{"id":3679,"date":"2024-08-12T23:39:00","date_gmt":"2024-08-12T15:39:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/?p=3679"},"modified":"2025-03-25T18:12:56","modified_gmt":"2025-03-25T10:12:56","slug":"thailand-fulltext-zhen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/2024\/08\/12\/thailand-fulltext-zhen\/","title":{"rendered":"\u6cf0\u56fd \/ Thailand\uff08\u5168\u6587\uff09- \u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u8bcd\u6761\u878d\u5408"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\n

\u4e2d\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff08\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\uff09\uff1a\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a>
\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff08\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\uff09\uff1a\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a>
\u672c\u6587\u57fa\u4e8e\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u7684\u7ebf\u7d22\uff0c\u5e76\u8865\u5145\u90e8\u5206\u6765\u81ea\u4e2d\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u5728\u4e8c\u8005\u51b2\u7a81\u65f6\uff0c\u4ee5\u66f4\u665a\u66f4\u65b0\u8005\u4e3a\u51c6\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u5173\u4e8e\u8fbd\u89c2\u7684\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u642c\u8fd0\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u5df2\u642c\u8fd0\u7684\u8bcd\u6761\uff0c\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e86\u89e3\u66f4\u591a<\/a>\u3002\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\uff08Wikipedia\uff09\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7684\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u767e\u79d1\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u5230\u7acb\u573a\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u6765\u6e90\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8bf7\u5ba2\u89c2\u770b\u5f85\u3002\u6b63\u6587\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u8bd1\u8005\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fbd\u89c2\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4ec5\u4f9b\u53c2\u8003\u3002\u6587\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u542b\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\u94fe\u63a5\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n\u8fbd\u89c2\u6240\u642c\u8fd0\u7684\u8bcd\u6761\u6587\u672c\u4e0e\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u4e00\u9053\u540c\u6837\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 4.0\u534f\u8bae\uff08\u8fbd\u89c2\u642c\u8fd0\u7684\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u5bf9\u7167\u7248\u672c<\/a>\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u7b26\u5408\u534f\u8bae\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u514d\u8d39\u4f7f\u7528\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5546\u7528\uff09\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u548c\u89c6\u9891\u53ef\u80fd\u9075\u5faa\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5171\u4eab\u534f\u8bae\u3002\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u9875\u9762\u6709\u6cf0\u8bed<\/a><\/strong>\uff0c\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf<\/a>\u53ca\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668<\/a>\u987b\u652f\u6301\u7279\u6b8a\u5b57\u6bcd\u4e0e\u7b26\u53f7<\/a>\u624d\u80fd\u6b63\u786e\u663e\u793a\u4e3a\u6cf0\u6587\u5b57<\/a>\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u53ef\u80fd\u53d8\u6210\u4e71\u7801<\/a>\u3001\u95ee\u53f7\u3001\u7a7a\u683c\u7b49\u5176\u5b83\u7b26\u53f7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

0. \u6982\u8ff0<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u8fbd\u89c2\u6ce8\uff1a\u6b64\u6807\u9898\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u642c\u8fd0\u3001\u6574\u5408\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

0.1 \u6587\u5b57\u8bf4\u660e<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u8fbd\u89c2\u6ce8\uff1a\u6b64\u6807\u9898\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u642c\u8fd0\u3001\u6574\u5408\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6cf0\u738b\u56fd<\/strong>\uff08\u6cf0\u8bed\uff1a\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e13\u0e32\u0e08\u0e31\u0e01\u0e23\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\uff0c\u7687\u5bb6\u8f6c\u5199<\/a>\uff1aRatcha-anachak Thai\uff09\uff0c\u901a\u79f0\u6cf0\u56fd<\/strong>\uff08\u6cf0\u8bed\uff1a\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\uff0c\u7687\u5bb6\u8f6c\u5199<\/a>\uff1aPrathet Thai\uff0c\u82f1\u8bedThailand[\u6ce81]<\/sup>\uff09\uff0c\u65e7\u79f0\u66b9\u7f57<\/a><\/strong>[\u6ce8 2]<\/a><\/sup>\uff08\u6cf0\u8bed\uff1a\u0e2a\u0e22\u0e32\u0e21\uff0c\u7687\u5bb6\u8f6c\u5199<\/a>\uff1aSayam\uff09[\u6ce83]<\/sup><\/sub>\uff0c\u662f\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a<\/a>\u7684\u541b\u4e3b\u7acb\u5baa\u5236<\/a>\u56fd\u5bb6<\/a>\uff0c\u9996\u90fd\u53ca\u6700\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u4e3a\u66fc\u8c37<\/a>\u3002\u6cf0\u56fd\u56fd\u571f\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5370\u652f\u534a\u5c9b\uff08\u4e2d\u5357\u534a\u5c9b\uff09<\/a>\u4e2d\u90e8\uff0c\u5357\u63a5\u66b9\u7f57\u6e7e<\/a>\u548c\u9a6c\u6765\u897f\u4e9a<\/a>\uff0c\u4e1c\u90bb\u8001\u631d<\/a>\u3001\u67ec\u57d4\u5be8<\/a>\uff0c\u897f\u9760\u7f05\u7538<\/a>\u548c\u5b89\u8fbe\u66fc\u6d77<\/a>\uff0c\u56fd\u571f\u9762\u79ef51.3\u4e07\u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc<\/a>\uff0c\u4eba\u53e3\u8fd17,000\u4e07[5]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6ce81\uff1a\u53c8\u8bd1\u201c\u66b9\u903b\u201d\uff0c\u6309\u6cf0\u6587\u539f\u6587\u97f3\u8bd1\u5219\u4e3a\u201c\u66b9\u201d\u3002
\u6ce82\uff1a\/\u02c8ta\u026al\u00e6nd, -l\u0259nd\/<\/a>, TYE-land, -\u2060l\u0259nd<\/em><\/a>; Thai<\/a>: \u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22<\/a>, RTGS<\/a>: <\/small>Prathet Thai<\/em>, pronounced [prat\u02b0\u00ea\u02d0t t\u02b0aj]<\/a> <\/a>\u24d8<\/a><\/sup>
\u6ce83\uff1a\/sa\u026a\u02c8\u00e6m, \u02c8sa\u026a\u00e6m\/<\/a>, sye-AM, SYE-am<\/em><\/a>; Thai<\/a>: \u0e2a\u0e22\u0e32\u0e21<\/a>, RTGS<\/a>: <\/small>sayam<\/em>, pronounced [saj\u01ce\u02d0m]<\/a>; also spelled Siem<\/em>, Sy\u00e2m<\/em>, or Sy\u00e2ma<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6cf0\u8bed\u6c11\u65cf<\/a>\u81ea11\u4e16\u7eaa\u8d77\u4ece\u4eca\u4e2d\u56fd<\/a>\u897f\u5357\u90e8\u5357\u8fc1\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5b5f\u738b\u56fd<\/a>\u3001\u9ad8\u68c9\u5e1d\u56fd<\/a>\u548c\u9a6c\u6765\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005<\/a>\u90fd\u66fe\u7edf\u6cbb\u4eca\u65e5\u6cf0\u56fd\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u9886\u571f\uff0c\u4e3a\u5f53\u5730\u5e26\u6765\u4f5b\u6559\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u6587\u5316<\/a>\u3002\u8fc1\u5165\u4eca\u6cf0\u56fd\u9886\u571f\u7684\u6cf0\u4eba\u593a\u5f97\u4e3b\u52a8\u6743\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u6cf0\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u7d20\u53ef\u6cf0\u738b\u56fd<\/a>\u3001\u5170\u7eb3\u738b\u56fd<\/a>\u548c\u963f\u745c\u9640\u8036\u738b\u56fd<\/a>\u7b49\u653f\u6743\u3002\u963f\u745c\u9640\u8036\u738b\u56fd\u572815\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u8fdb\u5165\u6587\u5316\u7e41\u8363\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5b89\u5b9a\u7684\u7e41\u76db\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u83b1\u738b<\/a>\u7edf\u6cbb\u671f\u95f4\u6b65\u5165\u6781\u76db\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u6b64\u540e\u9010\u6b65\u8870\u9000\u800c\u906d\u9047\u7f05\u7538<\/a>\u5165\u4fb5\uff0c\u57281767\u5e74\u66b9\u7f05\u6218\u4e89<\/a>\u4e2d\u4e00\u5ea6\u706d\u56fd\u3002\u5c06\u9886\u90d1\u662d<\/a>\u7387\u519b\u6536\u590d\u9886\u571f\uff0c\u4ee4\u66b9\u7f57\u91cd\u5f52\u7edf\u4e00\uff0c\u4e8e1767\u5e74\u5efa\u7acb\u541e\u6b66\u91cc\u738b\u56fd<\/a>\u30021782\u5e74\uff0c\u901a\u92ae<\/a>\u593a\u5f97\u738b\u4f4d\uff0c\u79f0\u62c9\u739b\u4e00\u4e16\uff0c\u5f00\u542f\u5ef6\u7eed\u81f3\u4eca\u7684\u624e\u514b\u91cc\u738b\u671d<\/a>\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6cf0\u56fd\u662f\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a<\/a>\u552f\u4e00\u5e78\u514d\u4e8e\u5916\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11<\/a>\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u88ab\u8feb\u7b7e\u8ba2\u591a\u4e2a\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u6761\u7ea6<\/a>\u800c\u4e27\u5931\u5927\u7247\u56fd\u571f\u3002\u5728\u56fd\u738b\u6731\u62c9\u9686\u529f<\/a>\u7edf\u6cbb\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u66b9\u7f57\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\u8fce\u6765\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u897f\u5316\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u628a\u56fd\u5bb6\u53d8\u6210\u4e3a\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u541b\u4e3b\u4e13\u5236<\/a>\u96c6\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u4f461932\u5e74\u66b9\u7f57\u7acb\u5baa\u9769\u547d<\/a>\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u738b\u5ba4\u88ab\u6539\u884c\u541b\u4e3b\u7acb\u5baa\u5236<\/a>\u3002\u5176\u540e\u603b\u7406<\/a>\u92ae\u62ab\u6c76\u00b7\u9882\u582a<\/a>\u638c\u63e1\u5927\u6743\uff0c\u4efb\u5185\u63a8\u884c\u6cf0\u5316<\/a>\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u56fd\u540d\u66f4\u53d8\u4e3a\u6cf0\u56fd\uff0c\u4e8c\u6218\u6218\u8d25\u540e\u6539\u4e3a\u4eb2\u7f8e\u3002\u51b7\u6218<\/a>\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u6cf0\u56fd\u6210\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd<\/a>\u5728\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u76df\u53cb<\/a>\uff0c\u66fe\u4e3b\u5bfc\u6210\u7acb\uff08\u5df2\u89e3\u6563\u7684\uff09\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u6761\u7ea6\u7ec4\u7ec7<\/a>\uff08SEATO<\/a>\uff09\u3002\u6cf0\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u73af\u5883\u4e0d\u751a\u5b89\u5b9a\uff0c\u519b\u65b9\u5c61\u6b21\u51ed\u501f\u519b\u4e8b\u653f\u53d8\u63a8\u7ffb\u6587\u4eba\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c1990\u5e74\u4ee3\u5728\u738b\u5ba4\u4e3b\u6301\u4e0b\uff0c\u867d\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u52bf\u529b\u535a\u5f08\u4f7f\u5c40\u52bf\u5927\u81f4\u5e73\u8861\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd1\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u53d1\u5c55\u7f13\u6162\uff0c2014\u5e74\u6cf0\u56fd\u653f\u53d8<\/a>\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6cf0\u56fd\u6b63\u5904\u4e8e\u519b\u653f\u5e9c\u7edf\u6cbb\u671f\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u6b63\u7ecf\u5386\u6c11\u4f17\u793a\u5a01\u8fd0\u52a8<\/a>[10]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from a brief period of parliamentary democracy<\/a> in the mid-1970s and 1990s, Thailand has periodically alternated between democracy<\/a> and military rule<\/a>. Since the 2000s, the country has been in continual political conflict between supporters and opponents of twice-elected Prime Minister of Thailand<\/a> Thaksin Shinawatra<\/a>, which resulted in two coups<\/a> (in 2006<\/a> and 2014<\/a>), along with the establishment of its current constitution<\/a>, a nominally democratic government<\/a> after the 2019 Thai general election<\/a>, and large pro-democracy protests in 2020\u20132021<\/a>, which included unprecedented demands to reform the monarchy. Since 2019, it has been nominally a parliamentary<\/a> constitutional monarchy<\/a>; in practice, however, structural advantages in the constitution have ensured the military’s continued influence in politics.[12]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u9664\u4e8620\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\u548c90\u5e74\u4ee3\u77ed\u6682\u7684\u8bae\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u65f6\u671f\u5916\uff0c\u6cf0\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u5468\u671f\u6027\u5730\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0e\u519b\u653f\u5e9c\u4e4b\u95f4\u4ea4\u66ff\u3002\u81ea2000\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6cf0\u56fd\u4e00\u76f4\u5904\u4e8e\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u51b2\u7a81\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u51b2\u7a81\u53cc\u65b9\u5206\u522b\u662f\u652f\u6301\u4e0e\u53cd\u5bf9\u4e24\u6b21\u5f53\u9009\u7684\u6cf0\u56fd\u603b\u7406\u4ed6\u4fe1\u00b7\u897f\u90a3\u74e6\u7684\u4eba\u58eb\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u4e24\u6b21\u653f\u53d8\uff08\u5206\u522b\u53d1\u751f\u57282006\u5e74\u548c2014\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u73b0\u884c\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u30022019\u5e74\u6cf0\u56fd\u5927\u9009\u540e\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u540d\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u5e76\u57282020\u5e74\u81f32021\u5e74\u95f4\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u4eb2\u6c11\u4e3b\u6297\u8bae\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u524d\u6240\u672a\u6709\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u6539\u9769\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\u3002\u81ea2019\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6cf0\u56fd\u540d\u4e49\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bae\u4f1a\u5236\u541b\u4e3b\u7acb\u5baa\u5236\u56fd\u5bb6\uff1b\u7136\u800c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u4f18\u52bf\u786e\u4fdd\u4e86\u519b\u961f\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u3002[12]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6cf0\u56fd\u662f\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u56fd\u5bb6\u8054\u76df<\/a>\u7684\u521b\u59cb\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e2d\u7b49\u5f3a\u56fd<\/a>\uff0c\u6709\u7740\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u53d1\u5c55\u6307\u6570<\/a>\u3002\u6cf0\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e<\/a>\u5728\u4e8c\u6218\u4ee5\u540e\u5feb\u901f\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u662f\u65b0\u5174\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u56fd\u5bb6<\/a>\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5927\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\uff0c\u4f9d\u8d2d\u4e70\u529b\u5e73\u4ef7<\/a>\u8ba1\u7b97\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c20\u5927\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53<\/a>\u3002\u5236\u9020\u4e1a\u3001\u519c\u4e1a\u548c\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u662f\u6cf0\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u90e8\u95e8[11]<\/a><\/sup>[12]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

0.2 \u6807\u5fd7\u53ca\u4f4d\u7f6e<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u8fbd\u89c2\u6ce8\uff1a\u6b64\u6807\u9898\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u642c\u8fd0\u3001\u6574\u5408\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
Flag of Thailand\u3010\u6cf0\u56fd\u56fd\u65d7\u3011
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a>
Emblem of Thailand\u3010\u6cf0\u56fd\u56fd\u5fbd\u3011
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aOrthographic map of Thailand<\/a>.
\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aZuanzuanfuwa<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 3.0\u534f\u8bae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aThailand (dark green) \/ ASEAN except Thailand (dark grey)
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u6df1\u7eff\u8272\u8868\u793a\u7684\u6cf0\u56fd \/ \u6df1\u7070\u8272\u8868\u793a\u7684\u4e1c\u76df\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\uff08\u9664\u6cf0\u56fd\u4e4b\u5916\uff09
\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aASDFGHJ<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

0.3 \u6982\u51b5\u8868\u683c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u8fbd\u89c2\u6ce8\uff1a\u6b64\u6807\u9898\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u642c\u8fd0\u3001\u6574\u5408\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anthem:\u3010\u56fd\u6b4c\u3011<\/strong> \u0e40\u0e1e\u0e25\u0e07\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e15\u0e34\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22
Phleng Chat Thai<\/a><\/em>
“Thai National Anthem”\u3010\u6cf0\u56fd\u56fd\u6b4c\u3011
<\/a>Duration\u3010\u6301\u7eed\u65f6\u95f4\u3011: 45 seconds.
\u70b9\u51fb\u94fe\u63a5\u8046\u542c\uff08\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u9646\u5730\u533a\u8bbf\u95ee\uff09<\/a>

Royal anthem<\/a>\u3010\u7687\u5ba4\u9882\u6b4c\u3011:<\/strong>\u0e2a\u0e23\u0e23\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e23\u0e34\u0e0d\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e23\u0e21\u0e35
Sansoen Phra Barami<\/a><\/em>
“Glorify His Prestige”\u3010\u9882\u5723\u6b4c\u3011
<\/a>Duration\u3010\u6301\u7eed\u65f6\u95f4\u3011: 1 minute and 8 seconds.
\u70b9\u51fb\u94fe\u63a5\u8046\u542c\uff08\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u9646\u5730\u533a\u8bbf\u95ee\uff09<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
Capital and largest city\u3010\u9996\u90fd\u53ca\u6700\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u3011<\/th>Bangkok<\/a>[a]<\/a><\/sup>\u3010\u66fc\u8c37\u3011
\"\"13\u00b048\u2032N 100\u00b033\u2032E<\/a>
\uff08\u6ce8a\uff1aOfficially known in Thai as “Krung Thep Maha Nakhon” \u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5728\u6cf0\u8bed\u4e2d\uff0c\u5176\u6b63\u5f0f\u540d\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u0e01\u0e23\u0e38\u0e07\u0e40\u0e17\u0e1e\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e19\u0e04\u0e23\u201d\uff0c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6210\u4e2d\u6587\u662f\u201c\u66fc\u8c37\u5927\u90fd\u5e02\u201d\u3002\uff09<\/td><\/tr>
Official language
and national language
\u3010\u5b98\u65b9\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u8bed\u8a00\u3011<\/th>		Thai<\/a>[1]<\/a><\/sup>\u3010\u6cf0\u8bed\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Spoken languages
\u3010\u65e5\u5e38\u53e3\u8bed\u8bed\u8a00\u3011<\/th>		Central Thai<\/a>\u3010\u4e2d\u90e8\u6cf0\u8bed\u3011, Isan<\/a>\u3010\u4f0a\u6851\u8bed\uff08\u4e1c\u5317\u90e8\u6cf0\u8bed\uff09\u3011, Lanna (Northern Thai)<\/a>\u3010\u5170\u7eb3\u8bed\uff08\u5317\u90e8\u6cf0\u8bed\uff09\u3011, Dambro (Southern Thai)<\/a>\u3010\u4e39\u5e03\u7f57\u8bed\uff08\u5357\u90e8\u6cf0\u8bed\uff09\u3011, Karen<\/a>\u3010\u5361\u4f26\u8bed\u3011, Pattani Malay<\/a>\u3010\u5317\u5927\u5e74\u9a6c\u6765\u8bed\u3011, Bangkok Malay<\/a>\u3010\u66fc\u8c37\u9a6c\u6765\u8bed\u3011, Teochew<\/a>\u3010\u6f6e\u5dde\u8bdd\u3011, Hokkien<\/a>\u3010\u95fd\u5357\u8bed\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Ethnic groups<\/a>
\u3010\u6c11\u65cf\u65cf\u7fa4\u3011<\/th>		80% Thai<\/a> \u301080% \u6cf0\u8bed\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u3011
37% Thai (Central Thai) \u301037% \u4f7f\u7528\u4e2d\u90e8\u6cf0\u8bed\uff08\u6807\u51c6\u6cf0\u8bed\uff09\u3011
25% Thai Lao (Northeastern Thai)<\/a> \u301025% \u4f7f\u7528\u6cf0\u8001\u8bed\uff08\u4e1c\u5317\u90e8\u6cf0\u8bed\uff09\u3011
8% Lanna (Northern Thai)<\/a> \u30108% \u4f7f\u7528\u5170\u7eb3\u8bed\uff08\u5317\u90e8\u6cf0\u8bed\uff09\u3011
8% Dambro (Southern Thai)<\/a> \u30108% \u4f7f\u7528\u4e39\u5e03\u7f57\u8bed\uff08\u5357\u90e8\u6cf0\u8bed\uff09\u3011
2% (Western Thai) \u30102% \u4f7f\u7528\u897f\u90e8\u6cf0\u8bed\u3011
12% Thai Chinese<\/a> \u301012% \u6cf0\u534e\u6df7\u8840\uff08\u6cf0\u56fd\u534e\u4eba\u540e\u88d4\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u6c49\u8bed\u65b9\u8a00\u5982\u6f6e\u5dde\u8bdd\u6216\u95fd\u5357\u8bed\uff09\u3011
4% Khmer<\/a> \u30104% \u4f7f\u7528\u9ad8\u68c9\u8bed\u3011
4% Malays<\/a>\u30104% \u4f7f\u7528\u9a6c\u6765\u8bed\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Religion (2023)[2]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u5b97\u6559\uff082023\u5e74\uff09\u3011<\/th>		90% Buddhism<\/a>\u3010\u4f5b\u6559\u3011 5% Islam<\/a>\u3010\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u3011 2% Christianity<\/a>\u3010\u57fa\u7763\u5b97\u6559\u3011 1% no religion<\/a>\u3010\u65e0\u5b97\u6559\u3011 1% undeclared\u3010\u672a\u58f0\u660e\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Demonym(s)<\/a>
\u3010\u5728\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u5bf9\u5f53\u5730\u5c45\u6c11\u7684\u79f0\u547c\u3011<\/th>		Thai<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
Government<\/a>\u3010\u653f\u5e9c\u3011<\/th>Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy<\/a>
\u3010\u5355\u4e00\u5236\u8bae\u4f1a\u541b\u4e3b\u7acb\u5baa\u5236\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Monarch<\/a>\u3010\u541b\u4e3b\u3011<\/th>Vajiralongkorn<\/a>\u3010\u739b\u54c8\u00b7\u54c7\u96c6\u62c9\u9686\u529f<\/a>\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Prime Minister<\/a>
\u3010\u9996\u76f8\uff08\u603b\u7406\uff09\u3011<\/th>		Srettha Thavisin<\/a>\u3010\u793e\u4ed6\u00b7\u4ed6\u5a01\u4fe1<\/a>\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Legislature
\u3010\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u3011<\/th>		National Assembly<\/a>\u3010\u4f17\u8bae\u9662<\/a>\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Upper house<\/a>
\u3010\u4e0a\u8bae\u9662<\/a>\u3011<\/th>		Senate<\/a>\u3010\u53c2\u8bae\u9662<\/a>\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Lower house<\/a>
\u3010\u4e0b\u8bae\u9662<\/a>\u3011<\/th>		House of Representatives<\/a>\u3010\u4f17\u8bae\u9662<\/a>\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Formation<\/a>\u3010\u6784\u5efa\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3011<\/th><\/tr>
\u2022 Sukhothai Kingdom<\/a><\/th>1238\u20131438<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Ayutthaya Kingdom<\/a><\/th>1351\u20131767<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Thonburi Kingdom<\/a><\/th>1767\u20131782<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Rattanakosin Kingdom<\/a><\/th>6 April 1782<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Constitutional monarchy<\/a><\/th>24 June 1932<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Current constitution<\/a><\/th>6 April 2017<\/td><\/tr>
Area<\/a>\u3010\u9762\u79ef\u3011<\/th><\/tr>
\u2022 Total\u3010\u603b\u9762\u79ef\u3011<\/th>513,120 km2<\/sup> (198,120 sq mi) (50th<\/a>)\uff08\u5168\u7403\u6392\u540d\u7b2c50\uff09<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Water (%)
\u3010\u6c34\u57df\u9762\u79ef\u3011<\/th>		0.4 (2,230 km2<\/small><\/sup>)<\/td><\/tr>
Population<\/a>\u3010\u4eba\u53e3\u3011<\/th><\/tr>
\u2022 2024 estimate
\u30102024\u5e74\u4f30\u8ba1\u503c\u3011<\/th>		\"Neutral 65,975,198[3]<\/a><\/sup> (22nd<\/a>)\uff08\u5168\u7403\u6392\u540d\u7b2c22\uff09<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 2010 census
\u30102010\u5e74\u666e\u67e5\u503c\u3011<\/th>		64,785,909[4]<\/a><\/sup> (21st<\/a>)\uff08\u5168\u7403\u6392\u540d\u7b2c21\uff09<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Density
\u3010\u4eba\u53e3\u5bc6\u5ea6\u3011<\/th>		132.1\/km2<\/sup> (342.1\/sq mi) (88th<\/a>)\uff08\u5168\u7403\u6392\u540d\u7b2c88\uff09<\/td><\/tr>
GDP<\/a> (PPP<\/a>)
\u3010\u56fd\u5185\u751f\u4ea7\u603b\u503c\uff08\u8d2d\u4e70\u529b\u5e73\u4ef7\uff09\u3011<\/th>		2024 estimate\u30102024\u5e74\u4f30\u8ba1\u503c\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Total\u3010\u603b\u8ba1\u3011<\/th>\"Increase\" $1.644 trillion[5]<\/a><\/sup> (23rd<\/a>)\u30101.644\u4e07\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143[5]\uff08\u5168\u7403\u7b2c23\u4f4d\uff09\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Per capita\u3010\u4eba\u5747\u3011<\/th>\"Increase\" $23,401[5]<\/a><\/sup> (74th<\/a>)\u30102\u4e073401\u7f8e\u5143[5]\uff08\u5168\u7403\u7b2c74\u4f4d\uff09\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
GDP<\/a> (nominal)
\u3010\u56fd\u5185\u751f\u4ea7\u603b\u503c\uff08\u540d\u4e49\uff1b\u6309\u6c47\u7387\u8ba1\u7b97\uff09\u3011<\/th>		2024 estimate\u30102024\u5e74\u4f30\u8ba1\u503c\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Total\u3010\u603b\u8ba1\u3011<\/th>\"Increase\" $548.890 billion[5]<\/a><\/sup> (26th<\/a>)\u30105488\u4ebf9000\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143[5]\uff08\u5168\u7403\u7b2c26\u4f4d\uff09\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Per capita\u3010\u4eba\u5747\u3011<\/th>\"Increase\" $7,812[5]<\/a><\/sup> (88th<\/a>)\u30107812\u7f8e\u5143[5]\uff08\u5168\u7403\u7b2c88\u4f4d\uff09\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Gini<\/a> (2021)
\u3010\u57fa\u5c3c\u7cfb\u6570<\/a>\u3011<\/th>		\"Negative 35.1[6]<\/a><\/sup>
medium inequality\u3010\u4e2d\u5ea6\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
HDI<\/a> (2022)
\u3010\u4eba\u7c7b\u53d1\u5c55\u6307\u6570<\/a>\u3011<\/th>		\"Increase\" 0.803[7]<\/a><\/sup>
very high (66th<\/a>)\u3010\u6781\u9ad8\uff08\u5168\u7403\u7b2c66\u4f4d\uff09\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Currency\u3010\u8d27\u5e01\u3011<\/th>Thai baht<\/a> (\u0e3f) (THB<\/a>)\u3010\u6cf0\u94e2<\/a>\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Time zone\u3010\u65f6\u533a\u3011<\/th>UTC<\/a>+7 (ICT<\/a>)\u3010\u4e1c\u4e03\u533a\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Date format
\u3010\u65f6\u95f4\u683c\u5f0f\u3011<\/th>		dd\/mm\/yyyy (BE<\/a>)<\/td><\/tr>
Driving side<\/a>
\u3010\u884c\u9a76\u65b9\u4f4d<\/a>\u3011<\/th>		left\u3010\u5de6\u4fa7\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Calling code<\/a>
\u3010\u56fd\u9645\u7535\u8bdd\u533a\u53f7\u3011<\/th>		+66<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
ISO 3166 code<\/a>
\u3010\u56fd\u9645\u56fd\u5bb6\u3001\u5730\u533a\u548c\u533a\u5212\u4ee3\u7801\u3011<\/th>		TH<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
Internet TLD<\/a>
\u3010\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u9876\u7ea7\u57df<\/a>\u540d\u3011<\/th>		.th<\/a>.\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1. \u56fd\u540d | Etymology<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The signature of King Mongkut<\/a> (r. 1851\u20131868) reads SPPM<\/em> (Somdet Phra Poramenthra Maha<\/em>) Mongkut Rex Siamensium<\/em> (Mongkut, King of the Siamese). This usage of the name in the country’s first international treaty<\/a> gave the name Siam<\/em> official status, until 24 June 1939 when it was changed to Thailand<\/em>.[25]<\/a><\/sup> Thailand was briefly renamed Siam<\/em> from 1946 to 1948, after which it again reverted to Thailand<\/em>.[citation needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u62c9\u739b\u56db\u4e16\u56fd\u738b\u8499\u56fa\uff08\u5728\u4f4d1851\u20131868\u5e74\uff09\u7684\u7b7e\u540d\u5199\u4e3aSPPM\uff08Somdet Phra Poramenthra Maha\uff09Mongkut Rex Siamensium\uff08\u8499\u56fa\uff0c\u66b9\u7f57\u4e4b\u738b\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u540d\u79f0\u5728\u6cf0\u56fd\u9996\u4e2a\u56fd\u9645\u6761\u7ea6\u4e2d\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u7ed9\u4e88\u4e86\u201c\u66b9\u7f57\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57\u5b98\u65b9\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u76f4\u52301939\u5e746\u670824\u65e5\u624d\u6539\u4e3a\u201c\u6cf0\u56fd\u201d\u3002[25]\u4ece1946\u5e74\u52301948\u5e74\uff0c\u6cf0\u56fd\u77ed\u6682\u5730\u91cd\u65b0\u547d\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u66b9\u7f57\u201d\uff0c\u4e4b\u540e\u518d\u6b21\u6539\u56de\u201c\u6cf0\u56fd\u201d\u3002[\u9700\u8981\u5f15\u8bc1]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df
\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aSPPM Mongkut Rex Siamensium<\/em>, King Mongkut<\/a>‘s signature
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u62c9\u739b\u56db\u4e16\u8499\u56fa\u738b\u965b\u4e0b\uff0c\u5148\u7687\u56fd\u738b\u7684\u7b7e\u540d
\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aKing Mongkut of Siam<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u6cf0\u56fd\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u5168\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u6cf0\u738b\u56fd\u201d\uff08\u6cf0\u8bed\uff1a\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e13\u0e32\u0e08\u0e31\u0e01\u0e23\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\uff0c\u7687\u5bb6\u8f6c\u5199<\/a>\uff1aRatcha Anachak Thai \/r\u00e2\u02d0t.t\u0255\u02b0\u0101 \u0294\u0101\u02d0n\u0101\u02d0t\u0255\u00e0k t\u02b0\u0101j\/<\/a>\u24d8<\/a><\/sup>\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u201c\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u201d\u8868\u793a\u201c\u56fd\u738b\u201d\u3001\u201c\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e13\u0e32\u0e08\u0e31\u0e01\u0e23\u201d\u610f\u4e3a\u201c\u9886\u571f\u201d\u3001\u800c\u201c\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\u201d\u5219\u662f\u4e3b\u4f53\u6c11\u65cf\u6cf0\u65cf<\/a>\u7684\u65cf\u540d\u3002\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u6cf0\u56fd\u4e00\u76f4\u4ee5\u201c\u66b9<\/a>\u201d\uff08\u6cf0\u8bed\uff1a\u0e2a\u0e22\u0e32\u0e21\uff0c\u7687\u5bb6\u8f6c\u5199<\/a>\uff1aSayam\uff09\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56fd\u540d\u3002\u92ae\u62ab\u6c76\u00b7\u9882\u582a<\/a>\u5143\u5e05\u57281939\u5e746\u670823\u65e5\u81f31945\u5e749\u67088\u65e5\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5c06\u66b9\u7f57\u6539\u79f0\u201c\u6cf0\u56fd\u201d\uff08\u6cf0\u8bed\uff1a\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\uff0c\u7687\u5bb6\u8f6c\u5199<\/a>\uff1aPrathet Thai\uff09\uff0c\u5e26\u6709\u6cdb\u6cf0\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u8272\u5f69\u30021945\u5e749\u67088\u65e5\uff0c\u6cf0\u56fd\u590d\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u66b9\u738b\u56fd\u201d\u30021949\u5e745\u670811\u65e5\uff0c\u66b9\u7f57\u6b63\u5f0f\u66f4\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u6cf0\u738b\u56fd\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thailand[d]<\/a><\/sup> was known by outsiders prior to 1939 as Siam<\/em>.[e]<\/a><\/sup> According to George C\u0153d\u00e8s<\/a>, the word Thai<\/em> (\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22<\/a>) means ‘free man’ in the Thai language, “differentiating the Thai from the natives encompassed in Thai society as serfs”.[15]<\/a>:\u200a197\u200a<\/sup> According to Chit Phumisak<\/a>, Thai (\u0e44\u0e17) simply means ‘people’ or ‘human being’; his investigation shows that some rural areas used the word “Thai” instead of the usual Thai word khon<\/em> (\u0e04\u0e19<\/a>) for people.[16]<\/a><\/sup> According to Michel Ferlus<\/a>, the ethnonyms Thai-Tai (or Thay-Tay) would have evolved from the etymon *k(\u0259)ri:<\/em> ‘human being’.[f]<\/a>[18]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u57281939\u5e74\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6cf0\u56fd[d] \u88ab\u5916\u754c\u79f0\u4e3a\u66b9\u7f57[e]\u3002\u6839\u636e\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u79d1\u5fb7\u65af\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u6cf0\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u6cf0\u201d\uff08\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\uff09\u4e00\u8bcd\u610f\u6307\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u5c06\u6cf0\u56fd\u4eba\u4e0e\u5728\u6cf0\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u519c\u5974\u7684\u672c\u5730\u4eba\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\u201d\u3002[15]:\u200a197\u200a \u6839\u636e\u9f50\u00b7\u666e\u7c73\u8428\u514b\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u201c\u6cf0\u201d\uff08\u0e44\u0e17\uff09\u4e00\u8bcd\u7b80\u5355\u6765\u8bf4\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u4eba\u201d\u6216\u201c\u4eba\u7c7b\u201d\uff1b\u4ed6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u519c\u6751\u5730\u533a\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u6cf0\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u4ee3\u66ff\u4e86\u6cf0\u8bed\u4e2d\u901a\u5e38\u8868\u793a\u4eba\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\u201ckhon\u201d\uff08\u0e04\u0e19\uff09\u3002[16] \u6839\u636e\u7c73\u6b47\u5c14\u00b7\u8d39\u9c81\u65af\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4eba\u79cd\u540d\u79f0\u6cf0-\u53f0\uff08\u6216Thay-Thay\uff09\u53ef\u80fd\u4ece\u8bcd\u6839*k(\u0259)ri: \u201c\u4eba\u7c7b\u201d\u6f14\u53d8\u800c\u6765\u3002[f][18]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6ce8d\uff1aThai<\/a>: \u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22<\/a>, RTGS<\/a>: <\/small>Prathet Thai<\/em>, pronounced [prat\u02b0\u00ea\u02d0t t\u02b0aj]<\/a> <\/a>\u24d8<\/a><\/sup>
\u6ce8e\uff1aThai<\/a>: \u0e2a\u0e22\u0e32\u0e21<\/a>, RTGS<\/a>: <\/small>sayam<\/em>, pronounced [saj\u01ce\u02d0m]<\/a>; also spelled Siem<\/em>, Sy\u00e2m<\/em>, or Sy\u00e2ma<\/em>
\u6ce8f\uff1aThrough the following chain: *k\u0259ri:<\/em> > *k\u0259li:<\/em> > *k\u0259di:\/*k\u0259daj<\/em> > *di:\/*daj<\/em> > *dajA<\/sup><\/em> (Proto-Southwestern Tai) > t\u02b0ajA2<\/sup><\/em> (in Siamese<\/a> and Lao<\/a>) or > tajA2<\/sup><\/em> (in the other Southwestern<\/a> and Central Tai languages<\/a> classified by Li Fangkuei<\/a>).[17]<\/a><\/sup> Ferlus work is based on simple rules of phonetic change observable in the Sinosphere<\/a> and studied for the most part by William H. Baxter<\/a> (1992).
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u901a\u8fc7\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u8bed\u97f3\u53d8\u5316\u94fe\uff1a*k\u0259ri: > *k\u0259li: > k\u0259di:\/<\/em>k\u0259daj > di:\/<\/em>daj > *dajA\uff08\u539f\u59cb\u897f\u5357\u6cf0\u8bed\uff09> t\u02b0ajA2\uff08\u5728\u66b9\u7f57\u8bed\u548c\u8001\u631d\u8bed\u4e2d\uff09\u6216> tajA2\uff08\u5728\u674e\u65b9\u6842\u5206\u7c7b\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u897f\u5357\u548c\u4e2d\u6cf0\u8bed\u4e2d\uff09\u3002[17] \u8d39\u9c81\u65af\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u57fa\u4e8e\u5728\u6c49\u6587\u5316\u5708\u4e2d\u53ef\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u8bed\u97f3\u53d8\u5316\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5219\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7531\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7H\u00b7\u8d1d\u514b\u65af\u7279\uff081992\u5e74\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6cf0\u56fd\u56fd\u540d\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u6cf0\u201d\u4e3a\u6cf0\u65cf<\/a>\u4e4b\u65cf\u540d\u3002\u201c\u6cf0\u201d\uff08\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\uff09\u4e00\u8bcd\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u6cd5\u56fd\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u79d1\u57c3\u5fb7\u65af<\/a>\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e3a\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u201d\u4e4b\u610f\uff0c\u76d6\u56e0\u6cf0\u50a3\u6c11\u65cf\u5357\u4e0b\u79fb\u5c45\u81f3\u4eca\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6cf0\u56fd\u7684\u571f\u5730\u540e\uff0c\u5f53\u5730\u64cd\u5b5f-\u9ad8\u68c9\u8bed<\/a>\u7684\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u4ee5\u519c\u5974<\/a>\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u548c\u6cf0\u4eba\u4e0d\u540c[13]<\/a><\/sup>:197<\/sup>\u3002\u53e6\u6709\u6cf0\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u53cd\u9a73\u8be5\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u636e\u5176\u8c03\u67e5\uff0c\u201c\u6cf0\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e61\u6751\u5730\u533a\u4e3a\u201c\u4eba\u201d\uff08\u0e04\u0e19 khon<\/em>\uff09\u4e4b\u610f\uff1b\u6cd5\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u5bb6\u7c73\u6b47\u5c14\u00b7\u8d39\u5415<\/a>\u5219\u63a8\u8bba\u51fa\u8be5\u8bcd\u7684\u8bed\u6e90\u6f14\u53d8\uff0c\u5176\u539f\u59cb\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3a*k(\u0259)ri:<\/em>\uff0c\u610f\u4e3a\u4eba\uff0c\u5e76\u4f9d\u7167\u5982\u4e0b\u6b21\u5e8f\u6f14\u53d8\uff1a*k\u0259ri: > *k\u0259li: > *k\u0259di:\/*k\u0259daj > *di:\/*daj > *daj \uff08\u539f\u59cb\u897f\u5357\u50a3\u8bed<\/a>\uff09 > t\u02b0aj\uff08\u5373\u6cf0\u8bed\u548c\u8001\u631d\u8bed\u4e2d\u4e4b\u201c\u6cf0\u201d\uff09\u6216 > taj\uff08\u5373\u5176\u4ed6\u50a3\u8bed<\/a>\u4e2d\u4e4b\u201c\u50a3\u201d\uff09[14]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thais often refer to their country using the polite form prathet Thai<\/em> (Thai<\/a>: \u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22). They also use the more colloquial term mueang Thai<\/em> (Thai<\/a>: \u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22) or simply Thai;<\/em> the word mueang<\/a><\/em>, archaically referring to a city-state<\/a>, is commonly used to refer to a city or town as the centre of a region. Ratcha Anachak Thai<\/em> (Thai<\/a>: \u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e13\u0e32\u0e08\u0e31\u0e01\u0e23\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22) means ‘kingdom of Thailand’ or ‘kingdom of Thai’. Etymologically, its components are: ratcha<\/em> (Sanskrit<\/a>: \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u094d, r\u0101jan<\/a><\/em>, ‘king, royal, realm’), ana-<\/em> (Pali<\/a> \u0101\u1e47\u0101<\/em> ‘authority, command, power’, itself from the Sanskrit \u0906\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e, \u0101j\u00f1\u0101<\/em>, of the same meaning), and -chak<\/em> (from Sanskrit \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930<\/a> cakra-<\/em> ‘wheel’, a symbol of power and rule). The Thai National Anthem<\/a> (Thai<\/a>: \u0e40\u0e1e\u0e25\u0e07\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e15\u0e34), written by Luang Saranupraphan<\/a> during the patriotic 1930s, refers to the Thai nation as prathet Thai<\/em> (Thai<\/a>: \u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22). The first line of the national anthem is: prathet thai ruam lueat nuea chat chuea thai<\/em> (Thai<\/a>: \u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\u0e23\u0e27\u0e21\u0e40\u0e25\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e14\u0e40\u0e19\u0e37\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e15\u0e34\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e37\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22), ‘Thailand is founded on blood and flesh’.[19]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6cf0\u56fd\u4eba\u901a\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528\u793c\u8c8c\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u201cprathet Thai\u201d\uff08\u6cf0\u8bed\uff1a\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\uff09\u6765\u79f0\u547c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u66f4\u52a0\u53e3\u8bed\u5316\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u201cmueang Thai\u201d\uff08\u6cf0\u8bed\uff1a\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\uff09\u6216\u8005\u7b80\u79f0\u4e3a\u201cThai\u201d\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u201cmueang\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\uff0c\u539f\u672c\u6307\u4ee3\u57ce\u90a6\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u5e38\u7528\u4ee5\u6307\u4ee3\u533a\u57df\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u6216\u57ce\u9547\u3002”Ratcha Anachak Thai”\uff08\u6cf0\u8bed\uff1a\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e13\u0e32\u0e08\u0e31\u0e01\u0e23\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\uff09\u610f\u4e3a\u201c\u6cf0\u56fd\u738b\u56fd\u201d\u6216\u201c\u6cf0\u65cf\u738b\u56fd\u201d\u3002\u4ece\u8bcd\u6e90\u5b66\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u662f\uff1a\u201cratcha\u201d\uff08\u6e90\u81ea\u68b5\u8bed\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u094d\uff0cr\u0101jan\uff0c\u610f\u4e3a\u201c\u56fd\u738b\uff0c\u7687\u5bb6\uff0c\u9886\u57df\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u201cana-\u201d\uff08\u6e90\u81ea\u5df4\u5229\u8bed\u0101\u1e47\u0101\u2018\u6743\u5a01\uff0c\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u529b\u91cf\u2019\uff0c\u5176\u672c\u8eab\u6e90\u81ea\u68b5\u8bed\u0906\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\uff0c\u0101j\u00f1\u0101\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u542b\u4e49\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u201c-chak\u201d\uff08\u6e90\u81ea\u68b5\u8bed\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930cakra-\u2018\u8f6e\u2019\uff0c\u8c61\u5f81\u6743\u529b\u548c\u7edf\u6cbb\uff09\u3002\u6cf0\u56fd\u56fd\u6b4c\uff08\u6cf0\u8bed\uff1a\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e25\u0e07\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e15\u0e34\uff09\uff0c\u7531Luang Saranupraphan\u5728\u5145\u6ee1\u7231\u56fd\u60c5\u6000\u76841930\u5e74\u4ee3\u521b\u4f5c\uff0c\u63d0\u53ca\u6cf0\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u662f\u201cprathet Thai\u201d\uff08\u6cf0\u8bed\uff1a\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\uff09\u3002\u56fd\u6b4c\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u884c\u6b4c\u8bcd\u662f\uff1a\u201cprathet thai ruam lueat nuea chat chuea thai\u201d\uff08\u6cf0\u8bed\uff1a\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e17\u0e28\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\u0e23\u0e27\u0e21\u0e40\u0e25\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e14\u0e40\u0e19\u0e37\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e15\u0e34\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e37\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\uff09\uff0c\u610f\u4e3a\u201c\u6cf0\u56fd\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u6cf0\u65cf\u7684\u8840\u8089\u4e4b\u4e0a\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6cf0\u56fd\u7684\u65e7\u79f0\u201c\u66b9\u7f57\u201d\u6839\u636e\u300a\u660e\u53f2<\/a>\u300b\u6240\u8f7d\uff0c\u7cfb\u4e3a\u201c\u66b9\u7f57\u659b\u201d\u4e4b\u7b80\u79f0\uff0c\u201c\u66b9\u201d\uff08\u6cf0\u8bed\uff1a\u0e2a\u0e22\u0e32\u0e21\uff0c\u7687\u5bb6\u8f6c\u5199<\/a>\uff1aSayam\uff09\u6216\u6307\u53e4\u56fd\u7d20\u4e07\u90a3\u666e<\/a>\uff0c\u201c\u7f57\u659b\u201d\u6307\u53e6\u4e00\u53e4\u56fd\u7f57\u6da1<\/a>\u3002\u4e24\u56fd\u4e8e\u5341\u56db\u4e16\u7eaa\u5e76\u5408\u4e3a\u5927\u57ce\u738b\u56fd<\/a>\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u88ab\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u7c4d\u4ee5\u7ec4\u5408\u8bcd\u201c\u66b9\u7f57\u659b\u201d\u6216\u201c\u66b9\u7f57\u201d\u4ee3\u6307\u4e4b\u3002\u201c\u66b9\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u4f17\u8bf4\u7eb7\u7ead\uff0c\u4e00\u8bf4\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u68b5\u8bed<\/a>\u8bcd\u6c47\u201c\u0936\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u201d\uff08\u015ay\u0101ma\uff09\uff0c\u610f\u4e3a\u201c\u6697\u8272\u201d[15]<\/a><\/sup>\uff1b\u6216\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u5df4\u5229\u6587<\/a>\u7684\u201csuva\u1e47\u1e47abh\u016bmi\u201d\uff0c\u610f\u4e3a\u201c\u9ec4\u91d1\u4e4b\u5730\u201d\uff08\u6b64\u540d\u540e\u6765\u4f5c\u4e3a\u66fc\u8c37\u65b0\u56fd\u9645\u673a\u573a<\/a>\u540d\uff09\uff1b\u4e5f\u6709\u8bf4\u6cd5\u79f0\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u5b5f\u8bed<\/a>\u8bcd\u6c47\u201c\u101b\u102c\u1019\u100a\u201d\uff08rhma\u00f1\u00f1a\uff09\uff0c\u610f\u4e3a\u201c\u5916\u5730\u4eba\u201d\u3002\u4e2d\u6587\u53e4\u7c4d\u7684\u79f0\u547c\u201c\u66b9\u201d\u88ab\u8461\u8404\u7259\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u8f6c\u5199\u4e3aSiam\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u897f\u65b9\u901a\u7528\u7684\u79f0\u547c\u3002\u201c\u66b9\u201d\u5728\u8499\u56fa<\/a>\u56fd\u738b\u7edf\u6cbb\u65f6\u671f\u5b9a\u4e3a\u6b63\u5f0f\u56fd\u53f7[16]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u4e5f\u88ab\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u6587\u4ee5\u201c\u66b9\u7f57\u201d\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e4b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The former name Siam<\/em> may have originated from Sanskrit<\/a> \u0936\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e (\u015by\u0101ma<\/em>, ‘dark’)[16]<\/a><\/sup> or Mon<\/a> \u101b\u102c\u1019\u100a (rhma\u00f1\u00f1a<\/em>, ‘stranger’), probably the same root as Shan<\/a><\/em> and Assam<\/a><\/em>.[20]<\/a><\/sup> The word \u015ay\u00e2ma<\/em> is possibly not the true origin, but a pre-designed deviation from its proper, original meaning.[21]<\/a>[22]<\/a><\/sup> Another theory is the name derives from the Chinese calling this region ‘Xian’.[g]<\/a>[23]<\/a>:\u200a8\u200a<\/sup> The ancient Khmers used the word Siam<\/em> to refer to people settled in the west Chao Phraya River<\/a> valley surrounding the ancient city of Nakhon Pathom<\/a> in the present-day central Thailand<\/a>; it may probably originate from the name of Lord Krishna<\/a>, which also called Shyam<\/em>, as in the Wat Sri Chum Inscription<\/a>, dated 13th century CE, mentions Phra Maha Thera Sri Sattha<\/a> [th<\/a>] came to restore Phra Pathommachedi<\/a> at the city of Lord Krishna (Nakhon Pathom) in the early era of the Sukhothai Kingdom<\/a>.[24]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u66b9\u7f57\u8fd9\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57\u53ef\u80fd\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u68b5\u8bed \u0936\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e (\u015by\u0101ma, \u610f\u4e3a\u201c\u6df1\u8272\u201d)[16] \u6216\u8005\u5b5f\u8bed \u101b\u102c\u1019\u100a (rhma\u00f1\u00f1a, \u610f\u4e3a\u201c\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u201d)\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e\u63b8\u65cf\uff08Shan\uff09\u548c\u963f\u8428\u59c6\uff08Assam\uff09\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u8bcd\u6839\u3002[20]\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u015ay\u00e2ma\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u53ef\u80fd\u5e76\u975e\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4ece\u5176\u539f\u610f\u6709\u610f\u504f\u79bb\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002[21][22]\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u7406\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57\u6e90\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u79f0\u8fd9\u7247\u533a\u57df\u4e3a\u2018Xian\u2019\u3002[g][23]:\u200a8\u200a \u53e4\u4ee3\u7684\u9ad8\u68c9\u4eba\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u66b9\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6765\u6307\u4ee3\u5b9a\u5c45\u5728\u662d\u62ab\u8036\u6cb3\u897f\u90e8\u6d41\u57df\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\uff0c\u90a3\u91cc\u73af\u7ed5\u7740\u73b0\u4eca\u6cf0\u56fd\u4e2d\u90e8\u7684\u53e4\u57ce\u5317\u78a7\u5e9c\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u6e90\u4e8e\u5bf9\u594e\u5e08\u90a3\uff08Krishna\uff09\u7684\u79f0\u547c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u516c\u514313\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684Wat Sri Chum\u7891\u6587\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u5723\u50e7Sri Sattha [th] \u524d\u5f80\u594e\u5e08\u90a3\uff08\u5317\u78a7\u5e9c\uff09\u4e4b\u57ce\u4fee\u590dPhra Pathommachedi\u4f5b\u5854\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u7d20\u53ef\u6cf0\u738b\u56fd\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u4e8b\u8ff9\u3002[24]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. \u5386\u53f2 | History<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Main article: History of Thailand<\/a> \/ \u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u6cf0\u56fd\u5386\u53f2<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.1 \u53f2\u524d\u548c\u6765\u6e90 | Prehistory and origins<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Prehistoric Thailand<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u53f2\u524d\u7684\u6cf0\u56fd\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

See also: History of Thailand<\/a> and Tai peoples<\/a>\u3010\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a\u201d\u6cf0\u56fd\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u201c\u548c\u201d\u6cf0\u4eba\u201c\u8bcd\u6761\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe2-0\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

There is evidence of continuous human habitation in present-day Thailand from 20,000 years ago to the present day.[26]<\/a>:\u200a4\u200a<\/sup> The earliest evidence of rice growing is dated at 2,000 BCE.[27]<\/a>:\u200a4\u200a<\/sup> Areas comprising what is now Thailand participated in the Maritime Jade Road<\/a>, as ascertained by archeological research. The trading network existed for 3,000 years, between 2000 BCE to 1000 CE.[28]<\/a>[29]<\/a>[30]<\/a>[31]<\/a><\/sup> Bronze appeared c.\u20091,250\u20131,000 BCE.[27]<\/a>:\u200a4\u200a<\/sup> The site of Ban Chiang<\/a> in northeast Thailand currently ranks as the earliest known centre of copper and bronze production in Southeast Asia.[32]<\/a><\/sup> Iron appeared around 500 BCE.[27]<\/a>:\u200a5\u200a<\/sup> The Kingdom of Funan<\/a> was the first and most powerful Southeast Asian kingdom at the time (2nd century BCE).[26]<\/a>:\u200a5\u200a<\/sup> The Mon people<\/a> established the principalities of Dvaravati<\/a> and Kingdom of Hariphunchai<\/a> in the 6th century. The Khmer people<\/a> established the Khmer empire<\/a>, centred in Angkor<\/a>, in the 9th century.[26]<\/a>:\u200a7\u200a<\/sup> Tambralinga<\/a>, a Malay state controlling trade through the Malacca Strait<\/a>, rose in the 10th century.[26]<\/a>:\u200a5\u200a<\/sup> The Indochina peninsula was heavily influenced by the culture and religions of India<\/a> from the time of the Kingdom of Funan to that of the Khmer Empire.[33]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6709\u8bc1\u636e\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4ece2\u4e07\u5e74\u524d\u81f3\u4eca\uff0c\u5728\u73b0\u4eca\u6cf0\u56fd\u5883\u5185\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u5c45\u4f4f\u53f2\u3002[26]:\u200a4\u200a \u6700\u65e9\u7684\u6c34\u7a3b\u79cd\u690d\u8bc1\u636e\u53ef\u8ffd\u6eaf\u81f3\u516c\u5143\u524d2000\u5e74\u3002[27]:\u200a4\u200a \u6839\u636e\u8003\u53e4\u7814\u7a76\u8bc1\u5b9e\uff0c\u73b0\u4eca\u6cf0\u56fd\u7684\u5730\u57df\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e86\u957f\u8fbe3000\u5e74\u7684\u6d77\u4e0a\u7389\u77f3\u4e4b\u8def\u8d38\u6613\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u8de8\u5ea6\u4ece\u516c\u5143\u524d2000\u5e74\u81f3\u516c\u51431000\u5e74\u3002[28][29][30][31] \u9752\u94dc\u5927\u7ea6\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d1250\u81f31000\u5e74\u95f4\u51fa\u73b0\u3002[27]:\u200a4\u200a \u4f4d\u4e8e\u6cf0\u56fd\u4e1c\u5317\u90e8\u7684\u73ed\u6e05\u9057\u5740\u76ee\u524d\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u94dc\u548c\u9752\u94dc\u751f\u4ea7\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002[32] \u94c1\u5668\u5927\u7ea6\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d500\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u5f00\u59cb\u51fa\u73b0\u3002[27]:\u200a5\u200a \u6276\u5357\u738b\u56fd\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u6700\u65e9\u4e14\u6700\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u738b\u56fd\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d2\u4e16\u7eaa\u3002[26]:\u200a5\u200a \u8499\u65cf\u4eba\u57286\u4e16\u7eaa\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u9640\u7f57\u94b5\u5730\uff08Dvaravati\uff09\u548c\u54c8\u91cc\u5954\u731c\u738b\u56fd\uff08Kingdom of Hariphunchai\uff09\u3002\u5434\u54e5\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u9ad8\u68c9\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e8e9\u4e16\u7eaa\u7531\u9ad8\u68c9\u4eba\u6c11\u5efa\u7acb\u3002[26]:\u200a7\u200a \u63a7\u5236\u9a6c\u516d\u7532\u6d77\u5ce1\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u9a6c\u6765\u56fd\u5bb6\u6de1\u9a6c\u9521\uff08Tambralinga\uff09\u572810\u4e16\u7eaa\u5174\u8d77\u3002[26]:\u200a5\u200a \u4ece\u6276\u5357\u738b\u56fd\u65f6\u4ee3\u5230\u9ad8\u68c9\u5e1d\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u652f\u90a3\u534a\u5c9b\u6df1\u53d7\u5370\u5ea6\u6587\u5316\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002[33]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Thai people<\/a> are of the Tai ethnic group<\/a>, characterized by common linguistic roots.[34]<\/a>:\u200a2\u200a<\/sup> Chinese chronicles first mention the Tai peoples in the 6th century BCE. While there are many assumptions regarding the origin of Tai peoples, David K. Wyatt<\/a>, a historian of Thailand, argued that their ancestors who at present inhabit Laos, Thailand, Myanmar, India, and China came from the \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7<\/a> area between the 5th and the 8th century.[34]<\/a>:\u200a6\u200a<\/sup> Thai people began migrating into present-day Thailand gradually from the 6th to 11th century, which Mon and Khmer people occupied at the time.[35]<\/a><\/sup> Thus Thai culture was influenced by Indian, Mon, and Khmer cultures.[36]<\/a>:\u200a203\u200a<\/sup> Tai people intermixed with various ethnic and cultural groups in the region, resulting in many groups of present-day Thai people.[h]<\/a><\/sup> Genetic evidences suggested that ethnolinguistics could not accurately predict the origins of the Thais.[37]<\/a>[38]<\/a>[39]<\/a><\/sup> Sujit Wongthes<\/a> argued that Thai is not a race or ethnicity but a culture group.[40]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6cf0\u4eba\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6cf0\u65cf\u6c11\u65cf\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u5176\u7279\u5f81\u5728\u4e8e\u5171\u540c\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u6839\u6e90\u3002[34]:\u200a2\u200a \u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7f16\u5e74\u53f2\u9996\u6b21\u63d0\u53ca\u6cf0\u65cf\u4eba\u6c11\u662f\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d6\u4e16\u7eaa\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u6cf0\u65cf\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u4f46\u6cf0\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6David K. Wyatt\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u8001\u631d\u3001\u6cf0\u56fd\u3001\u7f05\u7538\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6cf0\u65cf\u7956\u5148\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u57285\u81f38\u4e16\u7eaa\u671f\u95f4\u4ece\u5960\u8fb9\u5e9c\u5730\u533a\u8fc1\u5f99\u800c\u6765\u3002[34]:\u200a6\u200a \u6cf0\u65cf\u4eba\u6c11\u4ece6\u4e16\u7eaa\u81f311\u4e16\u7eaa\u9010\u6e10\u8fc1\u5165\u73b0\u4eca\u7684\u6cf0\u56fd\u9886\u571f\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e3b\u8981\u7531\u5b5f\u65cf\u548c\u9ad8\u68c9\u65cf\u4eba\u5c45\u4f4f\u3002[35]\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6cf0\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u5370\u5ea6\u3001\u5b5f\u65cf\u548c\u9ad8\u68c9\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002[36]:\u200a203\u200a \u6cf0\u65cf\u4eba\u6c11\u4e0e\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u6c11\u65cf\u548c\u6587\u5316\u7fa4\u4f53\u878d\u5408\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u73b0\u4eca\u4f17\u591a\u7684\u6cf0\u65cf\u4eba\u7fa4\u4f53\u3002[h] \u9057\u4f20\u5b66\u8bc1\u636e\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4ec5\u51ed\u8bed\u8a00\u65cf\u7fa4\u65e0\u6cd5\u51c6\u786e\u9884\u6d4b\u6cf0\u4eba\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u3002[37][38][39] Sujit Wongthes\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6cf0\u4eba\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u79cd\u65cf\u6216\u6c11\u65cf\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u5316\u7fa4\u4f53\u3002[40]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to French historian George C\u0153d\u00e8s<\/a>, “The Thai first enter history of Farther India<\/a> in the eleventh century with the mention of Syam<\/em> slaves or prisoners of war in Champa<\/a> epigraphy”, and “in the twelfth century, the bas-reliefs<\/a> of Angkor Wat<\/a>” where “a group of warriors” are described as Syam,<\/em>[15]<\/a>:\u200a190\u2013191,\u200a194\u2013195\u200a<\/sup> though Cham accounts do not indicate the origins of Syam<\/em> or what ethnic group they belonged to.[41]<\/a><\/sup> The origins and ethnicity of the Syam<\/em> remain unclear, with some literature suggesting that Syam<\/em> refers to the Shan people<\/a>, the Bru people<\/a>, or the Brau people<\/a>.[41]<\/a>[42]<\/a><\/sup> However, mainland Southeast Asian sources from before the fourteenth century primarily used the word Syam<\/em> as an ethnonym<\/a>, referring to those who belonged to a separate cultural category different from the Khmer, Cham, Bagan, or Mon. This contrasts with the Chinese sources, where Xian<\/em> was used as a toponym<\/a>.[41]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6839\u636e\u6cd5\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u79d1\u5fb7\u65af\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u201c\u6cf0\u4eba\u6700\u521d\u5728\u8fdc\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u4e8e11\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u5360\u5a46\u7684\u7891\u6587\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u66b9\u7f57\u7684\u5974\u96b6\u6216\u6218\u4fd8\u201d\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u201c12\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5434\u54e5\u7a9f\u6d6e\u96d5\u201d\u4e2d\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u4e00\u7fa4\u6218\u58eb\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u66b9\u7f57\u3002[15]:\u200a190\u2013191,\u200a194\u2013195\u200a \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5360\u5a46\u7684\u8bb0\u8f7d\u5e76\u672a\u6307\u51fa\u66b9\u7f57\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u6216\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u5c5e\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u3002[41] \u66b9\u7f57\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u548c\u6c11\u65cf\u5c5e\u6027\u4ecd\u7136\u6a21\u7cca\u4e0d\u6e05\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u6587\u732e\u63d0\u51fa\u66b9\u7f57\u53ef\u80fd\u6307\u7684\u662f\u63b8\u65cf\u3001\u5e03\u9c81\u65cf\u6216\u5e03\u62c9\u65cf\u3002[41][42] \u7136\u800c\uff0c14\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u5927\u9646\u8d44\u6599\u4e3b\u8981\u5c06\u201c\u66b9\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u65cf\u79f0\uff0c\u6307\u7684\u662f\u4e0e\u9ad8\u68c9\u3001\u5360\u5a46\u3001\u84b2\u7518\u6216\u5b5f\u65cf\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6587\u5316\u7c7b\u522b\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u8d44\u6599\u5f62\u6210\u5bf9\u6bd4\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u201c\u66b9\u201d\u88ab\u7528\u4f5c\u5730\u540d\u3002[41]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.2 \u65e9\u671f\u7684\u6cf0\u4eba\u8054\u76df\u57ce\u90a6\uff1a\uff08\u516c\u5143\u524d691\u5e74 – \u516c\u514313\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09| Early Tai confederate cities: (691 BCE \u2013 13th century CE)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

See also: Initial states of Thailand<\/a> and Lan Na<\/a>\u3010\u53e6\u89c1\uff1a\u6cf0\u56fd\u521d\u671f\u56fd\u5bb6 \u548c \u5170\u7eb3\uff08Lan Na\uff09\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theoretically, Tai-Kadai<\/a>-speaking people formed as early as the 12th century BCE in the middle of the Yangtze basin<\/a>. Some groups later migrated south to Guangxi<\/a>.[43]<\/a><\/sup> However, after several bloody centuries against Chinese<\/a> influence in Guangxi<\/a> from the 333 BCE-11th centuries, hundreds of thousands of Tais were killed,[44]<\/a>:\u200a5\u200a[45]<\/a>:\u200a193,\u200a239\u2013249\u200a<\/sup> thus, Tai people<\/a> began to move southwestward along the rivers and over the lower passes into the mountain north of Southeast Asia<\/a> and river valleys in present-day Assam<\/a> of India<\/a>.[46]<\/a>[47]<\/a><\/sup> Some evidence indicates that the ancestors of Tai people migrated en masse southwestwards out of Yunnan only after the 1253 Mongol invasion of Dali<\/a>, but not generally accepted.[48]<\/a>:\u200a38\u200a<\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\uff0c\u8bf4\u53f0-\u5361\u5cb1\u8bed\u7cfb\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\u65e9\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d12\u4e16\u7eaa\u5c31\u5728\u957f\u6c5f\u6d41\u57df\u4e2d\u90e8\u5f62\u6210\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u7fa4\u4f53\u540e\u6765\u5411\u5357\u8fc1\u79fb\u5230\u5e7f\u897f\u3002[43]\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d333\u5e74\u81f311\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u8840\u8165\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e7f\u897f\u7684\u6cf0\u4eba\u4e0e\u4e2d\u534e\u6587\u5316\u5708\u8fdb\u884c\u5bf9\u6297\uff0c\u6570\u5341\u4e07\u6cf0\u4eba\u88ab\u6740\uff0c[44]:\u200a5\u200a[45]:\u200a193,\u200a239\u2013249\u200a \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6cf0\u4eba\u5f00\u59cb\u6cbf\u6cb3\u6d41\u5411\u897f\u5357\u8fc1\u79fb\uff0c\u7a7f\u8fc7\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684\u5c71\u53e3\u8fdb\u5165\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u5317\u90e8\u7684\u5c71\u533a\u548c\u73b0\u4eca\u5370\u5ea6\u963f\u8428\u59c6\u90a6\u7684\u6cb3\u8c37\u5730\u533a\u3002[46][47]\u6709\u8bc1\u636e\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u6cf0\u4eba\u7684\u7956\u5148\u57281253\u5e74\u8499\u53e4\u5165\u4fb5\u5927\u7406\u4e4b\u540e\u624d\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u5411\u897f\u5357\u65b9\u5411\u8fc1\u51fa\u4e91\u5357\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5e7f\u6cdb\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002[48]:\u200a38\u200a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tais defeated indigenous tribes<\/a> and emerged as the new power in the new region, several Tai city-states were established, scattered from \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7<\/a> in present-day northwestern Vietnam<\/a> and highland Southeast Asia<\/a> to northeastern India<\/a>.[49]<\/a>[50]<\/a>[51]<\/a><\/sup> According to the Simhanavati legend<\/em> given in several chronicles, the first Tai city-state in northern Thailand, Singhanavati<\/a>, was found around the 7th century;[52]<\/a>:\u200a5,\u200a9\u200a<\/sup> however, several modern geology<\/a> and archaeology<\/a> studies found that its center, Yonok Nahaphan, dates from 691 BCE\u2013545 CE,[52]<\/a>:\u200a7\u200a[53]<\/a>[54]<\/a>[55]<\/a><\/sup> coinciding roughly with the establishment of Shan States<\/a>, another Tai’s federated principalities in the present-day northeast Myanmar<\/a>.[56]<\/a>[57]<\/a>[58]<\/a>[59]<\/a><\/sup> as well as Muang Sua<\/a> (Luang Prabang<\/a>) in the east.[60]<\/a>[61]<\/a><\/sup> After Singhanavati was submerged below Chiang Saen Lake<\/a> due to an earthquake<\/a> in 545,[53]<\/a>[55]<\/a>[62]<\/a><\/sup> the survivors then founded a new seat at Wieng\u2013Prueksha<\/a> [th<\/a>], the kingdom lasted for another 93 years.[63]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6cf0\u4eba\u51fb\u8d25\u4e86\u5f53\u5730\u90e8\u843d\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u65b0\u5730\u533a\u7684\u65b0\u5174\u52bf\u529b\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u82e5\u5e72\u6cf0\u4eba\u57ce\u90a6\uff0c\u5206\u6563\u5728\u73b0\u4eca\u8d8a\u5357\u897f\u5317\u90e8\u7684\u5960\u8fb9\u5e9c\u548c\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u9ad8\u5730\u5230\u5370\u5ea6\u4e1c\u5317\u90e8\u3002[49][50][51]\u6839\u636e\u300aSimhanavati\u4f20\u8bf4\u300b\u4e2d\u591a\u4e2a\u7f16\u5e74\u53f2\u7684\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff0c\u6cf0\u56fd\u5317\u90e8\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6cf0\u4eba\u57ce\u90a6Singhanavati\u5927\u7ea6\u5efa\u7acb\u4e8e7\u4e16\u7eaa\uff1b[52]:\u200a5,\u200a9\u200a \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u5730\u8d28\u5b66\u548c\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\u5176\u4e2d\u5fc3Yonok Nahaphan\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u81f3\u516c\u5143\u524d691\u5e74\u81f3\u516c\u5143545\u5e74\uff0c[52]:\u200a7\u200a[53][54][55] \u8fd9\u5927\u81f4\u4e0e\u63b8\u90a6\u8bf8\u56fd\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u65f6\u95f4\u76f8\u543b\u5408\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u662f\u73b0\u4eca\u7f05\u7538\u4e1c\u5317\u90e8\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u6cf0\u4eba\u8054\u5408\u516c\u56fd\u3002[56][57][58][59] \u4ee5\u53ca\u4e1c\u90e8\u7684Muang Sua\uff08\u7405\u52c3\u62c9\u90a6\uff09\u3002[60][61]545\u5e74\uff0cSinghanavati\u56e0\u5730\u9707\u800c\u6c89\u6ca1\u4e8e\u6e05\u76db\u6e56\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c[53][55][62] \u5e78\u5b58\u8005\u968f\u540e\u5728Wieng-Prueksha [th]\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u8be5\u738b\u56fd\u53c8\u5ef6\u7eed\u4e8693\u5e74\u3002[63]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to Singhanavati<\/a>, another northern principality probably related to the Tai people, Ngoenyang<\/a>, was established as the successor of Singhanavati in 638 by Lavachakkaraj<\/a> [th<\/a>], also centered in Wieng\u2013Prueksha<\/a> [th<\/a>] (present-day Mae Sai District<\/a>, Chiang Rai<\/a>).[23]<\/a>:\u200a8\u200a<\/sup> Its seat was moved to Chiang Mai<\/a> in 1262 by King Mangrai<\/a>, which considered the foundation of the Lan Na<\/a> kingdom. Mangrai unified the surrounding area and also created a network of states through political alliances to the east and north of the Mekong<\/a>. His dynasty would rule the kingdom continuously for the next two centuries.[23]<\/a>:\u200a8\u200a<\/sup> Lan Na<\/a> expanded its territory southward and annexed the Mon<\/a> Hariphunchai<\/a> of Dvaravati<\/a> in 1292.[64]<\/a>:\u200a208\u200a<\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u9664\u4e86Singhanavati\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e\u6cf0\u4eba\u6709\u5173\u7684\u5317\u65b9\u516c\u56fdNgoenyang\u4e8e638\u5e74\u7531Lavachakkaraj [th]\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3aSinghanavati\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u8005\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u4ee5Wieng-Prueksha [th]\uff08\u73b0\u4eca\u6e05\u83b1\u5e9c\u6e44\u8d5b\u53bf\uff09\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002[23]:\u200a8\u200a 1262\u5e74\uff0c\u7531\u56fd\u738bMangrai\u5c06\u9996\u90fd\u8fc1\u81f3\u6e05\u8fc8\uff0c\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5170\u7eb3\u738b\u56fd\u7684\u5960\u57fa\u3002Mangrai\u7edf\u4e00\u4e86\u5468\u8fb9\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u6e44\u516c\u6cb3\u4e1c\u5cb8\u548c\u5317\u5cb8\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8054\u76df\u7f51\u7edc\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u738b\u671d\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u6301\u7eed\u7edf\u6cbb\u8fd9\u4e2a\u738b\u56fd\u3002[23]:\u200a8\u200a \u5170\u7eb3\u5411\u5357\u6269\u5f20\u9886\u571f\uff0c\u4e8e1292\u5e74\u541e\u5e76\u4e86\u5b5f\u65cf\u7684Hariphunchai\uff08\u9640\u7f57\u94b5\u5730\uff09\u3002[64]:\u200a208\u200a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe2-1\u81f32-2\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the late 10 century, Tai people began to migrate further south to the present-day upper central Thailand<\/a>.[65]<\/a>:\u200a46\u20139,\u200a83\u20136\u200a<\/sup> Around the 1100s period, several cities in this area, such as Songkwae, Sawankhalok, and Chakangrao, were ruled by the Tai people, and they eventually launched several battles against the pre-existing Mon<\/a> of Lavo<\/a>, who had been falling under Chenla<\/a> and Khmer<\/a> influences since the 7th century, thus bringing the establishment of the Tai people’s independent state, Sukhothai Kingdom<\/a>, in the upper Chao Phraya River<\/a> valley in 1238.[34]<\/a>:\u200a52\u20133\u200a<\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u572810\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u671f\uff0c\u6cf0\u4eba\u5f00\u59cb\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5411\u5357\u8fc1\u79fb\u5230\u73b0\u4eca\u6cf0\u56fd\u4e2d\u90e8\u4e0a\u6e38\u5730\u533a\u3002[65]:\u200a46\u20139,\u200a83\u20136\u200a \u5927\u7ea6\u57281100\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u5982Songkwae\u3001Sawankhalok\u548cChakangrao\uff0c\u90fd\u88ab\u6cf0\u4eba\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6700\u7ec8\u5bf9\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u53d7\u771f\u814a\u548c\u9ad8\u68c9\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u9640\u7f57\u94b5\u5730\uff08Lavo\uff09\u5b5f\u65cf\u53d1\u8d77\u4e86\u51e0\u573a\u6218\u5f79\uff0c\u8fd9\u6700\u7ec8\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86\u6cf0\u4eba\u5728\u662d\u62ab\u8036\u6cb3\u4e0a\u6e38\u6d41\u57df\u72ec\u7acb\u56fd\u5bb6\u2014\u2014\u7d20\u53ef\u6cf0\u738b\u56fd\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e3a1238\u5e74\u3002[34]:\u200a52\u20133\u200a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The earliest conflict between Tai people<\/a> and the preexisting ethnics was recorded in the mid-4th century when the ruler of Singhanavati<\/a>, Pangkharat<\/a> [th<\/a>], forcibly lost the seat at Yonok to King Khom from Umongasela (present-day Fang<\/a>). He then fled to Vieng Si Tuang (\u0e40\u0e27\u0e35\u0e22\u0e07\u0e28\u0e23\u0e35\u0e17\u0e27\u0e07; present-day Wiang Phang Kham, Mae Sai district<\/a>) but had to send tributes to Yonok annually until his son, Phrom<\/a>, took back Yonok and expelled King Khom from Umongasela.[66]<\/a>[67]<\/a>[68]<\/a><\/sup> Phrom<\/a> also marched the troops south to occupy Chakangrao<\/a> from the enemy as well as founding the city of Songkwae<\/a>.[66]<\/a><\/sup> Some historians suggest that Lavo<\/a>‘s capital, Lopburi<\/a>, was once seized by Phrom<\/a>.[66]<\/a><\/sup> In contrast, Tai people<\/a> instead established relationships with Siamese Mon via royal intermarriages<\/a>.[65]<\/a>:\u200a46\u20139,\u200a83\u20136\u200a<\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6cf0\u4eba\u4e0e\u5f53\u5730\u539f\u6709\u6c11\u65cf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6700\u65e9\u51b2\u7a81\u8bb0\u5f55\u53ef\u8ffd\u6eaf\u81f34\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6Singhanavati\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005Pangkharat [th]\u88ab\u8feb\u5c06Yonok\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u6743\u4ea4\u7ed9\u4e86\u6765\u81eaUmongasela\uff08\u73b0\u4eca\u65b9\u53bf\uff09\u7684Khom\u56fd\u738b\u3002Pangkharat\u9003\u5f80Vieng Si Tuang\uff08\u0e40\u0e27\u0e35\u0e22\u0e07\u0e28\u0e23\u0e35\u0e17\u0e27\u0e07\uff1b\u73b0\u4eca\u6e05\u83b1\u5e9c\u6e44\u8d5b\u53bf\u7684Wiang Phang Kham\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u6bcf\u5e74\u90fd\u5411Yonok\u8fdb\u8d21\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u4ed6\u7684\u513f\u5b50Phrom\u593a\u56deYonok\u5e76\u5c06Khom\u56fd\u738b\u9010\u51faUmongasela\u3002[66][67][68] Phrom\u8fd8\u7387\u9886\u90e8\u961f\u5357\u4e0b\u5360\u9886\u4e86\u654c\u4eba\u7684Chakangrao\uff0c\u5e76\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86Songkwae\u57ce\u3002[66]\u4e00\u4e9b\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u9640\u7f57\u94b5\u5730\u7684\u9996\u90fd\u7f57\u52c7\uff08Lopburi\uff09\u66fe\u4e00\u5ea6\u88abPhrom\u5360\u9886\u3002[66]\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u6cf0\u4eba\u901a\u8fc7\u7687\u5ba4\u8054\u59fb\u4e0e\u66b9\u7f57\u5b5f\u65cf\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5173\u7cfb\u3002[65]:\u200a46\u20139,\u200a83\u20136\u200a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.3 \u5b5f\u65cf\u4e0e\u9640\u7f57\u94b5\u5730\u738b\u56fd\uff1a\uff08\u516c\u51435\u4e16\u7eaa – \u516c\u514313\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09| Mon and Lavo Kingdoms: (5th century CE \u2013 13th century CE)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

See also: Mon people<\/a>, Thai people<\/a>, Mon kingdoms<\/a>, and Lavo Kingdom<\/a>
\u3010\u53e6\u89c1\uff1a\u5b5f\u65cf\u4eba\u3001\u6cf0\u65cf\u4eba\u3001\u5b5f\u65cf\u738b\u56fd\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u9640\u7f57\u94b5\u5730\u738b\u56fd\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe2-3\u548c2-4\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

As is generally known, the present-day Thai people<\/a> were previously called Siamese before the country was renamed Thailand in the mid-20th century.[16]<\/a><\/sup> Several genetic studies published in the 21st century suggest that the so-called Siamese people (central Thai) might have had Mon origins since their genetic profiles are more closely related to the Mon people<\/a> in Myanmar<\/a> than the Tais<\/a> in southern China<\/a>,[37]<\/a><\/sup> and they probably later became Tais via cultural diffusion<\/a> after the arriving of Tai people from the north around the 8th\u201310th centuries.[51]<\/a>[69]<\/a>[70]<\/a><\/sup> This is also reflected in the language since over half of the vocabulary in the central Thai language is derived from or borrowed from the Mon language<\/a> as well as Pali<\/a> and Sanskrit<\/a>.[69]<\/a>[71]<\/a><\/sup> Moreover, the Jinakalamali<\/a> chronicle of Tai’s Lan Na<\/a> also called the southern region occupied by the Mon Haripu\u00f1jaya<\/a> of Dvaravati<\/a> as Shyam Pradesh<\/em> (lit.\u2009’the land of Siam people’), which indicates that the ancient Siamese and the Mon people in central Thailand were probably the same ethnolinguistic group.[72]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6b63\u5982\u5e7f\u4e3a\u4eba\u77e5\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\u6cf0\u56fd\u6539\u540d\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u73b0\u4eca\u7684\u6cf0\u4eba\u66fe\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u66b9\u7f57\u4eba\u300221\u4e16\u7eaa\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u51e0\u9879\u9057\u4f20\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u66b9\u7f57\u4eba\uff08\u4e2d\u90e8\u6cf0\u56fd\u4eba\uff09\u53ef\u80fd\u6e90\u4e8e\u5b5f\u4eba\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u9057\u4f20\u7279\u5f81\u4e0e\u7f05\u7538\u7684\u5b5f\u4eba\u66f4\u4e3a\u63a5\u8fd1\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u5357\u90e8\u7684\u6cf0\u4eba\u3002[37]\u636e\u4fe1\uff0c\u5728\u5927\u7ea68\u81f310\u4e16\u7eaa\u5317\u65b9\u6cf0\u4eba\u7684\u5230\u6765\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u6587\u5316\u6269\u6563\u9010\u6e10\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u6cf0\u4eba\u3002[51][69][70]\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e5f\u53cd\u6620\u5728\u8bed\u8a00\u4e0a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e2d\u90e8\u6cf0\u8bed\u4e2d\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e00\u534a\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u6216\u501f\u7528\u4e86\u5b5f\u8bed\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5df4\u5229\u8bed\u548c\u68b5\u8bed\u3002[69][71]\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u53f0\u65cf\u5170\u7eb3\u7684\u300a\u91d1\u90a3\u8fe6\u7f57\u6469\u91cc\u7f16\u5e74\u53f2\u300b\u4e5f\u5c06\u5b5f\u4eba\u54c8\u91cc\u666e\u6e29\u52a0\u96c5\uff08Dvaravati\uff09\u6240\u5360\u636e\u7684\u5357\u65b9\u533a\u57df\u79f0\u4e3aShyam Pradesh\uff08\u5b57\u9762\u610f\u601d\u662f\u201c\u66b9\u7f57\u4eba\u7684\u571f\u5730\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\u53e4\u4ee3\u66b9\u7f57\u4eba\u548c\u4e2d\u90e8\u6cf0\u56fd\u7684\u5b5f\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u540c\u4e00\u6c11\u65cf\u8bed\u8a00\u7fa4\u4f53\u3002[72]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The earliest evidence to mention the Siam people are stone inscriptions found in Angkor Borei<\/a> of Funan<\/a> (K.557 and K.600), dated 661 CE, the slave’s name is mentioned as “Ku Sayam” meaning “Sayam female slaves” (Ku is a prefix used to refer to female slaves in the pre-Angkorian era), and the Tak\u00e9o inscriptions (K.79) written in 682 during the reign of Bhavavarman II<\/a> of Chenla<\/a> also mention Siam Nobel: S\u0101ra\u1e47noya Po\u00f1a Sayam,<\/em> which was transcribed into English as: the rice field that was given to the po\u00f1a (noble rank) who was called Sayam (Siam)<\/em>.[73]<\/a><\/sup> The Song Huiyao Jigao<\/a> (960\u20131279) indicate Siamese people settled in the west central Thailand<\/a> and their state was called Xi\u0101n gu\u00f3<\/em> (Chinese<\/a>: \u66b9\u570b), while the eastern plain belonged to the Mon of Lavo<\/a> (Chinese<\/a>: \u7f85\u6e26\u570b),[74]<\/a><\/sup> who later fell under the Chenla<\/a> and Khmer<\/a> hegemony around the 7th\u20139th centuries.[75]<\/a><\/sup> Those Mon political entities, which also included Haripu\u00f1jaya<\/a> in the north and several city-states in the northeast<\/a>, are collectively called Dvaravati<\/a>. However, the states of Siamese Mon and Lavo were later merged via the royal intermarriage<\/a> and became Ayutthaya Kingdom<\/a> in the mid-14th century,[74]<\/a><\/sup> while the southwestern Isan<\/a> principalities, centered in Phanom Rung<\/a> and Phimai<\/a>, later pledged allegiance to Siamese’s Ayutthaya during the reign of Borommarachathirat II<\/a> (r. 1424\u20131448).[76]<\/a><\/sup> The remaining principal city-states in Isan<\/a> region became Lan Xang<\/a> around 1353 after the twin cities of Muang Sua<\/a> (Luang Prabang<\/a>) and Vieng Chan Vieng Kham<\/em> (Vientiane<\/a>) became independent following the death of the Sukhothai<\/a> king Ram Khamhaeng<\/a>.[77]<\/a>:\u200a51\u200a<\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6700\u65e9\u63d0\u53ca\u66b9\u7f57\u4eba\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u662f\u5728\u6276\u5357\u7684\u76ce\u683c\u9c81\u535a\u96f7\uff08Angkor Borei\uff09\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u77f3\u7891\uff08\u7f16\u53f7K.557\u548cK.600\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u65e5\u671f\u4e3a\u516c\u5143661\u5e74\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u53eb\u201cKu Sayam\u201d\u7684\u5974\u96b6\uff0c\u610f\u4e3a\u201c\u66b9\u7f57\u5973\u5974\u201d\uff08Ku\u662f\u524d\u5434\u54e5\u65f6\u4ee3\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u4ee3\u5973\u6027\u5974\u96b6\u7684\u524d\u7f00\uff09\u3002\u5854\u514b\u5965\u7684\u7891\u6587\uff08\u7f16\u53f7K.79\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u9648\u7f57\u7684\u5a46\u5a46\u738b\u4e8c\u4e16\uff08Bhavavarman II\uff09\u7edf\u6cbb\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5373\u516c\u5143682\u5e74\u4e66\u5199\uff0c\u4e5f\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u66b9\u7f57\u8d35\u65cf\uff1aS\u0101ra\u1e47noya Po\u00f1a Sayam\uff0c\u82f1\u8bed\u8f6c\u8bd1\u4e3a\uff1a\u8d50\u4e88\u540d\u4e3a\u66b9\u7f57\uff08Siam\uff09\u7684\u8d35\u65cf\uff08po\u00f1a\uff09\u7684\u7a3b\u7530\u3002[73]\u300a\u5b8b\u5fbd\u8981\u8f91\u7a3f\u300b\uff08960-1279\uff09\u6307\u51fa\u66b9\u7f57\u4eba\u5b9a\u5c45\u5728\u6cf0\u56fd\u4e2d\u90e8\u897f\u90e8\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3aXi\u0101n gu\u00f3\uff08\u66b9\u56fd\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4e1c\u90e8\u5e73\u539f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7f57\u7a9d\u7684\u5b5f\u4eba\uff0c[74]\u540e\u8005\u540e\u6765\u57287\u81f39\u4e16\u7eaa\u95f4\u843d\u5165\u4e86\u9648\u7f57\u548c\u9ad8\u68c9\u7684\u9738\u6743\u4e4b\u4e0b\u3002[75]\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b5f\u4eba\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5317\u90e8\u7684\u54c8\u91cc\u666e\u6e29\u52a0\u96c5\u548c\u4e1c\u5317\u90e8\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u57ce\u90a6\uff0c\u7edf\u79f0\u4e3aDvaravati\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u66b9\u7f57\u5b5f\u548c\u7f57\u7a9d\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u540e\u6765\u901a\u8fc7\u7687\u5ba4\u8054\u59fb\u5408\u5e76\uff0c\u4e8e14\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u963f\u80b2\u9640\u8036\u738b\u56fd\uff0c[74]\u800c\u4f9d\u5584\u897f\u5357\u90e8\u7684\u57ce\u90a6\uff0c\u4ee5\u6cd5\u519c\u8363\u548c\u62ab\u8fc8\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u5728\u535a\u7f57\u9ebb\u814a\u5dee\u63d0\u62c9\u7279\u4e8c\u4e16\uff08\u7edf\u6cbb\u65f6\u671f1424-1448\u5e74\uff09\u7edf\u6cbb\u671f\u95f4\u5ba3\u8a93\u6548\u5fe0\u66b9\u7f57\u7684\u963f\u80b2\u9640\u8036\u3002[76]\u4f9d\u5584\u5730\u533a\u5269\u4f59\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u57ce\u90a6\u57281353\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u6f9c\u6ca7\u738b\u56fd\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u53cc\u57ce\u7a46\u6602\u82cf\u963f\uff08\u7405\u52c3\u62c9\u90a6\uff09\u548c\u7ef4\u6069\u660c\u7ef4\u6069\u5361\u59c6\uff08\u4e07\u8c61\uff09\u5728\u7d20\u53ef\u6cf0\u56fd\u738b\u84dd\u7518\u4ea8\u53bb\u4e16\u540e\u72ec\u7acb\u3002[77]:\u200a51\u200a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Wat Kud Tae inscription (K.1105), dated c. 7th century, during the period that the eastern Mon entity, Lavo<\/a>, was strongly influenced by the Chenla<\/a>, the Siamese Mon in the west also established a royal intermarriage<\/a> with Chenla<\/a> as Sri Chakatham, prince of Sambhuka (\u0e28\u0e32\u0e21\u0e20\u0e39\u0e01\u0e30, in the present-day Ratchaburi province<\/a>), married to a princess of Isanavarman I<\/a>, and two mandalas<\/a> then became an ally.[78]<\/a><\/sup> After Chenla<\/a> sieged Funan<\/a> and moved the center to Angkor<\/a>, both Siamese Mon and the Angkorian eventually marched the troops to attack Vijaya<\/a> of Champa<\/a> in 1201 during the reign of Jayavarman VII<\/a>, as recorded in the Cho-Dinh inscription (C.3).[79]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6839\u636e\u5927\u7ea67\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684Wat Kud Tae\u7891\u6587\uff08\u7f16\u53f7K.1105\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u4e1c\u5b5f\u5b9e\u4f53\u7f57\u7a9d\uff08Lavo\uff09\u53d7\u5230\u9648\u7f57\u5f3a\u70c8\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u897f\u90e8\u7684\u66b9\u7f57\u5b5f\u4eba\u4e5f\u4e0e\u9648\u7f57\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u7687\u5ba4\u8054\u59fb\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u65af\u91cc\u67e5\u5361\u5766\uff08Sri Chakatham\uff09\uff0c\u4e09\u83e9\u5580\uff08Sambhuka\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4eca\u65e5\u53fb\u4e15\u5e9c\uff09\u7684\u738b\u5b50\uff0c\u5a36\u4e86\u4f0a\u6c99\u90a3\u8dcb\u6469\u4e00\u4e16\uff08Isanavarman I\uff09\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\u516c\u4e3b\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u66fc\u8fbe\u62c9\uff08mandala\uff0c\u53e4\u4ee3\u5370\u5ea6\u5b97\u6559\u4e2d\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u53ef\u80fd\u6307\u653f\u6cbb\u8054\u76df\u6216\u52bf\u529b\u8303\u56f4\uff09\u56e0\u6b64\u6210\u4e3a\u76df\u53cb\u3002[78]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.4 \u7d20\u53ef\u6cf0\u738b\u56fd\uff08\u516c\u51431238\u5e74\u201414\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09| Sukhothai Kingdom (1238 CE \u2013 14th century CE)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Sukhothai Kingdom<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u7d20\u53ef\u6cf0\u738b\u56fd\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe2-5\u81f32-7\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n
\u56fe2A-1\u548c2A-2\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

After the decline of the Khmer Empire and Kingdom of Pagan<\/a> in the early 13th century, various states thrived in their place. The domains of Tai people existed from the northeast of present-day India to the north of present-day Laos and to the Malay Peninsula<\/a>.[34]<\/a>:\u200a38\u20139\u200a<\/sup> During the 13th century, Tai people had already settled in the core land of Dvaravati<\/a> and Lavo Kingdom<\/a> to Nakhon Si Thammarat<\/a> in the south. There are, however, no records detailing the arrival of the Tais.[34]<\/a>:\u200a50\u20131\u200a<\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u572813\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u9ad8\u68c9\u5e1d\u56fd\u548c\u84b2\u7518\u738b\u56fd\u7684\u8870\u843d\uff0c\u591a\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u5176\u5e9f\u589f\u4e0a\u5d1b\u8d77\u3002\u6cf0\u4eba\u5c45\u4f4f\u7684\u9886\u57df\u4ece\u73b0\u4eca\u5370\u5ea6\u4e1c\u5317\u90e8\u5ef6\u4f38\u5230\u8001\u631d\u5317\u90e8\uff0c\u76f4\u81f3\u9a6c\u6765\u534a\u5c9b\u3002[34]:\u200a38\u20139\u200a \u5230\u4e8613\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u6cf0\u4eba\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728Dvaravati\u548cLavo\u738b\u56fd\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5730\u5e26\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u5230\u5357\u90e8\u7684\u90a3\u7a7a\u662f\u8d2a\u739b\u53fb\u5730\u533a\u5b9a\u5c45\u4e0b\u6765\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u6cf0\u4eba\u5230\u8fbe\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u8bb0\u5f55\u5e76\u4e0d\u8be6\u5c3d\u3002[34]:\u200a50\u20131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Around 1240, Pho Khun Bang Klang Hao<\/a>, a local Tai ruler, rallied the people to rebel against the Khmer. He later crowned himself the first king of Sukhothai Kingdom<\/a> in 1238.[34]<\/a>:\u200a52\u20133\u200a<\/sup> Mainstream Thai historians count Sukhothai as the first kingdom of Thai people. Sukhothai expanded furthest during the reign of Ram Khamhaeng<\/a> (r. 1279\u20131298). However, it was mostly a network of local lords who swore fealty to Sukhothai, not directly controlled by it.[34]<\/a>:\u200a55\u20136\u200a<\/sup> He is believed have invented Thai script<\/a> and Thai ceramics were an important export in his era. Sukhothai embraced Theravada<\/a> Buddhism<\/a> in the reign of Maha Thammaracha I<\/a> (1347\u20131368).
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5927\u7ea6\u57281240\u5e74\uff0c\u5f53\u5730\u6cf0\u4eba\u9996\u9886Pho Khun Bang Klang Hao\u53ec\u96c6\u6c11\u4f17\u53cd\u6297\u9ad8\u68c9\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u57281238\u5e74\u81ea\u7acb\u4e3a\u738b\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u7d20\u53ef\u6cf0\u738b\u56fd\u3002[34]:\u200a52\u20133\u200a \u4e3b\u6d41\u7684\u6cf0\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5c06\u7d20\u53ef\u6cf0\u89c6\u4e3a\u6cf0\u4eba\u9996\u4e2a\u738b\u56fd\u3002\u5728\u5170\u7518\u4ea8\u738b\uff08Ram Khamhaeng\uff0c\u7edf\u6cbb\u671f1279\u20131298\u5e74\uff09\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u7d20\u53ef\u6cf0\u7684\u7586\u57df\u8fbe\u5230\u9f0e\u76db\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5b83\u66f4\u50cf\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531\u5730\u65b9\u9886\u4e3b\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9886\u4e3b\u5411\u7d20\u53ef\u6cf0\u5ba3\u8a93\u6548\u5fe0\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u76f4\u63a5\u53d7\u5176\u63a7\u5236\u3002[34]:\u200a55\u20136\u200a \u4eba\u4eec\u666e\u904d\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5170\u7518\u4ea8\u738b\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u6cf0\u56fd\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u4e14\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u6cf0\u56fd\u9676\u74f7\u6210\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u51fa\u53e3\u5546\u54c1\u3002\u5728Maha Thammaracha I\uff081347\u20131368\u5e74\u5728\u4f4d\uff09\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0b\uff0c\u7d20\u53ef\u6cf0\u738b\u56fd\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u4e0a\u5ea7\u90e8\u4f5b\u6559\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.5 \u963f\u80b2\u9640\u8036\u738b\u56fd\uff081351\u5e74\u20141767\u5e74\uff09| Ayutthaya Kingdom (1351\u20131767)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Ayutthaya Kingdom<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u963f\u80b2\u9640\u8036\u738b\u56fd\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe2-8\u81f32-10\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

According to the most widely accepted version of its origin, the Ayutthaya Kingdom rose from the earlier, nearby Lavo Kingdom<\/a> and Suvarnabhumi with Uthong<\/a> as its first king. Ayutthaya was a patchwork of self-governing principalities and tributary provinces owing allegiance to the King of Ayutthaya under the mandala system<\/a>.[80]<\/a>:\u200a355\u200a<\/sup> Its initial expansion was through conquest and political marriage. Before the end of the 15th century, Ayutthaya invaded the Khmer Empire three times and sacked its capital Angkor<\/a>.[81]<\/a>:\u200a26\u200a<\/sup> Ayutthaya then became a regional power in place of the Khmer. Constant interference of Sukhothai effectively made it a vassal state of Ayutthaya and it was finally incorporated into the kingdom. Borommatrailokkanat<\/a> brought about bureaucratic reforms which lasted into the 20th century and created a system of social hierarchy called sakdina<\/a><\/em>, where male commoners were conscripted as corv\u00e9e<\/a> labourers for six months a year.[82]<\/a>:\u200a107\u200a<\/sup> Ayutthaya was interested in the Malay Peninsula<\/a>, but failed to conquer the Malacca Sultanate<\/a> which was supported by the Chinese Ming dynasty<\/a>.[26]<\/a>:\u200a11,\u200a13\u200a<\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6839\u636e\u6700\u5e7f\u6cdb\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u7248\u672c\uff0c\u963f\u80b2\u9640\u8036\u738b\u56fd\u662f\u4ece\u5176\u90bb\u8fd1\u7684\u524dLavo\u738b\u56fd\u548cSuvarnabhumi\u5730\u533a\u5d1b\u8d77\u7684\uff0c\u4e4c\u901a\uff08Uthong\uff09\u662f\u5176\u9996\u4f4d\u56fd\u738b\u3002\u963f\u80b2\u9640\u8036\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531\u81ea\u6211\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u8bf8\u4faf\u56fd\u548c\u5411\u963f\u80b2\u9640\u8036\u56fd\u738b\u5ba3\u8a93\u6548\u5fe0\u7684\u9644\u5c5e\u7701\u4efd\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u62fc\u51d1\u4f53\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5730\u533a\u9075\u5faa\u66fc\u9640\u7f57\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002[80]:\u200a355\u200a \u5b83\u6700\u521d\u901a\u8fc7\u5f81\u670d\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u5a5a\u59fb\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6269\u5f20\u3002\u572815\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u963f\u80b2\u9640\u8036\u4e09\u6b21\u5165\u4fb5\u9ad8\u68c9\u5e1d\u56fd\u5e76\u63a0\u593a\u5176\u9996\u90fd\u5434\u54e5\u3002[81]:\u200a26\u200a \u963f\u80b2\u9640\u8036\u968f\u540e\u53d6\u4ee3\u9ad8\u68c9\u6210\u4e3a\u533a\u57df\u5f3a\u56fd\u3002\u7d20\u53ef\u6cf0\u738b\u56fd\u56e0\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d7\u5230\u963f\u80b2\u9640\u8036\u7684\u5e72\u9884\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u5176\u9644\u5eb8\u56fd\uff0c\u5e76\u6700\u7ec8\u88ab\u5e76\u5165\u738b\u56fd\u7248\u56fe\u3002\u535a\u7f57\u9a6c\u7279\u83b1\u6d1b\u5361\u7eb3\u7279\uff08Borommatrailokkanat\uff09\u5b9e\u65bd\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u6539\u9769\u6301\u7eed\u5f71\u54cd\u5230\u4e8620\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u5e76\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u8428\u514b\u8fea\u7eb3\u201d\uff08sakdina\uff09\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7b49\u7ea7\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u5728\u8be5\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0b\uff0c\u7537\u6027\u5e73\u6c11\u6bcf\u5e74\u9700\u88ab\u5f81\u53ec\u4e3a\u52b3\u5f79\u516d\u4e2a\u6708\u3002[82]:\u200a107\u200a \u963f\u80b2\u9640\u8036\u5bf9\u9a6c\u6765\u534a\u5c9b\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u4f46\u672a\u80fd\u5f81\u670d\u53d7\u4e2d\u56fd\u660e\u671d\u652f\u6301\u7684\u9a6c\u516d\u7532\u82cf\u4e39\u56fd\u3002[26]:\u200a11,\u200a13\u200a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European contact and trade started in the early-16th century, with the envoy<\/a> of Portuguese<\/a> duke Afonso de Albuquerque<\/a> in 1511. Portugal became an ally and ceded some soldiers to King Rama Thibodi II.[83]<\/a><\/sup> The Portuguese were followed in the 17th century by the French, Dutch, and English. Rivalry for supremacy over Chiang Mai and the Mon people pitted Ayutthaya against the Burmese Kingdom. Several wars with its ruling Taungoo dynasty<\/a> starting in the 1540s in the reign of Tabinshwehti<\/a> and Bayinnaung<\/a> were ultimately ended with the capture of the capital in 1570<\/a>.[82]<\/a>:\u200a146\u20137\u200a<\/sup> Then was a brief period of vassalage to Burma until Naresuan<\/a> proclaimed independence in 1584.[23]<\/a>:\u200a11\u200a<\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u63a5\u89e6\u548c\u8d38\u6613\u59cb\u4e8e16\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u59cb\u4e8e1511\u5e74\u8461\u8404\u7259\u516c\u7235\u963f\u65b9\u7d22\u00b7\u5fb7\u00b7\u963f\u5c14\u5e03\u594e\u514b\uff08Afonso de Albuquerque\uff09\u7684\u4f7f\u8282\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002\u8461\u8404\u7259\u6210\u4e3a\u76df\u53cb\uff0c\u5e76\u5411\u62c9\u739b\u63d0\u6ce2\u8482\u4e8c\u4e16\uff08King Rama Thibodi II\uff09\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u58eb\u5175\u3002[83] \u572817\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u3001\u8377\u5170\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u76f8\u7ee7\u800c\u6765\u3002\u4e89\u593a\u6e05\u8fc8\u548c\u5b5f\u4eba\u7684\u9738\u6743\u4f7f\u5f97\u963f\u80b2\u9640\u8036\u4e0e\u7f05\u7538\u738b\u56fd\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u4ece1540\u5e74\u4ee3\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5728\u5854\u5bbe\u5217\u63d0\uff08Tabinshwehti\uff09\u548c\u62dc\u56e0\u7459\u6069\uff08Bayinnaung\uff09\u7edf\u6cbb\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4e24\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7206\u53d1\u4e86\u6570\u6b21\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u57281570\u5e74\u4ee5\u963f\u80b2\u9640\u8036\u9996\u90fd\u7684\u9677\u843d\u544a\u7ec8\u3002[82]:\u200a146\u20137\u200a \u6b64\u540e\u6709\u4e00\u6bb5\u77ed\u6682\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u963f\u80b2\u9640\u8036\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u7f05\u7538\u7684\u9644\u5eb8\u56fd\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u90a3\u83b1\u9882\u6069\uff08Naresuan\uff09\u57281584\u5e74\u5ba3\u5e03\u72ec\u7acb\u3002[23]:\u200a11\u200a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayutthaya then sought to improve relations with European powers for many successive reigns. The kingdom especially prospered during cosmopolitan Narai<\/a>‘s reign (1656\u20131688) when some European travelers regarded Ayutthaya as an Asian great power, alongside China and India.[27]<\/a>:\u200aix\u200a<\/sup> However, growing French influence later in his reign was met with nationalist sentiment and led eventually to the Siamese revolution of 1688<\/a>.[82]<\/a>:\u200a185\u20136\u200a<\/sup> However, overall relations remained stable, with French missionaries still active in preaching Christianity.[82]<\/a>:\u200a186\u200a<\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u963f\u80b2\u9640\u8036\u968f\u540e\u5728\u591a\u4f4d\u541b\u4e3b\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0b\u5bfb\u6c42\u6539\u5584\u4e0e\u6b27\u6d32\u5217\u5f3a\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u5728\u7eb3\u83b1\u738b\uff08Narai\uff0c1656-1688\u5e74\u5728\u4f4d\uff09\u7684\u5f00\u660e\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0b\uff0c\u738b\u56fd\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86\u9f0e\u76db\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u6b27\u6d32\u65c5\u884c\u8005\u5c06\u963f\u80b2\u9640\u8036\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e9a\u6d32\u7684\u5927\u56fd\uff0c\u4e0e\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\u9f50\u540d\u3002[27]:\u200aix\u200a \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6\u7edf\u6cbb\u540e\u671f\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u957f\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u906d\u9047\u4e86\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u60c5\u7eea\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e861688\u5e74\u7684\u66b9\u7f57\u9769\u547d\u3002[82]:\u200a185\u20136\u200a \u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u603b\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4e0e\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4fdd\u6301\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u4ecd\u7136\u6d3b\u8dc3\u5728\u4f20\u64ad\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ebf\u3002[82]:\u200a186\u200a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After a bloody period of dynastic struggle, Ayutthaya entered into what has been called the Siamese “golden age<\/a>“, a relatively peaceful episode in the second quarter of the 18th century when art<\/a>, literature<\/a>, and learning flourished. There were seldom foreign wars, apart from conflict with the Nguy\u1ec5n lords<\/a> for control of Cambodia<\/a> starting around 1715. The last fifty years of the kingdom witnessed bloody succession crises, where there were purges of court officials and able generals for many consecutive reigns. In 1765, a combined 40,000-strong force of Burmese armies invaded it<\/a> from the north and west.[84]<\/a>:\u200a250\u200a<\/sup> The Burmese under the new Alaungpaya<\/a> dynasty quickly rose to become a new local power by 1759. After a 14-month siege, the capital city’s walls fell and the city was burned in April 1767.[85]<\/a>:\u200a218\u200a<\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e00\u6bb5\u8840\u8165\u7684\u738b\u671d\u6597\u4e89\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u963f\u80b2\u9640\u8036\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u66b9\u7f57\u201c\u9ec4\u91d1\u65f6\u4ee3\u201d\u7684\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f18\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\u76f8\u5bf9\u548c\u5e73\u7684\u4e00\u7ae0\uff0c\u827a\u672f\u3001\u6587\u5b66\u548c\u5b66\u672f\u5728\u8fd9\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\u84ec\u52c3\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u4ece\u7ea61715\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u4e0e\u962e\u6c0f\u5bb6\u65cf\u4e89\u593a\u67ec\u57d4\u5be8\u63a7\u5236\u6743\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u5916\uff0c\u9c9c\u6709\u53d1\u751f\u5916\u90e8\u6218\u4e89\u3002\u738b\u56fd\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e94\u5341\u5e74\u76ee\u7779\u4e86\u8840\u8165\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u591a\u4efb\u541b\u4e3b\u5728\u4f4d\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u671d\u5ef7\u5b98\u5458\u548c\u80fd\u5e72\u5c06\u9886\u906d\u5230\u6e05\u6d17\u30021765\u5e74\uff0c\u4e00\u652f\u7531\u5317\u5411\u5357\u548c\u897f\u5411\u5357\u5408\u8ba14\u4e07\u4eba\u7684\u7f05\u7538\u5927\u519b\u5165\u4fb5\u963f\u80b2\u9640\u8036\u3002[84]:\u200a250\u200a \u5728\u65b0\u963f\u62c9\u5e72\u6d3e\u4e9a\uff08Alaungpaya\uff09\u738b\u671d\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\uff0c\u7f05\u7538\u8fc5\u901f\u5d1b\u8d77\uff0c\u52301759\u5e74\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u533a\u57df\u9738\u6743\u3002\u7ecf\u8fc7\u957f\u8fbe14\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u56f4\u56f0\uff0c1767\u5e744\u6708\uff0c\u963f\u80b2\u9640\u8036\u7684\u57ce\u5899\u88ab\u653b\u7834\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u906d\u5230\u4e86\u711a\u6bc1\u3002[85]:\u200a218\u200a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.6 \u541e\u6b66\u91cc\u738b\u56fd\uff081767\u5e74\u20141782\u5e74\uff09| Thonburi Kingdom (1767\u20131782)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Thonburi Kingdom<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u541e\u6b66\u91cc\u738b\u56fd\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe2-11\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

The capital and many of its territories lay in chaos after the war. The former capital was occupied by the Burmese<\/a> garrison army and five local leaders declared themselves overlords, including the lords of Sakwangburi, Phitsanulok<\/a>, Pimai<\/a>, Chanthaburi<\/a>, and Nakhon Si Thammarat<\/a>. Chao Tak<\/a>, a capable military leader, proceeded to make himself a lord by right of conquest<\/a>, beginning with the legendary sack of Chanthaburi<\/a>. Based at Chanthaburi, Chao Tak raised troops and resources, and sent a fleet up the Chao Phraya<\/a> to take the fort of Thonburi<\/a>. In the same year, Chao Tak was able to retake Ayutthaya from the Burmese only seven months after the fall of the city.[86]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6218\u540e\u7684\u9996\u90fd\u548c\u8bb8\u591a\u9886\u571f\u9677\u5165\u4e00\u7247\u6df7\u4e71\u3002\u524d\u9996\u90fd\u88ab\u7f05\u7538\u9a7b\u519b\u5360\u9886\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e94\u4e2a\u5730\u65b9\u9886\u8896\u81ea\u5c01\u4e3a\u9886\u4e3b\uff0c\u5305\u62ecSakwangburi\u3001Phitsanulok\u3001Pimai\u3001Chanthaburi\u548cNakhon Si Thammarat\u7684\u9886\u4e3b\u3002Chao Tak\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u9886\u8896\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5f81\u670d\u5f00\u59cb\u81ea\u7acb\u4e3a\u9886\u4e3b\uff0c\u4ece\u4f20\u8bf4\u4e2d\u7684Chanthaburi\u63a0\u593a\u884c\u52a8\u5f00\u59cb\u3002\u4ee5Chanthaburi\u4e3a\u57fa\u5730\uff0cChao Tak\u96c6\u7ed3\u90e8\u961f\u548c\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u5e76\u6d3e\u9063\u8230\u961f\u6cbf\u6e44\u5357\u6cb3\u5411\u4e0a\u6e38\u8fdb\u53d1\uff0c\u593a\u53d6\u4e86\u541e\u6b66\u91cc\u7684\u8981\u585e\u3002\u540c\u5e74\uff0cChao Tak\u4ec5\u5728\u57ce\u5e02\u9677\u843d\u540e\u4e03\u4e2a\u6708\u5c31\u4ece\u7f05\u7538\u624b\u4e2d\u593a\u56de\u4e86\u963f\u80b2\u9640\u8036\u3002[86]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chao Tak then crowned himself as Taksin<\/a> and proclaimed Thonburi<\/a> as temporary capital in the same year. He also quickly subdued the other warlords. His forces engaged in wars with Burma, Laos, and Cambodia, which successfully drove the Burmese out of Lan Na<\/a> in 1775,[82]<\/a>:\u200a225\u200a<\/sup> captured Vientiane<\/a> in 1778[82]<\/a>:\u200a227\u20138\u200a<\/sup> and tried to install a pro-Thai king in Cambodia<\/a> in the 1770s. In his final years there was a coup, caused supposedly by his “insanity”, and eventually Taksin and his sons were executed by his longtime companion General Chao Phraya Chakri<\/a> (the future Rama I). He was the first king of the ruling Chakri dynasty<\/a> and founder of the Rattanakosin Kingdom<\/a> on 6 April 1782.[citation needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011Chao Tak\u968f\u540e\u81ea\u5c01\u4e3aTaksin\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u5ba3\u5e03\u541e\u6b66\u91cc\u4e3a\u4e34\u65f6\u9996\u90fd\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u8fc5\u901f\u9547\u538b\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u519b\u9600\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u90e8\u961f\u4e0e\u7f05\u7538\u3001\u8001\u631d\u548c\u67ec\u57d4\u5be8\u4ea4\u6218\uff0c\u6210\u529f\u5730\u57281775\u5e74\u5c06\u7f05\u7538\u4eba\u9010\u51fa\u5170\u7eb3\u5730\u533a\uff0c[82]:\u200a225\u200a \u5e76\u57281778\u5e74\u5360\u9886\u4e86\u4e07\u8c61\u3002[82]:\u200a227\u20138\u200a \u4ed6\u8bd5\u56fe\u57281770\u5e74\u4ee3\u5728\u67ec\u57d4\u5be8\u6276\u690d\u4eb2\u6cf0\u56fd\u738b\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u6700\u540e\u51e0\u5e74\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u636e\u8bf4\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u7684\u201c\u7cbe\u795e\u5931\u5e38\u201d\uff0c\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u573a\u653f\u53d8\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8Taksin\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u4eec\u88ab\u4ed6\u957f\u671f\u7684\u540c\u4f34\uff0c\u5c06\u519bChao Phraya Chakri\uff08\u672a\u6765\u7684\u62c9\u739b\u4e00\u4e16\uff09\u5904\u51b3\u3002Chao Phraya Chakri\u662f\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684Chakri\u738b\u671d\u7684\u9996\u4f4d\u56fd\u738b\uff0c\u5e76\u57281782\u5e744\u67086\u65e5\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u62c9\u8fbe\u90a3\u54e5\u6b23\u738b\u56fd\u3002[\u9700\u8981\u5f15\u7528]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.7 \u62c9\u8fbe\u90a3\u54e5\u6b23\u738b\u56fd\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\uff081782\u5e74\u20141932\u5e74\uff09| Rattanakosin Kingdom and modernization (1782 \u20131932)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Rattanakosin Kingdom<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u62c9\u8fbe\u90a3\u54e5\u6b23\u738b\u56fd\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe2-12\u81f32-15\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n
\u56fe2A-3\u81f32A-5\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Under Rama I<\/a> (1782\u20131809), Rattanakosin successfully defended against Burmese attacks and put an end to Burmese incursions. He also created suzerainty over large portions of Laos and Cambodia.[87]<\/a><\/sup> In 1821, Briton John Crawfurd<\/a> was sent to negotiate a new trade agreement with Siam \u2013 the first sign of an issue which was to dominate 19th century Siamese politics.[88]<\/a><\/sup> Bangkok signed the Burney Treaty<\/a> in 1826, after the British victory in the First Anglo-Burmese War<\/a>.[82]<\/a>:\u200a281\u200a<\/sup> Anouvong<\/a> of Vientiane, who mistakenly held the belief that Britain was about to launch an invasion of Bangkok, started the Lao rebellion<\/a> in 1826 which was suppressed.[82]<\/a>:\u200a283\u20135\u200a<\/sup> Vientiane was destroyed and a large number of Lao people<\/a> were relocated to Khorat Plateau<\/a> as a result.[82]<\/a>:\u200a285\u20136\u200a<\/sup> Bangkok also waged several wars<\/a> with Vietnam<\/a>, where Siam successfully regained hegemony over Cambodia.[82]<\/a>:\u200a290\u20132\u200a<\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u62c9\u739b\u4e00\u4e16\uff081782-1809\u5e74\u5728\u4f4d\uff09\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0b\uff0c\u62c9\u8fbe\u90a3\u54e5\u6b23\u6210\u529f\u62b5\u5fa1\u4e86\u7f05\u7538\u7684\u88ad\u51fb\uff0c\u5e76\u7ec8\u7ed3\u4e86\u7f05\u7538\u7684\u4fb5\u6270\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u5bf9\u8001\u631d\u548c\u67ec\u57d4\u5be8\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5b97\u4e3b\u6743\u3002[87] 1821\u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u514b\u52b3\u798f\u5fb7\u88ab\u6d3e\u5f80\u66b9\u7f57\u534f\u5546\u65b0\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u534f\u5b9a\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u662f19\u4e16\u7eaa\u66b9\u7f57\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u5373\u5c06\u5360\u636e\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u9996\u4e2a\u8ff9\u8c61\u3002[88] \u66fc\u8c37\u57281826\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u8d62\u5f97\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u82f1\u7f05\u6218\u4e89\u540e\u7b7e\u7f72\u4e86\u4f2f\u5c3c\u6761\u7ea6\u3002[82]:\u200a281\u200a \u4e07\u8c61\u7684Anouvong\u9519\u8bef\u5730\u8ba4\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u5373\u5c06\u5165\u4fb5\u66fc\u8c37\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u57281826\u5e74\u53d1\u52a8\u4e86\u8001\u631d\u53db\u4e71\uff0c\u8fd9\u573a\u53db\u4e71\u968f\u540e\u88ab\u9547\u538b\u3002[82]:\u200a283\u20135\u200a \u4e07\u8c61\u88ab\u6467\u6bc1\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u8001\u631d\u4eba\u6c11\u56e0\u6b64\u88ab\u8fc1\u79fb\u5230\u5475\u53fb\u9ad8\u539f\u3002[82]:\u200a285\u20136\u200a \u66fc\u8c37\u8fd8\u4e0e\u8d8a\u5357\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u6570\u6b21\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u66b9\u7f57\u6210\u529f\u91cd\u83b7\u5bf9\u67ec\u57d4\u5be8\u7684\u9738\u6743\u3002[82]:\u200a290\u20132\u200a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the late-19th century, Siam tried to rule the ethnic groups in the realm as colonies.[82]<\/a>:\u200a308\u200a<\/sup> In the reign of Mongkut<\/a> (1851\u20131868), who recognised the potential threat Western powers posed to Siam, his court contacted the British government<\/a> directly to defuse tensions.[82]<\/a>:\u200a311\u200a<\/sup> A British mission led by Sir John Bowring<\/a>, Governor of Hong Kong<\/a>, led to the signing of the Bowring Treaty<\/a>, the first of many unequal treaties<\/a> with Western countries. This, however, brought trade and economic development to Siam.[89]<\/a><\/sup> The unexpected death of Mongkut from malaria<\/a> led to the reign of underage King Chulalongkorn<\/a>, with Somdet Chaophraya Sri Suriwongse<\/a> (Chuang Bunnag) acting as regent.[82]<\/a>:\u200a327\u200a<\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4ece19\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u66b9\u7f57\u8bd5\u56fe\u5c06\u5176\u5883\u5185\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u7fa4\u4f53\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u6765\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002[82]:\u200a308\u200a \u5728\u8499\u56fa\uff08Mongkut\uff0c1851-1868\u5e74\u5728\u4f4d\uff09\u7edf\u6cbb\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\u5217\u5f3a\u5bf9\u66b9\u7f57\u6784\u6210\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u5a01\u80c1\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u63a5\u89e6\u4ee5\u7f13\u89e3\u7d27\u5f20\u5c40\u52bf\u3002[82]:\u200a311\u200a \u7531\u9999\u6e2f\u603b\u7763\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u5305\u4ee4\u7235\u58eb\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u4ee3\u8868\u56e2\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86\u5305\u4ee4\u6761\u7ea6\u7684\u7b7e\u8ba2\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u66b9\u7f57\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u7b7e\u7f72\u7684\u4f17\u591a\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u6761\u7ea6\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e3a\u66b9\u7f57\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u8d38\u6613\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u3002[89] \u8499\u56fa\u610f\u5916\u56e0\u759f\u75be\u53bb\u4e16\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5c1a\u672a\u6210\u5e74\u7684\u5c0f\u56fd\u738b\u6731\u62c9\u9686\u529f\u7ee7\u4f4d\uff0c\u7531\u662d\u62ab\u8036\u7d20\u7acb\u65fa\u8272\uff08Chuang Bunnag\uff09\u62c5\u4efb\u6444\u653f\u738b\u3002[82]:\u200a327\u200a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chulalongkorn (r. 1868\u20131910) initiated centralisation, set up a privy council, and abolished slavery and the corv\u00e9e<\/a> system. The Front Palace crisis<\/a> of 1874 stalled attempts at further reforms.[82]<\/a>:\u200a331\u20133\u200a<\/sup> In the 1870s and 1880s, he incorporated the protectorates up north into the kingdom proper, which later expanded to the protectorates in the northeast and the south.[82]<\/a>:\u200a334\u20135\u200a<\/sup> He established twelve krom<\/em> in 1888, which were equivalent to present-day ministries.[82]<\/a>:\u200a347\u200a<\/sup> The crisis of 1893<\/a> erupted, caused by French demands for Laotian territory east of Mekong.[82]<\/a>:\u200a350\u20133\u200a<\/sup> Thailand is the only Southeast Asian state never to have been colonised by a Western power,[90]<\/a><\/sup> in part because Britain and France agreed in 1896 to make the Chao Phraya<\/a> valley a buffer state<\/a>.[91]<\/a><\/sup> Not until the 20th century could Siam renegotiate every unequal treaty dating from the Bowring Treaty, including extraterritoriality<\/a>. The advent of the monthon<\/em> system marked the creation of the modern Thai nation-state.[82]<\/a>:\u200a362\u20133\u200a<\/sup> In 1905, there were unsuccessful rebellions in the ancient Patani<\/a> area, Ubon Ratchathani, and Phrae in opposition to an attempt to blunt the power of local lords.[82]<\/a>:\u200a371\u20133\u200a<\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6731\u62c9\u9686\u529f\uff081868-1910\u5e74\u5728\u4f4d\uff09\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\uff0c\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e86\u67a2\u5bc6\u9662\uff0c\u5e76\u5e9f\u9664\u4e86\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u548c\u5fad\u5f79\u5236\u5ea6\u30021874\u5e74\u7684\u524d\u5bab\u5371\u673a\u963b\u788d\u4e86\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6539\u9769\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\u3002[82]:\u200a331\u20133\u200a \u57281870\u5e74\u4ee3\u548c1880\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c06\u5317\u90e8\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u5730\u7eb3\u5165\u738b\u56fd\u76f4\u8f96\uff0c\u4e4b\u540e\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e3e\u63aa\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u4e1c\u5317\u90e8\u548c\u5357\u90e8\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u5730\u3002[82]:\u200a334\u20135\u200a 1888\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5341\u4e8c\u4e2a\u514b\u7f57\u59c6\uff08krom\uff09\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u90e8\u95e8\u3002[82]:\u200a347\u200a 1893\u5e74\u7684\u5371\u673a\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u8d77\u56e0\u662f\u6cd5\u56fd\u8981\u6c42\u83b7\u5f97\u6e44\u516c\u6cb3\u4e1c\u5cb8\u7684\u8001\u631d\u9886\u571f\u3002[82]:\u200a350\u20133\u200a \u6cf0\u56fd\u662f\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u552f\u4e00\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ece\u672a\u88ab\u897f\u65b9\u5217\u5f3a\u6b96\u6c11\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u6cd5\u56fd\u57281896\u5e74\u540c\u610f\u5c06\u662d\u62ab\u8036\u6cb3\u6d41\u57df\u8bbe\u4e3a\u7f13\u51b2\u56fd\u3002[91] \u76f4\u523020\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u66b9\u7f57\u624d\u80fd\u91cd\u65b0\u8c08\u5224\u81ea\u5305\u4ee4\u6761\u7ea6\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u6761\u7ea6\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6cbb\u5916\u6cd5\u6743\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6708\u7edf\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08monthon system\uff09\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u73b0\u4ee3\u6cf0\u56fd\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u521b\u5efa\u3002[82]:\u200a362\u20133\u200a 1905\u5e74\uff0c\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u5317\u5927\u5e74\u5730\u533a\u3001\u4e4c\u6c76\u53fb\u5dee\u4ed6\u5c3c\u548c\u57f9\u53bf\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u672a\u9042\u53db\u4e71\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53db\u4e71\u53cd\u5bf9\u524a\u5f31\u5730\u65b9\u9886\u4e3b\u6743\u529b\u7684\u4f01\u56fe\u3002[82]:\u200a371\u20133\u200a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Palace Revolt of 1912<\/a> was a failed attempt by Western-educated military officers to overthrow the Siamese monarchy.[82]<\/a>:\u200a397\u200a<\/sup> Vajiravudh<\/a> (r. 1910\u20131925) responded by propaganda for the entirety of his reign,[82]<\/a>:\u200a402\u200a<\/sup> which promoted the idea of the Thai nation<\/a>.[82]<\/a>:\u200a404\u200a<\/sup> In 1917, Siam joined the First World War on the side of the Allies<\/a>.[82]<\/a>:\u200a407\u200a<\/sup> In the aftermath Siam had a seat at the Paris Peace Conference<\/a>, and gained freedom of taxation and the revocation of extraterritoriality.[82]<\/a>:\u200a408\u200a<\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111912\u5e74\u7684\u5bab\u5ef7\u653f\u53d8\u662f\u53d7\u897f\u65b9\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u519b\u5b98\u8bd5\u56fe\u63a8\u7ffb\u66b9\u7f57\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u5931\u8d25\u5c1d\u8bd5\u3002[82]:\u200a397\u200a \u74e6\u5409\u62c9\u6b66\uff081910-1925\u5e74\u5728\u4f4d\uff09\u901a\u8fc7\u6574\u4e2a\u7edf\u6cbb\u671f\u95f4\u7684\u5ba3\u4f20\u4f5c\u51fa\u56de\u5e94\uff0c[82]:\u200a402\u200a \u63a8\u5e7f\u6cf0\u56fd\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002[82]:\u200a404\u200a 1917\u5e74\uff0c\u66b9\u7f57\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\uff0c\u7ad9\u5728\u534f\u7ea6\u56fd\u4e00\u65b9\u3002[82]:\u200a407\u200a \u6218\u540e\uff0c\u66b9\u7f57\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u548c\u4f1a\u4e0a\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u5e2d\u4f4d\uff0c\u5e76\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u7a0e\u6536\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u6cbb\u5916\u6cd5\u6743\u7684\u5e9f\u9664\u3002[82]:\u200a408\u200a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.8 \u7acb\u5baa\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u3001\u4e8c\u6218\u4e0e\u51b7\u6218\u65f6\u671f\uff081932\u5e74\u20141975\u5e74\uff09| Constitutional monarchy, World War II and Cold War (1932\u20131975)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Thailand in World War II<\/a> and History of Thailand (1932\u20131973)<\/a>
\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u6cf0\u56fd\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u4e2d\u7684\u89d2\u8272 \u548c \u6cf0\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\uff081932\u5e74\u20141973\u5e74\uff09\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u671f\u95f4\u7684\u6cf0\u56fd<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe2-16\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

A bloodless revolution<\/a> took place in 1932, in which Prajadhipok<\/a> was forced to grant the country’s first constitution, thereby ending centuries of feudal and absolute monarchy<\/a>. The combined results of economic hardships brought on by the Great Depression<\/a>, sharply falling rice prices, and a significant reduction in public spending caused discontent among aristocrats.[26]<\/a>:\u200a25\u200a<\/sup> In 1933, a counter-revolutionary rebellion<\/a> occurred which aimed to reinstate absolute monarchy, but failed.[82]<\/a>:\u200a446\u20138\u200a<\/sup> Prajadhipok’s conflict with the government eventually led to abdication. The government selected Ananda Mahidol<\/a>, who was studying in Switzerland, to be the new king.[82]<\/a>:\u200a448\u20139\u200a<\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111932\u5e74\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u573a\u4e0d\u6d41\u8840\u7684\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u8feb\u4f7fPrajadhipok\u56fd\u738b\u9881\u5e03\u4e86\u8be5\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u7ed3\u675f\u4e86\u6570\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5c01\u5efa\u7edd\u5bf9\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u3002\u5927\u8427\u6761\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u56f0\u96be\u3001\u5927\u7c73\u4ef7\u683c\u6025\u5267\u4e0b\u8dcc\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u516c\u5171\u652f\u51fa\u7684\u5927\u5e45\u524a\u51cf\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u8d35\u65cf\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u4e0d\u6ee1\u3002[26]:\u200a25\u200a 1933\u5e74\uff0c\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u573a\u65e8\u5728\u6062\u590d\u7edd\u5bf9\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u7684\u53cd\u9769\u547d\u53db\u4e71\uff0c\u4f46\u6700\u7ec8\u5931\u8d25\u3002[82]:\u200a446\u20138\u200a Prajadhipok\u4e0e\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u6700\u7ec8\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u9000\u4f4d\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u6b63\u5728\u745e\u58eb\u5b66\u4e60\u7684Ananda Mahidol\u4f5c\u4e3a\u65b0\u56fd\u738b\u3002[82]:\u200a448\u20139\u200a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Later that decade, the army wing of Khana Ratsadon came to dominate Siamese politics. Plaek Phibunsongkhram<\/a> who became premier in 1938, started political oppression and took an openly anti-royalist stance.[82]<\/a>:\u200a457\u200a<\/sup> His government adopted nationalism and Westernisation<\/a>, anti-Chinese<\/a> and anti-French policies.[26]<\/a>:\u200a28\u200a<\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u90a3\u4e2a\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u540e\u671f\uff0cKhana Ratsadon\uff08\u4eba\u6c11\u515a\uff09\u7684\u519b\u961f\u6d3e\u7cfb\u5f00\u59cb\u4e3b\u5bfc\u66b9\u7f57\u653f\u6cbb\u30021938\u5e74\u6210\u4e3a\u9996\u76f8\u7684Phibunsongkhram\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u538b\u8feb\uff0c\u5e76\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u516c\u5f00\u53cd\u7687\u5ba4\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u3002[82]:\u200a457\u200a \u4ed6\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u91c7\u7eb3\u4e86\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u897f\u5316\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u53cd\u534e\u548c\u53cd\u6cd5\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u3002[26]:\u200a28\u200a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1939, there was a decree changing the name of the country from “Siam” to “Thailand”. In 1941, Thailand was in a brief conflict<\/a> with Vichy France<\/a> resulting in Thailand gaining some Lao and Cambodian territories.[82]<\/a>:\u200a462\u200a<\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111939\u5e74\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u9879\u6cd5\u4ee4\u5c06\u56fd\u5bb6\u540d\u79f0\u4ece\u201c\u66b9\u7f57\u201d\u6539\u4e3a\u201c\u6cf0\u56fd\u201d\u30021941\u5e74\uff0c\u6cf0\u56fd\u4e0e\u7ef4\u5e0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u77ed\u6682\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u6cf0\u56fd\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u8001\u631d\u548c\u67ec\u57d4\u5be8\u7684\u9886\u571f\u3002[82]:\u200a462\u200a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 8 December 1941, the Empire of Japan launched an invasion of Thailand<\/a>, and fighting broke out shortly before Phibun ordered an armistice<\/a>. Japan was granted free passage, and on 21 December Thailand and Japan signed a military alliance with a secret protocol, wherein the Japanese government agreed to help Thailand regain lost territories<\/a>.[92]<\/a><\/sup> The Thai government then declared war on the United States and the United Kingdom.[82]<\/a>:\u200a465\u200a<\/sup> The United Kingdom, whose colony Malaya<\/a> was under immediate threat from Thai forces, responded in kind, but the United States refused to declare war and ignored Thailand’s declaration.[93]<\/a>:\u200a66\u200a<\/sup> The Free Thai Movement<\/a> was launched both in Thailand and abroad to oppose the government and Japanese occupation.[82]<\/a>:\u200a465\u20136\u200a<\/sup> After the war ended in 1945, Thailand signed formal agreements to end the state of war with the Allies<\/a>.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111941\u5e7412\u67088\u65e5\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u5e1d\u56fd\u5bf9\u6cf0\u56fd\u53d1\u52a8\u4e86\u5165\u4fb5\uff0c\u6218\u6597\u5728Phibun\u4e0b\u4ee4\u505c\u706b\u524d\u4e0d\u4e45\u7206\u53d1\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u88ab\u6388\u4e88\u81ea\u7531\u901a\u884c\u6743\uff0c12\u670821\u65e5\uff0c\u6cf0\u56fd\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u7b7e\u7f72\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u519b\u4e8b\u540c\u76df\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u9879\u79d8\u5bc6\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u65e5\u672c\u653f\u5e9c\u540c\u610f\u5e2e\u52a9\u6cf0\u56fd\u6536\u590d\u5931\u53bb\u7684\u9886\u571f\u3002[92] \u6cf0\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u968f\u540e\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u5ba3\u6218\u3002[82]:\u200a465\u200a \u82f1\u56fd\uff0c\u5176\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u9a6c\u6765\u4e9a\u6b63\u9762\u4e34\u6cf0\u56fd\u519b\u961f\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u5a01\u80c1\uff0c\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e86\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u5ba3\u6218\uff0c\u4f46\u7f8e\u56fd\u62d2\u7edd\u5ba3\u6218\uff0c\u65e0\u89c6\u4e86\u6cf0\u56fd\u7684\u5ba3\u6218\u3002[93]:\u200a66\u200a \u201c\u81ea\u7531\u6cf0\u56fd\u8fd0\u52a8\u201d\u5728\u6cf0\u56fd\u56fd\u5185\u5916\u53d1\u8d77\uff0c\u4ee5\u53cd\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u5360\u9886\u3002[82]:\u200a465\u20136\u200a \u6218\u4e89\u57281945\u5e74\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\u6cf0\u56fd\u7b7e\u7f72\u4e86\u6b63\u5f0f\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u7ed3\u675f\u4e86\u4e0e\u76df\u56fd\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe2-17\u548c2-18\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

In June 1946, young King Ananda was found dead under mysterious circumstances. His younger brother Bhumibol Adulyadej<\/a> ascended to the throne. Thailand joined the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization<\/a> (SEATO) to become an active ally of the United States in 1954.[82]<\/a>:\u200a493\u200a<\/sup> Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat<\/a> launched a coup in 1957, which removed Khana Ratsadon from politics. His rule (premiership 1959\u20131963) was autocratic; he built his legitimacy around the god-like status of the monarch and by channelling the government’s loyalty to the king.[82]<\/a>:\u200a511\u200a<\/sup> His government improved the country’s infrastructure and education.[82]<\/a>:\u200a514\u200a<\/sup> After the United States joined the Vietnam War<\/a> in 1961, there was a secret agreement wherein the U.S. promised to protect Thailand.[82]<\/a>:\u200a523\u200a<\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111946\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u56fd\u738bAnanda\u5728\u795e\u79d8\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u5f1f\u5f1fBhumibol Adulyadej\uff08\u666e\u5bc6\u84ec\u00b7\u963f\u675c\u5fb7\uff09\u767b\u4e0a\u4e86\u738b\u4f4d\u3002\u6cf0\u56fd\u57281954\u5e74\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u6761\u7ea6\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff08SEATO\uff09\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5728\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u76df\u53cb\u3002[82]:\u200a493\u200a \u9646\u519b\u5143\u5e05Sarit Thanarat\u57281957\u5e74\u53d1\u52a8\u4e86\u653f\u53d8\uff0c\u5c06Khana Ratsadon\uff08\u4eba\u6c11\u515a\uff09\u6392\u9664\u51fa\u653f\u575b\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\uff081959-1963\u5e74\u62c5\u4efb\u603b\u7406\uff09\u662f\u4e13\u5236\u7684\uff1b\u4ed6\u56f4\u7ed5\u7740\u56fd\u738b\u5982\u540c\u795e\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5fe0\u8bda\u5bfc\u5411\u56fd\u738b\u6765\u5de9\u56fa\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002[82]:\u200a511\u200a \u4ed6\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u6539\u5584\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u3002[82]:\u200a514\u200a \u57281961\u5e74\u7f8e\u56fd\u52a0\u5165\u8d8a\u5357\u6218\u4e89\u540e\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u79d8\u5bc6\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u627f\u8bfa\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cf0\u56fd\u3002[82]:\u200a523\u200a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The period brought about increasing modernisation<\/a> and Westernisation<\/a> of Thai society. Rapid urbanisation<\/a> occurred when the rural populace sought work in growing cities. Rural farmers gained class consciousness<\/a> and were sympathetic to the Communist Party of Thailand<\/a>.[82]<\/a>:\u200a528\u200a<\/sup> Economic development and education enabled the rise of a middle class in Bangkok and other cities.[82]<\/a>:\u200a534\u200a<\/sup> In October 1971, there was a large demonstration<\/a> against the dictatorship of Thanom Kittikachorn<\/a> (premiership 1963\u20131973), which led to civilian casualties.[82]<\/a>:\u200a541\u20133\u200a<\/sup> Bhumibol installed Sanya Dharmasakti<\/a> (premiership 1973\u20131975) to replace him, marking the first time that the king had intervened in Thai politics directly since 1932.[94]<\/a><\/sup> The aftermath of the event marked a short-lived parliamentary democracy,[94]<\/a><\/sup> often called the “era when democracy blossomed” (\u0e22\u0e38\u0e04\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e18\u0e34\u0e1b\u0e44\u0e15\u0e22\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e48\u0e07\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e19).[citation needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u6cf0\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u548c\u897f\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u63d0\u9ad8\u3002\u5f53\u519c\u6751\u4eba\u53e3\u5bfb\u6c42\u5728\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u5de5\u4f5c\u65f6\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u5feb\u901f\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002\u519c\u6c11\u9636\u5c42\u610f\u8bc6\u89c9\u9192\uff0c\u5bf9\u6cf0\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u8868\u793a\u540c\u60c5\u3002[82]:\u200a528\u200a \u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u4f7f\u5f97\u66fc\u8c37\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u5f97\u4ee5\u5d1b\u8d77\u3002[82]:\u200a534\u200a 1971\u5e7410\u6708\uff0c\u7206\u53d1\u4e86\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u793a\u5a01\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u6297\u8baeThanom Kittikachorn\uff081963-1973\u5e74\u62c5\u4efb\u603b\u7406\uff09\u7684\u72ec\u88c1\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u5e73\u6c11\u4f24\u4ea1\u3002[82]:\u200a541\u20133\u200a \u666e\u5bc6\u84ec\u4efb\u547dSanya Dharmasakti\uff081973-1975\u5e74\u62c5\u4efb\u603b\u7406\uff09\u63a5\u66ff\u4ed6\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u81ea1932\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u56fd\u738b\u9996\u6b21\u76f4\u63a5\u5e72\u9884\u6cf0\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u3002[94] \u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u540e\u7eed\u5f71\u54cd\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u77ed\u6682\u7684\u8bae\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u65f6\u671f\uff0c[94] \u5e38\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u76db\u5f00\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u201d\uff08\u0e22\u0e38\u0e04\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e18\u0e34\u0e1b\u0e44\u0e15\u0e22\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e48\u0e07\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e19\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e8c\u6218\u540e\u7684\u6cf0\u56fd\u957f\u671f\u5b9e\u884c\u519b\u653f\u5e9c\u72ec\u88c1\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u92ae\u62ab\u6c76\u00b7\u9882\u582a<\/a>\uff08\u5728\u4e8c\u6218\u540e\u76841948\u5e74\u518d\u6b21\u4e0a\u53f0\uff09\u3001\u6c99\u7acb\u00b7\u4ed6\u90a3\u53fb<\/a>\u3001\u4ed6\u4fac\u00b7\u5409\u6ef4\u5361\u5b97<\/a>\u3001\u6c5f\u8428\u00b7\u5dee\u739b\u5357<\/a>\u53ca\u70b3\u00b7\u5ef7\u7d20\u62c9\u6696<\/a>\u7b49\u5148\u540e\u638c\u6743\u30021991\u5e74\u6cf0\u56fd\u519b\u4e8b\u653f\u53d8<\/a>\uff0c\u519b\u65b9\u63a8\u7ffb\u5dee\u731c\u00b7\u6625\u54c8\u65fa<\/a>\u3001\u5baa\u6cd5\u548c\u56fd\u4f1a\u3002\u5176\u540e\u6cf0\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u4e0a\u8857\u6e38\u884c\uff0c\u6297\u8bae\u519b\u65b9\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002\u519b\u65b9\u8840\u8165\u9547\u538b\uff0c\u8feb\u4f7f\u6cf0\u738b\u4ecb\u5165\u3002\u603b\u7406\u82cf\u94a6\u8fbe\u548c\u793a\u5a01\u4eba\u58eb\u9886\u8896\u53cc\u53cc\u8dea\u5728\u6cf0\u738b\u9762\u524d\uff0c\u627f\u8bfa\u5e73\u606f\u98ce\u6ce2\uff0c\u793a\u5a01\u59cb\u544a\u7ed3\u675f\uff0c\u9009\u4e3e\u548c\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e5f\u5f97\u5230\u6062\u590d\uff0c\u6cf0\u56fd\u5f00\u59cb\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u3002\u6cf0\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a<\/a>\u7684\u5ddd\u00b7\u7acb\u6d3e<\/a>\u6210\u4e3a\u603b\u7406\u30021998\u5e747\u670814\u65e5\uff0c\u4ed6\u4fe1\u00b7\u897f\u90a3\u74e6<\/a>\u521b\u5efa\u6cf0\u7231\u6cf0\u515a<\/a>\uff0c\u5e76\u4efb\u515a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3002\u4e0d\u5230\u4e94\u5e74\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u6cf0\u7231\u6cf0\u515a\u5408\u5e76\u51e0\u4e2a\u5c0f\u515a\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u515a\u72ec\u5927<\/a>\u7684\u5c40\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.9 \u5f53\u4ee3\u53f2 | Contemporary history<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: History of Thailand (1973\u20132001)<\/a> and History of Thailand (2001\u2013present)<\/a>
\u3010\u4e3b\u8981\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u6cf0\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\uff081973\u5e74\u20142001\u5e74\uff09\u548c\u6cf0\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\uff082001\u5e74\u2014\u81f3\u4eca\uff09\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

See also: South Thailand insurgency<\/a>\u3010\u53e6\u8bf7\u53c2\u9605\uff1a\u6cf0\u56fd\u5357\u90e8\u53db\u4e71\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Constant unrest and instability, as well as fear of a communist takeover after the fall of Saigon<\/a>, made some ultra-right groups brand leftist students as communists.[82]<\/a>:\u200a548\u200a<\/sup> This culminated in the Thammasat University massacre<\/a> in October 1976.[82]<\/a>:\u200a548\u20139\u200a<\/sup> A coup d’\u00e9tat on that day brought Thailand a new ultra-right government, which cracked down on media outlets, officials, and intellectuals, and fuelled the communist insurgency<\/a>. Another coup the following year installed a more moderate government, which offered amnesty to communist fighters in 1978.[95]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u52a8\u8361\u548c\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u5c40\u52bf\uff0c\u52a0\u4e4b\u5bf9\u897f\u8d21\u6ca6\u9677\u540e\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u63a5\u7ba1\u7684\u6050\u60e7\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e00\u4e9b\u6781\u53f3\u7ffc\u56e2\u4f53\u5c06\u5de6\u7ffc\u5b66\u751f\u8d34\u4e0a\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u6807\u7b7e\u3002[82]:\u200a548\u200a \u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u57281976\u5e7410\u6708\u7684Thammasat\u5927\u5b66\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u4e2d\u8fbe\u5230\u9876\u70b9\u3002[82]:\u200a548\u20139\u200a \u5f53\u5929\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u653f\u53d8\u7ed9\u6cf0\u56fd\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u6781\u53f3\u7ffc\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u8be5\u653f\u5e9c\u6253\u538b\u5a92\u4f53\u3001\u5b98\u5458\u548c\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u52a0\u5267\u4e86\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u53db\u4e71\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u6b21\u5e74\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u573a\u653f\u53d8\u5219\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f83\u4e3a\u6e29\u548c\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u8be5\u653f\u5e9c\u57281978\u5e74\u5411\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u6218\u58eb\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u7279\u8d66\u3002[95]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fuelled by Indochina refugee crisis<\/a>, Vietnamese border raids<\/a> and economic hardships, Prem Tinsulanonda<\/a> became the Prime Minister from 1980 to 1988. The communists abandoned the insurgency by 1983. Prem’s premiership was dubbed “semi-democracy” because the Parliament was composed of all elected House and all appointed Senate. The 1980s also saw increasing intervention in politics by the monarch, who rendered two coups in 1981<\/a> and 1985<\/a> attempts against Prem failed. In 1988 Thailand had its first elected prime minister since 1976.[96]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u53d7\u5230\u5370\u5ea6\u652f\u90a3\u96be\u6c11\u5371\u673a\u3001\u8d8a\u5357\u8fb9\u5883\u88ad\u51fb\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u56f0\u5883\u7684\u63a8\u52a8\uff0cPrem Tinsulanonda\u4ece1980\u5e74\u81f31988\u5e74\u62c5\u4efb\u603b\u7406\u3002\u52301983\u5e74\uff0c\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u53db\u4e71\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002Prem\u7684\u603b\u7406\u4efb\u671f\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u534a\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u56fd\u4f1a\u7531\u5168\u90e8\u9009\u4e3e\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4f17\u8bae\u9662\u548c\u5168\u90e8\u4efb\u547d\u7684\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u7ec4\u6210\u30021980\u5e74\u4ee3\u8fd8\u89c1\u8bc1\u4e86\u541b\u4e3b\u5bf9\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u5e72\u9884\uff0c\u4ed6\u57281981\u5e74\u548c1985\u5e74\u4e24\u6b21\u5e72\u9884\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u9488\u5bf9Prem\u7684\u653f\u53d8\u4f01\u56fe\u5931\u8d25\u30021988\u5e74\uff0c\u6cf0\u56fd\u81ea1976\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u9996\u6b21\u62e5\u6709\u4e86\u6c11\u9009\u603b\u7406\u3002[96]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Suchinda Kraprayoon<\/a>, who was the coup leader in 1991<\/a> and said he would not seek to become prime minister,[97]<\/a><\/sup> was nominated as one by the majority coalition government after the 1992 general election<\/a>. This caused a popular demonstration in Bangkok, which ended with a bloody military crackdown<\/a>. Bhumibol intervened in the event and signed an amnesty law, Suchinda then resigned.[98]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011Suchinda Kraprayoon\u662f1991\u5e74\u653f\u53d8\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u66fe\u8868\u793a\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8c0b\u6c42\u603b\u7406\u804c\u4f4d\uff0c[97] \u4f46\u57281992\u5e74\u5927\u9009\u540e\uff0c\u7531\u591a\u6570\u515a\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u8054\u5408\u653f\u5e9c\u63d0\u540d\u4ed6\u4e3a\u603b\u7406\u3002\u8fd9\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u66fc\u8c37\u7684\u6c11\u4f17\u793a\u5a01\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u4ee5\u8840\u8165\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u9547\u538b\u544a\u7ec8\u3002\u666e\u5bc6\u84ec\u4ecb\u5165\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u7b7e\u7f72\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u8d66\u514d\u6cd5\u6848\uff0c\u968f\u540eSuchinda\u8f9e\u804c\u3002[98]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 1997 Asian financial crisis<\/a> originated in Thailand and ended the country’s 40 years of uninterrupted economic growth.[99]<\/a>:\u200a3\u200a<\/sup> Chuan Leekpai<\/a>‘s government took an IMF<\/a> loan with unpopular provisions.[100]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111997\u5e74\u7684\u4e9a\u6d32\u91d1\u878d\u5371\u673a\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e\u6cf0\u56fd\uff0c\u7ec8\u7ed3\u4e86\u8be5\u56fd\u8fde\u7eed40\u5e74\u7684\u4e0d\u95f4\u65ad\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u3002[99]:\u200a3\u200a Chuan Leekpai\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u56fd\u9645\u8d27\u5e01\u57fa\u91d1\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff08IMF\uff09\u7684\u8d37\u6b3e\uff0c\u4f46\u9644\u5e26\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0d\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u3002[100]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami<\/a> hit the country, mostly in the south, claiming around 5,400 lives in Phuket, Phang Nga, Ranong, Krabi, Trang, and Satun, with thousands still missing.[101]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112004\u5e74\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u6d0b\u5730\u9707\u548c\u6d77\u5578\u88ad\u51fb\u4e86\u6cf0\u56fd\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5f71\u54cd\u5357\u90e8\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u5728\u666e\u5409\u5c9b\u3001\u6500\u7259\u3001\u62c9\u519c\u3001\u7532\u7c73\u3001\u8463\u91cc\u548c\u5b8b\u5361\u7b49\u5730\u7ea65,400\u4eba\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u53e6\u6709\u6570\u5343\u4eba\u81f3\u4eca\u4e0b\u843d\u4e0d\u660e\u3002[101]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY 4.0\u534f\u8bae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1a\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u603b\u7edf<\/a>\u5f17\u62c9\u57fa\u7c73\u5c14\u00b7\u666e\u4eac<\/a>\u4e0e\u6cf0\u56fd\u603b\u7406<\/a>\u8fbe\u65b0\u00b7\u897f\u90a3\u74e6<\/a>\u5728APEC 2003\u5cf0\u4f1a\u4f1a\u9762<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aKremlin.ru<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

The populist Thai Rak Thai<\/a> party, led by prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra<\/a>, governed from 2001 until 2006. His policies were successful in reducing rural poverty[102]<\/a><\/sup> and initiated universal healthcare<\/a> in the country.[103]<\/a><\/sup> However, Shinawatra was viewed as a corrupt populist who was destroying the middle class in order to favor himself and the rural poor. He also faced criticism over his response to a South Thailand insurgency<\/a> which escalated starting from 2004. Additionally, his recommendations to the rural poor directly conflicted with King Bhumibol\u2019s recommendations, drawing the ire of royalists, a powerful faction in Thailand. In response, the royalists made up a story about how Thaskin and his \u201cadvisors gathered in Finland to plot the overthrow of the monarchy\u201d which dramatically expanded the opposition to the otherwise still popular Thaksin. Meanwhile, massive protests against Thaksin led by the People’s Alliance for Democracy<\/a> (PAD) started in his second term as prime minister. Eventually, things reached a boiling point and the military decided they wanted to oust Thaksin.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u7531\u603b\u7406\u4ed6\u4fe1\u00b7\u897f\u90a3\u74e6\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u4eb2\u6c11\u6cf0\u7231\u6cf0\u515a\u4ece2001\u5e74\u81f32006\u5e74\u6267\u653f\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u6210\u529f\u5730\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86\u519c\u6751\u8d2b\u56f0[102]\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u56fd\u5185\u542f\u52a8\u4e86\u5168\u6c11\u533b\u7597\u4fdd\u5065\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002[103]\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4fe1\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u727a\u7272\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u6765\u8c0b\u53d6\u81ea\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\u548c\u519c\u6751\u7a77\u4eba\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002\u4ed6\u4e5f\u56e0\u5e94\u5bf9\u81ea2004\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u52a0\u5267\u7684\u5357\u6cf0\u56fd\u53db\u4e71\u95ee\u9898\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u6279\u8bc4\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4ed6\u5411\u519c\u6751\u7a77\u4eba\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u76f4\u63a5\u4e0e\u56fd\u738b\u84b2\u7f8e\u84ec\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u76f8\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u6fc0\u6012\u4e86\u6cf0\u56fd\u5883\u5185\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u4fdd\u7687\u6d3e\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56de\u5e94\uff0c\u4fdd\u7687\u6d3e\u7f16\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u58f0\u79f0\u4ed6\u4fe1\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u201c\u987e\u95ee\u4eec\u5728\u82ac\u5170\u805a\u4f1a\u7b56\u5212\u63a8\u7ffb\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u6781\u5927\u5730\u6269\u5927\u4e86\u5bf9\u539f\u672c\u4ecd\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u7684\u4ed6\u4fe1\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u62c5\u4efb\u603b\u7406\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4efb\u671f\u5185\uff0c\u7531\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u8054\u76df\uff08PAD\uff09\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u53cd\u4ed6\u4fe1\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u6297\u8bae\u6d3b\u52a8\u5f00\u59cb\u7206\u53d1\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u4e8b\u6001\u53d1\u5c55\u5230\u4e86\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\uff0c\u519b\u65b9\u51b3\u5b9a\u8981\u63a8\u7ffb\u4ed6\u4fe1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Despite Thailand\u2019s military having been forced from power in the 1970s when democracy was born, Thailand\u2019s democracy remains grounded in the implicit consent of the military and the monarchy. When the monarchy and the military agree that a democratically elected leader has gone too far, they work together to oust them. In this case, the military first sought permission from the king to oust Thaskin, permission which was denied. But then, the king rejected Thaskin\u2019s choice to lead the army, allowing a military leader to be put into power who wanted the coup.1<\/sup>  Then, the army dissolved Thaksin\u2019s party with a coup d’\u00e9tat in 2006<\/a> and banned over a hundred of its executives from politics. After the coup, a military government was installed which lasted a year. [104]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong>[105]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6cf0\u56fd\u519b\u961f\u57281970\u5e74\u4ee3\u88ab\u6c11\u4e3b\u65b0\u751f\u6240\u9a71\u9010\u51fa\u6743\u529b\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u4f46\u6cf0\u56fd\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u59cb\u7ec8\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u519b\u961f\u548c\u738b\u5ba4\u7684\u9ed8\u8bb8\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002\u5f53\u738b\u5ba4\u548c\u519b\u961f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c11\u9009\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u8d70\u5f97\u592a\u8fdc\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u8054\u624b\u5c06\u5176\u8d76\u4e0b\u53f0\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u519b\u961f\u9996\u5148\u5bfb\u6c42\u56fd\u738b\u7684\u8bb8\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a8\u7ffb\u4ed6\u4fe1\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bf7\u6c42\u88ab\u62d2\u7edd\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u56fd\u738b\u5426\u51b3\u4e86\u4ed6\u4fe1\u4efb\u547d\u9646\u519b\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u7684\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u60f3\u8981\u53d1\u52a8\u653f\u53d8\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u4e0a\u53f0\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u519b\u961f\u4e8e2006\u5e74\u901a\u8fc7\u653f\u53d8\u89e3\u6563\u4e86\u4ed6\u4fe1\u7684\u653f\u515a\uff0c\u5e76\u7981\u6b62\u4e86\u5176\u4e00\u767e\u591a\u540d\u9ad8\u5c42\u5b98\u5458\u53c2\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u3002\u653f\u53d8\u540e\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u519b\u4e8b\u653f\u5e9c\u88ab\u5b89\u63d2\u638c\u6743\uff0c\u6301\u7eed\u4e86\u4e00\u5e74\u3002[104][105]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 3.0\u534f\u8bae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\n

\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aUnited Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship<\/a>, Red Shirts, protest<\/a> in 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u53cd\u72ec\u88c1\u6c11\u4e3b\u7edf\u4e00\u6218\u7ebf\u3001\u7ea2\u886b\u519b\u30012010 \u5e74\u6297\u8bae\u6d3b\u52a8<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aTakeaway<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Coming back to democracy was a process that took very active participation of the people. The people frequently stormed government buildings and the military threatened yet another coup. [104]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong> Finally, in 2007, a civilian government led by the Thaksin-allied People’s Power Party<\/a> (PPP) was elected<\/a>. Another protest led by PAD<\/a> ended with the dissolution of PPP, and the Democrat Party<\/a> led a coalition government in its place. The pro-Thaksin United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship<\/a> (UDD) protested both in 2009<\/a> and in 2010<\/a>, the latter of which ended with a violent military crackdown<\/a> causing more than 70 civilian deaths.[106]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6062\u590d\u6c11\u4e3b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9700\u8981\u4eba\u6c11\u79ef\u6781\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u4eba\u6c11\u7ecf\u5e38\u51b2\u51fb\u653f\u5e9c\u5927\u697c\uff0c\u519b\u65b9\u5a01\u80c1\u518d\u6b21\u53d1\u52a8\u653f\u53d8\u3002[104] \u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u5728 2007 \u5e74\uff0c\u7531\u4ed6\u4fe1\u652f\u6301\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u529b\u91cf\u515a (PPP) \u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u6587\u5b98\u653f\u5e9c\u5f53\u9009\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u573a\u7531\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u8054\u76df\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u6297\u8bae\u6d3b\u52a8\u4ee5\u4eba\u6c11\u529b\u91cf\u515a\u89e3\u6563\u800c\u544a\u7ec8\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u8054\u5408\u653f\u5e9c\u53d6\u800c\u4ee3\u4e4b\u3002\u4eb2\u4ed6\u4fe1\u7684\u53cd\u72ec\u88c1\u6c11\u4e3b\u7edf\u4e00\u9635\u7ebf (UDD) \u5728 2009 \u5e74\u548c 2010 \u5e74\u90fd\u53d1\u8d77\u4e86\u6297\u8bae\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u4ee5\u519b\u4e8b\u9547\u538b\u800c\u544a\u7ec8\uff0c\u9020\u6210 70 \u591a\u540d\u5e73\u6c11\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002[106]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the general election of 2011<\/a>, the populist<\/a> Pheu Thai Party<\/a> won a majority and Yingluck Shinawatra<\/a>, Thaksin’s younger sister, became prime minister. The People’s Democratic Reform Committee<\/a> organised another anti-Shinawatra protest<\/a>[107]<\/a><\/sup> after the ruling party proposed an amnesty bill which would benefit Thaksin.[108]<\/a><\/sup> Yingluck dissolved parliament and a general election<\/a> was scheduled, but was invalidated by the Constitutional Court<\/a>. The crisis<\/a> ended with another coup d’\u00e9tat in 2014<\/a>.[109]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112011 \u5e74\u5927\u9009\u540e\uff0c\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e3a\u6cf0\u515a\u8d62\u5f97\u591a\u6570\u5e2d\u4f4d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4fe1\u7684\u59b9\u59b9\u82f1\u62c9\u00b7\u897f\u90a3\u74e6\u6210\u4e3a\u603b\u7406\u3002\u6267\u653f\u515a\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u9879\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4fe1\u7684\u5927\u8d66\u6cd5\u6848\u540e\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u6539\u9769\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u573a\u53cd\u897f\u90a3\u74e6\u6297\u8bae\u6d3b\u52a8[107]\u3002[108]\u82f1\u62c9\u89e3\u6563\u4e86\u8bae\u4f1a\uff0c\u539f\u5b9a\u4e3e\u884c\u5927\u9009\uff0c\u4f46\u88ab\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\u88c1\u5b9a\u65e0\u6548\u3002\u8fd9\u573a\u5371\u673a\u4ee5 2014 \u5e74\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u573a\u653f\u53d8\u7ed3\u675f\u3002[109]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The ensuing National Council for Peace and Order<\/a>, a military junta led by General Prayut Chan-o-cha<\/a>, led the country until 2019. Civil and political rights were restricted, and the country saw a surge in l\u00e8se-majest\u00e9<\/a> cases. Political opponents and dissenters were sent to “attitude adjustment” camps;[110]<\/a><\/sup> this was described by academics as showing the rise of fascism.[111]<\/a><\/sup> Bhumibol, the longest-reigning Thai king, died in 2016, and his son Vajiralongkorn<\/a> ascended to the throne. The referendum and adoption of Thailand’s current constitution happened under the junta’s rule.[i]<\/a><\/sup> The junta also bound future governments to a 20-year national strategy ‘road map’ it laid down, effectively locking the country into military-guided democracy<\/a>.[113]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u968f\u540e\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u5e73\u79e9\u5e8f\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u7531\u5df4\u80b2\u00b7\u5360\u5965\u5dee\u5c06\u519b\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u519b\u653f\u5e9c\u9886\u5bfc\u6cf0\u56fd\u76f4\u81f3 2019 \u5e74\u3002\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u5229\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5229\u53d7\u5230\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u6cf0\u56fd\u5192\u72af\u541b\u4e3b\u6848\u4ef6\u6fc0\u589e\u3002\u653f\u6cbb\u5bf9\u624b\u548c\u5f02\u89c1\u4eba\u58eb\u88ab\u9001\u5f80\u201c\u6001\u5ea6\u8c03\u6574\u201d\u8425\uff1b[110] \u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u5c06\u6b64\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u5d1b\u8d77\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\u3002[111] \u5728\u4f4d\u65f6\u95f4\u6700\u957f\u7684\u6cf0\u56fd\u56fd\u738b\u666e\u5bc6\u84ec\u4e8e 2016 \u5e74\u53bb\u4e16\uff0c\u5176\u5b50\u54c7\u96c6\u62c9\u9686\u529f\u7ee7\u4f4d\u3002\u6cf0\u56fd\u73b0\u884c\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u5168\u6c11\u516c\u6295\u548c\u901a\u8fc7\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u519b\u653f\u5e9c\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0b\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u3002[i] \u519b\u653f\u5e9c\u8fd8\u5c06\u672a\u6765\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u5176\u5236\u5b9a\u7684 20 \u5e74\u56fd\u5bb6\u6218\u7565\u201c\u8def\u7ebf\u56fe\u201d\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5c06\u6cf0\u56fd\u9501\u5b9a\u5728\u519b\u4e8b\u6307\u5bfc\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u4e2d\u3002[113]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaOGL v1.0\u534f\u8bae \u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee\u534f\u8bae\u539f\u6587<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\n

\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1a\u82f1\u62c9\u00b7\u897f\u90a3\u74e6<\/a>\u662f\u6cf0\u56fd\u9996\u4f4d\u62c5\u4efb\u603b\u7406\u7684\u5973\u6027<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1aForeign and Commonwealth Office<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

In 2019, the junta agreed to schedule a general election in March<\/a>.[110]<\/a><\/sup> Prayut continued his premiership with the support of Palang Pracharath Party<\/a>-coalition in the House and junta-appointed Senate, amid allegations of election fraud.[114]<\/a><\/sup> The 2020\u201321 pro-democracy protests<\/a> were triggered by increasing royal prerogative<\/a>, democratic and economic regression from the Royal Thai Armed Forces<\/a> supported by the Thai monarchy<\/a> in the wake of the 2014 Thai coup d’\u00e9tat<\/a>, dissolution of the pro-democracy Future Forward Party<\/a>, distrust in the 2019 general election<\/a> and the current political system, forced disappearance and deaths of political activists including Wanchalearm Satsaksit<\/a>, and political corruption scandals,[115]<\/a>[116]<\/a><\/sup> which brought forward unprecedented demands to reform the monarchy[117]<\/a><\/sup> and the highest sense of republicanism<\/a> in the country.[118]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112019 \u5e74\uff0c\u519b\u653f\u5e9c\u540c\u610f\u5728 3 \u6708\u5b89\u6392\u5927\u9009\u3002[110]\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b58\u5728\u9009\u4e3e\u821e\u5f0a\u7684\u6307\u63a7\uff0c\u5df4\u80b2\u5728\u4f17\u8bae\u9662\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u529b\u91cf\u515a\u8054\u76df\u548c\u519b\u653f\u5e9c\u4efb\u547d\u7684\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u7684\u652f\u6301\u4e0b\uff0c\u7ee7\u7eed\u62c5\u4efb\u603b\u7406\u3002[114] 2020-21 \u5e74\u6c11\u4e3b\u6297\u8bae\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u5f15\u53d1\u539f\u56e0\u662f\uff0c\u5728 2014 \u5e74\u6cf0\u56fd\u653f\u53d8\u3001\u652f\u6301\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u672a\u6765\u524d\u8fdb\u515a\u89e3\u6563\u3001\u5bf9 2019 \u5e74\u5927\u9009\u548c\u73b0\u884c\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u4e0d\u4fe1\u4efb\u3001\u5305\u62ec Wanchalearm Satsaksit \u5728\u5185\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6d3b\u52a8\u5bb6\u88ab\u8feb\u5931\u8e2a\u548c\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u653f\u6cbb\u8150\u8d25\u4e11\u95fb\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u738b\u5ba4\u7279\u6743\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u6cf0\u56fd\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u652f\u6301\u7684\u6cf0\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u6b66\u88c5\u90e8\u961f\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5012\u9000\uff0c[115][116] \u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u6539\u9769\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u7684\u7a7a\u524d\u8981\u6c42[117] \u548c\u8be5\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u5171\u548c\u4e3b\u4e49\u610f\u8bc6\u3002[118]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In May 2023, Thailand’s reformist opposition, the progressive Move Forward Party<\/a> (MFP) and the populist Pheu Thai Party<\/a>, won the general election<\/a>, meaning the royalist-military parties that supported Prime Minister Prayuth Chan-ocha lost power.[119]<\/a><\/sup> On 22 August 2023, Srettha Thavisin<\/a> of the populist Pheu Thai party, became Thailand’s new prime minister, while the Pheu Thai party’s billionaire figurehead Thaksin Shinawatra returned to Thailand after years in self-imposed exile.[120]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112023 \u5e74 5 \u6708\uff0c\u6cf0\u56fd\u6539\u9769\u6d3e\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u3001\u8fdb\u6b65\u515a\u524d\u8fdb\u515a (MFP) \u548c\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e3a\u6cf0\u515a\u8d62\u5f97\u5927\u9009\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u652f\u6301\u603b\u7406\u5df4\u80b2\u00b7\u5360\u5965\u5dee\u7684\u4fdd\u7687\u6d3e\u519b\u4e8b\u653f\u515a\u5931\u53bb\u6743\u529b\u3002[119] 2023 \u5e74 8 \u6708 22 \u65e5\uff0c\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e3a\u6cf0\u515a\u7684\u65af\u96f7\u5854\u00b7\u8fbe\u7ef4\u8f9b\u6210\u4e3a\u6cf0\u56fd\u65b0\u4efb\u603b\u7406\uff0c\u800c\u4e3a\u6cf0\u515a\u7684\u4ebf\u4e07\u5bcc\u7fc1\u9886\u8896\u4ed6\u4fe1\u00b7\u897f\u90a3\u74e6\u5728\u81ea\u6211\u6d41\u653e\u591a\u5e74\u540e\u8fd4\u56de\u6cf0\u56fd\u3002[120]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. \u5730\u7406 | Geography<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Geography of Thailand<\/a> \/ \u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u6cf0\u56fd\u5730\u7406<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe3-1\u81f33-6\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Totalling 513,120 square kilometres (198,120 sq mi), Thailand is the 50th-largest country<\/a> by total area.[1]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6cf0\u56fd\u603b\u9762\u79ef\u8fbe513,120\u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\uff08198,120\u5e73\u65b9\u82f1\u91cc\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u9762\u79ef\u7b2c50\u5927\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002[1]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thailand comprises several distinct geographic regions, partly corresponding to the provincial groups. The north of the country is the mountainous area of the Thai highlands<\/a>, with the highest point being Doi Inthanon<\/a> in the Thanon Thong Chai Range<\/a> at 2,565 metres (8,415 ft) above sea level. The northeast, Isan<\/a>, consists of the Khorat Plateau<\/a>, bordered to the east by the Mekong River<\/a>. The centre of the country is dominated by the predominantly flat Chao Phraya<\/a> river valley, which runs into the Gulf of Thailand<\/a>. Southern Thailand consists of the narrow Kra Isthmus<\/a> that widens into the Malay Peninsula<\/a>.[citation needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6cf0\u56fd\u5305\u542b\u51e0\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5730\u7406\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u533a\u57df\u90e8\u5206\u5bf9\u5e94\u7740\u7701\u7ea7\u884c\u653f\u533a\u5212\u3002\u8be5\u56fd\u5317\u90e8\u662f\u6cf0\u56fd\u9ad8\u539f\u7684\u5c71\u533a\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u70b9\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4ed6\u519c-\u901a\u731c\u5c71\u8109\u7684\u8335\u4ed6\u4fac\u5c71\uff0c\u6d77\u62d42,565\u7c73\uff088,415\u82f1\u5c3a\uff09\u3002\u4e1c\u5317\u90e8\uff0c\u5373\u4f0a\u6851\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u7531\u5475\u53fb\u9ad8\u539f\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u4e1c\u90e8\u8fb9\u754c\u4e3a\u6e44\u516c\u6cb3\u3002\u6cf0\u56fd\u4e2d\u90e8\u4e3b\u8981\u7531\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e73\u5766\u7684\u6e44\u5357\u6cb3\u8c37\u5730\u5e26\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u8fd9\u6761\u6cb3\u6d41\u6700\u7ec8\u6c47\u5165\u6cf0\u56fd\u6e7e\u3002\u5357\u90e8\u6cf0\u56fd\u5305\u62ec\u72ed\u7a84\u7684\u514b\u62c9\u5730\u5ce1\uff0c\u8be5\u5730\u5ce1\u9010\u6e10\u6269\u5c55\u6210\u4e3a\u9a6c\u6765\u534a\u5c9b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6cf0\u56fd\u897f\u90e8\u4e3a\u5c71\u533a\uff0c\u662f\u559c\u739b\u62c9\u96c5\u5c71\u8109<\/a>\u7684\u5ef6\u4f38\u4ed6\u5ff5\u4ed6\u7fc1\u5c71\u8109<\/a>\u4e3a\u4e3b\u7684\u5c71\u5730\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u7531\u5317\u5411\u5357\u8d70\u5411\u3002\u4f4d\u4e8e\u6e05\u8fc8\u5e9c<\/a>\u7684\u56e0\u4ed6\u6696\u5c71<\/a>\uff08\u6d77\u62d42,576\u7c73\uff09\u662f\u6cf0\u56fd\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u5cf0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e1c\u5317\u90e8\u662f\u5475\u53fb\u9ad8\u539f<\/a>\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u590f\u5b63\u6781\u5e72\u65f1\uff0c\u96e8\u5b63\u975e\u5e38\u6ce5\u6cde\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b9c\u8015\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e2d\u90e8\u662f\u662d\u62ab\u8036\u6cb3<\/a>\u5e73\u539f\u3002\u7531\u66fc\u8c37\u5411\u5317\uff0c\u5730\u52bf\u9010\u6b65\u7f13\u5347\uff0c\u662d\u62ab\u8036\u6cb3\u6cbf\u5cb8\u571f\u5730\u4e30\u9976\uff0c\u662f\u6cf0\u56fd\u4e3b\u8981\u519c\u4ea7\u5730\u3002\u66fc\u8c37\u4ee5\u5357\u4e3a\u66b9\u7f57\u6e7e\u7ea2\u6811\u6797\u5730\u57df\uff0c\u6da8\u6f6e\u65f6\u6ca1\u5165\u6c34\u4e2d\uff0c\u9000\u6f6e\u540e\u6210\u4e3a\u7ea2\u6811\u6797<\/a>\u6cbc\u6cfd\u5730\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6cf0\u56fd\u5357\u90e8\u662f\u897f\u90e8\u5c71\u8109\u7684\u5ef6\u7eed\uff0c\u5c71\u8109\u518d\u5411\u5357\u5f62\u6210\u9a6c\u6765\u534a\u5c9b<\/a>\uff0c\u6700\u72ed\u5904\u79f0\u4e3a\u514b\u62c9\u5730\u5ce1<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Chao Phraya and the Mekong River are the indispensable water courses of rural Thailand. Industrial scale production of crops use both rivers and their tributaries. The Gulf of Thailand covers 320,000 square kilometres (124,000 sq mi) and is fed by the Chao Phraya, Mae Klong<\/a>, Bang Pakong<\/a>, and Tapi<\/a> Rivers. It contributes to the tourism sector owing to its clear shallow waters along the coasts in the southern region and the Kra Isthmus. The eastern shore of the Gulf of Thailand is an industrial centre of Thailand with the kingdom’s premier deepwater port in Sattahip<\/a> and its busiest commercial port, Laem Chabang<\/a>.[citation needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6e44\u5357\u6cb3\u548c\u6e44\u516c\u6cb3\u662f\u6cf0\u56fd\u4e61\u6751\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\u6c34\u9053\u3002\u5de5\u4e1a\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u519c\u4f5c\u7269\u751f\u4ea7\u5229\u7528\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e24\u6761\u6cb3\u6d41\u53ca\u5176\u652f\u6d41\u3002\u6cf0\u56fd\u6e7e\u8986\u76d6\u4e86320,000\u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\uff08124,000\u5e73\u65b9\u82f1\u91cc\uff09\uff0c\u7531\u6e44\u5357\u6cb3\u3001\u6e44\u5b54\u6cb3\u3001\u90a6\u5df4\u529f\u6cb3\u548c\u5854\u4e15\u6cb3\u7b49\u6cb3\u6d41\u6ce8\u5165\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5357\u90e8\u5730\u533a\u548c\u514b\u62c9\u5730\u5ce1\u6cbf\u5cb8\u6e05\u6f88\u6d45\u6de1\u7684\u6c34\u57df\uff0c\u6cf0\u56fd\u6e7e\u5bf9\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u6cf0\u56fd\u6e7e\u7684\u4e1c\u5cb8\u662f\u6cf0\u56fd\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u738b\u56fd\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6df1\u6c34\u6e2f\u2014\u2014\u6c99\u6253\u5e0c\u666e\u6e2f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6700\u7e41\u5fd9\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u6e2f\u53e3\u2014\u2014\u5ec9\u5dee\u90a6\u6e2f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Phuket<\/a>, Krabi<\/a>, Ranong<\/a>, Phang Nga<\/a> and Trang<\/a>, and their islands, all lay along the coasts of the Andaman Sea<\/a>.[citation needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u666e\u5409\u5c9b\u3001\u7532\u7c73\u3001\u5583\u519c\u3001\u6500\u7259\u548c\u8463\u91cc\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u4eec\u6240\u5c5e\u7684\u5c9b\u5c7f\uff0c\u90fd\u6cbf\u7740\u5b89\u8fbe\u66fc\u6d77\u7684\u6d77\u5cb8\u7ebf\u5206\u5e03\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7efc\u4e0a\uff0c\u6cf0\u56fd\u5e73\u5747\u6d77\u62d4\u4e3a287\u7c73\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u519c\u4e1a\u7528\u5730\uff1a41.2%\uff082018 \u5e74\u7edf\u8ba1\uff09 \u8015\u5730\uff1a30.8%\uff082018 \u5e74\u7edf\u8ba1\uff09 \u6c38\u4e45\u6027\u4f5c\u7269\uff1a8.8%\uff082018 \u5e74\u7edf\u8ba1\uff09 \u6c38\u4e45\u7267\u573a\uff1a1.6%\uff082018 \u5e74\u7edf\u8ba1\uff09 \u68ee\u6797\uff1a37.2%\uff082018 \u5e74\u7edf\u8ba1\uff09 \u5176\u4ed6\uff1a21.6%\uff082018 \u5e74\u7edf\u8ba1\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u6cf0\u56fd\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u5927\u4f17\u4e60\u60ef\u5c06\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7586\u57df\u6bd4\u4f5c\u5927\u8c61<\/a>\u7684\u5934\u90e8\uff0c\u5c06\u5317\u90e8\u89c6\u4e3a\u201c\u8c61\u51a0\u201d\uff0c\u4e1c\u5317\u5730\u65b9\u4ee3\u8868\u201c\u8c61\u8033\u201d\uff0c\u66b9\u7f57\u6e7e\u4ee3\u8868\u201c\u8c61\u53e3\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u5357\u65b9\u7684\u72ed\u957f\u5730\u5e26\u5219\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u201c\u8c61\u9f3b\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.1 \u6c14\u5019 | Climate<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Further information: Climate change in Thailand<\/a>\u3010\u66f4\u591a\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a\u6cf0\u56fd\u7684\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe3-7\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Thailand’s climate is influenced by monsoon winds that have a seasonal character (the southwest and northeast monsoon).[121]<\/a>:\u200a2\u200a<\/sup> Most of the country is classified as K\u00f6ppen<\/a>‘s tropical savanna climate<\/a>.[122]<\/a><\/sup> The majority of the south as well as the eastern tip of the east have a tropical monsoon climate<\/a>. Parts of the south also have a tropical rainforest climate<\/a>.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6cf0\u56fd\u7684\u6c14\u5019\u53d7\u5b63\u98ce\u98ce\u5411\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u5b63\u8282\u6027\u7279\u5f81\uff08\u897f\u5357\u5b63\u98ce\u548c\u4e1c\u5317\u5b63\u98ce\uff09\u3002[121]:\u200a2\u200a \u5927\u90e8\u5206\u56fd\u5bb6\u5730\u533a\u6309\u7167\u67ef\u672c\u6c14\u5019\u5206\u7c7b\u6cd5\u5c5e\u4e8e\u70ed\u5e26\u8349\u539f\u6c14\u5019\u3002[122] \u5357\u90e8\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u533a\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e1c\u90e8\u7684\u5c16\u7aef\u5730\u533a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u70ed\u5e26\u5b63\u98ce\u6c14\u5019\u3002\u5357\u90e8\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u533a\u4e5f\u6709\u70ed\u5e26\u96e8\u6797\u6c14\u5019\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A year in Thailand is divided into three seasons.[121]<\/a>:\u200a2\u200a<\/sup> The first is the rainy or southwest monsoon season (mid\u2013May to mid\u2013October), which is caused by southwestern wind from the Indian Ocean<\/a>.[121]<\/a>:\u200a2\u200a<\/sup> Rainfall is also contributed by Intertropical Convergence Zone<\/a> (ITCZ) and tropical cyclones<\/a>,[121]<\/a>:\u200a2\u200a<\/sup> with August and September being the wettest period of the year.[121]<\/a>:\u200a2\u200a<\/sup> The country receives a mean annual rainfall of 1,200 to 1,600 mm (47 to 63 in).[121]<\/a>:\u200a4\u200a<\/sup> Winter or the northeast monsoon occurs from mid\u2013October until mid\u2013February.[121]<\/a>:\u200a2\u200a<\/sup> Most of Thailand experiences dry weather with mild temperatures.[121]<\/a>:\u200a2,\u200a4\u200a<\/sup> Summer or the pre\u2013monsoon season runs from mid\u2013February until mid\u2013May.[121]<\/a>:\u200a3\u200a<\/sup> Due to their inland position and latitude, the north, northeast, central and eastern parts of Thailand experience a long period of warm weather, where temperatures can reach up to 40 \u00b0C (104 \u00b0F) during March to May,[121]<\/a>:\u200a3\u200a<\/sup> in contrast to close to or below 0 \u00b0C (32 \u00b0F) in some areas in winter.[121]<\/a>:\u200a3\u200a<\/sup> Southern Thailand is characterised by mild weather year-round with less diurnal and seasonal variations in temperatures due to maritime influences.[121]<\/a>:\u200a3\u200a<\/sup> It receives abundant rainfall, particularly during October to November.[121]<\/a>:\u200a2\u200a<\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6cf0\u56fd\u7684\u4e00\u5e74\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u4e2a\u5b63\u8282\u3002[121]:\u200a2\u200a \u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u96e8\u5b63\u6216\u897f\u5357\u5b63\u98ce\u5b63\u8282\uff085\u6708\u4e2d\u65ec\u81f310\u6708\u4e2d\u65ec\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u7531\u6765\u81ea\u5370\u5ea6\u6d0b\u7684\u897f\u5357\u98ce\u9020\u6210\u7684\u3002[121]:\u200a2\u200a \u964d\u96e8\u4e5f\u7531\u8d64\u9053\u4f4e\u538b\u5e26\uff08ITCZ\uff09\u548c\u70ed\u5e26\u6c14\u65cb\u8d21\u732e\uff0c[121]:\u200a2\u200a \u5176\u4e2d8\u6708\u548c9\u6708\u662f\u4e00\u5e74\u4e2d\u6700\u6e7f\u6da6\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u3002[121]:\u200a2\u200a \u56fd\u5bb6\u5e73\u5747\u5e74\u964d\u6c34\u91cf\u4e3a1,200\u81f31,600\u6beb\u7c73\uff0847\u81f363\u82f1\u5bf8\uff09\u3002[121]:\u200a4\u200a \u51ac\u5b63\u6216\u4e1c\u5317\u5b63\u98ce\u53d1\u751f\u572810\u6708\u4e2d\u65ec\u81f32\u6708\u4e2d\u65ec\u3002[121]:\u200a2\u200a \u6cf0\u56fd\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u533a\u7ecf\u5386\u5e72\u71e5\u5929\u6c14\u548c\u6e29\u548c\u6e29\u5ea6\u3002[121]:\u200a2,\u200a4\u200a \u590f\u5b63\u6216\u5b63\u98ce\u524d\u5b63\u8282\u4ece2\u6708\u4e2d\u65ec\u6301\u7eed\u52305\u6708\u4e2d\u65ec\u3002[121]:\u200a3\u200a \u7531\u4e8e\u5185\u9646\u4f4d\u7f6e\u548c\u7eac\u5ea6\uff0c\u6cf0\u56fd\u5317\u90e8\u3001\u4e1c\u5317\u90e8\u3001\u4e2d\u90e8\u548c\u4e1c\u90e8\u5730\u533a\u7ecf\u5386\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u6e29\u6696\u5929\u6c14\uff0c3\u6708\u81f35\u6708\u7684\u6e29\u5ea6\u53ef\u8fbe40\u00b0C\uff08104\u00b0F\uff09\uff0c[121]:\u200a3\u200a \u4e0e\u51ac\u5b63\u67d0\u4e9b\u5730\u533a\u63a5\u8fd1\u6216\u4f4e\u4e8e0\u00b0C\uff0832\u00b0F\uff09\u5f62\u6210\u5bf9\u6bd4\u3002[121]:\u200a3\u200a \u5357\u90e8\u6cf0\u56fd\u5168\u5e74\u6e29\u548c\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6d77\u6d0b\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u663c\u591c\u548c\u5b63\u8282\u6e29\u5ea6\u53d8\u5316\u8f83\u5c0f\u3002[121]:\u200a3\u200a \u5b83\u63a5\u6536\u5145\u6c9b\u7684\u96e8\u6c34\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u572810\u6708\u81f311\u6708\u3002[121]:\u200a2\u200a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thailand is among the world’s ten countries that are most exposed to climate change. In particular, it is highly vulnerable to rising sea levels<\/a> and extreme weather events.[123]<\/a>[124]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6cf0\u56fd\u662f\u5168\u7403\u5341\u4e2a\u6700\u5bb9\u6613\u53d7\u5230\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u9ad8\u5ea6\u6613\u53d7\u5230\u6d77\u5e73\u9762\u4e0a\u5347\u548c\u6781\u7aef\u5929\u6c14\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002[123][124]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.2 \u751f\u7269\u591a\u6837\u6027\u548c\u4fdd\u62a4 | Biodiversity and conservation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

See also: List of protected areas of Thailand<\/a>, List of forest parks of Thailand<\/a>, List of species native to Thailand<\/a>, and Environmental issues in Thailand<\/a>
\u3010\u53e6\u89c1\uff1a\u6cf0\u56fd\u4fdd\u62a4\u533a\u5217\u8868\u3001\u6cf0\u56fd\u68ee\u6797\u516c\u56ed\u5217\u8868\u3001\u6cf0\u56fd\u539f\u751f\u7269\u79cd\u5217\u8868\u3001\u6cf0\u56fd\u73af\u5883\u95ee\u9898\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe3-8\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

National parks<\/a> in Thailand are defined as an area that contains natural resources of ecological importance or unique beauty, or flora and fauna of special importance<\/em>. Thailand’s protected areas include 156 national parks, 58 wildlife sanctuaries, 67 non-hunting areas, and 120 forest parks. They cover almost 31 per cent of the kingdom’s territory.[126]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6cf0\u56fd\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u516c\u56ed\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u5305\u542b\u751f\u6001\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u6216\u72ec\u7279\u7f8e\u666f\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u7279\u522b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u52a8\u690d\u7269\u7fa4\u843d\u7684\u533a\u57df\u3002\u6cf0\u56fd\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u533a\u5305\u62ec156\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u516c\u56ed\uff0c58\u4e2a\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u533a\uff0c67\u4e2a\u975e\u72e9\u730e\u533a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca120\u4e2a\u68ee\u6797\u516c\u56ed\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fdd\u62a4\u533a\u51e0\u4e4e\u5360\u4e86\u5168\u56fd\u9886\u571f\u768431%\u3002[126]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The parks are administered by the National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department<\/a> (DNP), of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment<\/a> (MNRE).
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8fd9\u4e9b\u516c\u56ed\u7531\u81ea\u7136\u8d44\u6e90\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u90e8\u4e0b\u5c5e\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u516c\u56ed\u3001\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u690d\u7269\u548c\u690d\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u90e8\uff08DNP\uff09\u7ba1\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thailand has a mediocre but improving performance in the global Environmental Performance Index<\/a> (EPI) with an overall ranking of 91 out of 180 countries in 2016. The environmental areas where Thailand performs worst (i.e., highest-ranking) are air quality<\/a> (167), environmental effects of the agricultural industry (106), and the climate and energy<\/a> sector (93), the later mainly because of a high CO2<\/sub> emission<\/a> per kWh produced. Thailand performs best (i.e., lowest-ranking) in water resource management<\/a> (66), with some major improvements expected for the future, and sanitation<\/a> (68).[127]<\/a>[128]<\/a><\/sup> The country had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index<\/a> mean score of 6.00\/10, ranking it 88th globally out of 172 countries.[129]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u57282016\u5e74\u7684\u5168\u7403\u73af\u5883\u7ee9\u6548\u6307\u6570\uff08EPI\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cf0\u56fd\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u4e2d\u7b49\u4f46\u6709\u6240\u6539\u5584\uff0c\u603b\u4f53\u6392\u540d\u4e3a180\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c91\u4f4d\u3002\u6cf0\u56fd\u5728\u7a7a\u6c14\u8d28\u91cf\uff08\u6392\u540d\u7b2c167\uff09\u3001\u519c\u4e1a\u884c\u4e1a\u7684\u73af\u5883\u5f71\u54cd\uff08\u6392\u540d\u7b2c106\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u6c14\u5019\u548c\u80fd\u6e90\u9886\u57df\uff08\u6392\u540d\u7b2c93\uff09\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u6700\u5dee\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6bcf\u5343\u74e6\u65f6\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u4e8c\u6c27\u5316\u78b3\u6392\u653e\u91cf\u9ad8\u3002\u6cf0\u56fd\u5728\u6c34\u8d44\u6e90\u7ba1\u7406\uff08\u6392\u540d\u7b2c66\uff09\u65b9\u9762\u8868\u73b0\u6700\u4f73\uff0c\u9884\u8ba1\u672a\u6765\u4f1a\u6709\u663e\u8457\u6539\u8fdb\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u536b\u751f\u8bbe\u65bd\uff08\u6392\u540d\u7b2c68\uff09\u65b9\u9762\u3002[127][128]2019\u5e74\u68ee\u6797\u666f\u89c2\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u6307\u6570\u5e73\u5747\u5f97\u5206\u4e3a6.00\/10\uff0c\u5728\u5168\u7403172\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\u6392\u540d\u7b2c88\u4f4d\u3002[129]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The population of elephants, the country’s national symbol<\/a>, has fallen from 100,000 in 1850 to an estimated 2,000.[125]<\/a><\/sup> Poachers have long hunted elephants for ivory<\/a> and hides, and now increasingly for meat<\/a>.[130]<\/a><\/sup> Young elephants are often captured for use in tourist attractions or as work animals, where there have been claims of mistreatment.[131]<\/a><\/sup> In 1989 the government banned the use of elephants for logging<\/a>, leading many elephant owners to move their domesticated animals to the tourism industry.[132]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u8c61\u5f81\u7684\u5927\u8c61\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u5df2\u4ece1850\u5e74\u768410\u4e07\u5934\u4e0b\u964d\u5230\u4f30\u8ba1\u76842,000\u5934\u3002[125]\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5077\u730e\u8005\u4e3a\u4e86\u8c61\u7259\u548c\u8c61\u76ae\u730e\u6740\u5927\u8c61\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u5730\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u8089\u3002[130]\u5e7c\u8c61\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u6355\u83b7\u7528\u4e8e\u65c5\u6e38\u666f\u70b9\u6216\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5de5\u4f5c\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u6709\u6307\u63a7\u79f0\u5b83\u4eec\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u8650\u5f85\u3002[131]1989\u5e74\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u7981\u6b62\u4f7f\u7528\u5927\u8c61\u4f10\u6728\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u8bb8\u591a\u5927\u8c61\u6240\u6709\u8005\u5c06\u9a6f\u517b\u7684\u5927\u8c61\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u3002[132]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Poaching of protected species remains a major problem. Tigers<\/a>, leopards<\/a>, and other large cats are hunted for their pelts. Many are farmed or hunted for their meat, which supposedly has medicinal properties. Although such trade is illegal, the well-known Bangkok market Chatuchak<\/a> is still known for the sale of endangered species.[133]<\/a><\/sup> The practice of keeping wild animals as pets affects species such as Asiatic black bear<\/a>, Malayan sun bear<\/a>, white-handed lar<\/a>, pileated gibbon<\/a>, and binturong<\/a>.[134]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5077\u730e\u53d7\u4fdd\u62a4\u7269\u79cd\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u8001\u864e\u3001\u8c79\u5b50\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5927\u578b\u732b\u79d1\u52a8\u7269\u56e0\u5176\u76ae\u6bdb\u800c\u88ab\u730e\u6740\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u52a8\u7269\u88ab\u517b\u6b96\u6216\u730e\u6740\u4ee5\u83b7\u53d6\u5176\u8089\uff0c\u636e\u8bf4\u5177\u6709\u836f\u7528\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6b64\u7c7b\u4ea4\u6613\u662f\u975e\u6cd5\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u8457\u540d\u7684\u66fc\u8c37\u5e02\u573aChatuchak\u4ecd\u7136\u4ee5\u9500\u552e\u6fd2\u5371\u7269\u79cd\u800c\u95fb\u540d\u3002[133]\u5c06\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5ba0\u7269\u9972\u517b\u7684\u4e60\u60ef\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u8bf8\u5982\u4e9a\u6d32\u9ed1\u718a\u3001\u9a6c\u6765\u718a\u3001\u767d\u624b\u957f\u81c2\u733f\u3001\u51a0\u7334\u548c\u718a\u72f8\u7b49\u7269\u79cd\u3002[134]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. \u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u653f\u5e9c | Politics and government<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Politics of Thailand<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u6cf0\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Further information: Constitutions of Thailand<\/a>, Government of Thailand<\/a>, and Elections in Thailand<\/a>
\u3010\u66f4\u591a\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a\u6cf0\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u3001\u6cf0\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u6cf0\u56fd\u9009\u4e3e\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prior to 1932, Thai kings were feudal or absolute monarchs<\/a>. During Sukhothai Kingdom<\/a>, the king was seen as a Dharmaraja<\/em> or ‘king who rules in accordance with Dharma<\/a>‘. The system of government was a network of tributaries ruled by local lords. Modern absolute monarchy and statehood was established by Chulalongkorn when he transformed the decentralized protectorate system into a unitary state. On 24 June 1932, Khana Ratsadon<\/a> (People’s Party) carried out a bloodless revolution which marked the beginning of constitutional monarchy<\/a>.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u57281932\u5e74\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6cf0\u56fd\u7684\u56fd\u738b\u662f\u5c01\u5efa\u6216\u7edd\u5bf9\u541b\u4e3b\u3002\u5728\u7d20\u53ef\u6cf0\u738b\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u56fd\u738b\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3aDharmaraja\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u4f9d\u7167\u4f5b\u6cd5\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u56fd\u738b\u201d\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u4f53\u7cfb\u662f\u7531\u5f53\u5730\u9886\u4e3b\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u671d\u8d21\u7f51\u7edc\u6784\u6210\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f53\u5236\u662f\u5728\u6731\u62c9\u9686\u529f\uff08\u62c9\u739b\u4e94\u4e16\uff09\u65f6\u671f\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c06\u5206\u6563\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u5730\u5236\u5ea6\u6539\u9020\u6210\u5355\u4e00\u5236\u56fd\u5bb6\u30021932\u5e746\u670824\u65e5\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u515a\uff08Khana Ratsadon\uff09\u53d1\u52a8\u4e86\u4e00\u573a\u4e0d\u6d41\u8840\u7684\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u541b\u4e3b\u7acb\u5baa\u5236\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thailand has had 20 constitutions and charters since 1932, including the latest and current 2017 Constitution. All constitutions state that the politics is conducted within the framework of a constitutional monarchy, but the de facto<\/em> form of government has ranged from military dictatorship to electoral democracy.[136]<\/a>[137]<\/a><\/sup> Thailand’s current form of government is part democracy and part dictatorship, with many terms are used to describe it.[j]<\/a><\/sup> Thailand has had the fourth-most coups<\/a> in the world.[143]<\/a><\/sup> “Uniformed or ex-military men have led Thailand for 55 of the 83 years” between 1932 and 2009.[144]<\/a><\/sup> Most recently, the military junta<\/a> self-titled as the National Council for Peace and Order<\/a> ruled the country between 2014 and 2019.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u81ea1932\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6cf0\u56fd\u5171\u670920\u90e8\u5baa\u6cd5\u548c\u5baa\u7ae0\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6700\u65b0\u76842017\u5e74\u5baa\u6cd5\u3002\u6240\u6709\u5baa\u6cd5\u90fd\u58f0\u660e\u653f\u6cbb\u8fd0\u4f5c\u662f\u5728\u541b\u4e3b\u7acb\u5baa\u5236\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u5185\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u5f62\u5f0f\u4ece\u519b\u4e8b\u72ec\u88c1\u5230\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u90fd\u6709\u6240\u4f53\u73b0\u3002[136][137]\u6cf0\u56fd\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u5f62\u5f0f\u90e8\u5206\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u72ec\u88c1\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u5b83\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u3002[j] \u6cf0\u56fd\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u53d1\u751f\u653f\u53d8\u7b2c\u56db\u591a\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002[143]\u201c\u7a7f\u5236\u670d\u6216\u9000\u5f79\u7684\u519b\u4eba\u57281932\u5e74\u81f32009\u5e74\u95f483\u5e74\u768455\u5e74\u91cc\u9886\u5bfc\u6cf0\u56fd\u3002\u201d[144] \u6700\u8fd1\uff0c\u81ea\u79f0\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u5e73\u79e9\u5e8f\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u653f\u53d8\u653f\u6743\u57282014\u5e74\u81f32019\u5e74\u95f4\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe4-1\u81f34-3\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Government is separated<\/a> into three branches:
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u653f\u5e9c\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u4e2a\u5206\u652f\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n