian Council<\/a> are appointed by the Rahbar.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u62c9\u8d6b\u5df4\u5c14\u662f\u6b66\u88c5\u90e8\u961f\u7684\u603b\u53f8\u4ee4\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u63a7\u5236\u519b\u4e8b\u60c5\u62a5\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u5e76\u62e5\u6709\u5ba3\u6218\u6216\u548c\u5e73\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u6743\u529b\u3002\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u95e8\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e7f\u64ad\u7535\u89c6\u7f51\u7edc\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u3001\u8b66\u5bdf\u548c\u519b\u961f\u6307\u6325\u5b98\u4ee5\u53ca\u5baa\u6cd5\u76d1\u62a4\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u5747\u7531\u62c9\u8d6b\u5df4\u5c14\u4efb\u547d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Assembly of Experts<\/a> is responsible for electing the Rahbar, and has the power to dismiss him on the basis of qualifications and popular esteem.[260]<\/a><\/sup> To date, the Assembly of Experts has not challenged any of the Rahbar’s decisions nor attempted to dismiss him. The previous head of the judicial system, Sadeq Larijani<\/a>, appointed by the Rahbar, said that it is illegal for the Assembly of Experts to supervise the Rahbar.[261]<\/a><\/sup> Many believe the Assembly of Experts has become a ceremonial body without any real power.[262]<\/a>[263]<\/a>[264]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4e13\u5bb6\u4f1a\u8bae\u8d1f\u8d23\u9009\u4e3e\u62c9\u8d6b\u5df4\u5c14\uff0c\u5e76\u6709\u6743\u6839\u636e\u8d44\u683c\u548c\u516c\u4f17\u5c0a\u91cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5c06\u5176\u514d\u804c\u3002[260] \u5230\u76ee\u524d\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u4e13\u5bb6\u4f1a\u8bae\u5c1a\u672a\u8d28\u7591\u62c9\u8d6b\u5df4\u5c14\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e5f\u672a\u8bd5\u56fe\u5c06\u5176\u514d\u804c\u3002\u7531\u62c9\u8d6b\u5df4\u5c14\u4efb\u547d\u7684\u524d\u53f8\u6cd5\u7cfb\u7edf\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u8428\u8fea\u514b\u00b7\u62c9\u91cc\u8d3e\u5c3c (Sadeq Larijani) \u8868\u793a\uff0c\u4e13\u5bb6\u4f1a\u8bae\u76d1\u7763\u62c9\u8d6b\u5df4\u5c14\u662f\u975e\u6cd5\u7684\u3002[261] \u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e13\u5bb6\u4f1a\u8bae\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5b9e\u9645\u6743\u529b\u7684\u793c\u4eea\u673a\u6784\u3002[262][263][264]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The political system is based on the country’s constitution<\/a>.[265]<\/a><\/sup> Iran ranked 154th in the 2022 The Economist Democracy Index<\/a><\/em>.[266]<\/a><\/sup> Juan Jos\u00e9 Linz<\/a> wrote in 2000 that “the Iranian regime combines the ideological bent of totalitarianism<\/a> with the limited pluralism of authoritarianism<\/a>“.[267]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u4ee5\u56fd\u5bb6\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u3002[265] \u4f0a\u6717\u5728 2022 \u5e74\u300a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4eba\u300b\u6c11\u4e3b\u6307\u6570\u4e2d\u6392\u540d\u7b2c 154 \u4f4d\u3002[266] \u80e1\u5b89\u00b7\u4f55\u585e\u00b7\u6797\u8328 (Juan Jos\u00e9 Linz) \u5728 2000 \u5e74\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u4f0a\u6717\u653f\u6743\u5c06\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u503e\u5411\u4e0e\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6709\u9650\u591a\u5143\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ed3\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u201d\u3002[267]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.2 \u603b\u7edf | President<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: President of Iran<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u603b\u7edf\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe4-1\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

The President<\/a> is head of government<\/a> and the second highest-ranking authority, after the Supreme Leader. The President is elected by universal suffrage<\/a> for 4 years. Before elections<\/a>, nominees to become a presidential candidate must be approved by the Guardian Council<\/a>.[268]<\/a><\/sup> The Council’s members are chosen by the Leader, with the Leader having the power to dismiss the president.[269]<\/a><\/sup> The President can only be re-elected for one term.[270]<\/a><\/sup> The president is the deputy commander-in-chief<\/a> of the Army<\/a>, the head of Supreme National Security Council<\/a>, and has the power to declare a state of emergency<\/a> after passage by the parliament.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u603b\u7edf\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u9996\u8111\uff0c\u662f\u4ec5\u6b21\u4e8e\u6700\u9ad8\u9886\u8896\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5927\u6743\u529b\u673a\u6784\u3002\u603b\u7edf\u7531\u666e\u9009\u4ea7\u751f\uff0c\u4efb\u671f\u4e3a 4 \u5e74\u3002\u9009\u4e3e\u524d\uff0c\u603b\u7edf\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u5fc5\u987b\u5f97\u5230\u5baa\u6cd5\u76d1\u62a4\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u6279\u51c6\u3002[268] \u5baa\u6cd5\u76d1\u62a4\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u7531\u6700\u9ad8\u9886\u8896\u9009\u5b9a\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u9886\u8896\u6709\u6743\u7f62\u514d\u603b\u7edf\u3002[269] \u603b\u7edf\u53ea\u80fd\u8fde\u4efb\u4e00\u5c4a\u3002[270] \u603b\u7edf\u662f\u9646\u519b\u526f\u603b\u53f8\u4ee4\u3001\u6700\u9ad8\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u6709\u6743\u7ecf\u8bae\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u540e\u5ba3\u5e03\u56fd\u5bb6\u8fdb\u5165\u7d27\u6025\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The President is responsible for the implementation of the constitution, and for the exercise of executive powers in implementing the decrees and general policies as outlined by the Rahbar, except for matters directly related to the Rahbar, who has the final say.[271]<\/a><\/sup> The President functions as the executive of affairs such as signing treaties and other international agreements, and administering national planning, budget, and state employment affairs, all as approved by the Rahbar.[272]<\/a>[273]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u603b\u7edf\u8d1f\u8d23\u6267\u884c\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u5e76\u884c\u4f7f\u884c\u653f\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u6267\u884c\u8bae\u4f1a\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u6cd5\u4ee4\u548c\u4e00\u822c\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0e\u8bae\u4f1a\u76f4\u63a5\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4e8b\u9879\u9664\u5916\uff0c\u8bae\u4f1a\u62e5\u6709\u6700\u7ec8\u51b3\u5b9a\u6743\u3002[271] \u603b\u7edf\u8d1f\u8d23\u7b7e\u7f72\u6761\u7ea6\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u9645\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u7ba1\u7406\u56fd\u5bb6\u8ba1\u5212\u3001\u9884\u7b97\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c31\u4e1a\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5747\u7ecf\u8bae\u4f1a\u6279\u51c6\u3002[272][273]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The President appoints ministers, subject to the approval of the Parliament, and the Rahbar, who can dismiss or reinstate any minister.[274]<\/a>[275]<\/a>[276]<\/a><\/sup> The President supervises the Council of Ministers<\/a>, coordinates government decisions, and selects government policies to be placed before the legislature.[277]<\/a><\/sup> Eight Vice Presidents serve under the President, as well as a cabinet of 22 ministers, all apointed by the president.[278]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u603b\u7edf\u4efb\u547d\u5404\u90e8\u957f\uff0c\u4f46\u987b\u7ecf\u8bae\u4f1a\u548c\u4eba\u6c11\u4ee3\u8868\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u6279\u51c6\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u4ee3\u8868\u4f1a\u8bae\u53ef\u4ee5\u7f62\u514d\u6216\u6062\u590d\u4efb\u4f55\u90e8\u957f\u7684\u804c\u52a1\u3002[274][275][276] \u603b\u7edf\u76d1\u7763\u90e8\u957f\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u534f\u8c03\u653f\u5e9c\u51b3\u7b56\uff0c\u5e76\u9009\u62e9\u63d0\u4ea4\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u653f\u7b56\u3002[277] \u603b\u7edf\u4e0b\u8bbe 8 \u540d\u526f\u603b\u7edf\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7531 22 \u540d\u90e8\u957f\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u5185\u9601\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u90e8\u957f\u5747\u7531\u603b\u7edf\u4efb\u547d\u3002[278]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY 4.0\u534f\u8bae
\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1a\u963f\u91cc\u00b7\u54c8\u6885\u5185\u4f0a\u53c2\u52a02017\u5e74\u7684\u603b\u7edf\u9009\u4e3e
\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aMbazri<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

4.3 \u5baa\u6cd5\u76d1\u62a4\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a | Guardian Council<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Guardian Council<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u5baa\u6cd5\u76d1\u62a4\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Presidential and parliamentary candidates must be approved by the 12-member Guardian Council<\/a> (all members of which are appointed by the Leader) or the Leader, before running to ensure their allegiance.[279]<\/a><\/sup> The Leader rarely does the vetting, but has the power to do so, in which case additional approval of the Guardian Council is not needed. The Leader can revert the decisions of the Guardian Council.[280]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u603b\u7edf\u548c\u8bae\u4f1a\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u5728\u53c2\u9009\u524d\u5fc5\u987b\u5f97\u5230\u7531\u9886\u8896\u4efb\u547d\u768412\u540d\u6210\u5458\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u76d1\u62a4\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6216\u9886\u8896\u672c\u4eba\u7684\u6279\u51c6\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5fe0\u8bda\u5ea6\u3002[279]\u9886\u8896\u5f88\u5c11\u76f4\u63a5\u8fdb\u884c\u5ba1\u67e5\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u62e5\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u82e5\u9886\u8896\u8fdb\u884c\u5ba1\u67e5\uff0c\u5219\u65e0\u9700\u5baa\u6cd5\u76d1\u62a4\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u989d\u5916\u6279\u51c6\u3002\u9886\u8896\u6709\u6743\u63a8\u7ffb\u5baa\u6cd5\u76d1\u62a4\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002[280]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The constitution gives the council three mandates: veto power over legislation passed by the parliament<\/a>,[281]<\/a>[282]<\/a><\/sup> supervision of elections[283]<\/a><\/sup> and approving or disqualifying candidates seeking to run in local, parliamentary, presidential, or Assembly of Experts elections.[284]<\/a><\/sup> The council can nullify a law based on two accounts: being against Sharia<\/a> (Islamic law), or being against the constitution.[285]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5baa\u6cd5\u8d4b\u4e88\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e09\u9879\u804c\u8d23\uff1a\u5bf9\u8bae\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u62e5\u6709\u5426\u51b3\u6743\uff0c[281][282]\u76d1\u7763\u9009\u4e3e\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c[283]\u4ee5\u53ca\u5ba1\u6279\u6216\u53d6\u6d88\u5bfb\u6c42\u53c2\u52a0\u5730\u65b9\u3001\u8bae\u4f1a\u3001\u603b\u7edf\u6216\u4e13\u5bb6\u4f1a\u8bae\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u8d44\u683c\u3002[284]\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u4e24\u70b9\u7406\u7531\u5e9f\u9664\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff1a\u8fdd\u53cd\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u6cd5(Sharia)\uff0c\u6216\u8fdd\u53cd\u5baa\u6cd5\u3002[285]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.4 \u6700\u9ad8\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a | Supreme National Security Council<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Supreme National Security Council<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u6700\u9ad8\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Supreme National Security Council (SNSC) is at the top of the foreign policy decisions process.[286]<\/a>[287]<\/a>[288]<\/a><\/sup> The council was formed during the 1989 Iranian constitutional referendum<\/a> for the protection and support of national interests, the revolution, territorial integrity and national sovereignty.[289]<\/a><\/sup> It is mandated by Article 176 of the Constitution<\/a> to be presided over by the President<\/a>.[290]<\/a>[291]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6700\u9ad8\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a(Supreme National Security Council, SNSC)\u5904\u4e8e\u5bf9\u5916\u653f\u7b56\u51b3\u7b56\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u9876\u7aef\u3002[286][287][288]\u8be5\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6210\u7acb\u4e8e1989\u5e74\u4f0a\u6717\u5baa\u6cd5\u516c\u6295\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u4fdd\u62a4\u548c\u652f\u6301\u56fd\u5bb6\u5229\u76ca\u3001\u9769\u547d\u3001\u9886\u571f\u5b8c\u6574\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u6743\u3002[289]\u6839\u636e\u5baa\u6cd5\u7b2c176\u6761\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5e94\u7531\u603b\u7edf\u4e3b\u6301\u3002[290][291]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Leader selects the secretary of the Supreme Council, and the decisions of the council are effective after the confirmation by the Leader. The SNSC formulates nuclear policy, and would become effective if they are confirmed by the Leader.[292]<\/a>[293]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6700\u9ad8\u9886\u8896\u6311\u9009\u6700\u9ad8\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u79d8\u4e66\u957f\uff0c\u4e14\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u9700\u7ecf\u9886\u8896\u786e\u8ba4\u540e\u65b9\u80fd\u751f\u6548\u3002\u6700\u9ad8\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u8d1f\u8d23\u5236\u5b9a\u6838\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u83b7\u5f97\u9886\u8896\u7684\u786e\u8ba4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u653f\u7b56\u5373\u544a\u751f\u6548\u3002[292][293]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.5 \u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784 | Legislature<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Islamic Consultative Assembly<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u534f\u5546\u4f1a\u8bae\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

See also: Specialized Commissions of the Parliament of Iran<\/a>, Supreme Audit Court of Iran<\/a>, and Majlis Research Center<\/a>\u3010\u53e6\u89c1\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e13\u4e1a\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u3001\u4f0a\u6717\u6700\u9ad8\u5ba1\u8ba1\u6cd5\u9662\u3001\u4f0a\u6717\u8bae\u4f1a\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe4-2\u548c4-3\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

The legislature<\/a>, known as the Islamic Consultative Assembly<\/a> (ICA), Iranian Parliament or “Majles”, is a unicameral<\/a> body comprising 290 members elected for four-years.[294]<\/a><\/sup> It drafts legislation, ratifies international treaties<\/a>, and approves the national budget. All parliamentary candidates and legislation from the assembly must be approved by the Guardian Council<\/a>.[295]<\/a>[296]<\/a><\/sup> The Guardian Council can and has dismissed elected members of the parliament.[297]<\/a>[298]<\/a><\/sup> The parliament has no legal status without the Guardian Council, and the Council holds absolute veto power over legislation.[299]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u5373\u4f0a\u6717\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u534f\u5546\u4f1a\u8bae\uff08ICA\uff09\u3001\u4f0a\u6717\u8bae\u4f1a\u6216\u201cMajles\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531 290 \u540d\u8bae\u5458\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u4e00\u9662\u5236\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u4efb\u671f\u4e3a\u56db\u5e74\u3002[294] \u5b83\u8d1f\u8d23\u8d77\u8349\u7acb\u6cd5\u3001\u6279\u51c6\u56fd\u9645\u6761\u7ea6\u548c\u6279\u51c6\u56fd\u5bb6\u9884\u7b97\u3002\u8bae\u4f1a\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8bae\u5458\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u548c\u7acb\u6cd5\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u5f97\u5230\u5baa\u6cd5\u76d1\u62a4\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u6279\u51c6\u3002[295][296] \u5baa\u6cd5\u76d1\u62a4\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e76\u5df2\u7ecf\u7f62\u514d\u4e86\u8bae\u4f1a\u7684\u6c11\u9009\u8bae\u5458\u3002[297][298] \u6ca1\u6709\u5baa\u6cd5\u76d1\u62a4\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u8bae\u4f1a\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u5baa\u6cd5\u76d1\u62a4\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5bf9\u7acb\u6cd5\u62e5\u6709\u7edd\u5bf9\u5426\u51b3\u6743\u3002[299]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Expediency Discernment Council<\/a> has the authority to mediate disputes between Parliament and the Guardian Council, and serves as an advisory body to the Supreme Leader, making it one of the most powerful governing bodies in Iran.[300]<\/a>[301]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6743\u5b9c\u5224\u65ad\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6709\u6743\u8c03\u89e3\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e0e\u5baa\u6cd5\u76d1\u62a4\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7ea0\u7eb7\uff0c\u5e76\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6700\u9ad8\u9886\u8896\u7684\u54a8\u8be2\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u662f\u4f0a\u6717\u6700\u6709\u6743\u529b\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u673a\u6784\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002[300][301]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Parliament has 207 constituencies, including the 5 reserved seats<\/a> for religious minorities. The remaining 202 are territorial, each covering one or more of Iran’s counties<\/a>.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8bae\u4f1a\u5171\u6709 207 \u4e2a\u9009\u533a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec 5 \u4e2a\u4e3a\u5b97\u6559\u5c11\u6570\u6d3e\u4fdd\u7559\u7684\u5e2d\u4f4d\u3002\u5176\u4f59 202 \u4e2a\u9009\u533a\u4e3a\u9886\u571f\u9009\u533a\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u9009\u533a\u8986\u76d6\u4f0a\u6717\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u90e1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.6 \u6cd5\u5f8b\u4f53\u7cfb | Law<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Judicial system of the Islamic Republic of Iran<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u53f8\u6cd5\u7cfb\u7edf\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iran uses a form of Sharia<\/a> law as its legal system, with elements of European Civil law<\/a>. The Supreme Leader appoints the head of the Supreme Court and chief public prosecutor. There are several types of courts, including public courts that deal with civil and criminal cases, and revolutionary courts<\/a> which deal with certain offences, such as crimes against national security<\/a>. The decisions of the revolutionary courts are final and cannot be appealed.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u91c7\u7528\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u6cd5\uff08Sharia law\uff09\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5176\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u5e76\u878d\u5165\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u6c11\u6cd5\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u6700\u9ad8\u9886\u8896\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\u547d\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u548c\u9996\u5e2d\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u5b58\u5728\u591a\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5904\u7406\u6c11\u4e8b\u548c\u5211\u4e8b\u6848\u4ef6\u7684\u516c\u5171\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8d1f\u8d23\u7279\u5b9a\u7f6a\u884c\uff08\u5982\u5371\u5bb3\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u7f6a\uff09\u7684\u9769\u547d\u6cd5\u9662\u3002\u9769\u547d\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u5224\u51b3\u4e3a\u7ec8\u5ba1\u5224\u51b3\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0a\u8bc9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Chief Justice is the head of the judicial system and responsible for its administration and supervision. He is the highest judge of the Supreme Court of Iran<\/a>. The Chief Justice nominates candidates to serve as minister of justice, and the President selects one. The Chief Justice can serve for two five-year terms.[302]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u9996\u5e2d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u662f\u53f8\u6cd5\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u9996\u8111\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u4e0e\u76d1\u7763\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u62c5\u4efb\u4f0a\u6717\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u5b98\u3002\u9996\u5e2d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u63d0\u540d\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u957f\u5019\u9009\u4eba\uff0c\u518d\u7531\u603b\u7edf\u4ece\u4e2d\u9009\u62e9\u4e00\u540d\u3002\u9996\u5e2d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u53ef\u8fde\u4efb\u4e24\u5c4a\uff0c\u6bcf\u5c4a\u4efb\u671f\u4e94\u5e74\u3002[302]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Special Clerical Court<\/a> handles crimes allegedly committed by clerics<\/a>, although it has taken on cases involving laypeople<\/a>. The Special Clerical Court functions independently of the regular judicial framework and is accountable only to the Rahbar. The Court’s rulings are final and cannot be appealed.[303]<\/a><\/sup> The Assembly of Experts, which meets for one week annually, comprises 86 “virtuous and learned” clerics elected by adult suffrage for 8-year terms.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u7279\u522b\u795e\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e13\u95e8\u5904\u7406\u636e\u79f0\u7531\u795e\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u72af\u4e0b\u7684\u7f6a\u884c\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u66fe\u53d7\u7406\u6d89\u53ca\u975e\u795e\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\u3002\u7279\u522b\u795e\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u6cd5\u5ead\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u5e38\u89c4\u53f8\u6cd5\u6846\u67b6\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4ec5\u5bf9\u9886\u8896\u8d1f\u8d23\u3002\u8be5\u6cd5\u5ead\u7684\u88c1\u51b3\u4e3a\u6700\u7ec8\u88c1\u51b3\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u4e0a\u8bc9\u3002[303]\u4e13\u5bb6\u4f1a\u8bae\u6bcf\u5e74\u96c6\u4f1a\u4e00\u5468\uff0c\u753186\u540d\u201c\u54c1\u5fb7\u9ad8\u5c1a\u4e14\u5b66\u8bc6\u6e0a\u535a\u201d\u7684\u795e\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u6210\u5e74\u516c\u6c11\u666e\u9009\u4ea7\u751f\uff0c\u4efb\u671f8\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.7 \u884c\u653f\u533a\u5212 | Administrative divisions<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Regions of Iran<\/a>, Provinces of Iran<\/a>, and Counties of Iran<\/a>
\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u5730\u533a\u3001\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u7701\u4efd\u548c\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u53bf\u4efd\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u884c\u653f\u533a\u5212<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

See also: List of cities in Iran by province<\/a>\u3010\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u5404\u7701\u57ce\u5e02\u5217\u8868\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe4-4\u81f34-6\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iran is subdivided into thirty-one provinces<\/a> (Persian<\/a>: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 ost\u00e2n<\/em>), each governed from a local centre, usually the largest local city, which is called the capital (Persian: \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632, markaz<\/a><\/em>) of that province. The provincial authority is headed by a governor-general<\/a> (\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631 ost\u00e2nd\u00e2r<\/em>), who is appointed by the Minister of the Interior<\/a> subject to approval of the cabinet<\/a>.[304]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u5206\u4e3a 31 \u4e2a\u7701\uff08\u6ce2\u65af\u8bed\uff1a\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 ost\u00e2n\uff09\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7701\u7531\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730\u65b9\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7ba1\u8f96\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u5f53\u5730\u6700\u5927\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u8be5\u7701\u7684\u9996\u5e9c\uff08\u6ce2\u65af\u8bed\uff1a\u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632\uff0cmarkaz\uff09\u3002\u7701\u653f\u5e9c\u7531\u603b\u7763\uff08\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631 ost\u00e2nd\u00e2r\uff09\u9886\u5bfc\uff0c\u603b\u7763\u7531\u5185\u653f\u90e8\u957f\u4efb\u547d\uff0c\u7ecf\u5185\u9601\u6279\u51c6\u3002[304]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.8 \u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb | Foreign relations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Foreign relations of Iran<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 4.0\u534f\u8bae
\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aNations with which Iran has diplomatic relations.
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\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aAhmedo Semsur\u00ee<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Iran maintains diplomatic relations with 165 countries<\/a>, but not the United States and Israel<\/a>\u2014a state which Iran derecognised in 1979.[305]<\/a><\/sup>
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Iran has an adversarial relationship with Saudi Arabia<\/a> due to different political and ideologies. Iran and Turkey<\/a> have been involved in modern proxy conflicts such as in Syria<\/a>, Libya<\/a>, and the South Caucasus<\/a>.[306]<\/a>[307]<\/a>[308]<\/a><\/sup> However, they have shared common interests, such as the issue of Kurdish separatism<\/a> and the Qatar diplomatic crisis<\/a>.[309]<\/a>[310]<\/a><\/sup> Iran has a close and strong relationship with Tajikistan<\/a>.[311]<\/a>[312]<\/a>[313]<\/a>[314]<\/a><\/sup> Iran has deep economic relations and alliance with Iraq<\/a>, Lebanon<\/a> and Syria, with Syria often described as Iran’s “closest ally”.[315]<\/a>[316]<\/a>[317]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u4e0e\u6c99\u7279\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u56e0\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u548c\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u5dee\u5f02\u800c\u8d8b\u4e8e\u5bf9\u6297\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u548c\u571f\u8033\u5176\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u591a\u6b21\u901a\u8fc7\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u53c2\u4e0e\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u53d9\u5229\u4e9a\u3001\u5229\u6bd4\u4e9a\u53ca\u5357\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u5730\u533a\u3002[306][307][308]\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e24\u56fd\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u4e5f\u6709\u5171\u540c\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u5206\u79bb\u4e3b\u4e49\u95ee\u9898\u53ca\u5361\u5854\u5c14\u5916\u4ea4\u5371\u673a\u3002[309][310]\u4f0a\u6717\u4e0e\u5854\u5409\u514b\u65af\u5766\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u7740\u7d27\u5bc6\u800c\u7262\u56fa\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002[311][312][313][314]\u4f0a\u6717\u4e0e\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u3001\u9ece\u5df4\u5ae9\u53ca\u53d9\u5229\u4e9a\u4e4b\u95f4\u62e5\u6709\u6df1\u539a\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8054\u7cfb\u53ca\u8054\u76df\uff0c\u53d9\u5229\u4e9a\u5e38\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u4f0a\u6717\u201c\u6700\u4eb2\u5bc6\u7684\u76df\u53cb\u201d\u3002[315][316][317]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe4-7\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Russia<\/a> is a key trading partner, especially in regard to its excess oil reserves.[318]<\/a>[319]<\/a><\/sup> Both share a close economic and military alliance, and are subject to heavy sanctions by Western nations.[320]<\/a>[321]<\/a>[322]<\/a>[323]<\/a><\/sup> Iran is the only country in Western Asia that has been invited to join the CSTO<\/a>, the Russia-based international treaty organization that parallels NATO<\/a>.[324]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u662f\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u5173\u952e\u8d38\u6613\u4f19\u4f34\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u77f3\u6cb9\u50a8\u5907\u8fc7\u5269\u65b9\u9762\u3002[318][319]\u4e24\u56fd\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u7d27\u5bc6\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u519b\u4e8b\u8054\u76df\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e76\u90fd\u906d\u53d7\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4e25\u5389\u5236\u88c1\u3002[320][321][322][323]\u4f0a\u6717\u662f\u897f\u4e9a\u5730\u533a\u552f\u4e00\u83b7\u9080\u52a0\u5165CSTO\uff08\u96c6\u4f53\u5b89\u5168\u6761\u7ea6\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff09\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee5\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u3001\u4e0e\u5317\u7ea6\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u6761\u7ea6\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002[324]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Relations between Iran and China<\/a> is strong economically; they have developed a friendly, economic and strategic relationship. In 2021, Iran and China signed a 25-year cooperation agreement<\/a> that will strengthen the relations between the two countries and would include “political, strategic and economic” components.[325]<\/a><\/sup> Iran-China relations<\/a> dates back to at least 200 BC and possibly earlier.[326]<\/a>[327]<\/a><\/sup> Iran is one of the few countries in the world that has a good relationship with both North<\/a> and South Korea<\/a>.[328]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u5341\u5206\u7d27\u5bc6\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u53cb\u597d\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u6218\u7565\u5173\u7cfb\u30022021\u5e74\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7b7e\u7f72\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u4e3a\u671f25\u5e74\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u52a0\u5f3a\u4e24\u56fd\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u6db5\u76d6\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u6218\u7565\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u201d\u7b49\u591a\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762\u3002[325]\u4f0a\u6717\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u81f3\u5c11\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u516c\u5143\u524d200\u5e74\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u66f4\u65e9\u3002[326][327]\u4f0a\u6717\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u5c11\u6570\u51e0\u4e2a\u4e0e\u671d\u9c9c\uff08\u6307\u671d\u9c9c\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\uff0c\u5373\u5317\u671d\u9c9c\uff09\u548c\u97e9\u56fd\uff08\u6307\u5927\u97e9\u6c11\u56fd\uff0c\u5373\u5357\u671d\u9c9c\uff09\u90fd\u4fdd\u6301\u826f\u597d\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002[328]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iran is a member of dozens of international organizations, including the G-15<\/a>, G-24<\/a>, G-77<\/a>, IAEA<\/a>, IBRD<\/a>, IDA<\/a>, NAM<\/a>, IDB<\/a>, IFC<\/a>, ILO<\/a>, IMF<\/a>, IMO<\/a>, Interpol<\/a>, OIC<\/a>, OPEC<\/a>, WHO<\/a>, and the UN<\/a>, and currently has observer status at the WTO<\/a>.
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4.9 \u519b\u4e8b | Military<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Military history of Iran<\/a> and Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces<\/a>
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\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u519b\u4e8b<\/a>\u548c\u4f0a\u6717\u6838\u95ee\u9898<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The military is organized under a unified structure, the Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces<\/a>, comprising the Islamic Republic of Iran Army<\/a>, which includes the Ground Forces<\/a>, Air Defence Force<\/a>, Air Force<\/a>, and Navy<\/a>; the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps<\/a>, which consists of the Ground Forces<\/a>, Aerospace Force<\/a>, Navy<\/a>, Quds Force<\/a>, and Basij<\/a>; and the Law Enforcement Command<\/a> (Faraja), which serves an analogous function to a gendarme<\/a>. While the IRIAF protects the country’s sovereignty in a traditional capacity, the IRGC is mandated to ensure the integrity of the Republic, against foreign interference, coups, and internal riots.[329]<\/a><\/sup> Since 1925<\/a>, it is mandatory for all male citizen aged 18 to serve around 14 months in the IRIAF or IRGC.[330]<\/a>[331]<\/a><\/sup>
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Iran has over 610,000 active troops and around 350,000 reservists, totalling over 1 million military personnel, one of the world’s highest percentage of citizens with military training<\/a>.[332]<\/a>[333]<\/a>[334]<\/a>[335]<\/a><\/sup> The Basij,<\/em> a paramilitary<\/a> volunteer militia within the IRGC, has over 20 million members, 600,000 available for immediate call-up, 300,000 reservists, and a million that could be mobilized when necessary.[336]<\/a>[337]<\/a>[338]<\/a>[339]<\/a><\/sup> Faraja, the Iranian uniformed police force<\/a>, has over 260,000 active personnel. Most statistical organizations do not include the Basij and Faraja in their ratings report.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u73b0\u5f79\u519b\u4eba\u8d85\u8fc7 61 \u4e07\uff0c\u9884\u5907\u5f79\u519b\u4eba\u7ea6 35 \u4e07\uff0c\u603b\u519b\u4eba\u4eba\u6570\u8d85\u8fc7 100 \u4e07\uff0c\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u53d7\u8fc7\u519b\u4e8b\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u6bd4\u4f8b\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002[332][333][334][335] \u4f0a\u6717\u9769\u547d\u536b\u961f\u5185\u7684\u51c6\u519b\u4e8b\u5fd7\u613f\u6c11\u5175\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5df4\u65af\u57fa\u6c11\u5175\u62e5\u6709 2000 \u591a\u4e07\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d 60 \u4e07\u53ef\u7acb\u5373\u5e94\u53ec\uff0c30 \u4e07\u9884\u5907\u5f79\u519b\u4eba\uff0c100 \u4e07\u53ef\u5728\u5fc5\u8981\u65f6\u52a8\u5458\u3002[336][337][338][339] \u4f0a\u6717\u5236\u670d\u8b66\u5bdf\u90e8\u961f\u6cd5\u62c9\u8d3e\u6c11\u5175\u62e5\u6709 26 \u4e07\u591a\u540d\u73b0\u5f79\u4eba\u5458\u3002\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7edf\u8ba1\u673a\u6784\u7684\u8bc4\u7ea7\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\u5747\u672a\u5305\u62ec\u5df4\u65af\u57fa\u6c11\u5175\u548c\u6cd5\u62c9\u8d3e\u6c11\u5175\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Excluding the Basij and Faraja, Iran has been identified as a major military power, owing it to the size and capabilities of its armed forces. It possesses the world’s 14th strongest military.[340]<\/a><\/sup> It ranks 13th globally in terms of overall military strength, 7th in the number of active military personnel,[341]<\/a><\/sup> and 9th in the size of both its ground force and armoured force. Iran’s armed forces are the largest in West Asia<\/a> and comprise the greatest Army Aviation<\/a> fleet in the Middle East<\/a>.[342]<\/a>[343]<\/a>[344]<\/a><\/sup> Iran is among the top 15 countries in terms of military budget.[345]<\/a><\/sup> In 2021, its military spending increased for the first time in four years, to $24.6 billion, 2.3% of the national GDP.[346]<\/a><\/sup> Funding for the IRGC accounted for 34% of Iran’s total military spending in 2021.[347]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u9664\u5df4\u65af\u57fa\u6c11\u5175\u548c\u6cd5\u62c9\u8d3e\u6c11\u5175\u5916\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u56e0\u5176\u6b66\u88c5\u90e8\u961f\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u548c\u80fd\u529b\u800c\u88ab\u8ba4\u5b9a\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u519b\u4e8b\u5f3a\u56fd\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u62e5\u6709\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c 14 \u5f3a\u519b\u961f\u3002[340] \u5176\u603b\u4f53\u519b\u4e8b\u5b9e\u529b\u5728\u5168\u7403\u6392\u540d\u7b2c 13 \u4f4d\uff0c\u73b0\u5f79\u519b\u4eba\u6570\u91cf\u5728\u5168\u7403\u6392\u540d\u7b2c 7 \u4f4d\uff0c[341] \u5176\u5730\u9762\u90e8\u961f\u548c\u88c5\u7532\u90e8\u961f\u89c4\u6a21\u5728\u5168\u7403\u6392\u540d\u7b2c 9 \u4f4d\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u6b66\u88c5\u90e8\u961f\u662f\u897f\u4e9a\u6700\u5927\u7684\u6b66\u88c5\u90e8\u961f\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e2d\u4e1c\u6700\u5927\u7684\u9646\u519b\u822a\u7a7a\u5175\u8230\u961f\u3002[342][343][344] \u4f0a\u6717\u662f\u519b\u4e8b\u9884\u7b97\u6392\u540d\u524d 15 \u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002[345] 2021 \u5e74\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u519b\u8d39\u5f00\u652f\u56db\u5e74\u6765\u9996\u6b21\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u8fbe\u5230 246 \u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\uff0c\u5360\u56fd\u5185\u751f\u4ea7\u603b\u503c\u7684 2.3%\u3002[346] 2021 \u5e74\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u9769\u547d\u536b\u961f\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\u5360\u4f0a\u6717\u603b\u519b\u8d39\u5f00\u652f\u7684 34%\u3002[347]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe4-10\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Since the Revolution, to overcome foreign embargoes, Iran has developed a domestic military industry capable of producing indigenous tanks<\/a>, armoured personnel carriers<\/a>, missiles<\/a>, submarines<\/a>, missile destroyer<\/a>, radar<\/a> systems, helicopters<\/a>, naval vessels<\/a>, and fighter planes<\/a>.[348]<\/a><\/sup> Official announcements have highlighted the development of advanced weaponry, particularly in rocketry.[349]<\/a>[n 1]<\/a><\/sup> Consequently, Iran has the largest and most diverse ballistic missile<\/a> arsenal in the Middle East and is only the 5th country in the world with hypersonic missile technology<\/a>.[350]<\/a>[351]<\/a><\/sup> It is the world’s 6th missile power.[352]<\/a><\/sup> Iran designs and produces a variety of unmanned aerial vehicles<\/a> (UAVs) and is considered a global leader and superpower in drone warfare and technology<\/a>.[353]<\/a>[354]<\/a>[355]<\/a><\/sup> It is one of the world’s five countries with cyberwarfare<\/a> capabilities and is identified as “one of the most active players in the international cyber arena”.[356]<\/a>[357]<\/a>[358]<\/a><\/sup> Iran is an key exporter of arms since 2000s.[359]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u81ea\u9769\u547d\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4e3a\u514b\u670d\u5916\u56fd\u7684\u7981\u8fd0\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u5df2\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u80fd\u591f\u751f\u4ea7\u56fd\u4ea7\u5766\u514b\u3001\u88c5\u7532\u8fd0\u5175\u8f66\u3001\u5bfc\u5f39\u3001\u6f5c\u8247\u3001\u5bfc\u5f39\u9a71\u9010\u8230\u3001\u96f7\u8fbe\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u76f4\u5347\u673a\u3001\u6d77\u519b\u8230\u8247\u53ca\u6218\u6597\u673a\u7684\u672c\u56fd\u519b\u4e8b\u5de5\u4e1a\u3002[348]\u5b98\u65b9\u58f0\u660e\u7279\u522b\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u5148\u8fdb\u6b66\u5668\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u706b\u7bad\u6280\u672f\u9886\u57df\u3002[349][n 1]\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u62e5\u6709\u4e2d\u4e1c\u6700\u5927\u3001\u79cd\u7c7b\u6700\u591a\u7684\u5f39\u9053\u5bfc\u5f39\u6b66\u5e93\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u4ec5\u6709\u7684\u7b2c\u4e94\u4e2a\u62e5\u6709\u9ad8\u8d85\u97f3\u901f\u5bfc\u5f39\u6280\u672f\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002[350][351]\u5b83\u662f\u5168\u7403\u7b2c\u516d\u5927\u5bfc\u5f39\u5f3a\u56fd\u3002[352]\u4f0a\u6717\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e76\u751f\u4ea7\u5404\u79cd\u65e0\u4eba\u9a7e\u9a76\u98de\u884c\u5668\uff08UAVs\uff09\uff0c\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u65e0\u4eba\u673a\u4f5c\u6218\u4e0e\u6280\u672f\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5168\u7403\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u548c\u8d85\u7ea7\u5927\u56fd\u3002[353][354][355]\u5b83\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u5177\u5907\u7f51\u7edc\u6218\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u4e94\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u88ab\u786e\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u56fd\u9645\u7f51\u7edc\u9886\u57df\u6700\u6d3b\u8dc3\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u4e4b\u4e00\u201d\u3002[356][357][358]\u81ea2000\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6b66\u5668\u51fa\u53e3\u56fd\u3002[359]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Following Russia’s purchase of Iranian drones during the invasion of Ukraine<\/a>,[360]<\/a>[361]<\/a>[362]<\/a><\/sup> in November 2023, the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force<\/a> (IRIAF) finalized arrangements to acquire Russian Sukhoi Su-35<\/a> fighter jets, Mil Mi-28<\/a> attack helicopters, air defence and missile systems.[363]<\/a>[364]<\/a><\/sup> The Iranian Navy<\/a> has had joint exercises with Russia<\/a> and China<\/a>.[365]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u4e8e\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u5165\u4fb5\u671f\u95f4\u8d2d\u4e70\u4f0a\u6717\u65e0\u4eba\u673a\u540e\uff0c[360][361][362]2023\u5e7411\u6708\uff0c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u4f0a\u6717\u7a7a\u519b\uff08IRIAF\uff09\u6572\u5b9a\u4e86\u8d2d\u4e70\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u82cf-35\u6218\u6597\u673a\u3001\u7c73-28\u653b\u51fb\u76f4\u5347\u673a\u3001\u9632\u7a7a\u53ca\u5bfc\u5f39\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5b89\u6392\u3002[363][364]\u4f0a\u6717\u6d77\u519b\u66fe\u4e0e\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fdb\u884c\u8fc7\u8054\u5408\u6f14\u4e60\u3002[365]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.10 \u6838\u9879\u76ee | Nuclear program<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Nuclear program of Iran<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u6838\u8ba1\u5212\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iran’s nuclear program dates back to the 1950s.[366]<\/a><\/sup> Iran revived it after the Revolution, and its extensive nuclear fuel cycle, including enrichment capabilities, became the subject of intense international negotiations<\/a> and sanctions.[367]<\/a><\/sup> Many countries have expressed concern Iran could divert civilian nuclear technology into a weapons programme<\/a>.[368]<\/a><\/sup> In 2015, Iran and the P5+1<\/a> agreed to the Joint Comprehensive Plan on Action<\/a> (JCPOA), aiming to end economic sanctions<\/a> in exchange for restriction in producing enriched uranium<\/a>.[369]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u6838\u8ba1\u5212\u53ef\u8ffd\u6eaf\u52301950\u5e74\u4ee3\u3002[366]\u9769\u547d\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u91cd\u542f\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u5176\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u6838\u71c3\u6599\u5faa\u73af\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u94c0\u6d53\u7f29\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u56fd\u9645\u95f4\u5bc6\u96c6\u8c08\u5224\u4e0e\u5236\u88c1\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002[367]\u8bb8\u591a\u56fd\u5bb6\u62c5\u5fc3\u4f0a\u6717\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5c06\u6c11\u7528\u6838\u6280\u672f\u8f6c\u5411\u6b66\u5668\u9879\u76ee\u3002[368]2015\u5e74\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u4e0eP5+1\u56fd\u5bb6\u8fbe\u6210\u300a\u8054\u5408\u5168\u9762\u884c\u52a8\u8ba1\u5212\u300b\uff08JCPOA\uff09\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u901a\u8fc7\u9650\u5236\u6d53\u7f29\u94c0\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u6765\u6362\u53d6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5236\u88c1\u7684\u89e3\u9664\u3002[369]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2018, however, the US withdrew<\/a> from the deal under the Trump administration<\/a>, and reimposed sanctions. This was met with resistance by Iran and other members of the P5+1.[370]<\/a>[371]<\/a>[372]<\/a><\/sup> A year later, Iran began decreasing its compliance.[373]<\/a><\/sup> By 2020, Iran announced it would no longer observe any limit set by the agreement.[374]<\/a>[375]<\/a><\/sup> Progress since then has brought Iran to the nuclear threshold status<\/a>.[376]<\/a>[377]<\/a>[378]<\/a><\/sup> As of November 2023, Iran had uranium enriched to up to 60% fissile content, close to weapon grade.[379]<\/a>[380]<\/a>[381]<\/a>[382]<\/a><\/sup> Some analysts already regard Iran as a de facto nuclear power.[383]<\/a>[384]<\/a>[385]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u57282018\u5e74\uff0c\u7279\u6717\u666e\u653f\u5e9c\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u9000\u51fa\u4e86\u8be5\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u5e76\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9e\u65bd\u5236\u88c1\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e3e\u52a8\u906d\u5230\u4f0a\u6717\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6P5+1\u6210\u5458\u56fd\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u3002[370][371][372]\u4e00\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u5f00\u59cb\u51cf\u5c11\u5bf9\u534f\u8bae\u7684\u9075\u5b88\u3002[373]\u52302020\u5e74\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u5ba3\u5e03\u4e0d\u518d\u9075\u5b88\u534f\u8bae\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u9650\u5236\u3002[374][375]\u81ea\u6b64\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4f7f\u4f0a\u6717\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86\u6838\u95e8\u69db\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002[376][377][378]\u622a\u81f32023\u5e7411\u6708\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u5df2\u5c06\u94c0\u6d53\u7f29\u81f3\u6700\u9ad860%\u7684\u88c2\u53d8\u6d53\u5ea6\uff0c\u63a5\u8fd1\u6b66\u5668\u7ea7\u3002[379][380][381][382]\u4e00\u4e9b\u5206\u6790\u4eba\u58eb\u5df2\u5c06\u4f0a\u6717\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u62e5\u6709\u6838\u6b66\u5668\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002[383][384][385]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.11 \u533a\u57df\u5f71\u54cd\u529b | Regional influence<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Iranian influence in Lebanon<\/a>, Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war<\/a>, and Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014\u2013present)<\/a>
\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u5bf9\u9ece\u5df4\u5ae9\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3001\u4f0a\u6717\u5bf9\u53d9\u5229\u4e9a\u5185\u6218\u7684\u5e72\u9884\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f0a\u6717\u5bf9\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u7684\u5e72\u9884\uff082014 \u5e74\u81f3\u4eca\uff09\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC0\u534f\u8bae
\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aIran’s significant influence and foothold, sometimes characterised as the “Dawn of A New Persian Empire.”[386]<\/a>[387]<\/a>[388]<\/a>[389]<\/a><\/sup>
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u548c\u7acb\u8db3\u70b9\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u65b0\u6ce2\u65af\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u66d9\u5149\u201d\u3002[386][387][388][389]
\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aFarnaj57<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Since the Revolution<\/a>, Iran has grown its influence across and beyond the region.[390]<\/a>[391]<\/a>[392]<\/a>[393]<\/a><\/sup> It has built military forces with a wide network of state and none-state actors, starting with Hezbollah<\/a> in Lebanon<\/a> in 1982.[394]<\/a>[395]<\/a><\/sup> The IRGC<\/a> has been key to Iranian influence, through its Quds Force<\/a>.[396]<\/a>[397]<\/a>[398]<\/a><\/sup> The instability in Lebanon (from the 1980s),[399]<\/a><\/sup> Iraq<\/a> (from 2003) [400]<\/a><\/sup> and Yemen<\/a> (from 2014) [401]<\/a><\/sup> has allowed Iran to build strong alliances and footholds beyond its borders. Iran has a prominent influence in the social services, education, economy and politics of Lebanon,[402]<\/a>[403]<\/a><\/sup> and Lebanon provides Iran access to the Mediterranean Sea<\/a>.[404]<\/a>[405]<\/a><\/sup> Hezbollah’s strategic successes against Israel, such as its symbolic victory during the 2006 Israel\u2013Hezbollah War<\/a>, elevated Iran’s influence in the Levant<\/a> and strengthened its appeal across the Muslim World<\/a>.[406]<\/a>[407]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u81ea\u9769\u547d\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u5df2\u7ecf\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u5730\u533a\u5185\u5916\u3002[390][391][392][393]\u4f0a\u6717\u6784\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u652f\u519b\u4e8b\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u975e\u56fd\u5bb6\u884c\u52a8\u8005\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u59cb\u4e8e1982\u5e74\u5728\u9ece\u5df4\u5ae9\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u771f\u4e3b\u515a\u3002[394][395]\u4f0a\u6717\u9769\u547d\u536b\u961f\uff08IRGC\uff09\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u5723\u57ce\u519b\uff08Quds Force\uff09\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f0a\u6717\u6269\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684 \u5173\u952e\u3002[396][397][398]\u9ece\u5df4\u5ae9\uff08\u81ea1980\u5e74\u4ee3\u8d77\uff09[399]\u3001\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\uff08\u81ea2003\u5e74\u8d77\uff09[400]\u548c\u4e5f\u95e8\uff08\u81ea2014\u5e74\u8d77\uff09[401]\u7684\u52a8\u8361\u5c40\u52bf\u8ba9\u4f0a\u6717\u5f97\u4ee5\u5728\u56fd\u754c\u4e4b\u5916\u5efa\u7acb\u5f3a\u6709\u529b\u7684\u8054\u76df\u548c\u7acb\u8db3\u70b9\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u5728\u9ece\u5df4\u5ae9\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u670d\u52a1\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u65b9\u9762\u5177\u6709\u663e\u8457\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\uff0c[402][403]\u9ece\u5df4\u5ae9\u4e3a\u4f0a\u6717\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u901a\u5f80\u5730\u4e2d\u6d77\u7684\u901a\u9053\u3002[404][405]\u771f\u4e3b\u515a\u5728\u5bf9\u6297\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6218\u7565\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u59822006\u5e74\u4ee5\u8272\u5217-\u771f\u4e3b\u515a\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u6027\u80dc\u5229\uff0c\u63d0\u5347\u4e86\u4f0a\u6717\u5728\u9ece\u51e1\u7279\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\uff0c\u5e76\u589e\u5f3a\u4e86\u5176\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u3002[406][407]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since the US invasion of Iraq in 2003<\/a> and the arrival of ISIS<\/a> in the mid-2010s, Iran has financed and trained militia groups in Iraq.[408]<\/a>[409]<\/a>[410]<\/a><\/sup> Since the Iran-Iraq war<\/a> in 1980s and the fall of Saddam Hussein<\/a>, Iran has shaped Iraq’s politics.[411]<\/a>[412]<\/a>[413]<\/a><\/sup> Following Iraq’s struggle against ISIS in 2014, companies linked to the IRGC such as Khatam al-Anbiya<\/a>, started to build roads, power plants, hotels and businesses in Iraq, creating an economic corridor worth around $9 billion before COVID-19<\/a>.[414]<\/a><\/sup> This is expected to grow to $20 billion.[415]<\/a>[416]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u81ea2003\u5e74\u7f8e\u56fd\u5165\u4fb5\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u4ee5\u53ca2010\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671fISIS\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u8d44\u52a9\u548c\u8bad\u7ec3\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u7684\u6c11\u5175\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002[408][409][410]\u81ea1980\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e24\u4f0a\u6218\u4e89\u53ca\u8428\u8fbe\u59c6\u00b7\u4faf\u8d5b\u56e0\u5012\u53f0\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u5851\u9020\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u683c\u5c40\u3002[411][412][413]\u968f\u7740\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u57282014\u5e74\u5bf9\u6297ISIS\u7684\u6597\u4e89\uff0c\u4e0eIRGC\u6709\u5173\u8054\u7684\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u5982\u5361\u5854\u59c6\u00b7\u5b89\u6bd4\u8036\u96c6\u56e2\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u5728\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u4fee\u5efa\u9053\u8def\u3001\u53d1\u7535\u5382\u3001\u9152\u5e97\u548c\u4f01\u4e1a\uff0c\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ef7\u503c\u7ea690\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8d70\u5eca\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6570\u5b57\u5728COVID-19\u75ab\u60c5\u4e4b\u524d\u3002\u9884\u8ba1\u8fd9\u4e00\u6570\u5b57\u5c06\u589e\u957f\u81f3200\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\u3002[414][415][416]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe4-11\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

During Yemen’s civil war<\/a>, Iran provided military support to the Houthis<\/a>,[420]<\/a>[421]<\/a>[422]<\/a><\/sup> a Zaydi Shiite<\/a> movement fighting Yemen’s Sunni<\/a> government since 2004.[423]<\/a>[424]<\/a><\/sup> They gained significant power<\/a> in recent years.[425]<\/a>[426]<\/a>[427]<\/a><\/sup> Iran has considerable influence in Afghanistan<\/a> and Pakistan<\/a> through militant groups such as Liwa Fatemiyoun<\/a> and Liwa Zainebiyoun<\/a>.[428]<\/a>[429]<\/a>[430]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u4e5f\u95e8\u5185\u6218\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u5411\u80e1\u585e\u6b66\u88c5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u519b\u4e8b\u652f\u6301\uff0c[420][421][422]\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u652f\u81ea2004\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u4e0e\u4e5f\u95e8\u900a\u5c3c\u6d3e\u653f\u5e9c\u4f5c\u6218\u7684\u683d\u5fb7\u6d3e\u4ec0\u53f6\u6d3e\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002[423][424]\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u663e\u8457\u7684\u52bf\u529b\u589e\u957f\u3002[425][426][427]\u4f0a\u6717\u901a\u8fc7\u8bf8\u5982\u6cd5\u8482\u7c73\u52c7\u65c5\u548c\u5bb0\u5948\u535c\u52c7\u65c5\u7b49\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u5728\u963f\u5bcc\u6c57\u548c\u5df4\u57fa\u65af\u5766\u62e5\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u5927\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u3002[428][429][430]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Syria<\/a>, Iran has supported President Bashar al-Assad<\/a>;[431]<\/a>[432]<\/a><\/sup> the two countries are long-standing allies.[433]<\/a>[434]<\/a><\/sup> Iran has provided significant military and economic support to Assad’s government,[435]<\/a>[436]<\/a><\/sup> so has a considerable foothold in Syria.[437]<\/a>[438]<\/a><\/sup> Iran has long supported the anti-Israel fronts in North Africa<\/a> in countries like Algeria<\/a> and Tunisia<\/a>, embracing Hamas<\/a> in part to help undermine the popularity of the Palestinian Liberation Organization<\/a> (PLO).[439]<\/a><\/sup> Iran’s support of Hamas emerged more clearly in later years.[440]<\/a>[441]<\/a>[442]<\/a>[443]<\/a><\/sup> According to US intelligence, Iran does not have full control over these state and non-state groups.[444]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u53d9\u5229\u4e9a\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u652f\u6301\u603b\u7edf\u5df4\u6c99\u5c14\u00b7\u963f\u8428\u5fb7\uff1b[431][432]\u4e24\u56fd\u662f\u957f\u671f\u76df\u53cb\u3002[433][434]\u4f0a\u6717\u5411\u963f\u8428\u5fb7\u653f\u5e9c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u652f\u6301\uff0c[435][436]\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u53d9\u5229\u4e9a\u62e5\u6709\u663e\u8457\u7684\u7acb\u8db3\u70b9\u3002[437][438]\u4f0a\u6717\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\u4e00\u76f4\u652f\u6301\u5317\u975e\u56fd\u5bb6\u5982\u963f\u5c14\u53ca\u5229\u4e9a\u548c\u7a81\u5c3c\u65af\u7684\u53cd\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u9635\u7ebf\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u62e5\u62b1\u54c8\u9a6c\u65af\u6765\u524a\u5f31\u5df4\u52d2\u65af\u5766\u89e3\u653e\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff08PLO\uff09\u7684\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002[439]\u4f0a\u6717\u5bf9\u54c8\u9a6c\u65af\u7684\u652f\u6301\u5728\u540e\u6765\u51e0\u5e74\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u660e\u663e\u3002[440][441][442][443]\u6839\u636e\u7f8e\u56fd\u60c5\u62a5\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u5e76\u672a\u5b8c\u5168\u63a7\u5236\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u975e\u56fd\u5bb6\u56e2\u4f53\u3002[444]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.12 \u4eba\u6743\u548c\u5ba1\u67e5\u5236\u5ea6 | Human rights and censorship<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Human rights in Iran<\/a>, Capital punishment in Iran<\/a>, and Censorship in Iran<\/a>
\u3010\u4e3b\u8981\u6587\u7ae0\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u3001\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u6b7b\u5211\u548c\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u5ba1\u67e5\u5236\u5ea6\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 2.0\u534f\u8bae
\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aThe entrance to Evin Prison<\/a>, established in 1972. VICE<\/a> describes the prison as the “legendary terrifying place that nobody wants to end up.”[445]<\/a><\/sup>
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u57c3\u6587\u76d1\u72f1\u7684\u5165\u53e3\uff0c\u5efa\u4e8e 1972 \u5e74\u3002VICE \u5c06\u8be5\u76d1\u72f1\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u201c\u4f20\u8bf4\u4e2d\u4ee4\u4eba\u6050\u60e7\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u6ca1\u4eba\u613f\u610f\u8fdb\u53bb\u3002\u201d[445]
\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aEhsan Iran<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The Iranian government has been denounced by various international organizations and governments for violating human rights.[446]<\/a><\/sup> The government has frequently persecuted and arrested critics of the government. Iranian law does not recognize sexual orientations<\/a>. Sexual activity between members of the same sex<\/a> is illegal and is punishable by death<\/a>.[447]<\/a>[448]<\/a><\/sup> Capital punishment<\/a> is a legal punishment, and according to the BBC, Iran “carries out more executions than any other country, except China”.[449]<\/a><\/sup> UN Special Rapporteur Javaid Rehman<\/a> has reported discrimination against several ethnic minorities in Iran.[450]<\/a><\/sup> A group of UN<\/a> experts in 2022 urged Iran to stop “systematic persecution” of religious minorities, adding that members of the Bah\u00e1\u02bc\u00ed Faith<\/a> were arrested, barred from universities, or had their homes demolished.[451]<\/a>[452]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u653f\u5e9c\u56e0\u4fb5\u72af\u4eba\u6743\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u5404\u79cd\u56fd\u9645\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8c34\u8d23\u3002[446] \u653f\u5e9c\u7ecf\u5e38\u8feb\u5bb3\u548c\u902e\u6355\u6279\u8bc4\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0d\u627f\u8ba4\u6027\u53d6\u5411\u3002\u540c\u6027\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6027\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u8fdd\u6cd5\u7684\uff0c\u53ef\u5224\u5904\u6b7b\u5211\u3002[447][448] \u6b7b\u5211\u662f\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u60e9\u7f5a\uff0c\u636e\u82f1\u56fd\u5e7f\u64ad\u516c\u53f8\u62a5\u9053\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u201c\u9664\u4e2d\u56fd\u5916\uff0c\u6267\u884c\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u4eba\u6570\u6bd4\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u591a\u201d\u3002[449] \u8054\u5408\u56fd\u7279\u522b\u62a5\u544a\u5458\u8d3e\u7ef4\u5fb7\u00b7\u96f7\u8d6b\u66fc\u62a5\u544a\u4e86\u4f0a\u6717\u5bf9\u51e0\u4e2a\u5c11\u6570\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u6b67\u89c6\u3002[450] 2022 \u5e74\uff0c\u4e00\u7ec4\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u4e13\u5bb6\u6566\u4fc3\u4f0a\u6717\u505c\u6b62\u5bf9\u5b97\u6559\u5c11\u6570\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u201c\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u8feb\u5bb3\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u8865\u5145\u8bf4\uff0c\u5df4\u54c8\u4f0a\u6559\u6210\u5458\u88ab\u902e\u6355\u3001\u88ab\u7981\u6b62\u8fdb\u5165\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5bb6\u56ed\u88ab\u62c6\u6bc1\u3002[451][452]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Censorship in Iran is ranked among the most extreme worldwide.[453]<\/a>[454]<\/a>[455]<\/a><\/sup> Iran has strict internet censorship<\/a>, with the government persistently blocking social media<\/a> and other sites.[456]<\/a>[457]<\/a>[458]<\/a><\/sup> Since January 2021, Iranian authorities have blocked a list of social media platforms; Instagram<\/a>, WhatsApp<\/a>, Facebook<\/a>, Telegram<\/a>, Twitter<\/a> and YouTube<\/a>.[459]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u5ba1\u67e5\u5236\u5ea6\u5728\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u540d\u5217\u524d\u8305\u3002[453][454][455] \u4f0a\u6717\u5bf9\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u5b9e\u884c\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u5ba1\u67e5\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u6301\u7eed\u5c01\u9501\u793e\u4ea4\u5a92\u4f53\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7f51\u7ad9\u3002[456][457][458] \u81ea 2021 \u5e74 1 \u6708\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u5f53\u5c40\u5c01\u9501\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u793e\u4ea4\u5a92\u4f53\u5e73\u53f0\uff1aInstagram\u3001WhatsApp\u3001Facebook\u3001Telegram\u3001Twitter \u548c YouTube\u3002[459]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2006 election results were widely disputed, resulting in protests<\/a>.[460]<\/a>[461]<\/a>[462]<\/a>[463]<\/a><\/sup> The 2017\u201318 Iranian protests<\/a> swept across the country in response to the economic and political situation.[464]<\/a><\/sup> It was formally confirmed that thousands of protesters were arrested.[465]<\/a><\/sup> The 2019\u201320 Iranian protests<\/a> started on 15 November in Ahvaz<\/a>, and spread across the country after the government announced increases in fuel prices of up to 300%.[466]<\/a><\/sup> A week-long total Internet shutdown<\/a> marked one of the most severe Internet blackouts in any country, and the bloodiest governmental crackdown of the protestors.[467]<\/a><\/sup> Tens of thousands were arrested and hundreds were killed within a few days according to multiple international observers, including Amnesty International<\/a>.[468]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112006 \u5e74\u9009\u4e3e\u7ed3\u679c\u5f15\u8d77\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4e89\u8bae\uff0c\u5f15\u53d1\u6297\u8bae\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002[460][461][462][463] 2017-18 \u5e74\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u6297\u8bae\u6d3b\u52a8\u5e2d\u5377\u5168\u56fd\uff0c\u6297\u8bae\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u5c40\u52bf\u3002[464] \u6b63\u5f0f\u786e\u8ba4\u6709\u6570\u5343\u540d\u6297\u8bae\u8005\u88ab\u6355\u3002[465] 2019-20 \u5e74\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u6297\u8bae\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e8e 11 \u6708 15 \u65e5\u5728\u963f\u74e6\u58eb\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5728\u653f\u5e9c\u5ba3\u5e03\u71c3\u6cb9\u4ef7\u683c\u4e0a\u6da8\u9ad8\u8fbe 300% \u540e\u8513\u5ef6\u81f3\u5168\u56fd\u3002[466] \u957f\u8fbe\u4e00\u5468\u7684\u5168\u9762\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u5173\u95ed\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u56fd\u5bb6\u6700\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u505c\u7535\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u6297\u8bae\u8005\u6700\u8840\u8165\u7684\u9547\u538b\u3002[467] \u636e\u56fd\u9645\u7279\u8d66\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7b49\u591a\u540d\u56fd\u9645\u89c2\u5bdf\u5458\u79f0\uff0c\u51e0\u5929\u4e4b\u5185\u5c31\u6709\u6570\u4e07\u4eba\u88ab\u6355\uff0c\u6570\u767e\u4eba\u88ab\u6740\u3002[468]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752<\/a>, was a scheduled international civilian passenger flight from Tehran<\/a> to Kyiv<\/a>, operated by Ukraine International Airlines<\/a>. On 8 January 2020, the Boeing 737\u2013800 flying the route was shot down by the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps<\/a> (IRGC) shortly after takeoff, killing all 176 occupants on board and leading to protests<\/a>. An international investigation led to the government admitting to the shootdown, calling it a “human error”.[469]<\/a>[470]<\/a><\/sup> Another Protests against the government<\/a> began on 16 September 2022 after a woman named Mahsa Amini died in police custody<\/a> following her arrest by the Guidance Patrol<\/a>, known commonly as the “morality police”.[471]<\/a>[472]<\/a>[473]<\/a>[474]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u56fd\u9645\u822a\u7a7a 752 \u822a\u73ed\u662f\u4e00\u67b6\u4ece\u5fb7\u9ed1\u5170\u98de\u5f80\u57fa\u8f85\u7684\u5b9a\u671f\u56fd\u9645\u6c11\u7528\u5ba2\u8fd0\u822a\u73ed\uff0c\u7531\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u56fd\u9645\u822a\u7a7a\u8fd0\u8425\u30022020 \u5e74 1 \u6708 8 \u65e5\uff0c\u8fd9\u67b6\u6ce2\u97f3 737-800 \u5ba2\u673a\u8d77\u98de\u540e\u4e0d\u4e45\u88ab\u4f0a\u6717\u9769\u547d\u536b\u961f (IRGC) \u51fb\u843d\uff0c\u673a\u4e0a 176 \u540d\u4e58\u5ba2\u5168\u90e8\u9047\u96be\uff0c\u5f15\u53d1\u6297\u8bae\u3002\u56fd\u9645\u8c03\u67e5\u5bfc\u81f4\u653f\u5e9c\u627f\u8ba4\u51fb\u843d\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u79f0\u5176\u4e3a\u201c\u4eba\u4e3a\u5931\u8bef\u201d\u3002[469][470] \u53e6\u4e00\u573a\u9488\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6297\u8bae\u59cb\u4e8e 2022 \u5e74 9 \u6708 16 \u65e5\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u4e00\u540d\u540d\u53eb Mahsa Amini \u7684\u5987\u5973\u5728\u88ab\u6307\u5bfc\u5de1\u903b\u961f\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u9053\u5fb7\u8b66\u5bdf\u201d\uff09\u902e\u6355\u540e\u5728\u8b66\u65b9\u62d8\u7559\u671f\u95f4\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002[471][472][473][474]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. \u7ecf\u6d4e | Economy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Economy of Iran<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3011\/ \u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u7ecf\u6d4e<\/a>\u548c\u4f0a\u6717\u77f3\u6cb9<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

See also: Subsidies in Iran<\/a> and Banking and insurance in Iran<\/a>\u3010\u53e6\u8bf7\u53c2\u9605\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u8865\u8d34\u548c\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u94f6\u884c\u4e1a\u548c\u4fdd\u9669\u4e1a\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe5-1\u81f35-3\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

As of 2024, Iran has the world’s 19th largest economy (by PPP)<\/a>. It is a mixture<\/a> of central planning<\/a>, state ownership<\/a> of oil and other large enterprises, village agriculture, and small-scale private trading and service ventures.[476]<\/a><\/sup> Services contribute the largest percentage of GDP, followed by industry (mining<\/a> and manufacturing) and agriculture<\/a>.[477]<\/a><\/sup> The economy is characterized by its hydrocarbon sector, in addition to manufacturing and financial services.[478]<\/a><\/sup> With 10% of the world’s oil reserves<\/a> and 15% of gas reserves<\/a>, Iran is an energy superpower<\/a>. Over 40 industries<\/a> are directly involved in the Tehran Stock Exchange<\/a>.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u622a\u81f32024\u5e74\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u62e5\u6709\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c19\u5927\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\uff08\u6309\u8d2d\u4e70\u529b\u5e73\u4ef7\u8ba1\u7b97\uff09\u3002\u8be5\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u7cfb\u6df7\u5408\u4e86\u4e2d\u592e\u8ba1\u5212\u3001\u56fd\u6709\u77f3\u6cb9\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5927\u578b\u4f01\u4e1a\u3001\u4e61\u6751\u519c\u4e1a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0f\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u79c1\u8425\u8d38\u6613\u548c\u670d\u52a1\u4f01\u4e1a\u3002[476]\u670d\u52a1\u4e1a\u5bf9\u56fd\u5185\u751f\u4ea7\u603b\u503c\uff08GDP\uff09\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u6700\u5927\uff0c\u5176\u6b21\u662f\u5de5\u4e1a\uff08\u91c7\u77ff\u548c\u5236\u9020\u4e1a\uff09\u548c\u519c\u4e1a\u3002[477]\u8be5\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u5728\u4e8e\u5176\u6cb9\u6c14\u90e8\u95e8\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5236\u9020\u4e1a\u548c\u91d1\u878d\u670d\u52a1\u3002\u62e5\u6709\u4e16\u754c10%\u7684\u77f3\u6cb9\u50a8\u91cf\u548c15%\u7684\u5929\u7136\u6c14\u50a8\u91cf\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u80fd\u6e90\u8d85\u7ea7\u5927\u56fd\u3002\u8d85\u8fc740\u4e2a\u884c\u4e1a\u76f4\u63a5\u53c2\u4e0e\u5fb7\u9ed1\u5170\u8bc1\u5238\u4ea4\u6613\u6240\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tehran is the economic powerhouse of Iran.[479]<\/a><\/sup> About 30% of Iran’s public-sector workforce and 45% of its large industrial firms are located there, and half those firms’ employees work for government.[480]<\/a><\/sup> The Central Bank of Iran<\/a> is responsible for developing and maintaining the currency<\/a>: the Iranian rial<\/a>. The government does not recognise trade unions<\/a> other than the Islamic labour councils<\/a>, which are subject to the approval of employers and the security services.[481]<\/a><\/sup> Unemployment was 9% in 2022.[482]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5fb7\u9ed1\u5170\u662f\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002[479]\u5927\u7ea630%\u7684\u4f0a\u6717\u516c\u5171\u90e8\u95e8\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u548c45%\u7684\u5927\u5de5\u4e1a\u4f01\u4e1a\u4f4d\u4e8e\u6b64\u5730\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5927\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u534a\u7684\u5458\u5de5\u4e3a\u653f\u5e9c\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002[480]\u4f0a\u6717\u4e2d\u592e\u94f6\u884c\u8d1f\u8d23\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u7ef4\u62a4\u8d27\u5e01\u2014\u2014\u4f0a\u6717\u91cc\u4e9a\u5c14\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u53ea\u627f\u8ba4\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u52b3\u5de5\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u8fd9\u4e00\u5de5\u4f1a\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd9\u4e9b\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u9700\u5f97\u5230\u96c7\u4e3b\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u6279\u51c6\u3002[481]2022\u5e74\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\u4e3a9%\u3002[482]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe5-4\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Budget deficits<\/a> have been a chronic problem, mostly due to large state subsidies<\/a>, that include foodstuffs and especially petrol, totalling $100\u00a0billion in 2022 for energy alone.[484]<\/a>[485]<\/a><\/sup> In 2010, the economic reform plan was to cut subsidies gradually and replace them with targeted social assistance. The objective is to move towards free market<\/a> prices and increase productivity and social justice<\/a>.[486]<\/a><\/sup> The administration continues reform, and indicates it will diversify the oil-reliant economy. Iran has developed a biotechnology<\/a>, nanotechnology<\/a>, and pharmaceutical<\/a> industry.[487]<\/a><\/sup> The government is privatising industries<\/a>.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u9884\u7b97\u8d64\u5b57\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u4f0a\u6717\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6162\u6027\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e3b\u8981\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u8865\u8d34\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u98df\u54c1\u548c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u6c7d\u6cb9\u8865\u8d34\uff0c\u4ec5\u57282022\u5e74\uff0c\u80fd\u6e90\u8865\u8d34\u603b\u989d\u5c31\u8fbe\u5230\u4e861000\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\u3002[484][485]2010\u5e74\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6539\u9769\u8ba1\u5212\u9010\u6b65\u524a\u51cf\u8865\u8d34\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u6709\u9488\u5bf9\u6027\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u63f4\u52a9\u53d6\u800c\u4ee3\u4e4b\u3002\u6539\u9769\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u8fc8\u5411\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u573a\u4ef7\u683c\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u751f\u4ea7\u6548\u7387\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u6b63\u4e49\u3002[486]\u653f\u5e9c\u7ee7\u7eed\u63a8\u8fdb\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u5e76\u8868\u793a\u5c06\u4f7f\u4f9d\u8d56\u77f3\u6cb9\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u591a\u5143\u5316\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u751f\u7269\u6280\u672f\u3001\u7eb3\u7c73\u6280\u672f\u548c\u5236\u836f\u4ea7\u4e1a\u3002[487]\u653f\u5e9c\u6b63\u5728\u79c1\u6709\u5316\u4ea7\u4e1a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iran has leading manufacturing industries in automobile manufacture, transportation, construction materials, home appliances, food and agricultural goods, armaments, pharmaceuticals, information technology, and petrochemicals in the Middle East.[488]<\/a><\/sup> Iran is among the world’s top five producers of apricots<\/a>, cherries<\/a>, cucumbers<\/a> and gherkins<\/a>, dates<\/a>, figs<\/a>, pistachios<\/a>, quinces<\/a>, walnuts<\/a>, Kiwifruit<\/a> and watermelons<\/a>.[489]<\/a><\/sup> International sanctions against Iran<\/a> have damaged the economy.[490]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u5728\u4e2d\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u62e5\u6709\u9886\u5148\u7684\u5236\u9020\u4e1a\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6c7d\u8f66\u5236\u9020\u3001\u4ea4\u901a\u8fd0\u8f93\u3001\u5efa\u7b51\u6750\u6599\u3001\u5bb6\u7535\u3001\u98df\u54c1\u548c\u519c\u4ea7\u54c1\u3001\u6b66\u5668\u88c5\u5907\u3001\u533b\u836f\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u6280\u672f\u548c\u77f3\u5316\u4ea7\u54c1\u3002[488]\u4f0a\u6717\u662f\u5168\u7403\u524d\u4e94\u5927\u674f\u5b50\u3001\u6a31\u6843\u3001\u9ec4\u74dc\u548c\u5c0f\u9ec4\u74dc\u3001\u67a3\u3001\u65e0\u82b1\u679c\u3001\u5f00\u5fc3\u679c\u3001\u6985\u6872\u3001\u6838\u6843\u3001\u5947\u5f02\u679c\u548c\u897f\u74dc\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u56fd\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002[489]\u9488\u5bf9\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u5236\u88c1\u4e25\u91cd\u635f\u5bb3\u4e86\u5176\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3002[490]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.1 \u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a | Tourism<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Tourism in Iran<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe5-5\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Tourism had been rapidly growing before the COVID-19 pandemic<\/a>, reaching nearly 9 million foreign visitors in 2019, the world’s third fastest-growing tourism destination.[492]<\/a>[493]<\/a><\/sup> In 2022 it expanded its share to 5% of the economy.[494]<\/a><\/sup> Iran’s tourism experienced a growth of 43% in 2023, attracting 6 million foreign tourists.[495]<\/a><\/sup> The government ended visa requirements for 60 countries in 2023.[496]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u65b0\u51a0\u75ab\u60c5\u7206\u53d1\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u8fc5\u901f\u589e\u957f\uff0c2019 \u5e74\u63a5\u5f85\u4e86\u8fd1 900 \u4e07\u5916\u56fd\u6e38\u5ba2\uff0c\u662f\u5168\u7403\u589e\u957f\u7b2c\u4e09\u5feb\u7684\u65c5\u6e38\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u3002[492][493] 2022 \u5e74\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2d\u7684\u4efd\u989d\u6269\u5927\u5230 5%\u3002[494] 2023 \u5e74\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u589e\u957f\u4e86 43%\uff0c\u5438\u5f15\u4e86 600 \u4e07\u5916\u56fd\u6e38\u5ba2\u3002[495] 2023 \u5e74\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u653f\u5e9c\u53d6\u6d88\u4e86\u5bf9 60 \u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7b7e\u8bc1\u8981\u6c42\u3002[496]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

98% of visits are for leisure, while 2% are for business, indicating the country’s appeal as a tourist destination.[497]<\/a><\/sup> Alongside the capital, the most popular tourist destinations are Isfahan<\/a>, Shiraz<\/a> and Mashhad<\/a>.[498]<\/a><\/sup> Iran is emerging as a preferred destination for medical tourism<\/a>.[499]<\/a>[500]<\/a><\/sup> Travellers from other West Asian countries grew 31% in the first seven months of 2023, surpassing Bahrain<\/a>, Kuwait<\/a>, Iraq<\/a>, and Saudi Arabia<\/a>.[501]<\/a><\/sup> Domestic tourism<\/a> is one of the world’s largests; Iranian tourists spent $33bn in 2021.[502]<\/a>[503]<\/a>[504]<\/a><\/sup> Iran projects investment of $32 billion in the tourism sector by 2026.[505]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u301198% \u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f11\u95f2\uff0c\u800c 2% \u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5546\u52a1\uff0c\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\u8be5\u56fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u65c5\u6e38\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u7684\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u3002[497] \u9664\u9996\u90fd\u5916\uff0c\u6700\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u7684\u65c5\u6e38\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u662f\u4f0a\u65af\u6cd5\u7f55\u3001\u8bbe\u62c9\u5b50\u548c\u9a6c\u4ec0\u54c8\u5fb7\u3002[498] \u4f0a\u6717\u6b63\u5728\u6210\u4e3a\u533b\u7597\u65c5\u6e38\u7684\u9996\u9009\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u3002[499][500] 2023 \u5e74\u524d 7 \u4e2a\u6708\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u5176\u4ed6\u897f\u4e9a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6e38\u5ba2\u589e\u957f\u4e86 31%\uff0c\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e86\u5df4\u6797\u3001\u79d1\u5a01\u7279\u3001\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u548c\u6c99\u7279\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u3002[501] \u56fd\u5185\u65c5\u6e38\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u5927\u7684\u65c5\u6e38\u6765\u6e90\u4e4b\u4e00\uff1b\u4f0a\u6717\u6e38\u5ba2\u5728 2021 \u5e74\u82b1\u8d39\u4e86 330 \u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\u3002[502][503][504] \u4f0a\u6717\u9884\u8ba1\u5230 2026 \u5e74\u5c06\u5728\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u6295\u8d44 320 \u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\u3002[505]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.2 \u519c\u4e1a\u548c\u6e14\u4e1a | Agriculture and fishery<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Agriculture in Iran<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u519c\u4e1a\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe5-6\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Roughly one-third of Iran’s total surface area is suited for farmland. Only 12% of the total land area is under cultivation, but less than one-third of the cultivated area is irrigated<\/a>; the rest is devoted to dryland farming<\/a>. Some 92% of agricultural products depend on water.[506]<\/a><\/sup> The western and northwestern portions of the country have the most fertile soils. Iran’s food security<\/a> index stands at around 96 percent.[507]<\/a>[508]<\/a><\/sup> 3% of the total land area is used for grazing<\/a> and fodder production. Most of the grazing is done on mostly semi-dry rangeland in mountain areas and on areas surrounding the large deserts of Central Iran. Progressive government efforts and incentives during the 1990s, improved agricultural productivity, helping Iran toward its goal of reestablishing national self-sufficiency in food production.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u7ea6\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u56fd\u571f\u9002\u5408\u8015\u79cd\u3002\u53ea\u6709 12% \u7684\u571f\u5730\u7528\u4e8e\u8015\u79cd\uff0c\u4f46\u704c\u6e89\u9762\u79ef\u4e0d\u5230\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\uff1b\u5176\u4f59\u7528\u4e8e\u65f1\u5730\u8015\u4f5c\u3002\u7ea6 92% \u7684\u519c\u4ea7\u54c1\u4f9d\u8d56\u6c34\u3002[506] \u8be5\u56fd\u897f\u90e8\u548c\u897f\u5317\u90e8\u571f\u58e4\u6700\u80a5\u6c83\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u7cae\u98df\u5b89\u5168\u6307\u6570\u7ea6\u4e3a 96%\u3002[507][508] 3% \u7684\u571f\u5730\u7528\u4e8e\u653e\u7267\u548c\u9972\u6599\u751f\u4ea7\u3002\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u653e\u7267\u662f\u5728\u5c71\u533a\u534a\u5e72\u65f1\u7267\u573a\u548c\u4f0a\u6717\u4e2d\u90e8\u5927\u6c99\u6f20\u5468\u56f4\u5730\u533a\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u300220 \u4e16\u7eaa 90 \u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u52aa\u529b\u548c\u6fc0\u52b1\u63aa\u65bd\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u519c\u4e1a\u751f\u4ea7\u529b\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u4f0a\u6717\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u91cd\u5efa\u56fd\u5bb6\u7cae\u98df\u751f\u4ea7\u81ea\u7ed9\u81ea\u8db3\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Access to the Caspian Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Oman, and many river basins provides Iran the potential to develop excellent fisheries. The government assumed control of commercial fishing in 1952. Expansion of the fishery infrastructure enabled the country to harvest an estimated 700,000 tons of fish annually from the southern waters. Since the Revolution, increased attention has been focused on producing fish from inland waters. Between 1976 and 2004, the combined take from inland waters by the state and private sectors increased from 1,100 tons to 110,175 tons.[509]<\/a><\/sup> Iran is the world’s largest producer and exporter of caviar<\/a>, exporting more than 300 tonnes annually.[510]<\/a>[511]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u901a\u5f80\u91cc\u6d77\u3001\u6ce2\u65af\u6e7e\u3001\u963f\u66fc\u6e7e\u548c\u8bb8\u591a\u6cb3\u6d41\u6d41\u57df\u7684\u901a\u9053\u4e3a\u4f0a\u6717\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u53d1\u5c55\u4f18\u8d28\u6e14\u4e1a\u7684\u6f5c\u529b\u3002 1952 \u5e74\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u63a5\u7ba1\u4e86\u5546\u4e1a\u6355\u9c7c\u3002\u6e14\u4e1a\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u7684\u6269\u5f20\u4f7f\u8be5\u56fd\u6bcf\u5e74\u80fd\u591f\u4ece\u5357\u90e8\u6c34\u57df\u6355\u635e\u7ea6 70 \u4e07\u5428\u9c7c\u3002\u81ea\u9769\u547d\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5173\u6ce8\u4ece\u5185\u9646\u6c34\u57df\u751f\u4ea7\u9c7c\u7c7b\u30021976 \u5e74\u81f3 2004 \u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u79c1\u8425\u90e8\u95e8\u4ece\u5185\u9646\u6c34\u57df\u6355\u635e\u7684\u9c7c\u91cf\u4ece 1,100 \u5428\u589e\u52a0\u5230 110,175 \u5428\u3002[509] \u4f0a\u6717\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u5927\u7684\u9c7c\u5b50\u9171\u751f\u4ea7\u56fd\u548c\u51fa\u53e3\u56fd\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u51fa\u53e3\u8d85\u8fc7 300 \u5428\u3002[510][511]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.3 \u5de5\u4e1a\u53ca\u76f8\u5173\u670d\u52a1 | Industry and services<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Industry of Iran<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Iran is globally ranked 16th in car manufacturing, ahead of the UK<\/a>, Italy<\/a>, and Russia.[513]<\/a>[514]<\/a><\/sup> It has outputted 1.188 million cars in 2023, a 12% growth compared to the previous years. Iran has exported various cars to countries such as Venezuela, Russia and Belarus. From 2008 to 2009, Iran leaped to 28th place from 69th in annual industrial production growth rate.[515]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u5728\u5168\u7403\u6c7d\u8f66\u5236\u9020\u9886\u57df\u6392\u540d\u7b2c16\u4f4d\uff0c\u9886\u5148\u4e8e\u82f1\u56fd\u3001\u610f\u5927\u5229\u548c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u3002[513][514]2023\u5e74\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u751f\u4ea7\u4e86118.8\u4e07\u8f86\u6c7d\u8f66\uff0c\u76f8\u6bd4\u524d\u4e00\u5e74\u589e\u957f\u4e8612%\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u5df2\u5411\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u3001\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u548c\u767d\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u7b49\u56fd\u5bb6\u51fa\u53e3\u4e86\u591a\u79cd\u6c7d\u8f66\u3002\u4ece2008\u5e74\u81f32009\u5e74\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u5e74\u5de5\u4e1a\u4ea7\u503c\u589e\u957f\u7387\u4ece\u7b2c69\u4f4d\u8dc3\u5347\u81f3\u7b2c28\u4f4d\u3002[515]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iranian contractors<\/a> have been awarded several foreign tender contracts in different fields of construction of dams<\/a>, bridges, roads<\/a>, buildings<\/a>, railroads<\/a>, power generation<\/a>, and gas, oil<\/a> and petrochemical<\/a> industries. As of 2011, some 66 Iranian industrial companies are carrying out projects in 27 countries.[516]<\/a><\/sup> Iran exported over $20 billion worth of technical and engineering services over 2001\u20132011. The availability of local raw materials, rich mineral reserves<\/a>, experienced manpower have all played crucial role in winning the bids.[517]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u627f\u5305\u5546\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u5efa\u8bbe\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5982\u6c34\u575d\u3001\u6865\u6881\u3001\u9053\u8def\u3001\u5efa\u7b51\u7269\u3001\u94c1\u8def\u3001\u7535\u529b\u751f\u6210\u4ee5\u53ca\u6cb9\u6c14\u548c\u77f3\u5316\u5de5\u4e1a\u7684\u6d77\u5916\u62db\u6807\u4e2d\u8d62\u5f97\u4e86\u591a\u4e2a\u5408\u540c\u3002\u622a\u81f32011\u5e74\uff0c\u7ea6\u670966\u5bb6\u4f0a\u6717\u5de5\u4e1a\u516c\u53f8\u572827\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f00\u5c55\u9879\u76ee\u30022001\u5e74\u81f32011\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u51fa\u53e3\u4e86\u4ef7\u503c\u8d85\u8fc7200\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u6280\u672f\u548c\u5de5\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u3002\u5f53\u5730\u539f\u6750\u6599\u7684\u53ef\u83b7\u53d6\u6027\u3001\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u77ff\u4ea7\u50a8\u5907\u4ee5\u53ca\u719f\u7ec3\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u90fd\u5728\u7ade\u6807\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u5173\u952e\u4f5c\u7528\u3002[516][517]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

45% of large industrial firms are located in Tehran<\/a>, and almost half of their workers work for government.[518]<\/a><\/sup> The Iranian retail industry is largely in the hands of cooperatives<\/a>, many of them government-sponsored, and of independent retailers in the bazaars<\/a>. The bulk of food sales occur at street markets, where the Chief Statistics Bureau sets the prices.[519]<\/a><\/sup> Iran’s main exports are to Iraq<\/a>, Afghanistan<\/a>, Turkmenistan<\/a>, Tajikistan<\/a>, Russia<\/a>, Ukraine<\/a>, Belarus<\/a>, Pakistan<\/a>, Saudi Arabia<\/a>, Kuwait<\/a>, United Arab Emirates<\/a>, Qatar<\/a>, Oman<\/a>, Syria<\/a>, Germany<\/a>, Spain<\/a>, the Netherlands<\/a>, France<\/a>, Canada<\/a>, Venezuela<\/a>, Japan<\/a>, South Korea<\/a> and Turkey<\/a>.[520]<\/a>[521]<\/a><\/sup> Iran’s automotive industry is the second most active industry of the country, after its oil and gas industry. Iran Khodro<\/a> is the largest car manufacturer in the Middle East, and ITMCO<\/a> is the biggest tractor manufacturer. Iran is the 12th largest automaker in the world<\/a>. Construction is one of the most important sectors in Iran accounting for 20\u201350% of the total private investment.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u301145% \u7684\u5927\u578b\u5de5\u4e1a\u516c\u53f8\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5fb7\u9ed1\u5170\uff0c\u8fd1\u4e00\u534a\u7684\u5458\u5de5\u4e3a\u653f\u5e9c\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002[518] \u4f0a\u6717\u96f6\u552e\u4e1a\u4e3b\u8981\u7531\u5408\u4f5c\u793e\uff08\u5176\u4e2d\u8bb8\u591a\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\uff09\u548c\u96c6\u5e02\u4e0a\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u96f6\u552e\u5546\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u98df\u54c1\u5728\u8857\u5934\u5e02\u573a\u9500\u552e\uff0c\u4ef7\u683c\u7531\u9996\u5e2d\u7edf\u8ba1\u5c40\u786e\u5b9a\u3002[519] \u4f0a\u6717\u4e3b\u8981\u51fa\u53e3\u5230\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u3001\u963f\u5bcc\u6c57\u3001\u571f\u5e93\u66fc\u65af\u5766\u3001\u5854\u5409\u514b\u65af\u5766\u3001\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u3001\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u3001\u767d\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u3001\u5df4\u57fa\u65af\u5766\u3001\u6c99\u7279\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u3001\u79d1\u5a01\u7279\u3001\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8054\u5408\u914b\u957f\u56fd\u3001\u5361\u5854\u5c14\u3001\u963f\u66fc\u3001\u53d9\u5229\u4e9a\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u3001\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u3001\u8377\u5170\u3001\u6cd5\u56fd\u3001\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u3001\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u3001\u97e9\u56fd\u548c\u571f\u8033\u5176\u3002[520][521] \u4f0a\u6717\u6c7d\u8f66\u5de5\u4e1a\u662f\u8be5\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5927\u6d3b\u8dc3\u884c\u4e1a\uff0c\u4ec5\u6b21\u4e8e\u77f3\u6cb9\u548c\u5929\u7136\u6c14\u5de5\u4e1a\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u970d\u5fb7\u7f57\u662f\u4e2d\u4e1c\u6700\u5927\u7684\u6c7d\u8f66\u5236\u9020\u5546\uff0c\u800c ITMCO \u662f\u6700\u5927\u7684\u62d6\u62c9\u673a\u5236\u9020\u5546\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c 12 \u5927\u6c7d\u8f66\u5236\u9020\u5546\u3002\u5efa\u7b51\u4e1a\u662f\u4f0a\u6717\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u884c\u4e1a\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5360\u79c1\u4eba\u6295\u8d44\u603b\u989d\u768420-50\uff05\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iran is one of the most important mineral producers in the world, ranked among 15 major mineral-rich countries.[522]<\/a>[523]<\/a><\/sup> Iran has become self-sufficient in designing, building and operating dams and power plants. Iran is one of the six countries in the world that manufacture gas- and steam-powered turbines.[524]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u77ff\u4ea7\u751f\u4ea7\u56fd\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4f4d\u5217 15 \u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u77ff\u4ea7\u8d44\u6e90\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002[522][523] \u4f0a\u6717\u5728\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3001\u5efa\u9020\u548c\u8fd0\u8425\u6c34\u575d\u548c\u53d1\u7535\u5382\u65b9\u9762\u5df2\u5b9e\u73b0\u81ea\u7ed9\u81ea\u8db3\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u516d\u4e2a\u5236\u9020\u71c3\u6c14\u548c\u84b8\u6c7d\u6da1\u8f6e\u673a\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002[524]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.4 \u4ea4\u901a | Transport<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Transport in Iran<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u4ea4\u901a\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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In 2011 Iran had 173,000 kilometres (107,000\u00a0mi) of roads, of which 73% were paved.[525]<\/a><\/sup> In 2008 there were nearly 100 passenger cars for every 1,000 inhabitants.[526]<\/a><\/sup> Tehran Metro<\/a> is the largest in the Middle East,[527]<\/a>[528]<\/a><\/sup> it carries more than 3 million passengers daily and in 2018, 820 million trips.[529]<\/a>[530]<\/a><\/sup> Trains operate on 11,106\u00a0km (6,901\u00a0mi) of track.[531]<\/a><\/sup> The country’s major port of entry is Bandar Abbas<\/a> on the Strait of Hormuz<\/a>. Imported goods are distributed through the country by trucks and freight trains. The Tehran<\/a>\u2013Bandar Abbas railroad connects Bandar-Abbas to the railroad system of Central Asia, via Tehran and Mashhad<\/a>. Other major ports include Bandar e-Anzali<\/a> and Bandar e-Torkeman<\/a> on the Caspian Sea<\/a> and Khorramshahr<\/a> and Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni<\/a> on the Persian Gulf<\/a>.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112011\u5e74\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u62e5\u6709173,000\u516c\u91cc\uff08107,000\u82f1\u91cc\uff09\u7684\u9053\u8def\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d73%\u662f\u94fa\u8bbe\u597d\u7684\u3002\u57282008\u5e74\uff0c\u6bcf1000\u540d\u5c45\u6c11\u5c31\u6709\u8fd1100\u8f86\u5ba2\u8f66\u3002\u5fb7\u9ed1\u5170\u5730\u94c1\u662f\u4e2d\u4e1c\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5730\u94c1\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u6bcf\u5929\u8fd0\u9001\u8d85\u8fc73\u767e\u4e07\u4e58\u5ba2\uff0c2018\u5e74\uff0c\u5171\u8fd0\u8f93\u4e868.2\u4ebf\u6b21\u3002\u706b\u8f66\u572811,106\u516c\u91cc\uff086,901\u82f1\u91cc\uff09\u7684\u8f68\u9053\u4e0a\u8fd0\u884c\u3002\u8be5\u56fd\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5165\u5883\u6e2f\u53e3\u662f\u4f4d\u4e8e\u970d\u5c14\u6728\u5179\u6d77\u5ce1\u7684\u73ed\u8fbe\u5c14\u963f\u5df4\u65af\u3002\u8fdb\u53e3\u5546\u54c1\u901a\u8fc7\u5361\u8f66\u548c\u8d27\u8fd0\u5217\u8f66\u5206\u9001\u5230\u5168\u56fd\u5404\u5730\u3002\u5fb7\u9ed1\u5170\u81f3\u73ed\u8fbe\u5c14\u963f\u5df4\u65af\u94c1\u8def\u5c06\u73ed\u8fbe\u5c14-\u963f\u5df4\u65af\u4e0e\u4e2d\u4e9a\u7684\u94c1\u8def\u7cfb\u7edf\u76f8\u8fde\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u5fb7\u9ed1\u5170\u548c\u9a6c\u4ec0\u54c8\u5fb7\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u4e3b\u8981\u6e2f\u53e3\u5305\u62ec\u91cc\u6d77\u7684\u73ed\u8fbe\u5c14-\u5b89\u624e\u5229\u548c\u73ed\u8fbe\u5c14-\u6258\u5c14\u514b\u66fc\u4ee5\u53ca\u6ce2\u65af\u6e7e\u7684\u970d\u62c9\u59c6\u6c99\u8d6b\u5c14\u548c\u73ed\u8fbe\u5c14-\u4f0a\u739b\u76ee\u970d\u6885\u5c3c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dozens of cities have airports<\/a> that serve passenger and cargo planes. Iran Air<\/a>, the national airline, operates domestic and international flights. All large cities have mass transit systems using buses, and private companies provide bus services between cities. Over a million people work in transport, accounting for 9% of GDP.[532]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6570\u5341\u4e2a\u57ce\u5e02\u62e5\u6709\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u5ba2\u8fd0\u548c\u8d27\u8fd0\u98de\u673a\u7684\u673a\u573a\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u822a\u7a7a\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u822a\u7a7a\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u8fd0\u8425\u56fd\u5185\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u822a\u73ed\u3002\u6240\u6709\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u90fd\u6709\u4f7f\u7528\u516c\u5171\u6c7d\u8f66\u7684\u5927\u4f17\u4ea4\u901a\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u79c1\u4eba\u516c\u53f8\u63d0\u4f9b\u57ce\u5e02\u95f4\u7684\u5df4\u58eb\u670d\u52a1\u3002\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e00\u767e\u4e07\u4eba\u4ece\u4e8b\u4ea4\u901a\u8fd0\u8f93\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5360GDP\u76849%\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.5 \u80fd\u6e90 | Energy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Energy in Iran<\/a> and Petroleum industry in Iran<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u201d\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u80fd\u6e90\u201c\u548c\u201d\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u77f3\u6cb9\u5de5\u4e1a\u201c\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe5-9\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iran is an energy superpower<\/a> and petroleum plays a key part.[534]<\/a>[535]<\/a><\/sup> As of 2023, Iran produced 4% of the world’s crude oil<\/a> (3.6 million barrels (570,000\u00a0m3<\/sup>) per day),[536]<\/a><\/sup> which generates US$36bn[537]<\/a><\/sup> of export revenue and is the main source of foreign currency<\/a>.[538]<\/a><\/sup> Oil and gas reserves are estimated at 1.2 trn barrels;[539]<\/a><\/sup> Iran holds 10% of world oil reserves<\/a> and 15% for gas. It ranks 3rd in oil reserves<\/a>[540]<\/a><\/sup> and is OPEC<\/a>‘s 2nd largest exporter. It has the 2nd largest gas reserves<\/a>,[541]<\/a><\/sup> and 3rd largest natural gas production<\/a>. In 2019, Iran discovered a southern oil field of 50 bn barrels[542]<\/a>[543]<\/a>[544]<\/a>[545]<\/a><\/sup> and in April 2024, the NIOC<\/a> discovered 10 giant shale oil deposits, totalling 2.6 bn barrels.[546]<\/a>[547]<\/a>[548]<\/a><\/sup> Iran plans to invest $500 billion in oil by 2025.[549]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u80fd\u6e90\u8d85\u7ea7\u5927\u56fd\uff0c\u77f3\u6cb9\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u626e\u6f14\u7740\u5173\u952e\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u622a\u81f32023\u5e74\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u539f\u6cb9\u5360\u5168\u7403\u76844%\uff08\u6bcf\u5929360\u4e07\u6876\uff0857\u4e07\u7acb\u65b9\u7c73\uff09\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86360\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u51fa\u53e3\u6536\u5165\uff0c\u662f\u5916\u6c47\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6765\u6e90\u3002\u77f3\u6cb9\u548c\u5929\u7136\u6c14\u50a8\u91cf\u4f30\u8ba1\u4e3a1.2\u4e07\u4ebf\u6876\uff1b\u4f0a\u6717\u62e5\u6709\u4e16\u754c\u77f3\u6cb9\u50a8\u5907\u768410%\u548c\u5929\u7136\u6c14\u768415%\u3002\u5b83\u5728\u77f3\u6cb9\u50a8\u5907\u65b9\u9762\u6392\u540d\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u662f\u6b27\u4f69\u514b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5927\u51fa\u53e3\u56fd\u3002\u5b83\u62e5\u6709\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5927\u5929\u7136\u6c14\u50a8\u5907\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7b2c\u4e09\u5927\u5929\u7136\u6c14\u4ea7\u91cf\u30022019\u5e74\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5357\u90e8\u6cb9\u7530\uff0c\u50a8\u91cf\u4e3a500\u4ebf\u6876\uff0c2024\u5e744\u6708\uff0cNIOC\u53d1\u73b0\u4e8610\u4e2a\u5de8\u578b\u9875\u5ca9\u6cb9\u85cf\uff0c\u603b\u8ba126\u4ebf\u6876\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u8ba1\u5212\u52302025\u5e74\u5728\u77f3\u6cb9\u9886\u57df\u6295\u8d445000\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iran manufactures 60\u201370% of its industrial equipment<\/a> domestically, including turbines, pumps, catalysts, refineries<\/a>, oil tankers<\/a>, drilling rigs<\/a>, offshore platforms<\/a>, towers, pipes, and exploration instruments.[550]<\/a><\/sup> The addition of new hydroelectric<\/a> stations and streamlining of conventional coal and oil-fired stations increased installed capacity to 33 GW; about 75% was based on natural gas, 18% on oil, and 7% on hydroelectric power. In 2004, Iran opened its first wind-powered and geothermal plants, and the first solar<\/a> thermal plant began in 2009. Iran is the world’s third country to develop GTL<\/a> technology.[551]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u56fd\u5185\u5236\u9020\u517660-70%\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6da1\u8f6e\u673a\u3001\u6cf5\u3001\u50ac\u5316\u5242\u3001\u70bc\u6cb9\u5382\u3001\u6cb9\u8f6e\u3001\u94bb\u673a\u3001\u6d77\u4e0a\u5e73\u53f0\u3001\u5854\u67b6\u3001\u7ba1\u9053\u548c\u52d8\u63a2\u4eea\u5668\u3002\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u6c34\u7535\u7ad9\u548c\u5bf9\u4f20\u7edf\u7164\u53ca\u71c3\u6cb9\u53d1\u7535\u7ad9\u7684\u4f18\u5316\u5c06\u88c5\u673a\u5bb9\u91cf\u63d0\u9ad8\u5230\u4e8633\u5409\u74e6\uff1b\u5927\u7ea675%\u57fa\u4e8e\u5929\u7136\u6c14\uff0c18%\u57fa\u4e8e\u77f3\u6cb9\uff0c7%\u57fa\u4e8e\u6c34\u529b\u53d1\u7535\u30022004\u5e74\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u5f00\u8bbe\u4e86\u9996\u4e2a\u98ce\u529b\u53d1\u7535\u548c\u5730\u70ed\u53d1\u7535\u7ad9\uff0c\u9996\u4e2a\u592a\u9633\u80fd\u70ed\u53d1\u7535\u7ad9\u4e8e2009\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u8fd0\u884c\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u53d1\u5c55GTL\u6280\u672f\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Demographic<\/a> trends and intensified industrialization have caused electric power<\/a> demand to grow by 8% per year. The government’s goal of 53 GW of installed capacity by 2010 is to be reached by bringing on line new gas-fired plants<\/a>, and adding hydropower and nuclear generation capacity. Iran’s first nuclear power plant<\/a> went online in 2011.[552]<\/a>[553]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4eba\u53e3\u8d8b\u52bf\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b\u52a0\u5feb\u5bfc\u81f4\u7535\u529b\u9700\u6c42\u6bcf\u5e74\u589e\u957f 8%\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u5230 2010 \u5e74\u5c06\u88c5\u673a\u5bb9\u91cf\u8fbe\u5230 53 \u5409\u74e6\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c06\u901a\u8fc7\u65b0\u5efa\u71c3\u6c14\u7535\u5382\u3001\u589e\u52a0\u6c34\u7535\u548c\u6838\u7535\u5bb9\u91cf\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u7b2c\u4e00\u5ea7\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\u4e8e 2011 \u5e74\u6295\u5165\u4f7f\u7528\u3002[552][553]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.6 \u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u6280\u672f | Science and technology<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Science and technology in Iran<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u6280\u672f\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe5-10\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n
\u56fe5-12\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iran has made considerable advances in science and technology, despite western sanctions. In the biomedical sciences, Iran’s Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics<\/a> has a UNESCO<\/a> chair in biology.[554]<\/a><\/sup> In 2006, Iranian scientists<\/a> successfully cloned<\/a> a sheep at the Royan Research Center in Tehran.[555]<\/a><\/sup> Stem cell<\/a> research is among the top 10 in the world.[556]<\/a><\/sup> Iran ranks 15th in the world in nanotechnologies<\/a>.[557]<\/a>[558]<\/a>[559]<\/a><\/sup> Iranian scientists outside Iran have made major scientific contributions. In 1960, Ali Javan<\/a> co-invented the first gas laser<\/a>, and fuzzy set<\/a> theory was introduced by Lotfi A. Zadeh<\/a>.[560]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5c3d\u7ba1\u53d7\u5230\u897f\u65b9\u5236\u88c1\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u6280\u672f\u9886\u57df\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u76f8\u5f53\u5927\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u3002\u5728\u751f\u7269\u533b\u5b66\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5316\u5b66\u4e0e\u751f\u7269\u7269\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u62e5\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u6559\u79d1\u6587\u7ec4\u7ec7\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u4e3b\u5e2d\u804c\u4f4d\u30022006\u5e74\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5728\u5fb7\u9ed1\u5170\u7684\u7f57\u626c\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6210\u529f\u514b\u9686\u4e86\u4e00\u53ea\u7f8a\u3002\u5e72\u7ec6\u80de\u7814\u7a76\u4f4d\u5c45\u4e16\u754c\u524d\u5341\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u5728\u7eb3\u7c73\u6280\u672f\u65b9\u9762\u6392\u540d\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c15\u4f4d\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u5883\u5916\u7684\u4f0a\u6717\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e5f\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u8d21\u732e\u30021960\u5e74\uff0c\u963f\u91cc\u00b7\u8d3e\u4e07\u5171\u540c\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c14\u4f53\u6fc0\u5149\u5668\uff0c\u6a21\u7cca\u96c6\u7406\u8bba\u7531\u6d1b\u7279\u83f2\u00b7A\u00b7\u624e\u5fb7\u5f15\u5165\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cardiologist Tofy Mussivand<\/a> invented and developed the first artificial cardiac pump, the precursor of the artificial heart<\/a>. Furthering research in diabetes, the HbA1c<\/a> was discovered by Samuel Rahbar<\/a>. Many papers in string theory<\/a> are published in Iran.[561]<\/a><\/sup> In 2014, Iranian mathematician Maryam Mirzakhani<\/a> became the first woman, and Iranian, to receive the Fields Medal<\/a>, the highest prize in mathematics.[562]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5fc3\u810f\u75c5\u4e13\u5bb6\u6258\u83f2\u00b7\u7a46\u897f\u4e07\u5fb7\u53d1\u660e\u5e76\u5f00\u53d1\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u53f0\u4eba\u5de5\u5fc3\u810f\u6cf5\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4eba\u5de5\u5fc3\u810f\u7684\u524d\u8eab\u3002\u5728\u7cd6\u5c3f\u75c5\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u585e\u7f2a\u5c14\u00b7\u62c9\u5df4\u5c14\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u7cd6\u5316\u8840\u7ea2\u86cb\u767d\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u5f26\u7406\u8bba\u8bba\u6587\u3002[561] 2014 \u5e74\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u739b\u4e3d\u4e9a\u59c6\u00b7\u7c73\u5c14\u624e\u54c8\u5c3c\u6210\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u83b7\u5f97\u83f2\u5c14\u5179\u5956\u7684\u5973\u6027\u548c\u4f0a\u6717\u4eba\uff0c\u83f2\u5c14\u5179\u5956\u662f\u6570\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u5956\u9879\u3002[562]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iran increased its publication output nearly tenfold from 1996 through 2004, and ranked first in output growth rate, followed by China.[563]<\/a><\/sup> According to a study by SCImago<\/a> in 2012, Iran would rank fourth in research output by 2018, if the trend persisted.[564]<\/a><\/sup> The Iranian humanoid robot Sorena 2<\/a>, which was designed by engineers at the University of Tehran<\/a>, was unveiled in 2010. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers<\/a> (IEEE) has placed the name of Surena among the five most prominent robots, after analyzing its performance.[565]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111996 \u5e74\u81f3 2004 \u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u4ea7\u91cf\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u8fd1 10 \u500d\uff0c\u4ea7\u91cf\u589e\u957f\u7387\u4f4d\u5c45\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u4ec5\u6b21\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u3002[563] \u6839\u636e SCImago \u5728 2012 \u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8d8b\u52bf\u6301\u7eed\u4e0b\u53bb\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u5c06\u5728 2018 \u5e74\u6210\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u4ea7\u51fa\u6392\u540d\u7b2c\u56db\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002[564] \u7531\u5fb7\u9ed1\u5170\u5927\u5b66\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u4f0a\u6717\u4eba\u5f62\u673a\u5668\u4eba Sorena 2 \u4e8e 2010 \u5e74\u4eae\u76f8\u3002\u7535\u6c14\u7535\u5b50\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u534f\u4f1a (IEEE) \u5728\u5206\u6790\u4e86 Surena \u7684\u6027\u80fd\u540e\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u5217\u4e3a\u4e94\u5927\u6700\u6770\u51fa\u7684\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002[565]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.6.1 \u4f0a\u6717\u822a\u5929\u5c40 | Iranian Space Agency<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Iranian Space Agency<\/a>, Iranian Space Research Center<\/a>, and Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u8981\u6587\u7ae0\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u822a\u5929\u5c40\u3001\u4f0a\u6717\u7a7a\u95f4\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u548c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u9769\u547d\u536b\u961f\u822a\u5929\u90e8\u961f\u3002\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe5-11\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Iranian Space Agency (ISA) was established in 2004. Iran became an orbital-launch-capable nation in 2009,[566]<\/a><\/sup> and is a founding member of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space<\/a>. Iran placed its domestically built satellite<\/a> Omid<\/a> into orbit on the 30th anniversary of the Revolution, in 2009,[567]<\/a><\/sup> through its first expendable launch vehicle Safir<\/a>. It became the 9th country<\/a> capable of both producing a satellite and sending it into space<\/a> from a domestically made launcher<\/a>.[568]<\/a><\/sup> Simorgh<\/a>‘s launch in 2016, is the successor of Safir.[569]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u822a\u5929\u5c40\uff08ISA\uff09\u6210\u7acb\u4e8e2004\u5e74\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u57282009\u5e74\u6210\u4e3a\u5177\u6709\u8f68\u9053\u53d1\u5c04\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u662f\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u548c\u5e73\u4f7f\u7528\u5916\u5c42\u7a7a\u95f4\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u521b\u59cb\u6210\u5458\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u57282009\u5e74\u9769\u547d30\u5468\u5e74\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u9996\u4e2a\u4e00\u6b21\u6027\u8fd0\u8f7d\u706b\u7badSafir\u5c06\u56fd\u5185\u5236\u9020\u7684\u536b\u661fOmid\u9001\u5165\u8f68\u9053\u3002\u5b83\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e5d\u4e2a\u65e2\u80fd\u751f\u4ea7\u536b\u661f\u53c8\u80fd\u4ece\u56fd\u5185\u5236\u9020\u7684\u53d1\u5c04\u5668\u5c06\u5176\u9001\u5165\u592a\u7a7a\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u30022016\u5e74\u53d1\u5c04\u7684Simorgh\u662fSafir\u7684\u7ee7\u4efb\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In January 2024, Iran launched the Soraya satellite<\/a> into its highest orbit yet (750\u00a0km),[570]<\/a>[571]<\/a><\/sup> a new space launch milestone for the country.[572]<\/a>[573]<\/a><\/sup> It was launched by Qaem 100 rocket<\/a>.[574]<\/a>[575]<\/a><\/sup> Iran also successfully launched 3 indigenous satellites, The Mahda, Kayan and Hatef,[576]<\/a><\/sup> into orbit using the Simorgh carrier rocket.[577]<\/a>[578]<\/a><\/sup> It was the first time in country’s history that it simultaneously sent three satellites into space.[579]<\/a>[580]<\/a><\/sup> The three satellites are designed for testing advanced satellite subsystems, space-based positioning technology, and narrowband communication.[581]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112024 \u5e74 1 \u6708\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u5c06 Soraya \u536b\u661f\u53d1\u5c04\u5347\u7a7a\uff0c\u8fdb\u5165\u8fc4\u4eca\u4e3a\u6b62\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u8f68\u9053\uff08750 \u516c\u91cc\uff09\uff0c[570][571] \u8fd9\u662f\u8be5\u56fd\u822a\u5929\u53d1\u5c04\u7684\u65b0\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891\u3002[572][573] \u5b83\u7531 Qaem 100 \u706b\u7bad\u53d1\u5c04\u3002[574][575] \u4f0a\u6717\u8fd8\u4f7f\u7528 Simorgh \u8fd0\u8f7d\u706b\u7bad\u6210\u529f\u5c06 3 \u9897\u672c\u571f\u536b\u661f Mahda\u3001Kayan \u548c Hatef[576] \u9001\u5165\u8f68\u9053\u3002[577][578] \u8fd9\u662f\u4f0a\u6717\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u9996\u6b21\u540c\u65f6\u5c06\u4e09\u9897\u536b\u661f\u9001\u5165\u592a\u7a7a\u3002[579][580] \u8fd9\u4e09\u9897\u536b\u661f\u7528\u4e8e\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u536b\u661f\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u5929\u57fa\u5b9a\u4f4d\u6280\u672f\u548c\u7a84\u5e26\u901a\u4fe1\u3002[581]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In February 2024, Iran launched its domestically developed imaging satellite, Pars 1, from Russia into orbit.[582]<\/a>[583]<\/a><\/sup> This was the second time since August 2022, when Russia launched another Iranian remote-sensing, Khayyam satellite<\/a>, into orbit from Kazakhstan<\/a>, reflecting deep scientific cooperation between the countries.[584]<\/a>[585]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112024 \u5e74 2 \u6708\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u4ece\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u53d1\u5c04\u4e86\u5176\u81ea\u4e3b\u7814\u53d1\u7684\u6210\u50cf\u536b\u661f Pars 1 \u8fdb\u5165\u8f68\u9053\u3002[582][583] \u8fd9\u662f\u81ea 2022 \u5e74 8 \u6708\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u4ece\u54c8\u8428\u514b\u65af\u5766\u53d1\u5c04\u53e6\u4e00\u9897\u4f0a\u6717\u9065\u611f\u536b\u661f Khayyam \u8fdb\u5165\u8f68\u9053\u4ee5\u6765\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u53d1\u5c04\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u4e24\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5408\u4f5c\u3002[584][585]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iran is the world’s 7th country to produce uranium hexafluoride<\/a>, and controls the entire nuclear fuel cycle<\/a>.[586]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e03\u4e2a\u751f\u4ea7\u516d\u6c1f\u5316\u94c0\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u63a7\u5236\u7740\u6574\u4e2a\u6838\u71c3\u6599\u5faa\u73af\u3002[586]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.7 \u7535\u4fe1 | Telecommunication<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Communications in Iran<\/a>, Telecommunication Company of Iran<\/a>, and Iran Electronics Industries<\/a>
\u3010\u4e3b\u8981\u6587\u7ae0\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u901a\u4fe1\u3001\u4f0a\u6717\u7535\u4fe1\u516c\u53f8\u548c\u4f0a\u6717\u7535\u5b50\u5de5\u4e1a\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iran’s telecommunications industry is almost entirely state-owned, dominated by the Telecommunication Company of Iran<\/a> (TCI). As of 2020, 70 million Iranians use high-speed mobile internet. Iran is among the first five countries which have had a growth rate of over 20 percent and the highest level of development in telecommunication.[587]<\/a><\/sup> Iran has been awarded the UNESCO special certificate for providing telecommunication services to rural areas.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u7535\u4fe1\u884c\u4e1a\u51e0\u4e4e\u5b8c\u5168\u7531\u56fd\u5bb6\u6240\u6709\uff0c\u7531\u4f0a\u6717\u7535\u4fe1\u516c\u53f8\uff08TCI\uff09\u4e3b\u5bfc\u3002\u622a\u81f32020\u5e74\uff0c7000\u4e07\u4f0a\u6717\u4eba\u4f7f\u7528\u9ad8\u901f\u79fb\u52a8\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u662f\u524d\u4e94\u4e2a\u589e\u957f\u7387\u8d85\u8fc720%\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u7535\u4fe1\u53d1\u5c55\u6c34\u5e73\u4e0a\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u56e0\u5411\u519c\u6751\u5730\u533a\u63d0\u4f9b\u7535\u4fe1\u670d\u52a1\u800c\u88ab\u6388\u4e88\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u6559\u79d1\u6587\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7279\u522b\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Globally, Iran ranks 75th in mobile internet<\/a> speed and 153rd in fixed internet speed.[588]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u5168\u7403\u8303\u56f4\u5185\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u5728\u79fb\u52a8\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u901f\u5ea6\u65b9\u9762\u6392\u540d\u7b2c75\u4f4d\uff0c\u5728\u56fa\u5b9a\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u901f\u5ea6\u65b9\u9762\u6392\u540d\u7b2c153\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. \u4eba\u53e3\u7edf\u8ba1 | Demographics<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Demographics of Iran<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe6-1\u548c6-2\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iran’s population grew rapidly from about 19\u00a0million in 1956 to about 85 million by February 2023.[589]<\/a><\/sup> However, Iran’s fertility rate<\/a> has dropped dramatically, from 6.5 children born per woman to about 1.7 two decades later,[590]<\/a>[591]<\/a>[592]<\/a><\/sup> leading to a population growth rate of about 1.39% as of 2018.[593]<\/a><\/sup> Due to its young population, studies project that the growth will continue to slow until it stabilises around 105\u00a0million by 2050.[594]<\/a>[595]<\/a>[596]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u4ece1956\u5e74\u7684\u7ea61900\u4e07\u8fc5\u901f\u589e\u957f\u52302023\u5e742\u6708\u7684\u7ea68500\u4e07\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u751f\u80b2\u7387\u6025\u5267\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u4ece\u6bcf\u4f4d\u5987\u5973\u751f\u80b26.5\u4e2a\u5b69\u5b50\u964d\u5230\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u540e\u7684\u5927\u7ea61.7\u4e2a\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u622a\u81f32018\u5e74\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u589e\u957f\u7387\u7ea6\u4e3a1.39%\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5176\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u9884\u6d4b\u4eba\u53e3\u589e\u957f\u5c06\u7ee7\u7eed\u653e\u7f13\uff0c\u76f4\u52302050\u5e74\u7a33\u5b9a\u57281.05\u4ebf\u5de6\u53f3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iran hosts one of the largest refugee<\/a> populations, with almost one million,[597]<\/a><\/sup> mostly from Afghanistan<\/a> and Iraq<\/a>.[598]<\/a><\/sup> According to the Iranian Constitution<\/a>, the government is required to provide every citizen with access to social security<\/a>, covering retirement, unemployment, old age, disability<\/a>, accidents, calamities, health and medical treatment and care services.[599]<\/a><\/sup> This is covered by tax revenues<\/a> and income derived from public contributions.[600]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u662f\u63a5\u6536\u96be\u6c11\u6700\u591a\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u96be\u6c11\u4eba\u6570\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e00\u767e\u4e07\uff0c[597] \u5176\u4e2d\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6765\u81ea\u963f\u5bcc\u6c57\u548c\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u3002[598] \u6839\u636e\u4f0a\u6717\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u6709\u4e49\u52a1\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4f4d\u516c\u6c11\u63d0\u4f9b\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u969c\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u9000\u4f11\u3001\u5931\u4e1a\u3001\u517b\u8001\u3001\u6b8b\u75be\u3001\u4e8b\u6545\u3001\u707e\u96be\u3001\u536b\u751f\u548c\u533b\u7597\u4ee5\u53ca\u62a4\u7406\u670d\u52a1\u3002[599] \u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fdd\u969c\u6765\u81ea\u7a0e\u6536\u548c\u516c\u5171\u6350\u52a9\u6536\u5165\u3002[600]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The country has one of the highest urban growth rates in the world. From 1950 to 2002, the urban proportion of the population increased from 27% to 60%.[601]<\/a><\/sup> Iran’s population is concentrated in its western half, especially in the north, north-west and west.[602]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u57ce\u5e02\u5316\u589e\u957f\u7387\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4ece 1950 \u5e74\u5230 2002 \u5e74\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u4eba\u53e3\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4ece 27% \u589e\u52a0\u5230 60%\u3002[601] \u4f0a\u6717\u4eba\u53e3\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u897f\u534a\u90e8\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5317\u90e8\u3001\u897f\u5317\u90e8\u548c\u897f\u90e8\u3002[602]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tehran, with a population of around 9.4\u00a0million, is Iran’s capital and largest city. The country’s second most populous city, Mashhad<\/a>, has a population of around 3.4\u00a0million, and is capital of the province of Razavi Khorasan<\/a>. Isfahan<\/a> has a population of around 2.2\u00a0million and is Iran’s third most populous city. It is the capital of Isfahan province<\/a> and was also the third capital of the Safavid Empire<\/a>.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5fb7\u9ed1\u5170\u662f\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u9996\u90fd\u548c\u6700\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u4eba\u53e3\u7ea6 940 \u4e07\u3002\u8be5\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u9a6c\u4ec0\u54c8\u5fb7\u4eba\u53e3\u7ea6 340 \u4e07\uff0c\u662f\u793c\u8428\u547c\u7f57\u73ca\u7701\u7684\u9996\u5e9c\u3002\u4f0a\u65af\u6cd5\u7f55\u4eba\u53e3\u7ea6 220 \u4e07\uff0c\u662f\u4f0a\u6717\u7b2c\u4e09\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u662f\u4f0a\u65af\u6cd5\u7f55\u7701\u7684\u9996\u5e9c\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u8428\u6cd5\u7ef4\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u5927\u9996\u90fd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

6.1 \u65cf\u7fa4 | Ethnic groups<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Ethnicities in Iran<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u65cf\u7fa4\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ethnic group composition remains a point of debate, mainly regarding the largest and second largest ethnic groups, the Persians and Azerbaijanis, due to the lack of Iranian state censuses based on ethnicity. The World Factbook<\/a> has estimated that around 79% of the population of Iran is a diverse Indo-European<\/a> ethno-linguistic group<\/a>,[603]<\/a><\/sup> with Persians<\/a> (including Mazenderanis<\/a> and Gilaks<\/a>) constituting 61% of the population, Kurds<\/a> 10%, Lurs<\/a> 6%, and Balochs<\/a> 2%. Peoples of other ethnolinguistic groups make up the remaining 21%, with Azerbaijanis<\/a> constituting 16%, Arabs<\/a> 2%, Turkmens<\/a> and other Turkic tribes<\/a> 2%, and others (such as Armenians<\/a>, Talysh<\/a>, Georgians<\/a>, Circassians<\/a>, Assyrians<\/a>) 1%.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u65cf\u7fa4\u6784\u6210\u4ecd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e89\u8bae\u70b9\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u6700\u5927\u548c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5927\u65cf\u7fa4\u2014\u2014\u6ce2\u65af\u4eba\u548c\u963f\u585e\u62dc\u7586\u4eba\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u7f3a\u4e4f\u57fa\u4e8e\u79cd\u65cf\u7684\u4f0a\u6717\u56fd\u5bb6\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u624b\u518c\u4f30\u8ba1\uff0c\u5927\u7ea679%\u7684\u4f0a\u6717\u4eba\u53e3\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u6837\u5316\u7684\u5370\u6b27\u6c11\u65cf\u8bed\u8a00\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6ce2\u65af\u4eba\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u9a6c\u8d5e\u5fb7\u5170\u4eba\u548c\u5409\u62c9\u514b\u4eba\uff09\u5360\u4eba\u53e3\u768461%\uff0c\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u4eba\u536010%\uff0c\u5362\u5c14\u4eba\u53606%\uff0c\u4ffe\u8def\u652f\u4eba\u53602%\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u6c11\u65cf\u8bed\u8a00\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u5360\u5269\u4f59\u768421%\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u963f\u585e\u62dc\u7586\u4eba\u536016%\uff0c\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\u53602%\uff0c\u571f\u5e93\u66fc\u4eba\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7a81\u53a5\u8bed\u90e8\u843d\u53602%\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\uff08\u5982\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u3001\u5854\u96f7\u4ec0\u4eba\u3001\u683c\u9c81\u5409\u4e9a\u4eba\u3001\u5207\u5c14\u5361\u65af\u4eba\u3001\u4e9a\u8ff0\u4eba\uff09\u53601%\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Library of Congress<\/a> issued slightly different estimates: 65% Persians (including Mazenderanis, Gilaks, and the Talysh), 16% Azerbaijanis, 7% Kurds, 6% Lurs, 2% Baloch, 1% Turkic tribal groups (including Qashqai<\/a> and Turkmens<\/a>), and non-Iranian, non-Turkic groups (including Armenians, Georgians, Assyrians, Circassians, and Arabs) less than 3%.[604]<\/a>[605]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u4f1a\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u53d1\u5e03\u4e86\u7565\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4f30\u8ba1\uff1a65%\u7684\u6ce2\u65af\u4eba\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u9a6c\u8d5e\u5fb7\u5170\u4eba\u3001\u5409\u62c9\u514b\u4eba\u548c\u5854\u96f7\u4ec0\u4eba\uff09\uff0c16%\u7684\u963f\u585e\u62dc\u7586\u4eba\uff0c7%\u7684\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u4eba\uff0c6%\u7684\u5362\u5c14\u4eba\uff0c2%\u7684\u4ffe\u8def\u652f\u4eba\uff0c1%\u7684\u7a81\u53a5\u8bed\u90e8\u843d\u7fa4\u7ec4\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5361\u4ec0\u51ef\u4eba\u548c\u571f\u5e93\u66fc\u4eba\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u975e\u4f0a\u6717\u3001\u975e\u7a81\u53a5\u8bed\u7fa4\u7ec4\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u3001\u683c\u9c81\u5409\u4e9a\u4eba\u3001\u4e9a\u8ff0\u4eba\u3001\u5207\u5c14\u5361\u65af\u4eba\u548c\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\uff09\u4e0d\u52303%\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6.2 \u8bed\u8a00 | Languages<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Languages of Iran<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe6-3\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Most of the population speaks Persian<\/a>, the country’s official<\/a> and national language<\/a>.[3]<\/a><\/sup> Others include speakers of other Iranian languages<\/a>, within the greater Indo-European<\/a> family, and languages belonging to other ethnicities. The Gilaki<\/a> and Mazenderani<\/a> languages are widely spoken in Gilan<\/a> and Mazenderan<\/a>, northern Iran. The Talysh language<\/a> is spoken in parts of Gilan. Varieties of Kurdish<\/a> are concentrated in the province of Kurdistan<\/a> and nearby areas. In Khuzestan<\/a>, several dialects of Persian<\/a> are spoken. South Iran also houses the Luri<\/a> and Lari<\/a> languages.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u53e3\u8bb2\u6ce2\u65af\u8bed\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u548c\u6c11\u65cf\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u5305\u62ec\u8bb2\u5176\u4ed6\u4f0a\u6717\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bed\u8a00\u5c5e\u4e8e\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u5370\u6b27\u8bed\u7cfb\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u5728\u4f0a\u6717\u5317\u90e8\u7684\u5409\u5170\u548c\u9a6c\u8d5e\u5fb7\u5170\uff0c\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4f7f\u7528\u5409\u62c9\u57fa\u8bed\u548c\u9a6c\u8d5e\u5fb7\u5170\u5c3c\u8bed\u3002\u5854\u96f7\u4ec0\u8bed\u5728\u5409\u5170\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u5730\u533a\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u8bed\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u65b9\u8a00\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u65af\u5766\u7701\u53ca\u9644\u8fd1\u5730\u533a\u3002\u5728\u80e1\u9f50\u65af\u5766\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u8bb2\u51e0\u79cd\u6ce2\u65af\u8bed\u65b9\u8a00\u3002\u5357\u4f0a\u6717\u8fd8\u6709\u5362\u91cc\u8bed\u548c\u62c9\u91cc\u8bed\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Azerbaijani<\/a>, the most-spoken minority language in the country,[606]<\/a><\/sup> and other Turkic languages<\/a> and dialects are found in various regions, especially Azerbaijan<\/a>. Notable minority languages include Armenian<\/a>, Georgian<\/a>, Neo-Aramaic<\/a>, and Arabic<\/a>. Khuzi Arabic<\/a> is spoken by the Arabs in Khuzestan<\/a>, and the wider group of Iranian Arabs<\/a>. Circassian<\/a> was also once widely spoken by the large Circassian minority, but, due to assimilation, no sizable number of Circassians speak the language anymore.[607]<\/a>[608]<\/a>[609]<\/a>[610]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u963f\u585e\u62dc\u7586\u8bed\u662f\u8be5\u56fd\u4f7f\u7528\u6700\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u5c11\u6570\u6c11\u65cf\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c[606]\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7a81\u53a5\u8bed\u7cfb\u8bed\u8a00\u53ca\u65b9\u8a00\u5728\u5404\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u90fd\u6709\u5206\u5e03\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u963f\u585e\u62dc\u7586\u3002\u663e\u8457\u7684\u5c11\u6570\u6c11\u65cf\u8bed\u8a00\u5305\u62ec\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u8bed\u3001\u683c\u9c81\u5409\u4e9a\u8bed\u3001\u65b0\u4e9a\u8ff0\u8bed\u548c\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u3002\u80e1\u9f50\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u7531\u80e1\u9f50\u65af\u5766\u7684\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\u4ee5\u53ca\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u4f0a\u6717\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\u7fa4\u4f53\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u5207\u5c14\u5361\u65af\u8bed\u4e5f\u66fe\u88ab\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u5207\u5c14\u5361\u65af\u5c11\u6570\u6c11\u65cf\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u540c\u5316\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u5207\u5c14\u5361\u65af\u4eba\u518d\u8bb2\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Percentages of spoken language continue to be a point of debate, most notably regarding the largest and second largest ethnicities in Iran, the Persians and Azerbaijanis<\/a>. Percentages given by the CIA<\/a>‘s World Factbook<\/a> include 53% Persian, 16% Azerbaijani<\/a>, 10% Kurdish<\/a>, 7% Mazenderani<\/a> and Gilaki<\/a>, 7% Luri<\/a>, 2% Turkmen<\/a>, 2% Balochi<\/a>, 2% Arabic<\/a>, and 2% the remainder Armenian<\/a>, Georgian<\/a>, Neo-Aramaic<\/a>, and Circassian<\/a>.[4]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5173\u4e8e\u4f0a\u6717\u6700\u5927\u548c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5927\u65cf\u7fa4\u2014\u2014\u6ce2\u65af\u4eba\u548c\u963f\u585e\u62dc\u7586\u4eba\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u6bd4\u4f8b\uff0c\u6301\u7eed\u5b58\u5728\u4e89\u8bae\u3002\u4e2d\u592e\u60c5\u62a5\u5c40\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u6982\u51b5\u300b\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u5305\u62ec53%\u7684\u6ce2\u65af\u8bed\u300116%\u7684\u963f\u585e\u62dc\u7586\u8bed\u300110%\u7684\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u8bed\u30017%\u7684\u9a6c\u8d5e\u5fb7\u5170\u8bed\u548c\u5409\u62c9\u57fa\u8bed\u30017%\u7684\u5362\u5c14\u8bed\u30012%\u7684\u571f\u5e93\u66fc\u8bed\u30012%\u7684\u4ffe\u8def\u652f\u8bed\u30012%\u7684\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca2%\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u8bed\u8a00\uff08\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u8bed\u3001\u683c\u9c81\u5409\u4e9a\u8bed\u3001\u65b0\u4e9a\u8ff0\u8bed\u548c\u5207\u5c14\u5361\u65af\u8bed\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6.3 \u5b97\u6559 | Religion<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Religion in Iran<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u3011<\/em> \/ \u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u5b97\u6559<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Twelver<\/a> Shia Islam<\/a> is the state religion<\/a>, to which 90%-95% of Iranians adhere;[612]<\/a>[613]<\/a>[614]<\/a>[615]<\/a><\/sup> about 5\u201310% are in the Sunni<\/a> and Sufi<\/a> branches of Islam.[616]<\/a><\/sup> 96% of Iranians believe in Islam<\/a>, but 14% identify as not religious.[617]<\/a>[page\u00a0needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5341\u4e8c\u4f0a\u739b\u76ee\u6d3e\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u662f\u56fd\u6559\uff0c90%-95%\u7684\u4f0a\u6717\u4eba\u4fe1\u5949\u6b64\u6559\uff1b\u5927\u7ea65-10%\u7684\u4eba\u4fe1\u5949\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u7684\u900a\u5c3c\u6d3e\u548c\u82cf\u83f2\u6d3e\u300296%\u7684\u4f0a\u6717\u4eba\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\uff0c\u4f46\u670914%\u7684\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0d\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is a large population of adherents to Yarsanism<\/a>, a Kurdish<\/a> indigenous religion, estimated to be over half a million to one million followers.[618]<\/a>[619]<\/a>[620]<\/a>[621]<\/a>[622]<\/a><\/sup> The Bah\u00e1\u02bc\u00ed Faith<\/a> is not officially recognized and has been subject to official persecution.[623]<\/a><\/sup> Since the Revolution, the persecution of Bah\u00e1\u02bc\u00eds<\/a> has increased.[624]<\/a>[625]<\/a><\/sup> Irreligion<\/a> is not recognized by the government.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u96c5\u5c14\u8d5e\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08Yarsanism\uff09\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u571f\u8457\u5b97\u6559\uff0c\u5728\u4f0a\u6717\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u4fe1\u5f92\uff0c\u4f30\u8ba1\u6709\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e94\u5341\u4e07\u5230\u4e00\u767e\u4e07\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\u3002\u5df4\u54c8\u4f0a\u4fe1\u4ef0\u6ca1\u6709\u5f97\u5230\u5b98\u65b9\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u5e76\u53d7\u5230\u5b98\u65b9\u8feb\u5bb3\u3002\u81ea\u9769\u547d\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5bf9\u5df4\u54c8\u4f0a\u7684\u8feb\u5bb3\u6709\u6240\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u627f\u8ba4\u65e0\u5b97\u6559\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Christianity<\/a>, Judaism<\/a>, Zoroastrianism<\/a>, and the Sunni branch of Islam are officially recognised by the government and have reserved seats in the Parliament.[626]<\/a><\/sup> Iran is home to the largest Jewish community in the Muslim World<\/a> and the Middle East<\/a>, outside of Israel.[627]<\/a>[628]<\/a><\/sup> Around 250,000 to 370,000 Christians reside in Iran<\/a>, and Christianity is the country’s largest recognised minority religion, most are of Armenian background, as well as a sizable minority of Assyrians.[629]<\/a>[630]<\/a>[631]<\/a>[632]<\/a><\/sup> The Iranian government has supported the rebuilding and renovation of Armenian churches, and has supported the Armenian Monastic Ensembles of Iran<\/a>. In 2019, the government registered the Vank Cathedral<\/a>, in Isfahan<\/a>, as a World Heritage Site<\/a>. Currently three Armenian churches in Iran have been included in the World Heritage List.[633]<\/a>[634]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u3001\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u3001\u7410\u7f57\u4e9a\u65af\u5fb7\u6559\u548c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u7684\u900a\u5c3c\u6d3e\u88ab\u653f\u5e9c\u6b63\u5f0f\u8ba4\u53ef\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e2d\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u5e2d\u4f4d\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u662f\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u4e16\u754c\u548c\u4e2d\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\uff08\u9664\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u5916\uff09\u6700\u5927\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u793e\u533a\u6240\u5728\u5730\u3002\u5927\u7ea6\u670925\u4e07\u523037\u4e07\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u4f0a\u6717\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u662f\u8be5\u56fd\u6700\u5927\u7684\u88ab\u8ba4\u53ef\u7684\u5c11\u6570\u5b97\u6559\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u662f\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u76f8\u5f53\u591a\u7684\u4e9a\u8ff0\u4eba\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u653f\u5e9c\u652f\u6301\u91cd\u5efa\u548c\u4fee\u7f2e\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u6559\u5802\uff0c\u5e76\u652f\u6301\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u5408\u5531\u56e2\u30022019\u5e74\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5c06\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4f0a\u65af\u6cd5\u7f55\u7684\u51e1\u514b\u5927\u6559\u5802\u6ce8\u518c\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u9057\u4ea7\u3002\u76ee\u524d\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u6709\u4e09\u5ea7\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u6559\u5802\u88ab\u5217\u5165\u4e16\u754c\u9057\u4ea7\u540d\u5f55\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6.4 \u6559\u80b2 | Education<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Education in Iran<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
6-3+1\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Education is highly centralised. K\u201312<\/a> is supervised by the Ministry of Education<\/a>, and higher education is supervised by the Ministry of Science and Technology<\/a>. Literacy among people aged 15 and older was 86% as of 2016, with men (90%) significantly more educated than women (81%). Government expenditure on education is around 4% of GDP.[635]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6559\u80b2\u9ad8\u5ea6\u96c6\u4e2d\u3002K-12\u6559\u80b2\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u76d1\u7763\uff0c\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7531\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u90e8\u76d1\u7763\u3002\u622a\u81f32016\u5e74\uff0c15\u5c81\u53ca\u4ee5\u4e0a\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u8bc6\u5b57\u7387\u4e3a86%\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7537\u6027\uff0890%\uff09\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u7a0b\u5ea6\u663e\u8457\u9ad8\u4e8e\u5973\u6027\uff0881%\uff09\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u4e0a\u7684\u652f\u51fa\u7ea6\u5360GDP\u76844%\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The requirement to enter into higher education is to have a high school diploma<\/a> and pass the Iranian University Entrance Exam<\/a>. Many students do a 1\u20132-year course of pre-university<\/a>.[636]<\/a><\/sup> Iran’s higher education is sanctioned by different levels of diplomas, including an associate degree<\/a> in two years, a bachelor’s degree<\/a> in four years, and a master’s degree<\/a> in two years, after which another exam allows the candidate to pursue a doctoral<\/a> programme.[637]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8fdb\u5165\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u662f\u62e5\u6709\u9ad8\u4e2d\u6587\u51ed\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u4f0a\u6717\u5927\u5b66\u5165\u5b66\u8003\u8bd5\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u5b66\u751f\u4f1a\u53c2\u52a0\u4e3a\u671f1-2\u5e74\u7684\u9884\u79d1\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u6309\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b66\u4f4d\u7ea7\u522b\u6388\u4e88\u8bc1\u4e66\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e24\u5e74\u5236\u7684\u526f\u5b66\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u3001\u56db\u5e74\u5236\u7684\u5b66\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e24\u5e74\u5236\u7684\u7855\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\uff0c\u4e4b\u540e\u901a\u8fc7\u53e6\u4e00\u9879\u8003\u8bd5\u53ef\u653b\u8bfb\u535a\u58eb\u9879\u76ee\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6.5 \u536b\u751f\u5065\u5eb7 | Health<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Health in Iran<\/a> and Healthcare in Iran<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u201c\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u536b\u751f\u5065\u5eb7\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u533b\u7597\u201d\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe6-5\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Healthcare is provided by the public-governmental system, the private sector, and NGOs<\/a>.[639]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u533b\u7597\u4fdd\u5065\u7531\u516c\u5171\u653f\u5e9c\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u79c1\u8425\u90e8\u95e8\u548c\u975e\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u63d0\u4f9b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iran is the only country in the world with a legal organ trade<\/a>.[640]<\/a><\/sup> Iran has been able to extend public health preventive services<\/a> through the establishment of an extensive Primary Health Care Network<\/a>. As a result, child and maternal mortality rates have fallen significantly, and life expectancy at birth has risen. Iran’s medical knowledge rank is 17th globally, and 1st in the Middle East and North Africa. In terms of medical science production index, Iran ranks 16th in the world.[641]<\/a><\/sup> Iran is fast emerging as a preferred destination for medical tourism<\/a>.[499]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u552f\u4e00\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u5408\u6cd5\u5668\u5b98\u4ea4\u6613\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5efa\u7acb\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u521d\u7ea7\u536b\u751f\u4fdd\u5065\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u80fd\u591f\u6269\u5c55\u516c\u5171\u9884\u9632\u6027\u536b\u751f\u670d\u52a1\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u513f\u7ae5\u548c\u5b55\u4ea7\u5987\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u663e\u8457\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u51fa\u751f\u65f6\u7684\u9884\u671f\u5bff\u547d\u6709\u6240\u63d0\u9ad8\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u533b\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u6392\u540d\u5168\u7403\u7b2c17\u4f4d\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u4e1c\u548c\u5317\u975e\u5730\u533a\u6392\u540d\u7b2c\u4e00\u3002\u5c31\u533b\u5b66\u79d1\u5b66\u4ea7\u51fa\u6307\u6570\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u6392\u540d\u7b2c16\u4f4d\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u6b63\u8fc5\u901f\u6210\u4e3a\u533b\u7597\u65c5\u6e38\u7684\u9996\u9009\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The country faces the common problem of other young demographic nations<\/a> in the region, which is keeping pace with growth of an already huge demand for various public services. An anticipated increase in the population growth rate will increase the need for public health<\/a> infrastructures and services.[642]<\/a><\/sup> About 90% of Iranians have health insurance<\/a>.[643]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8be5\u56fd\u9762\u4e34\u7740\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u5176\u4ed6\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u53e3\u56fd\u5bb6\u5171\u6709\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5373\u5982\u4f55\u8ddf\u4e0a\u5df2\u5927\u91cf\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u5404\u7c7b\u516c\u5171\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u589e\u957f\u6b65\u4f10\u3002\u9884\u8ba1\u4eba\u53e3\u589e\u957f\u7387\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u5c06\u589e\u52a0\u5bf9\u516c\u5171\u536b\u751f\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u548c\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u3002\u5927\u7ea690%\u7684\u4f0a\u6717\u4eba\u62e5\u6709\u5065\u5eb7\u4fdd\u9669\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7. \u6587\u5316 | Culture<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Culture of Iran<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u6587\u5316\u3011\/ \u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u6587\u5316<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.1 \u827a\u672f | Art<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Iranian art<\/a>, Arts of Iran<\/a>, and Iranian modern and contemporary art<\/a>
\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u827a\u672f\u3001\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u827a\u672f\u3001\u4f0a\u6717\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e0e\u5f53\u4ee3\u827a\u672f\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe7-1\u548c7-2\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iran has one of the richest art<\/a> heritages in history and been strong in many media including architecture<\/a>, painting<\/a>, literature<\/a>, music<\/a>, metalworking<\/a>, stonemasonry<\/a>, weaving<\/a>, calligraphy<\/a> and sculpture<\/a>. At different times, influences from neighbouring civilizations have been important, and latterly Persian art gave and received major influences as part of the wider styles of Islamic art<\/a>.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u62e5\u6709\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u827a\u672f\u9057\u4ea7\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u5a92\u4ecb\u4e2d\u90fd\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u8272\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5efa\u7b51\u3001\u7ed8\u753b\u3001\u6587\u5b66\u3001\u97f3\u4e50\u3001\u91d1\u5c5e\u5de5\u827a\u3001\u77f3\u96d5\u3001\u7f16\u7ec7\u3001\u4e66\u6cd5\u548c\u96d5\u5851\u3002\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u90bb\u8fd1\u6587\u660e\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u90fd\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u6ce2\u65af\u827a\u672f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u827a\u672f\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u98ce\u683c\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u7ed9\u4e88\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u5e76\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the Achaemenid Empire<\/a> of 550\u2013330 BC, the courts of successive dynasties led the style of Persian art, and court-sponsored art left many of the most impressive pieces that remain. The Islamic style of dense decoration, geometrically laid out, developed in Iran into an elegant and harmonious style, combining motifs derived from plants with Chinese motifs such as the cloud-band, and often animals represented at a smaller scale. During the Safavid Empire<\/a> in the 16th century, this style was used across a variety of media, and diffused from the court artists of the king, most being painters.[645]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4ece\u516c\u5143\u524d550-330\u5e74\u7684\u963f\u5951\u7f8e\u5c3c\u5fb7\u5e1d\u56fd\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5386\u4ee3\u738b\u671d\u7684\u5bab\u5ef7\u5f15\u9886\u4e86\u6ce2\u65af\u827a\u672f\u7684\u98ce\u683c\uff0c\u5bab\u5ef7\u8d5e\u52a9\u7684\u827a\u672f\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u4ee4\u4eba\u5370\u8c61\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u3002\u5bc6\u96c6\u88c5\u9970\u7684\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u98ce\u683c\uff0c\u51e0\u4f55\u5e03\u5c40\uff0c\u5728\u4f0a\u6717\u53d1\u5c55\u6210\u4e3a\u4f18\u96c5\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u98ce\u683c\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408\u4e86\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u690d\u7269\u7684\u56fe\u6848\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fe\u6848\u5982\u4e91\u7eb9\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u8fd8\u6709\u4ee5\u8f83\u5c0f\u6bd4\u4f8b\u8868\u73b0\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u572816\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u8428\u6cd5\u7ef4\u5e1d\u56fd\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u98ce\u683c\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u5404\u79cd\u5a92\u4ecb\uff0c\u5e76\u4ece\u56fd\u738b\u7684\u5bab\u5ef7\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u90a3\u91cc\u4f20\u64ad\u5f00\u6765\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5927\u591a\u6570\u662f\u753b\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the time of the Sasanians, Iranian art had a renaissance.[646]<\/a><\/sup> During the Middle Ages, Sasanian art played a prominent role in the formation of European and Asian mediaeval art.[647]<\/a>[648]<\/a>[649]<\/a>[650]<\/a><\/sup> The Safavid era is known as the Golden Age of Iranian art.[651]<\/a><\/sup> Safavid art<\/a> exerted noticeable influences upon the Ottomans<\/a>, the Mughals<\/a>, and the Deccans<\/a>, and was influential through its fashion and garden architecture on 11th\u201317th-century Europe.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u8428\u73ca\u738b\u671d\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u827a\u672f\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u4e00\u6b21\u590d\u5174\u3002\u5728\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u8428\u73ca\u827a\u672f\u5728\u5f62\u6210\u6b27\u6d32\u548c\u4e9a\u6d32\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u827a\u672f\u4e2d\u626e\u6f14\u4e86\u7a81\u51fa\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u8428\u6cd5\u7ef4\u65f6\u4ee3\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u4f0a\u6717\u827a\u672f\u7684\u9ec4\u91d1\u65f6\u4ee3\u3002\u8428\u6cd5\u7ef4\u827a\u672f\u5bf9\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u3001\u83ab\u5367\u513f\u5e1d\u56fd\u548c\u5fb7\u5e72\u5730\u533a\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u663e\u8457\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u65f6\u5c1a\u548c\u56ed\u6797\u5efa\u7b51\u5728\u7b2c11\u81f317\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iran’s contemporary art<\/a> traces its origins to Kamal-ol-molk<\/a>, a prominent realist<\/a> painter at the court of the Qajar Empire<\/a> who affected the norms of painting and adopted a naturalistic style that would compete with photographic works. A new Iranian school of fine art was established by him in 1928, and was followed by the so-called “coffeehouse” style of painting. Iran’s avant-garde<\/a> modernists emerged by the arrival of new western influences during World War II. The contemporary art scene originates in the late 1940s, and Tehran’s first modern art gallery, Apadana, was opened in 1949 by Mahmud Javadipur, Hosein Kazemi, and Hushang Ajudani.[652]<\/a><\/sup> The new movements received official encouragement by the 1950s,[653]<\/a><\/sup> which led to the emergence of artists such as Marcos Grigorian<\/a>.[654]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u5f53\u4ee3\u827a\u672f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u5361\u9a6c\u5c14-\u5965\u52d2-\u7a46\u5c14\u514b\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u5361\u624e\u5c14\u738b\u671d\u5bab\u5ef7\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\u6770\u51fa\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u753b\u5bb6\uff0c\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u7ed8\u753b\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u5e76\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u98ce\u683c\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u98ce\u683c\u5c06\u4e0e\u6444\u5f71\u4f5c\u54c1\u7ade\u4e89\u3002\u4ed6\u57281928\u5e74\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u6240\u65b0\u7684\u4f0a\u6717\u7f8e\u672f\u5b66\u6821\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u5496\u5561\u9986\u201d\u7ed8\u753b\u98ce\u683c\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u524d\u536b\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u4e8c\u6218\u671f\u95f4\u968f\u7740\u65b0\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u5230\u8fbe\u800c\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u5f53\u4ee3\u827a\u672f\u573a\u666f\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e20\u4e16\u7eaa40\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\uff0c\u5fb7\u9ed1\u5170\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u73b0\u4ee3\u827a\u672f\u753b\u5ecaApadana\u57281949\u5e74\u7531Mahmud Javadipur\u3001Hosein Kazemi\u548cHushang Ajudani\u5f00\u8bbe\u3002\u5230\u4e861950\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u65b0\u8fd0\u52a8\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5b98\u65b9\u7684\u9f13\u52b1\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u50cfMarcos Grigorian\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.2 \u5efa\u7b51 | Architecture<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Iranian architecture<\/a> and Persian gardens<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u5efa\u7b51\u548c\u6ce2\u65af\u82b1\u56ed\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe7-3\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

The history of architecture in Iran dates back to at least 5,000 BC, with characteristic examples distributed over an area from what is now Turkey<\/a> and Iraq<\/a> to Uzbekistan<\/a> and Tajikistan<\/a>, and from the Caucasus<\/a> to Zanzibar<\/a>. The Iranians made early use of mathematics<\/a>, geometry<\/a> and astronomy<\/a> in their architecture, yielding a tradition with structural and aesthetic variety.[655]<\/a><\/sup> The guiding motif<\/a> is its cosmic symbolism.[656]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5efa\u7b51\u5728\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u81f3\u5c11\u516c\u5143\u524d5000\u5e74\uff0c\u5178\u578b\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5206\u5e03\u5728\u4ece\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u571f\u8033\u5176\u548c\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u5230\u4e4c\u5179\u522b\u514b\u65af\u5766\u548c\u5854\u5409\u514b\u65af\u5766\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ece\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u5230\u6851\u7ed9\u5df4\u5c14\u7684\u5e7f\u5927\u5730\u533a\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u4eba\u5728\u5efa\u7b51\u4e2d\u5f88\u65e9\u5c31\u8fd0\u7528\u4e86\u6570\u5b66\u3001\u51e0\u4f55\u5b66\u548c\u5929\u6587\u5b66\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u5177\u6709\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u7f8e\u5b66\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u3002\u5176\u6307\u5bfc\u6027\u4e3b\u9898\u662f\u5b87\u5b99\u8c61\u5f81\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Without sudden innovations, and despite the trauma of invasions and cultural shocks, it developed a recognizable style distinct from other regions of the Muslim world. Its virtues are “a marked feeling for form and scale; structural inventiveness, especially in vault<\/a> and dome<\/a> construction; a genius for decoration with a freedom and success not rivalled in any other architecture”.[657]<\/a><\/sup> In addition to historic gates, palaces, and mosques, the rapid growth of cities such as Tehran has brought a wave of construction. Iran ranks 7th among UNESCO<\/a>‘s list of countries with the most archaeological ruins and attractions from antiquity.[658]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5c3d\u7ba1\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u5165\u4fb5\u548c\u6587\u5316\u51b2\u51fb\u7684\u521b\u4f24\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u7a81\u7136\u7684\u521b\u65b0\uff0c\u5b83\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u4e16\u754c\u5730\u533a\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u98ce\u683c\u3002\u5176\u4f18\u70b9\u662f\u201c\u5bf9\u5f62\u5f0f\u548c\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u660e\u663e\u611f\u89c9\uff1b\u5728\u62f1\u9876\u548c\u5706\u9876\u6784\u9020\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u521b\u65b0\uff1b\u88c5\u9970\u5929\u8d4b\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u5efa\u7b51\u4e2d\u90fd\u65e0\u4e0e\u4f26\u6bd4\u201d\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u5386\u53f2\u60a0\u4e45\u7684\u5927\u95e8\u3001\u5bab\u6bbf\u548c\u6e05\u771f\u5bfa\u5916\uff0c\u5fb7\u9ed1\u5170\u7b49\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u589e\u957f\u4e5f\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u4e00\u6ce2\u5efa\u8bbe\u6d6a\u6f6e\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u5728\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u6559\u79d1\u6587\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5217\u51fa\u7684\u62e5\u6709\u6700\u591a\u8003\u53e4\u9057\u5740\u548c\u53e4\u4ee3\u666f\u70b9\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u540d\u5355\u4e2d\u6392\u540d\u7b2c7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.3 \u4e16\u754c\u9057\u4ea7 | World Heritage Sites<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: List of World Heritage Sites in Iran<\/a> and Iran National Heritage List<\/a>
\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u201c\u4f0a\u6717\u4e16\u754c\u9057\u4ea7\u540d\u5f55\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4f0a\u6717\u56fd\u5bb6\u9057\u4ea7\u540d\u5f55\u201d\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iran’s rich culture<\/a> and history is reflected by its 27 World Heritage Sites<\/a>, ranking 1st in the Middle East, and 10th in the world. These include Persepolis<\/a>, Naghsh-e Jahan Square<\/a>, Chogha Zanbil<\/a>, Pasargadae<\/a>, Golestan Palace<\/a>, Arg-e Bam<\/a>, Behistun Inscription<\/a>, Shahr-e Sukhteh<\/a>, Susa<\/a>, Takht-e Soleyman<\/a>, Hyrcanian forests<\/a>, the city of Yazd<\/a> and more. Iran has 24 Intangible Cultural Heritage<\/a>, or Human treasures, which ranks 5th worldwide.[659]<\/a>[660]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u6587\u5316\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u53cd\u6620\u5728\u517627\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u9057\u4ea7\u5730\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u4e2d\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u6392\u540d\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u6392\u540d\u7b2c10\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5305\u62ec\u6ce2\u65af\u6ce2\u5229\u65af\u3001\u7eb3\u683c\u4ec0-\u8d3e\u6c49\u5e7f\u573a\u3001\u4e54\u52a0\u8d5e\u6bd4\u5c14\u3001\u5e15\u8428\u5c14\u52a0\u8fbe\u3001\u6208\u52d2\u65af\u5766\u5bab\u3001\u963f\u5c14\u683c\u5df4\u59c6\u3001\u8d1d\u5e0c\u65af\u6566\u94ed\u6587\u3001\u590f\u5c14\u82cf\u514b\u7279\u3001\u82cf\u8428\u3001\u5854\u8d6b\u7279-\u82cf\u83b1\u66fc\u3001\u8d6b\u5c14\u5361\u5c3c\u4e9a\u68ee\u6797\u3001\u4e9a\u5179\u5fb7\u57ce\u7b49\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u62e5\u670924\u9879\u975e\u7269\u8d28\u6587\u5316\u9057\u4ea7\uff0c\u5373\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b9d\u85cf\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u5168\u7403\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u6392\u540d\u7b2c\u4e94\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.4 \u7f16\u7ec7 | Weaving<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Persian carpet<\/a>, Tabriz rug<\/a>, and Ardabil Carpet<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u6ce2\u65af\u5730\u6bef\u3001\u5927\u4e0d\u91cc\u58eb\u5730\u6bef\u548c\u963f\u5c14\u8fbe\u6bd4\u52d2\u5730\u6bef\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe7-4\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iran’s carpet-weaving has its origins in the Bronze Age<\/a> and is one of the most distinguished manifestations of Iranian art. Carpet weaving is an essential part of Persian culture<\/a> and Iranian art<\/a>. Persian rugs and carpets were woven in parallel by nomadic tribes in village and town workshops, and by royal court<\/a> manufactories. As such, they represent simultaneous lines of tradition, and reflect the history of Iran, Persian culture, and its various peoples. Although the term “Persian carpet” most often refers to pile-woven textiles, flat-woven carpets and rugs like Kilim<\/a>, Soumak<\/a>, and embroidered tissues like Suzani<\/a> are part of the manifold tradition of Persian carpet weaving.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u5730\u6bef\u7f16\u7ec7\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e\u9752\u94dc\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u662f\u4f0a\u6717\u827a\u672f\u4e2d\u6700\u6770\u51fa\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5730\u6bef\u7f16\u7ec7\u662f\u6ce2\u65af\u6587\u5316\u548c\u4f0a\u6717\u827a\u672f\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u6ce2\u65af\u5730\u6bef\u548c\u6302\u6bef\u7531\u6e38\u7267\u90e8\u843d\u5728\u6751\u5e84\u548c\u57ce\u9547\u5de5\u574a\u4ee5\u53ca\u7687\u5bb6\u5bab\u5ef7\u5de5\u5382\u4e2d\u5e76\u6392\u7ec7\u9020\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u53cc\u91cd\u7ebf\u7d22\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u4f0a\u6717\u3001\u6ce2\u65af\u6587\u5316\u53ca\u5176\u5404\u4e2a\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u201c\u6ce2\u65af\u5730\u6bef\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u6700\u5e38\u6307\u4ee3\u7ed2\u9762\u7eba\u7ec7\u7269\uff0c\u4f46\u5e73\u7ec7\u5730\u6bef\u548c\u6302\u6bef\u5982\u57fa\u91cc\u59c6\u3001\u82cf\u9a6c\u514b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u523a\u7ee3\u7ec7\u7269\u5982\u82cf\u624e\u5c3c\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6ce2\u65af\u5730\u6bef\u7f16\u7ec7\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iran produces three-quarters of the world’s handmade carpets, and has 30% of export markets.[661]<\/a>[662]<\/a><\/sup> In 2010, the “traditional skills of carpet weaving” in Fars Province<\/a> and Kashan<\/a> were inscribed to the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage<\/a> List.[663]<\/a>[664]<\/a>[665]<\/a><\/sup> Within the Oriental rugs<\/a> produced by the countries of the “rug belt”, the Persian carpet stands out by the variety and elaborateness of its manifold designs.[666]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u751f\u4ea7\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u56db\u5206\u4e4b\u4e09\u7684\u624b\u5de5\u5730\u6bef\uff0c\u5e76\u5360\u636e\u4e8630%\u7684\u51fa\u53e3\u5e02\u573a\u30022010\u5e74\uff0c\u6cd5\u5c14\u65af\u7701\u548c\u5361\u5c1a\u7684\u201c\u5730\u6bef\u7f16\u7ec7\u4f20\u7edf\u6280\u827a\u201d\u88ab\u5217\u5165\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u6559\u79d1\u6587\u7ec4\u7ec7\u975e\u7269\u8d28\u6587\u5316\u9057\u4ea7\u540d\u5f55\u3002\u5728\u201c\u5730\u6bef\u5e26\u201d\u56fd\u5bb6\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u4e1c\u65b9\u5730\u6bef\u4e2d\uff0c\u6ce2\u65af\u5730\u6bef\u56e0\u5176\u591a\u6837\u5316\u548c\u590d\u6742\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u800c\u8131\u9896\u800c\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Carpets woven in towns and regional centres like Tabriz<\/a>, Kerman<\/a>, Ravar<\/a>, Neyshabour<\/a>, Mashhad<\/a>, Kashan<\/a>, Isfahan<\/a>, Nain<\/a> and Qom<\/a> are characterized by their specific weaving techniques and use of high-quality materials, colours and patterns. Hand-woven Persian rugs and carpets have been regarded as objects of high artistic value and prestige, since they were mentioned by ancient Greek<\/a> writers.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u57ce\u9547\u548c\u5730\u533a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5982\u5927\u4e0d\u91cc\u58eb\u3001\u514b\u5c14\u66fc\u3001\u62c9\u74e6\u5c14\u3001\u5185\u6c99\u5e03\u5c14\u3001\u9a6c\u4ec0\u54c8\u5fb7\u3001\u5361\u5c1a\u3001\u4f0a\u65af\u6cd5\u7f55\u3001\u5948\u56e0\u548c\u5e93\u59c6\u7ec7\u9020\u7684\u5730\u6bef\uff0c\u4ee5\u5176\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u7f16\u7ec7\u6280\u672f\u3001\u9ad8\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u6750\u6599\u3001\u989c\u8272\u548c\u56fe\u6848\u800c\u8457\u79f0\u3002\u81ea\u53e4\u4ee3\u5e0c\u814a\u4f5c\u5bb6\u63d0\u53ca\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u624b\u5de5\u7ec7\u9020\u7684\u6ce2\u65af\u5730\u6bef\u548c\u6302\u6bef\u4e00\u76f4\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5177\u6709\u9ad8\u5ea6\u827a\u672f\u4ef7\u503c\u548c\u58f0\u671b\u7684\u7269\u54c1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.5 \u6587\u5b66 | Literature<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Literature in Iran<\/a>, Iranian literature<\/a>, and Persian literature<\/a>
\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u6587\u5b66\u3001\u4f0a\u6717\u6587\u5b66\u548c\u6ce2\u65af\u6587\u5b66\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe7-5\u548c7-6\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iran’s oldest literary<\/a> tradition is that of Avestan<\/a>, the Old Iranian<\/a> sacred language<\/a> of the Avesta<\/a>, which consists of the legendary and religious texts of Zoroastrianism<\/a> and the ancient Iranian religion<\/a>.[667]<\/a>[668]<\/a><\/sup> The Persian language was used and developed through Persianate societies<\/a> in Asia Minor<\/a>, Central Asia<\/a>, and South Asia<\/a>, leaving extensive influences on Ottoman<\/a> and Mughal literatures<\/a>, among others. Iran has several famous mediaeval poets, notably Mawlana<\/a>, Ferdowsi<\/a>, Hafez<\/a>, Sa’adi<\/a>, Omar Khayyam<\/a>, and Nezami Ganjavi<\/a>.[669]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u6700\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u6587\u5b66\u4f20\u7edf\u662f\u963f\u7ef4\u65af\u9640\u8bed\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u300a\u963f\u7ef4\u65af\u5854\u300b\u7684\u53e4\u4f0a\u6717\u795e\u5723\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u7410\u7f57\u4e9a\u65af\u5fb7\u6559\u548c\u53e4\u4f0a\u6717\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u4f20\u5947\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u6587\u672c\u3002\u6ce2\u65af\u8bed\u5728\u5c0f\u4e9a\u7ec6\u4e9a\u3001\u4e2d\u4e9a\u548c\u5357\u4e9a\u7684\u6ce2\u65af\u5316\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5bf9\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u548c\u83ab\u5367\u513f\u6587\u5b66\u7b49\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u6709\u51e0\u4f4d\u8457\u540d\u7684\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u8bd7\u4eba\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u9a6c\u9c81\u62c9\u7eb3\u3001\u8d39\u5c14\u591a\u897f\u3001\u54c8\u83f2\u5179\u3001\u8428\u8fea\u3001\u6b27\u739b\u5c14\u00b7\u6d77\u4e9a\u59c6\u548c\u5185\u624e\u7c73\u00b7\u7518\u8d3e\u7ef4\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Described as one of the great literatures of humanity,[670]<\/a><\/sup> including Goethe<\/a>‘s assessment of it as one of the four main bodies of world literature,[671]<\/a><\/sup> Persian literature has its roots in surviving works of Middle Persian<\/a> and Old Persian<\/a>, the latter of which dates back as far as 522\u00a0BCE, the date of the earliest surviving Achaemenid<\/a> inscription, the Behistun Inscription<\/a>. The bulk of surviving Persian literature, however, comes from the times following the Muslim conquest<\/a> in c. 650\u00a0CE. After the Abbasids<\/a> came to power (750 CE), the Iranians became the scribes and bureaucrats of the Islamic Caliphate<\/a> and, increasingly, also its writers and poets. The New Persian language literature arose and flourished in Khorasan<\/a> and Transoxiana<\/a> because of political reasons, early Iranian dynasties of post-Islamic Iran such as the Tahirids<\/a> and Samanids<\/a> being based in Khorasan<\/a>.[672]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u88ab\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u4f1f\u5927\u6587\u5b66\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6b4c\u5fb7\u5c06\u5176\u8bc4\u4f30\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u56db\u5927\u4e3b\u8981\u6587\u5b66\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u6ce2\u65af\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u5728\u4e8e\u73b0\u5b58\u7684\u4e2d\u53e4\u6ce2\u65af\u8bed\u548c\u53e4\u6ce2\u65af\u8bed\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u516c\u5143\u524d522\u5e74\uff0c\u5373\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u5e78\u5b58\u7684\u963f\u5951\u7f8e\u5c3c\u5fb7\u94ed\u6587\uff0c\u6bd4\u5e0c\u65af\u987f\u94ed\u6587\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u73b0\u5b58\u7684\u6ce2\u65af\u6587\u5b66\u4f5c\u54c1\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6765\u81ea\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5f81\u670d\u65f6\u671f\uff08\u7ea6\u516c\u5143650\u5e74\uff09\u4e4b\u540e\u3002\u963f\u62d4\u65af\u738b\u671d\u4e0a\u53f0\u540e\uff08\u516c\u5143750\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u4eba\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u54c8\u91cc\u53d1\u7684\u6284\u5199\u5458\u548c\u5b98\u50da\uff0c\u5e76\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u5730\u6210\u4e3a\u4f5c\u5bb6\u548c\u8bd7\u4eba\u3002\u65b0\u6ce2\u65af\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u56e0\u653f\u6cbb\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u547c\u7f57\u73ca\u548c\u6cb3\u4e2d\u5730\u533a\u5174\u8d77\u5e76\u7e41\u8363\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u65e9\u671f\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u4f0a\u6717\u738b\u671d\u5982\u5854\u5e0c\u5c14\u4eba\u548c\u8428\u66fc\u4eba\u5c31\u4ee5\u547c\u7f57\u73ca\u4e3a\u57fa\u5730\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.6 \u54f2\u5b66 | Philosophy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Ancient philosophy \u00a7\u00a0Ancient Iranian philosophy<\/a>, and Iranian philosophy<\/a>
\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u201c\u53e4\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b66\u201d\u8bcd\u6761\u7684\u201c\u53e4\u4ee3\u4f0a\u6717\u54f2\u5b66\u201d\u7ae0\u8282\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u201c\u4f0a\u6717\u54f2\u5b66\u201d\u8bcd\u6761\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe7-7\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian philosophy can be traced back as far as Old Iranian<\/a> philosophical traditions and thoughts which originated in ancient Indo-Iranian<\/a> roots and were influenced by Zarathustra<\/a>‘s teachings. Throughout Iranian history and due to remarkable political and social changes such as the Arab<\/a> and Mongol invasions<\/a>, a wide spectrum of schools of thoughts showed a variety of views on philosophical questions, extending from Old Iranian and mainly Zoroastrianism<\/a>-related traditions, to schools appearing in the late pre-Islamic era such as Manicheism<\/a> and Mazdakism<\/a> as well as post-Islamic schools.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u54f2\u5b66\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u4f0a\u6717\u54f2\u5b66\u4f20\u7edf\u548c\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f20\u7edf\u548c\u601d\u60f3\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e\u53e4\u4ee3\u5370\u5ea6-\u4f0a\u6717\u6839\u6e90\uff0c\u5e76\u53d7\u5230\u7410\u7f57\u4e9a\u65af\u5fb7\u6559\u6559\u4e49\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5728\u4f0a\u6717\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u548c\u8499\u53e4\u7684\u5165\u4fb5\u7b49\u663e\u8457\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u53d8\u9769\uff0c\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5b66\u6d3e\u5c55\u73b0\u4e86\u5bf9\u54f2\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u591a\u6837\u5316\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4ece\u4e0e\u65e7\u4f0a\u6717\u548c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u7410\u7f57\u4e9a\u65af\u5fb7\u6559\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u5230\u524d\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u665a\u671f\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u5b66\u6d3e\u5982\u6469\u5c3c\u6559\u548c\u739b\u5179\u8fbe\u514b\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u540e\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5b66\u6d3e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Cyrus Cylinder<\/a> is seen as a reflection of the questions and thoughts expressed by Zoroaster<\/a> and developed in Zoroastrian schools of the Achaemenid era.[673]<\/a><\/sup> Post-Islam Iranian philosophy is characterized by different interactions with the Old Iranian philosophy<\/a>, the Greek philosophy<\/a> and with the development of Islamic philosophy<\/a>. The Illumination School<\/a> and the Transcendent Philosophy<\/a> are regarded as two of the main philosophical traditions of that era in Iran. Contemporary Iranian philosophy has been limited in its scope by intellectual repression.[674]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5c45\u9c81\u58eb\u5706\u67f1\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u7410\u7f57\u4e9a\u65af\u5fb7\u63d0\u51fa\u5e76\u7531\u963f\u5951\u7f8e\u5c3c\u5fb7\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u7410\u7f57\u4e9a\u65af\u5fb7\u6559\u5b66\u6d3e\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u540e\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u4f0a\u6717\u54f2\u5b66\u4ee5\u4e0e\u65e7\u4f0a\u6717\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u5e0c\u814a\u54f2\u5b66\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u54f2\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u4e92\u52a8\u4e3a\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u7167\u660e\u5b66\u6d3e\u548c\u8d85\u9a8c\u54f2\u5b66\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u4f0a\u6717\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u4f20\u7edf\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5f53\u4ee3\u4f0a\u6717\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u667a\u529b\u538b\u8feb\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.7 \u795e\u8bdd\u4e0e\u6c11\u95f4\u4f20\u8bf4 | Mythology and folklore<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Persian mythology<\/a> and Iranian folklore<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u6ce2\u65af\u795e\u8bdd\u548c\u4f0a\u6717\u6c11\u95f4\u4f20\u8bf4\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe7-8\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian mythology<\/a> consists of ancient Iranian folklore<\/a> and stories of extraordinary beings reflecting on good and evil<\/a> (Ahura Mazda<\/a> and Ahriman<\/a>), actions of the gods, and the exploits of heroes and creatures. The tenth-century Persian poet, Ferdowsi<\/a>, is the author of the national epic<\/a> known as the Shahnameh<\/a><\/em> (“Book of Kings”), which is for the most part based on Xwad\u0101yn\u0101mag<\/em>, a Middle Persian<\/a> compilation of the history of Iranian kings and heroes,[675]<\/a><\/sup> as well as the stories and characters of the Zoroastrian<\/a> tradition, from the texts of the Avesta<\/a>, the Denkard<\/a>, the Vendidad<\/a> and the Bundahishn<\/a>. Modern scholars study the myths to shed light on the religious and political institutions of not only Iran but of the Greater Iran<\/a>, which includes regions of West Asia<\/a>, Central Asia<\/a>, South Asia<\/a>, and Transcaucasia<\/a> where the culture of Iran<\/a> has had significant influence.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u795e\u8bdd\u7531\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u4f0a\u6717\u6c11\u95f4\u4f20\u8bf4\u548c\u53cd\u6620\u5584\u6076\uff08\u963f\u80e1\u62c9\u00b7\u9a6c\u5179\u8fbe\u548c\u963f\u91cc\u66fc\uff09\u7684\u975e\u51e1\u751f\u7269\u6545\u4e8b\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u795e\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4ee5\u53ca\u82f1\u96c4\u548c\u751f\u7269\u7684\u58ee\u4e3e\u3002\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6ce2\u65af\u8bd7\u4eba\u8d39\u5c14\u591a\u897f\u662f\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u300a\u738b\u4e66\u300b(“Shahnameh”)\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u53f2\u8bd7\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u4f5c\u54c1\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u57fa\u4e8e\u300aXwadaynamag\u300b\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u90e8\u5173\u4e8e\u4f0a\u6717\u56fd\u738b\u548c\u82f1\u96c4\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u4e2d\u53e4\u6ce2\u65af\u8bed\u6c47\u7f16\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6765\u81ea\u300a\u963f\u7ef4\u65af\u5854\u300b\u3001\u300a\u767b\u5361\u5c14\u5fb7\u300b\u3001\u300a\u6587\u8fea\u8fbe\u5fb7\u300b\u548c\u300a\u672c\u8fbe\u5e0c\u7533\u300b\u7b49\u7410\u7f57\u4e9a\u65af\u5fb7\u6559\u4f20\u7edf\u6587\u672c\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u548c\u4eba\u7269\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u5b66\u8005\u7814\u7a76\u8fd9\u4e9b\u795e\u8bdd\uff0c\u4ee5\u63ed\u793a\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4f0a\u6717\u800c\u4e14\u5927\u4f0a\u6717\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u673a\u6784\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5927\u4f0a\u6717\u5305\u62ec\u897f\u4e9a\u3001\u4e2d\u4e9a\u3001\u5357\u4e9a\u548c\u5916\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5730\u533a\u7684\u6587\u5316\u53d7\u5230\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u663e\u8457\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Storytelling<\/a> has an significant presence in Iranian folklore and culture.[676]<\/a><\/sup> In classical Iran, minstrels performed for their audiences at royal courts and in public theatres.[677]<\/a><\/sup> A minstrel was referred to by the Parthians<\/a> as g\u014ds\u0101n<\/a>, and by the Sasanians<\/a> as huniy\u0101gar.[678]<\/a><\/sup> Since the Safavid Empire<\/a>, storytellers and poetry readers appeared at coffeehouses.[679]<\/a>[680]<\/a><\/sup> After the Iranian Revolution<\/a>, it took until 1985 to found the MCHTH<\/a> (Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts),[681]<\/a><\/sup> a now heavily centralized organization, supervising all kinds of cultural activities. It held the first scientific meeting on anthropology and folklore in 1990.[682]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u4f0a\u6717\u6c11\u95f4\u4f20\u8bf4\u548c\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bb2\u6545\u4e8b\u5360\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u5730\u4f4d\u3002[676] \u5728\u53e4\u5178\u4f0a\u6717\uff0c\u541f\u6e38\u8bd7\u4eba\u5728\u7687\u5bb6\u5bab\u5ef7\u548c\u516c\u5171\u5267\u9662\u4e3a\u89c2\u4f17\u8868\u6f14\u3002[677] \u5e15\u63d0\u4e9a\u4eba\u79f0\u541f\u6e38\u8bd7\u4eba\u4e3ag\u014ds\u0101n\uff0c\u8428\u73ca\u738b\u671d\u65f6\u671f\u79f0\u4e3ahuniy\u0101gar\u3002[678] \u81ea\u8428\u6cd5\u7ef4\u5e1d\u56fd\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u8bf4\u4e66\u4eba\u548c\u8bd7\u6b4c\u6717\u8bfb\u8005\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u5496\u5561\u9986\u3002[679][680] \u4f0a\u6717\u9769\u547d\u540e\uff0c\u76f4\u52301985\u5e74\u624d\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u6587\u5316\u9057\u4ea7\u3001\u65c5\u6e38\u548c\u624b\u5de5\u4e1a\u90e8\uff08MCHTH\uff09\uff0c[681] \u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u73b0\u5728\u9ad8\u5ea6\u96c6\u4e2d\u5316\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u76d1\u7763\u5404\u79cd\u6587\u5316\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u5b83\u57281990\u5e74\u4e3e\u884c\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u548c\u6c11\u4fd7\u5b66\u79d1\u5b66\u4f1a\u8bae\u3002[682]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.8 \u535a\u7269\u9986 | Museums<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: List of museums in Iran<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u535a\u7269\u9986\u5217\u8868\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe7-9\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

The National Museum of Iran<\/a> in Tehran<\/a> is the country’s most important cultural institution.[683]<\/a><\/sup> As the first and biggest museum in Iran, the institution includes the Museum of Ancient Iran<\/a> and the Museum of the Islamic Era<\/a>. The National Museum is the world’s most important museum in terms of preservation, display and research of archaeological collections of Iran,[684]<\/a><\/sup> and ranks as one of the few most prestigious museums globally in terms of volume, diversity and quality of its monuments.[685]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5fb7\u9ed1\u5170\u7684\u4f0a\u6717\u56fd\u5bb6\u535a\u7269\u9986\u662f\u8be5\u56fd\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6587\u5316\u673a\u6784\u3002[683] \u4f5c\u4e3a\u4f0a\u6717\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e14\u6700\u5927\u7684\u535a\u7269\u9986\uff0c\u8be5\u673a\u6784\u5305\u62ec\u53e4\u4ee3\u4f0a\u6717\u535a\u7269\u9986\u548c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u65f6\u4ee3\u535a\u7269\u9986\u3002\u5c31\u4fdd\u5b58\u3001\u5c55\u793a\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u4f0a\u6717\u8003\u53e4\u6536\u85cf\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u535a\u7269\u9986\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u535a\u7269\u9986\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c[684] \u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u5168\u7403\u5c11\u6570\u51e0\u4e2a\u4ee5\u5176\u7eaa\u5ff5\u7891\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u3001\u591a\u6837\u6027\u548c\u8d28\u91cf\u800c\u8457\u79f0\u7684\u6700\u6709\u58f0\u671b\u7684\u535a\u7269\u9986\u4e2d\u540d\u5217\u524d\u8305\u3002[685]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There are many other popular museums across the country such as the Golestan Palace<\/a> (World Heritage Site<\/a>), The Treasury of National Jewels<\/a>, Reza Abbasi Museum<\/a>, Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art<\/a>, Sa’dabad Complex<\/a>, The Carpet Museum<\/a>, Abgineh Museum<\/a>, Pars Museum<\/a>, Azerbaijan Museum<\/a>, Hegmataneh Museum, Susa Museum and more. Around 25 million people visited the museums in 2019.[686]<\/a>[687]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5168\u56fd\u8fd8\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u5176\u4ed6\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u7684\u535a\u7269\u9986\uff0c\u5982\u6208\u52d2\u65af\u5766\u5bab\uff08\u4e16\u754c\u9057\u4ea7\uff09\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u73cd\u5b9d\u5e93\u3001\u96f7\u624e\u00b7\u963f\u5df4\u897f\u535a\u7269\u9986\u3001\u5fb7\u9ed1\u5170\u5f53\u4ee3\u827a\u672f\u535a\u7269\u9986\u3001\u8428\u8fbe\u5df4\u5fb7\u7efc\u5408\u4f53\u3001\u5730\u6bef\u535a\u7269\u9986\u3001\u963f\u5e03\u91d1\u5c3c\u535a\u7269\u9986\u3001\u5e15\u5c14\u65af\u535a\u7269\u9986\u3001\u963f\u585e\u62dc\u7586\u535a\u7269\u9986\u3001\u8d6b\u683c\u9a6c\u5854\u5185\u535a\u7269\u9986\u3001\u82cf\u8428\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7b49\u30022019\u5e74\uff0c\u5927\u7ea6\u67092500\u4e07\u4eba\u53c2\u89c2\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u535a\u7269\u9986\u3002[686][687]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.9 \u97f3\u4e50\u548c\u821e\u8e48 | Music and dance<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Music of Iran<\/a>, Iranian dance<\/a>, and Classical Persian dance<\/a>
\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u97f3\u4e50\u3001\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u821e\u8e48\u3001\u6ce2\u65af\u53e4\u5178\u821e\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe7-10\u548c7-11\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iran is the apparent birthplace of the earliest complex instruments, dating to the third millennium BC.[688]<\/a><\/sup> The use of angular harps<\/a> have been documented at Madaktu and Kul-e Farah<\/a>, with the largest collection of Elamite<\/a> instruments documented at Kul-e Farah. Xenophon<\/a>‘s Cyropaedia<\/a><\/em> mentions singing women at the court of the Achaemenid Empire<\/a>. Under the Parthian Empire<\/a>, the g\u014ds\u0101n<\/a><\/em> (Parthian<\/a> for “minstrel”) had a prominent role.[689]<\/a>[690]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u663e\u7136\u662f\u6700\u65e9\u590d\u6742\u4e50\u5668\u7684\u53d1\u6e90\u5730\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u516c\u5143\u524d\u7b2c\u4e09\u5343\u5e74\u3002[688] \u5728\u9a6c\u8fbe\u514b\u56fe\u548c\u5e93\u5c14-\u6cd5\u62c9\u8d6b\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u89d2\u5f62\u7ad6\u7434\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u5927\u7684\u57c3\u5170\u4e50\u5668\u6536\u85cf\u662f\u5728\u5e93\u5c14-\u6cd5\u62c9\u8d6b\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u3002\u8272\u8bfa\u82ac\u7684\u300a\u5c45\u9c81\u58eb\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u300b\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u963f\u5951\u7f8e\u5c3c\u5fb7\u5e1d\u56fd\u5bab\u5ef7\u4e2d\u7684\u5973\u6b4c\u624b\u3002\u5728\u5e15\u63d0\u4e9a\u5e1d\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\uff0cg\u014ds\u0101n\uff08\u5e15\u63d0\u4e9a\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u541f\u6e38\u8bd7\u4eba\u201d\uff09\u626e\u6f14\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u89d2\u8272\u3002[689][690]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The history of Sasanian music<\/a> is better documented than earlier periods and is especially more evident in Avestan texts.[691]<\/a><\/sup> By the time of Khosrow II<\/a>, the Sasanian royal court hosted prominent musicians, namely Azad, Bamshad<\/a>, Barbad<\/a>, Nagisa<\/a>, Ramtin, and Sarkash<\/a>. Iranian traditional musical instruments include string instruments such as chang<\/a> (harp<\/a>), qanun<\/a>, santur<\/a>, rud<\/a> (oud<\/a>, barbat<\/a>), tar<\/a>, dotar<\/a>, setar<\/a>, tanbur<\/a>, and kamanche<\/a>, wind instruments such as sorna<\/a> (zurna<\/a>, karna<\/a>) and ney<\/a>, and percussion instruments such as tompak<\/a>, kus<\/a>, daf<\/a> (dayere<\/a>), and naqare<\/a>.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8428\u73ca\u97f3\u4e50\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6bd4\u65e9\u671f\u6709\u66f4\u8be6\u5c3d\u7684\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff0c\u5728\u963f\u7ef4\u65af\u9640\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u5c24\u4e3a\u660e\u663e\u3002[691] \u5230\u970d\u65af\u52b3\u4e8c\u4e16\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u8428\u73ca\u738b\u671d\u5bab\u5ef7\u4e2d\u5df2\u6709\u8457\u540d\u7684\u97f3\u4e50\u5bb6\uff0c\u5373\u963f\u624e\u5fb7\u3001\u5df4\u59c6\u6c99\u5fb7\u3001\u5df4\u5df4\u5fb7\u3001\u7eb3\u5409\u8428\u3001\u62c9\u59c6\u4e01\u548c\u8428\u5c14\u5361\u4ec0\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u4f20\u7edf\u4e50\u5668\u5305\u62ec\u5f26\u4e50\u5668\uff0c\u5982 chang\uff08\u7ad6\u7434\uff09\u3001qanun\u3001santur\u3001rud\uff08\u4e4c\u5fb7\u7434\u3001\u5df4\u5df4\u7279\u7434\uff09\u3001tar\u3001dotar\u3001setar\u3001tanbur \u548c kamanche\uff0c\u7ba1\u4e50\u5668\uff0c\u5982 sorna\uff08zurna\u3001karna\uff09\u548c ney\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6253\u51fb\u4e50\u5668\uff0c\u5982 tompak\u3001kus\u3001daf\uff08dayere\uff09\u548c naqare\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iran’s first symphony orchestra, the Tehran Symphony Orchestra<\/a>, was founded in 1933. By the late 1940s, Ruhollah Khaleqi<\/a> founded the country’s first national music society and established the School of National Music in 1949.[692]<\/a><\/sup> Iranian pop music<\/a> has its origins in the Qajar era.[693]<\/a><\/sup> It was significantly developed since the 1950s, using indigenous instruments and forms accompanied by electric guitar<\/a> and other imported characteristics. Iranian rock<\/a> emerged in the 1960s and hip hop<\/a> in the 2000s.[694]<\/a>[695]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ea4\u54cd\u4e50\u56e2\uff0c\u5fb7\u9ed1\u5170\u4ea4\u54cd\u4e50\u56e2\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u4e8e1933\u5e74\u3002\u5230\u4e8620\u4e16\u7eaa40\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\uff0c\u9c81\u970d\u62c9\u00b7\u54c8\u5229\u57fa\u521b\u7acb\u4e86\u8be5\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u97f3\u4e50\u534f\u4f1a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e1949\u5e74\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u97f3\u4e50\u5b66\u9662\u3002[692] \u4f0a\u6717\u6d41\u884c\u97f3\u4e50\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e\u5361\u624e\u5c14\u65f6\u671f\u3002[693] \u81ea20\u4e16\u7eaa50\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5b83\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u663e\u8457\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u672c\u571f\u4e50\u5668\u548c\u5f62\u5f0f\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u7535\u5409\u4ed6\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u8fdb\u53e3\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u6447\u6eda\u4e50\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u5174\u8d77\uff0c\u563b\u54c8\u97f3\u4e50\u572821\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u5174\u8d77\u3002[694][695]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iran has known dance in the forms of music, play, drama or religious rituals since at least the 6th millennium BC. Artifacts with pictures of dancers were found in archaeological prehistoric sites.[696]<\/a><\/sup> Genres of dance vary depending on the area, culture, and language of the local people, and can range from sophisticated reconstructions of refined court dances to energetic folk dances<\/a>.[697]<\/a><\/sup> Each group, region, and historical epoch has specific dance styles associated with it. The earliest researched dance from historic Iran is a dance worshipping Mithra. Ancient Persian dance was significantly researched by Greek historian Herodotus<\/a>. Iran was occupied by foreign powers, causing a slow disappearance of heritage dance traditions.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u81f3\u5c11\u4ece\u516c\u5143\u524d 6 \u5343\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u5c31\u4ee5\u97f3\u4e50\u3001\u620f\u5267\u3001\u620f\u5267\u6216\u5b97\u6559\u4eea\u5f0f\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u51fa\u73b0\u821e\u8e48\u3002\u5728\u53f2\u524d\u8003\u53e4\u9057\u5740\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u5e26\u6709\u821e\u8005\u56fe\u753b\u7684\u6587\u7269\u3002[696] \u821e\u8e48\u7684\u6d41\u6d3e\u56e0\u5f53\u5730\u4eba\u7684\u5730\u533a\u3001\u6587\u5316\u548c\u8bed\u8a00\u800c\u5f02\uff0c\u4ece\u7cbe\u81f4\u7684\u5bab\u5ef7\u821e\u8e48\u7684\u590d\u6742\u91cd\u5efa\u5230\u5145\u6ee1\u6d3b\u529b\u7684\u6c11\u95f4\u821e\u8e48\u3002[697] \u6bcf\u4e2a\u7fa4\u4f53\u3001\u5730\u533a\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u4ee3\u90fd\u6709\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u821e\u8e48\u98ce\u683c\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u4f0a\u6717\u6700\u65e9\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u821e\u8e48\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5d07\u62dc\u5bc6\u7279\u62c9\u7684\u821e\u8e48\u3002\u53e4\u6ce2\u65af\u821e\u8e48\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5e0c\u814a\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5e0c\u7f57\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u6df1\u5165\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u88ab\u5916\u56fd\u52bf\u529b\u5360\u9886\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4f20\u7edf\u821e\u8e48\u9010\u6e10\u6d88\u5931\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Qajar period had an important influence on Persian dance. In this period, a style of dance began to be called “classical Persian dance<\/a>“. Dancers performed artistic dances in court for entertainment purposes such as coronations, marriage celebrations, and Norouz<\/a> celebrations. In the 20th century, the music came to be orchestrated and dance movement and costuming gained a modernistic orientation to the West.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5361\u624e\u5c14\u65f6\u671f\u5bf9\u6ce2\u65af\u821e\u8e48\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u821e\u8e48\u98ce\u683c\u5f00\u59cb\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u53e4\u5178\u6ce2\u65af\u821e\u8e48\u201d\u3002\u821e\u8005\u4eec\u5728\u5bab\u5ef7\u4e2d\u4e3a\u5a31\u4e50\u76ee\u7684\u8868\u6f14\u827a\u672f\u821e\u8e48\uff0c\u5982\u52a0\u5195\u793c\u3001\u5a5a\u793c\u5e86\u5178\u548c\u8bfa\u9c81\u5179\u5e86\u795d\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u97f3\u4e50\u5f00\u59cb\u88ab\u7ba1\u5f26\u4e50\u961f\u7f16\u6392\uff0c\u821e\u8e48\u52a8\u4f5c\u548c\u670d\u88c5\u4e5f\u5411\u897f\u65b9\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3b\u4e49\u65b9\u5411\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.10 \u65f6\u5c1a\u4e0e\u670d\u9970 | Fashion and clothing<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Fashion in Iran<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u65f6\u5c1a\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The exact date of the emergence of weaving<\/a> in Iran is not yet known, but it is likely to coincide with the emergence of civilization<\/a>. Ferdowsi<\/a> and many historians have considered Keyumars<\/a> to be first to use animals’ skin<\/a> and hair as clothing, while others propose Hushang<\/a>.[698]<\/a><\/sup> Ferdowsi considers Tahmuras<\/a> to be a kind of textile<\/a> initiator in Iran. The clothing of ancient Iran took an advanced form, and the fabric and colour of clothing became very important. Depending on the social status, eminence, climate of the region and the season, Persian clothing<\/a> during the Achaemenian period took various forms. This clothing, in addition to being functional, had an aesthetic role.[698]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u51fa\u73b0\u7eba\u7ec7\u7684\u786e\u5207\u65e5\u671f\u5c1a\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e\u6587\u660e\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u76f8\u543b\u5408\u3002\u8d39\u5c14\u591a\u897f\u548c\u8bb8\u591a\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3aKeyumars\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f7f\u7528\u52a8\u7269\u76ae\u6bdb\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8863\u7269\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u5219\u63d0\u8bae\u662fHushang\u3002\u8d39\u5c14\u591a\u897f\u8ba4\u4e3aTahmuras\u662f\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u7eba\u7ec7\u53d1\u8d77\u8005\u3002\u53e4\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u670d\u88c5\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u9762\u6599\u548c\u989c\u8272\u53d8\u5f97\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u6839\u636e\u793e\u4f1a\u5730\u4f4d\u3001\u540d\u671b\u3001\u5730\u533a\u6c14\u5019\u548c\u5b63\u8282\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6ce2\u65af\u670d\u88c5\u5728\u963f\u5951\u7f8e\u5c3c\u5fb7\u65f6\u671f\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u591a\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u670d\u88c5\u9664\u4e86\u5177\u6709\u529f\u80fd\u6027\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u5177\u6709\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f5c\u7528\u3002[698]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.11 \u7535\u5f71\u3001\u52a8\u753b\u548c\u620f\u5267 | Cinema, animation and theatre<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Cinema of Iran<\/a>, Iranian animation<\/a>, and Persian theatre<\/a>
\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u7535\u5f71\u3001\u4f0a\u6717\u52a8\u753b\u548c\u6ce2\u65af\u620f\u5267\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u7535\u5f71<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe7-12\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

A third-millennium BC earthen goblet discovered at the Burnt City<\/a> in southeast Iran depicts what could be the world’s oldest example of animation.[700]<\/a><\/sup> The earliest attested Iranian examples of visual representations, however, are traced back to the bas-reliefs of Persepolis, the ritual centre of the Achaemenid Empire<\/a>.[701]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u4f0a\u6717\u4e1c\u5357\u90e8\u7684\u7126\u571f\u57ce\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u516c\u5143\u524d\u4e09\u5343\u7eaa\u7684\u9676\u5236\u9ad8\u811a\u676f\u63cf\u7ed8\u4e86\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u52a8\u753b\u5b9e\u4f8b\u3002[700] \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u4f0a\u6717\u89c6\u89c9\u8868\u73b0\u4f8b\u5b50\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u6ce2\u65af\u6ce2\u5229\u65af\u7684\u6d45\u6d6e\u96d5\uff0c\u90a3\u91cc\u662f\u963f\u5951\u7f8e\u5c3c\u5fb7\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u4eea\u5f0f\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002[701]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first Iranian filmmaker was probably Mirza Ebrahim (Akkas Bashi)<\/a>, the court photographer of Mozaffar-ed-Din<\/a> of the Qajar Empire<\/a>. Mirza Ebrahim obtained a camera and filmed the Qajar ruler’s visit to Europe. In 1904, Mirza Ebrahim (Sahhaf Bashi)<\/a> opened the first public cinema in Tehran.[702]<\/a><\/sup> The first Iranian feature film, Abi and Rabi<\/a><\/em>, was a silent comedy directed by Ovanes Ohanian<\/a> in 1930. The first sound one, Lor Girl<\/a><\/em>, was produced by Ardeshir Irani<\/a> and Abd-ol-Hosein Sepanta<\/a> in 1932. Iran’s animation industry began by the 1950s and was followed by the establishment of the influential Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults<\/a> in 1965.[703]<\/a>[704]<\/a><\/sup> With the screening of the films Qeysar<\/a><\/em> and The Cow<\/a><\/em>, directed by Masoud Kimiai<\/a> and Dariush Mehrjui<\/a> respectively in 1969, alternative films set out to establish their status in the film industry and Bahram Beyzai<\/a>‘s Downpour<\/a><\/em> and Nasser Taghvai<\/a>‘s Tranquility in the Presence of Others<\/em> followed. Attempts to organise a film festival, which had begun in 1954 within the Golrizan Festival, resulted in the festival of Sepas in 1969. It also resulted in the formation of Tehran’s World Film Festival in 1973.[705]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u4f0a\u6717\u7535\u5f71\u5236\u4f5c\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u662fMirza Ebrahim\uff08Akkas Bashi\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u5361\u624e\u5c14\u5e1d\u56fdMozaffar-ed-Din\u7684\u5bab\u5ef7\u6444\u5f71\u5e08\u3002Mirza Ebrahim\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u4e00\u53f0\u6444\u50cf\u673a\u5e76\u62cd\u6444\u4e86\u5361\u624e\u5c14\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u8bbf\u95ee\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u30021904\u5e74\uff0cMirza Ebrahim\uff08Sahhaf Bashi\uff09\u5728\u5fb7\u9ed1\u5170\u5f00\u8bbe\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u5bb6\u516c\u5171\u7535\u5f71\u9662\u3002[702] \u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u4f0a\u6717\u957f\u7bc7\u7535\u5f71\u300a\u963f\u6bd4\u548c\u62c9\u6bd4\u300b\u662f\u4e00\u90e8\u7531Ovanes Ohanian\u4e8e1930\u5e74\u6267\u5bfc\u7684\u65e0\u58f0\u559c\u5267\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u6709\u58f0\u7535\u5f71\u300aLor Girl\u300b\u7531Ardeshir Irani\u548cAbd-ol-Hosein Sepanta\u4e8e1932\u5e74\u5236\u4f5c\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u52a8\u753b\u4ea7\u4e1a\u59cb\u4e8e20\u4e16\u7eaa50\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u57281965\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u5bf9\u513f\u7ae5\u548c\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u667a\u529b\u53d1\u5c55\u6709\u91cd\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u3002[703][704] \u968f\u7740Masoud Kimiai\u548cDariush Mehrjui\u5206\u522b\u57281969\u5e74\u6267\u5bfc\u7684\u7535\u5f71\u300aQeysar\u300b\u548c\u300aThe Cow\u300b\u7684\u653e\u6620\uff0c\u53e6\u7c7b\u7535\u5f71\u5f00\u59cb\u5728\u7535\u5f71\u4ea7\u4e1a\u4e2d\u786e\u7acb\u5176\u5730\u4f4d\uff0cBahram Beyzai\u7684\u300aDownpour\u300b\u548cNasser Taghvai\u7684\u300aTranquility in the Presence of Others\u300b\u7d27\u968f\u5176\u540e\u3002\u81ea1954\u5e74\u8d77\u5728Golrizan\u8282\u5185\u5f00\u59cb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7535\u5f71\u8282\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e861969\u5e74\u7684Sepas\u8282\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e861973\u5e74\u5fb7\u9ed1\u5170\u4e16\u754c\u7535\u5f71\u8282\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u3002[705]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe7-13\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Following the Cultural Revolution<\/a>, a new age emerged in Iranian cinema, starting with Long Live!<\/em> by Khosrow Sinai<\/a> and followed by other directors, such as Abbas Kiarostami<\/a> and Jafar Panahi<\/a>. Kiarostami, an acclaimed director, planted Iran firmly on the map of world cinema when he won the Palme d’Or<\/a> for Taste of Cherry<\/a><\/em> in 1997.[707]<\/a><\/sup> The presence of Iranian films in prestigious international festivals, such as Cannes<\/a>, Venice<\/a> and Berlin<\/a>, attracted attention to Iranian films.[708]<\/a><\/sup> In 2006, 6 films represented Iranian cinema at Berlin; critics considered this a remarkable event in Iranian cinema.[709]<\/a>[710]<\/a><\/sup> Asghar Farhadi<\/a>, an Iranian director, has received a Golden Globe Award<\/a> and two Academy Awards<\/a>, representing Iran for Best Foreign Language Film in 2012 and 2017, with A Separation<\/a><\/em> and The Salesman<\/a><\/em>.[711]<\/a>[712]<\/a>[713]<\/a><\/sup> In 2020, Ashkan Rahgozar’s<\/a> “The Last Fiction<\/a>” became the first representative of Iranian animated cinema in the competition section, in Best Animated Feature<\/a> and Best Picture<\/a> categories at the Academy Awards<\/a>.[714]<\/a>[715]<\/a>[716]<\/a>[717]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6587\u5316\u9769\u547d\u540e\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u7535\u5f71\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u4ece\u970d\u65af\u7f57\u00b7\u897f\u5948\u7684\u300a\u4e07\u5c81\uff01\u300b\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u662f\u963f\u5df4\u65af\u00b7\u57fa\u4e9a\u7f57\u65af\u5854\u7c73\u548c\u8d3e\u6cd5\u5c14\u00b7\u5e15\u7eb3\u897f\u7b49\u5176\u4ed6\u5bfc\u6f14\u3002\u57fa\u4e9a\u7f57\u65af\u5854\u7c73\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u5e7f\u53d7\u597d\u8bc4\u7684\u5bfc\u6f14\uff0c1997 \u5e74\u51ed\u501f\u300a\u6a31\u6843\u7684\u6ecb\u5473\u300b\u83b7\u5f97\u91d1\u68d5\u6988\u5956\uff0c\u4f7f\u4f0a\u6717\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u7535\u5f71\u7248\u56fe\u4e0a\u7262\u7262\u5360\u636e\u4e00\u5e2d\u4e4b\u5730\u3002[707] \u4f0a\u6717\u7535\u5f71\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u621b\u7eb3\u3001\u5a01\u5c3c\u65af\u548c\u67cf\u6797\u7b49\u8457\u540d\u56fd\u9645\u7535\u5f71\u8282\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u4f0a\u6717\u7535\u5f71\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u3002[708] 2006 \u5e74\uff0c\u6709 6 \u90e8\u7535\u5f71\u4ee3\u8868\u4f0a\u6717\u7535\u5f71\u5728\u67cf\u6797\u7535\u5f71\u8282\u4e0a\u4eae\u76f8\uff1b\u8bc4\u8bba\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u4f0a\u6717\u7535\u5f71\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u4ef6\u5927\u4e8b\u3002[709][710] \u4f0a\u6717\u5bfc\u6f14\u963f\u65af\u54c8\u00b7\u6cd5\u54c8\u8482\u51ed\u501f\u300a\u4e00\u6b21\u522b\u79bb\u300b\u548c\u300a\u63a8\u9500\u5458\u300b\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u91d1\u7403\u5956\u548c\u4e24\u9879\u5965\u65af\u5361\u5956\uff0c2012 \u5e74\u548c 2017 \u5e74\u4ed6\u4ee3\u8868\u4f0a\u6717\u83b7\u5f97\u6700\u4f73\u5916\u8bed\u7247\u5956\u3002[711][712][713] 2020 \u5e74\uff0c\u963f\u4ec0\u574e\u00b7\u62c9\u8d6b\u6208\u624e\u5c14 (Ashkan Rahgozar) \u7684\u300a\u6700\u540e\u7684\u865a\u6784\u300b\u6210\u4e3a\u4f0a\u6717\u52a8\u753b\u7535\u5f71\u9996\u6b21\u5728\u5965\u65af\u5361\u91d1\u50cf\u5956\u6700\u4f73\u52a8\u753b\u7247\u548c\u6700\u4f73\u5f71\u7247\u5956\u7ade\u8d5b\u5355\u5143\u83b7\u5f97\u4ee3\u8868\u4f5c\u3002[714][715][716][717]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The oldest Iranian initiation of theatre can be traced to ancient epic ceremonial theatres such as Sug-e Si\u0101vu\u0691<\/em> (“mourning of Si\u0101va\u0691<\/a>“), as well as dances and theatre narrations of Iranian mythological tales reported by Herodotus<\/a> and Xenophon<\/a>. Iran’s traditional theatrical genres include Baqq\u0101l-b\u0101zi (“grocer play”, a form of slapstick comedy), Ruhowzi (or Taxt-howzi<\/em>, comedy performed over a courtyard pool covered with boards), Si\u0101h-b\u0101zi (the central comedian appears in blackface), S\u0101ye-b\u0101zi (shadow play<\/a>), Xeyme-\u0691ab-b\u0101zi (marionette<\/a>), and Arusak-b\u0101zi (puppetry<\/a>), and Ta’zie<\/a> (religious tragedy plays).[718]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u620f\u5267\u8d77\u6e90\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u53e4\u4ee3\u53f2\u8bd7\u4eea\u5f0f\u5267\u573a\uff0c\u5982 Sug-e Si\u0101vu\u0691\uff08\u201c\u54c0\u60bc Si\u0101va\u0691\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5e0c\u7f57\u591a\u5fb7\u548c\u8272\u8bfa\u82ac\u62a5\u9053\u7684\u4f0a\u6717\u795e\u8bdd\u6545\u4e8b\u7684\u821e\u8e48\u548c\u620f\u5267\u53d9\u8ff0\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u620f\u5267\u7c7b\u578b\u5305\u62ec Baqq\u0101l-b\u0101zi\uff08\u201c\u6742\u8d27\u5e97\u620f\u5267\u201d\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u95f9\u5267\u559c\u5267\uff09\u3001Ruhowzi\uff08\u6216 Taxt-howzi\uff0c\u5728\u7528\u6728\u677f\u8986\u76d6\u7684\u5ead\u9662\u6c34\u6c60\u4e0a\u8868\u6f14\u7684\u559c\u5267\uff09\u3001Si\u0101h-b\u0101zi\uff08\u4e2d\u5fc3\u559c\u5267\u6f14\u5458\u6d82\u9ed1\u8138\u51fa\u73b0\uff09\u3001S\u0101ye-b\u0101zi\uff08\u76ae\u5f71\u620f\uff09\u3001Xeyme-\u0691ab-b\u0101zi\uff08\u7275\u7ebf\u6728\u5076\uff09\u3001Arusak-b\u0101zi\uff08\u6728\u5076\u620f\uff09\u548c Ta’zie\uff08\u5b97\u6559\u60b2\u5267\uff09\u3002[718]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Roudaki Hall<\/a> is home to the Tehran Symphony Orchestra<\/a>, the Tehran Opera Orchestra, and the Iranian National Ballet Company<\/a>, and was officially renamed Vahdat Hall<\/a><\/em> after the Revolution.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u9c81\u8fbe\u57fa\u97f3\u4e50\u5385\u662f\u5fb7\u9ed1\u5170\u4ea4\u54cd\u4e50\u56e2\u3001\u5fb7\u9ed1\u5170\u6b4c\u5267\u7ba1\u5f26\u4e50\u56e2\u548c\u4f0a\u6717\u56fd\u5bb6\u82ad\u857e\u821e\u56e2\u7684\u6240\u5728\u5730\uff0c\u9769\u547d\u540e\u6b63\u5f0f\u66f4\u540d\u4e3a\u74e6\u8d6b\u8fbe\u7279\u97f3\u4e50\u5385\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.12 \u5a92\u4f53 | Media<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Media of Iran<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u5a92\u4f53\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe7-14\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iran’s largest media corporation is the state-owned IRIB<\/a>. The Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance<\/a> is responsible for the cultural policy<\/a>, including activities regarding communications and information.[719]<\/a><\/sup> Most of the newspapers published in Iran<\/a> are in Persian, the country’s official and national language. The country’s most widely circulated periodicals are based in Tehran, among which are Etemad<\/a><\/em>, Ettela’at<\/a><\/em>, Kayhan<\/a><\/em>, Hamshahri<\/a><\/em>, Resalat<\/a><\/em>, and Shargh<\/a><\/em>.[503]<\/a><\/sup> Tehran Times<\/a><\/em>, Iran Daily<\/a><\/em>, and Financial Tribune<\/a><\/em> are among the famous English-language newspapers based in Iran.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5a92\u4f53\u516c\u53f8\u662f\u56fd\u6709\u7684 IRIB\u3002\u6587\u5316\u548c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6307\u5bfc\u90e8\u8d1f\u8d23\u6587\u5316\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6709\u5173\u901a\u4fe1\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002[719] \u4f0a\u6717\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6570\u62a5\u7eb8\u90fd\u662f\u6ce2\u65af\u8bed\uff0c\u6ce2\u65af\u8bed\u662f\u8be5\u56fd\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u6c11\u65cf\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u8be5\u56fd\u53d1\u884c\u91cf\u6700\u5927\u7684\u671f\u520a\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5fb7\u9ed1\u5170\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec Etemad\u3001Ettela’at\u3001Kayhan\u3001Hamshahri\u3001Resalat \u548c Shargh\u3002[503] \u5fb7\u9ed1\u5170\u65f6\u62a5\u3001\u4f0a\u6717\u65e5\u62a5\u548c\u91d1\u878d\u8bba\u575b\u62a5\u662f\u4f0a\u6717\u8457\u540d\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u62a5\u7eb8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iran ranks 17th among countries by number of Internet users<\/a>. Google Search<\/a> is Iran’s most widely used search engine and Instagram<\/a> is the most popular online social networking service<\/a>.[720]<\/a><\/sup> Direct access to many worldwide mainstream websites has been blocked in Iran, including Facebook<\/a>, which has been blocked since 2009. About 90% of Iran’s e-commerce<\/a> takes place on the Iranian online store Digikala<\/a>, which has around 750,000 visitors per day and is the most visited online store in the Middle East.[721]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u5728\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u7528\u6237\u6570\u91cf\u65b9\u9762\u4f4d\u5c45\u7b2c 17 \u4f4d\u3002\u8c37\u6b4c\u641c\u7d22\u662f\u4f0a\u6717\u4f7f\u7528\u6700\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u641c\u7d22\u5f15\u64ce\uff0cInstagram \u662f\u6700\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u7684\u5728\u7ebf\u793e\u4ea4\u7f51\u7edc\u670d\u52a1\u3002[720]\u4f0a\u6717\u5df2\u7ecf\u5c4f\u853d\u4e86\u5bf9\u8bb8\u591a\u5168\u7403\u4e3b\u6d41\u7f51\u7ad9\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u8bbf\u95ee\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u81ea 2009 \u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u5c31\u88ab\u5c4f\u853d\u7684 Facebook\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u5927\u7ea6 90% \u7684\u7535\u5b50\u5546\u52a1\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u4f0a\u6717\u7f51\u4e0a\u5546\u5e97 Digikala \u4e0a\uff0c\u8be5\u5546\u5e97\u6bcf\u5929\u6709\u5927\u7ea6 75 \u4e07\u8bbf\u5ba2\uff0c\u662f\u4e2d\u4e1c\u8bbf\u95ee\u91cf\u6700\u5927\u7684\u7f51\u4e0a\u5546\u5e97\u3002[721]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.13 \u996e\u98df | Cuisine<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Iranian cuisine<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u996e\u98df\u3011\/ \u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u996e\u98df<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe7-15\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian main dishes include varieties of kebab<\/a>, pilaf<\/a>, stew<\/a> (khoresh<\/a>), soup<\/a> and \u0101sh<\/a>, and omelette<\/a>. Lunch and dinner meals are commonly accompanied by side dishes such as plain yogurt<\/a> or mast-o-khiar<\/a>, sabzi<\/a>, salad Shirazi<\/a>, and torshi<\/a>, and might follow dishes such as borani<\/a>, Mirza Qasemi<\/a>, or kashk e bademjan<\/a>. In Iranian culture, tea is widely consumed.[722]<\/a>[723]<\/a><\/sup> Iran is the world’s seventh major tea producer.[724]<\/a><\/sup> One of Iran’s most popular desserts is the falude<\/a>.[725]<\/a><\/sup> There is also the popular saffron ice cream, known as Bastani Sonnati<\/a><\/em> (“traditional ice cream”),[726]<\/a><\/sup> which is sometimes accompanied with carrot juice<\/a>.[727]<\/a><\/sup> Iran is also famous for its caviar<\/a>.[728]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u4e3b\u83dc\u5305\u62ec\u5404\u79cd\u70e4\u8089\u3001\u7092\u996d\u3001\u7096\u83dc\uff08khoresh\uff09\u3001\u6c64\u548c\u0101sh\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u714e\u86cb\u5377\u3002\u5348\u9910\u548c\u665a\u9910\u901a\u5e38\u914d\u6709\u914d\u83dc\uff0c\u5982\u539f\u5473\u9178\u5976\u6216mast-o-khiar\u3001sabzi\u3001\u6c99\u62c9Shirazi\u548ctorshi\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5728\u8bf8\u5982borani\u3001Mirza Qasemi\u6216kashk e bademjan\u7b49\u83dc\u80b4\u4e4b\u540e\u4e0a\u684c\u3002\u5728\u4f0a\u6717\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\uff0c\u8336\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u6d88\u8d39\u3002[722][723] \u4f0a\u6717\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u4e03\u5927\u8336\u53f6\u751f\u4ea7\u56fd\u3002[724] \u4f0a\u6717\u6700\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u7684\u751c\u70b9\u4e4b\u4e00\u662ffalude\u3002[725] \u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u7684\u85cf\u7ea2\u82b1\u51b0\u6dc7\u6dcb\uff0c\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3aBastani Sonnati\uff08\u201c\u4f20\u7edf\u51b0\u6dc7\u6dcb\u201d\uff09\uff0c[726] \u6709\u65f6\u4f1a\u914d\u4ee5\u80e1\u841d\u535c\u6c41\u3002[727] \u4f0a\u6717\u4e5f\u4ee5\u5176\u9c7c\u5b50\u9171\u800c\u95fb\u540d\u3002[728]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Typical Iranian main dishes are combinations of rice<\/a> with meat<\/a>, vegetables<\/a> and nuts<\/a>. Herbs<\/a> are frequently used, along with fruits such as plums<\/a>, pomegranates<\/a>, quince<\/a>, prunes<\/a>, apricots<\/a> and raisins<\/a>. Characteristic Iranian spices and flavourings such as saffron<\/a>, cardamom<\/a>, and dried lime<\/a> and other sources of sour flavoring, cinnamon<\/a>, turmeric<\/a> and parsley<\/a> are mixed and used in various dishes.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5178\u578b\u7684\u4f0a\u6717\u4e3b\u83dc\u662f\u7c73\u996d\u3001\u8089\u7c7b\u3001\u852c\u83dc\u548c\u575a\u679c\u7684\u7ec4\u5408\u3002\u7ecf\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528\u8349\u836f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u674e\u5b50\u3001\u77f3\u69b4\u3001\u6985\u6872\u3001\u6885\u5b50\u3001\u674f\u5e72\u548c\u8461\u8404\u5e72\u7b49\u6c34\u679c\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u7279\u6709\u7684\u9999\u6599\u548c\u8c03\u5473\u6599\uff0c\u5982\u85cf\u7ea2\u82b1\u3001\u8c46\u853b\u3001\u5e72\u77f3\u7070\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u9178\u5473\u6765\u6e90\u3001\u8089\u6842\u3001\u59dc\u9ec4\u548c\u6b27\u82b9\u6df7\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5404\u79cd\u83dc\u80b4\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.14 \u4f53\u80b2 | Sports<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Sport in Iran<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u4f53\u80b2\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe7-16\u548c7-17\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iran is the most likely birthplace of polo<\/a>,[729]<\/a>[730]<\/a>[731]<\/a><\/sup> locally known as Chogan, with its earliest records attributed to the ancient Medes<\/a>.[732]<\/a><\/sup> Freestyle wrestling<\/a> is traditionally considered the national sport<\/a>, and Iran’s wrestlers<\/a> have been world champions many times. Iran’s traditional wrestling, called ko\u0691ti e pahlev\u0101ni<\/a><\/em> (“heroic wrestling”), is registered on UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural Heritage list.[733]<\/a><\/sup> Iran’s National Olympic Committee<\/a> was founded in 1947. Wrestlers and weightlifters<\/a> have achieved the country’s highest records at the Olympics<\/a>. In 1974, Iran became the first country in West Asia to host the Asian Games<\/a>.[734]<\/a>[735]<\/a>[736]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u9a6c\u7403\u6700\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u53d1\u6e90\u5730\uff0c[729][730][731]\u5728\u5f53\u5730\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3aChogan\uff0c\u5176\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u53e4\u4ee3\u7c73\u5e95\u4eba\u3002[732] \u81ea\u7531\u5f0f\u6454\u8de4\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u6454\u8de4\u624b\u66fe\u591a\u6b21\u83b7\u5f97\u4e16\u754c\u51a0\u519b\u3002\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u6454\u8de4\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3ako\u1e21ti e pahlev\u0101ni\uff08\u201c\u82f1\u96c4\u6454\u8de4\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u5df2\u88ab\u5217\u5165\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u6559\u79d1\u6587\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u975e\u7269\u8d28\u6587\u5316\u9057\u4ea7\u540d\u5f55\u3002[733] \u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5965\u6797\u5339\u514b\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6210\u7acb\u4e8e1947\u5e74\u3002\u6454\u8de4\u624b\u548c\u4e3e\u91cd\u8fd0\u52a8\u5458\u5728\u5965\u8fd0\u4f1a\u4e0a\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u8be5\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u7eaa\u5f55\u30021974\u5e74\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u6210\u4e3a\u897f\u4e9a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3e\u529e\u4e9a\u6d32\u8fd0\u52a8\u4f1a\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002[734][735][736]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As a mountainous country, Iran is a venue for skiing<\/a>, snowboarding<\/a>, hiking<\/a>, rock climbing<\/a>,[737]<\/a><\/sup> and mountain climbing<\/a>.[738]<\/a>[739]<\/a><\/sup> It is home to ski resorts, the most famous being Tochal<\/a>, Dizin<\/a>, and Shemshak<\/a>.[740]<\/a><\/sup> Dizin is the largest, and authorised by FIS<\/a> to administer international competitions.[741]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u5c71\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u662f\u6ed1\u96ea\u3001\u5355\u677f\u6ed1\u96ea\u3001\u5f92\u6b65\u65c5\u884c\u3001\u6500\u5ca9[737]\u548c\u767b\u5c71[738][739]\u7684\u573a\u6240\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u6ed1\u96ea\u80dc\u5730\u7684\u6240\u5728\u5730\uff0c\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u662f\u6258\u67e5\u5c14\u3001\u8fea\u6d25\u548c\u8c22\u59c6\u6c99\u514b\u3002[740]\u8fea\u6d25\u662f\u6700\u5927\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u7ecf\u56fd\u9645\u6ed1\u96ea\u8054\u5408\u4f1a\uff08FIS\uff09\u6388\u6743\u4e3e\u529e\u56fd\u9645\u6bd4\u8d5b\u3002[741]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Football<\/a> is the most popular sport, with the men’s national team<\/a> having won the Asian Cup<\/a> three times. The men’s team ranks 2nd in Asia and 20th in the FIFA World Rankings<\/a> as of April 2024.[742]<\/a><\/sup> The Azadi Stadium<\/a> in Tehran is the largest association football stadium in West Asia and on a list of top-20 stadiums in the world.[743]<\/a><\/sup> Volleyball is the second most popular sport.[744]<\/a>[745]<\/a><\/sup> Having won the 2011 and 2013 Asian Men’s Volleyball Championships<\/a>, the men’s national team<\/a> is the 2nd strongest in Asia, and 15th in the FIVB World Rankings<\/a> as of January\u00a02024. Basketball<\/a> is also popular, with the men’s national team<\/a> having won three Asian Championships<\/a> since 2007.[746]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8db3\u7403\u662f\u6700\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u7537\u5b50\u56fd\u5bb6\u961f\u66fe\u4e09\u6b21\u8d62\u5f97\u4e9a\u6d32\u676f\u3002\u622a\u81f32024\u5e744\u6708\uff0c\u7537\u5b50\u961f\u5728\u4e9a\u6d32\u6392\u540d\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u5728\u4e16\u754cFIFA\u6392\u540d\u4e2d\u4f4d\u5217\u7b2c20\u4f4d\u3002[742] \u4f4d\u4e8e\u5fb7\u9ed1\u5170\u7684\u963f\u624e\u8fea\u4f53\u80b2\u573a\u662f\u897f\u4e9a\u6700\u5927\u7684\u8db3\u7403\u573a\uff0c\u4e5f\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u524d20\u5927\u4f53\u80b2\u573a\u4e4b\u5217\u3002[743] \u6392\u7403\u662f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002[744][745] \u7537\u5b50\u56fd\u5bb6\u961f\u8d62\u5f97\u4e862011\u5e74\u548c2013\u5e74\u7684\u4e9a\u6d32\u7537\u5b50\u6392\u7403\u9526\u6807\u8d5b\uff0c\u662f\u4e9a\u6d32\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5f3a\u7684\u961f\u4f0d\uff0c\u622a\u81f32024\u5e741\u6708\uff0c\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u6392\u8054\u4e16\u754c\u6392\u540d\u4e2d\u4f4d\u5217\u7b2c15\u4f4d\u3002\u7bee\u7403\u4e5f\u5f88\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\uff0c\u7537\u5b50\u56fd\u5bb6\u961f\u81ea2007\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u5df2\u8d62\u5f97\u4e09\u6b21\u4e9a\u6d32\u9526\u6807\u8d5b\u3002[746]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.15 \u8282\u65e5\u5e86\u5178 | Observances<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

See also: List of festivals in Iran<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u8282\u65e5\u5217\u8868\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe7-18\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iran’s official New Year<\/a> begins with Nowruz<\/a>, an ancient Iranian tradition celebrated annually on the vernal equinox<\/a> and described as the Persian New Year<\/em>.[748]<\/a><\/sup> It was registered on the UNESCO’s list of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity<\/a> in 2009.[749]<\/a>[750]<\/a>[751]<\/a>[752]<\/a><\/sup> On the eve of the last Wednesday of the preceding year, as a prelude to Nowruz, the ancient festival of \u0628\u0101r\u0691anbe Suri<\/a> celebrates \u0100tar<\/a> (“fire”) by performing rituals such as jumping over bonfires<\/a> and lighting fireworks<\/a>.[753]<\/a>[754]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u65b0\u5e74\u4ece\u8bfa\u9c81\u5179\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u4f0a\u6717\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u5728\u6625\u5206\u5e86\u795d\uff0c\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u6ce2\u65af\u65b0\u5e74\u3002[748] \u5b83\u4e8e2009\u5e74\u88ab\u5217\u5165\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u6559\u79d1\u6587\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u53e3\u5934\u548c\u975e\u7269\u8d28\u9057\u4ea7\u6770\u4f5c\u540d\u5f55\u3002[750][751][752] \u5728\u53bb\u5e74\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u661f\u671f\u4e09\u7684\u524d\u5915\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8bfa\u9c81\u5179\u7684\u524d\u594f\uff0c\u53e4\u4ee3\u8282\u65e5\u0628\u0101r\u0691anbe Suri\u901a\u8fc7\u8df3\u8fc7\u7bdd\u706b\u548c\u70b9\u71c3\u70df\u706b\u7b49\u4eea\u5f0f\u6765\u5e86\u795d\u0100tar\uff08\u201c\u706b\u201d\uff09\u3002[753][754]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yald\u0101<\/a>, another ancient tradition,[755]<\/a><\/sup> commemorates the ancient goddess Mithra<\/a> and marks the longest night of the year on the eve of the winter solstice<\/a> (usually on 20 or 21 December),[756]<\/a>[757]<\/a><\/sup> during which families gather to recite poetry and eat fruits.[758]<\/a>[759]<\/a><\/sup> In some regions of Mazanderan<\/a> and Markazi<\/a>,[760]<\/a>[761]<\/a>[762]<\/a>[763]<\/a><\/sup> there is a midsummer<\/a> festival, Tirg\u0101n<\/a>,[764]<\/a><\/sup> which is observed on Tir<\/a> 13 (2 or 3\u00a0July) as a celebration of water.[765]<\/a>[766]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u662f\u96c5\u5c14\u8fbe\u8282[755]\uff0c\u5b83\u7eaa\u5ff5\u53e4\u4ee3\u5973\u795e\u5bc6\u7279\u62c9\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u51ac\u81f3\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u5728 12 \u6708 20 \u65e5\u6216 21 \u65e5\uff09\u524d\u5915\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u4e00\u5e74\u4e2d\u6700\u957f\u7684\u591c\u665a\uff0c[756][757]\u5728\u6b64\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5bb6\u4eba\u805a\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u6717\u8bf5\u8bd7\u6b4c\u3001\u5403\u6c34\u679c\u3002[758][759]\u5728\u9a6c\u8d5e\u5fb7\u5170\u548c\u9a6c\u5c14\u5361\u9f50\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5730\u533a[760][761][762][763]\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ef2\u590f\u8282\uff0c\u8482\u5c14\u7518\u8282[764]\uff0c\u5728\u8482\u5c14\u6708 13 \u65e5\uff087 \u6708 2 \u65e5\u6216 3 \u65e5\uff09\u5e86\u795d\uff0c\u5e86\u795d\u6c34\u3002[765][766]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Islamic annual events such as Ramez\u0101n<\/a>, Eid e Fetr<\/a>, and Ruz e \u0100\u0691ur\u0101<\/a> are marked by the country’s population, Christian traditions such as Noel<\/a>,[767]<\/a><\/sup> elle ye Ruze<\/a>, and Eid e P\u0101k<\/a> are observed by the Christian communities, Jewish traditions such as Hanuk\u0101<\/a>[768]<\/a><\/sup> and Eid e Fatir<\/a> (Pesah)[769]<\/a>[770]<\/a><\/sup> are observed by the Jewish communities, and Zoroastrian traditions such as Sade<\/a>[771]<\/a><\/sup> and Mehrg\u0101n<\/a> are observed by the Zoroastrians.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8be5\u56fd\u6c11\u4f17\u5e86\u795d\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u5e74\u5ea6\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u5982\u658b\u6708\u3001\u5f00\u658b\u8282\u548c\u7ea2\u6708\u8282\uff1b\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5f92\u5e86\u795d\u5723\u8bde\u8282\u3001\u7ea2\u6708\u8282\u548c\u5df4\u57fa\u65af\u5766\u8282\u7b49\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4f20\u7edf\u6d3b\u52a8\uff1b\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u5f92\u5e86\u795d\u5149\u660e\u8282[768]\u548c\u903e\u8d8a\u8282[769][770]\u7b49\u72b9\u592a\u4f20\u7edf\u6d3b\u52a8\uff1b\u7410\u7f57\u4e9a\u65af\u5fb7\u6559\u5f92\u5e86\u795d\u8428\u5fb7\u8282[771]\u548c\u6885\u5c14\u7518\u8282\u7b49\u7410\u7f57\u4e9a\u65af\u5fb7\u6559\u4f20\u7edf\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.15.1 \u516c\u5171\u5047\u65e5 | Public holidays<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Public holidays in Iran<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u516c\u5171\u5047\u65e5\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

With 26, Iran has one of the world’s highest number of public holidays.[772]<\/a>[773]<\/a><\/sup> It ranks 1st in the world with the most paid leave days: 52.[774]<\/a>[775]<\/a><\/sup> Iran’s official calendar<\/a> is the Solar Hejri calendar<\/a>, beginning at the vernal equinox<\/a> in the Northern Hemisphere<\/a>.[776]<\/a><\/sup> Each of the 12 months of the Solar Hejri calendar correspond with a zodiac sign<\/a>, and the length of each year is solar.[776]<\/a><\/sup> Alternatively, the Lunar Hejri calendar<\/a> is used to indicate Islamic events, and the Gregorian calendar<\/a> marks international events.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u6717\u62e5\u670926\u4e2a\u516c\u5171\u5047\u65e5\uff0c\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u516c\u5171\u5047\u65e5\u6570\u91cf\u6700\u591a\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002[772][773] \u5728\u5e26\u85aa\u4f11\u5047\u5929\u6570\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u4ee552\u5929\u4f4d\u5c45\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u4e00\uff1a[774][775] \u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u65e5\u5386\u662f\u592a\u9633\u5386\u5e0c\u5409\u6765\u5386\uff0c\u4ece\u5317\u534a\u7403\u7684\u6625\u5206\u5f00\u59cb\u3002[776] \u592a\u9633\u5386\u5e0c\u5409\u6765\u5386\u768412\u4e2a\u6708\u4e0e\u9ec4\u9053\u5341\u4e8c\u5bab\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\u662f\u592a\u9633\u5e74\u3002[776] \u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u6708\u4eae\u5386\u5e0c\u5409\u6765\u5386\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u793a\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u800c\u516c\u5386\u7528\u4e8e\u6807\u8bb0\u56fd\u9645\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Legal public holidays based on the Iranian solar calendar include the cultural celebrations of Nowruz (Farvardin<\/a> 1\u20134; 21\u201324 March) and Sizdebedar (Farvardin<\/a> 13; 2\u00a0April), and the political events of Islamic Republic Day<\/a> (Farvardin<\/a> 12; 1\u00a0April), the death of Ruhollah Khomeini<\/a> (Khordad<\/a> 14; 4\u00a0June), the Khordad 15 event<\/a> (Khordad<\/a> 15; 5\u00a0June), the anniversary of the Iranian Revolution<\/a> (Bahman<\/a> 22; 10 February), and Oil Nationalization Day<\/a> (Esfand<\/a> 29; 19 March).[777]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6309\u7167\u4f0a\u6717\u9633\u5386\uff0c\u6cd5\u5b9a\u516c\u5171\u5047\u65e5\u5305\u62ec\u6587\u5316\u5e86\u795d\u6d3b\u52a8\u8bfa\u9c81\u5b5c\u8282\uff08Farvardin 1-4 \u65e5\uff1b3 \u6708 21-24 \u65e5\uff09\u548c\u8282\u65e5\uff08Farvardin 13 \u65e5\uff1b4 \u6708 2 \u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5305\u62ec\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u65e5\uff08Farvardin 12 \u65e5\uff1b4 \u6708 1 \u65e5\uff09\u3001\u9c81\u970d\u62c9\u00b7\u970d\u6885\u5c3c\u901d\u4e16\u65e5\uff08Khordad 14 \u65e5\uff1b6 \u6708 4 \u65e5\uff09\u3001Khordad 15 \u4e8b\u4ef6\uff08Khordad 15 \u65e5\uff1b6 \u6708 5 \u65e5\uff09\u3001\u4f0a\u6717\u9769\u547d\u5468\u5e74\u7eaa\u5ff5\u65e5\uff08Bahman 22 \u65e5\uff1b2 \u6708 10 \u65e5\uff09\u548c\u77f3\u6cb9\u56fd\u6709\u5316\u65e5\uff08Esfand 29 \u65e5\uff1b3 \u6708 19 \u65e5\uff09\u3002[777]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lunar Islamic public holidays include Tasua (Muharram<\/a> 9), Ashura (Muharram<\/a> 10), Arba’een (Safar<\/a> 20), Muhammad’s death (Safar<\/a> 28), the death of Ali al-Ridha (Safar<\/a> 29 or 30), the birthday of Muhammad (Rabi-al-Awwal<\/a> 17), the death of Fatimah (Jumada-al-Thani<\/a> 3), the birthday of Ali (Rajab<\/a> 13), Muhammad’s first revelation (Rajab<\/a> 27), the birthday of Muhammad al-Mahdi (Sha’ban<\/a> 15), the death of Ali (Ramadan<\/a> 21), Eid al-Fitr (Shawwal<\/a> 1\u20132), the death of Ja’far al-Sadiq (Shawwal<\/a> 25), Eid al-Qurban (Zulhijja<\/a> 10), and Eid al-Qadir (Zulhijja<\/a> 18).[777]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u519c\u5386\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u516c\u5171\u5047\u671f\u5305\u62ec\u5854\u82cf\u963f (Muharram 9)\u3001\u963f\u8212\u62c9 (Muharram 10)\u3001Arba’een (Safar 20)\u3001\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u901d\u4e16 (Safar 28)\u3001Ali al-Ridha \u901d\u4e16 (Safar 29 \u6216 30)\u3001\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u7684\u751f\u65e5\uff08Rabi-al-Awwal 17\uff09\u3001\u6cd5\u8482\u739b\u53bb\u4e16\uff08Jumada-al-Thani 3\uff09\u3001\u963f\u91cc\u751f\u65e5\uff08Rajab 13\uff09\u3001\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u542f\u793a\uff08Rajab 27\uff09\u3001\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u00b7\u9a6c\u8d6b\u8fea\u751f\u65e5\uff08Sha’ban\uff09 15\uff09\u3001\u963f\u91cc\u4e4b\u6b7b\uff08\u658b\u6708 21\uff09\u3001\u5f00\u658b\u8282\uff08Shawwal 1-2\uff09\u3001\u8d3e\u6cd5\u5c14\u00b7\u8428\u8fea\u514b\u4e4b\u6b7b\uff08Shawwal 25\uff09\u3001\u5f00\u658b\u8282\uff08Zulhijja 10\uff09\u548c\u5f00\u658b\u8282\u5361\u8fea\u5c14 (Zulhijja 18)\u3002[777]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

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\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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