{"id":4014,"date":"2024-09-02T23:21:52","date_gmt":"2024-09-02T15:21:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/?p=4014"},"modified":"2025-01-30T22:13:16","modified_gmt":"2025-01-30T14:13:16","slug":"vietnam-fulltext-zhen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/2024\/09\/02\/vietnam-fulltext-zhen\/","title":{"rendered":"\u8d8a\u5357 \/ Vietnam -\uff08\u5168\u6587\uff09\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u8bcd\u6761\u878d\u5408"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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This article contains Vietnamese<\/a> text.<\/strong> Without proper rendering support<\/a>, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols<\/a> instead of ch\u1eef N\u00f4m<\/a>, ch\u1eef H\u00e1n<\/a> and ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/a>.
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0. \u6982\u8ff0<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

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0.1 \u6587\u5b57\u8bf4\u660e<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

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\u8d8a\u5357\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5171\u548c\u56fd<\/strong>\uff08\u8d8a\u5357\u8bed<\/a>\uff1aC\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u8046\u542c<\/a>\u24d8<\/a><\/sup>, \u5171\u548c\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8d8a\u5357\uff09\uff0c\u901a\u79f0\u8d8a\u5357<\/strong>\uff08\u8d8a\u5357\u8bed<\/a>\uff1aVi\u1ec7t Nam\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a<\/a>\u7684\u4e2d\u5357\u534a\u5c9b<\/a>\u4e1c\u7aef\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6<\/a>\uff0c\u5317\u90bb\u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd<\/a>\uff0c\u897f\u63a5\u67ec\u57d4\u5be8<\/a>\u548c\u8001\u631d<\/a>\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u8d85\u8fc71\u4ebf\u4eba\u53e3\uff0c\u4f4d\u5c45\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c16\u540d<\/a>\u3002\u8d8a\u5357\u7684\u9996\u90fd\u662f\u6cb3\u5185\u5e02<\/a>\uff0c\u6700\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u662f\u80e1\u5fd7\u660e\u5e02<\/a>\u3002\u8d8a\u5357\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u91c7\u4e00\u515a\u4e13\u653f\uff0c\u6267\u653f\u515a\u8d8a\u5357\u5171\u4ea7\u515a<\/a>\u662f\u76ee\u524d\u8d8a\u5357\u5883\u5185\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u653f\u515a\u3002\u8d8a\u5357\u662f\u6c49\u5b57\u6587\u5316\u5708\u8bf8\u56fd<\/a>\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u56fd\u5bb6\u8054\u76df<\/a>[7]<\/a><\/sup>[8]<\/a><\/sup>\u3001\u4e16\u754c\u8d38\u6613\u7ec4\u7ec7<\/a>\u3001\u4e9a\u6d32\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5408\u4f5c\u7ec4\u7ec7<\/a>\u3001\u6cd5\u8bed\u5708\u56fd\u9645\u7ec4\u7ec7<\/a>\u6210\u5458\u53ca\u672a\u676511\u56fd<\/a>\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam<\/strong>,[e]<\/a>[f]<\/a><\/sup> officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam<\/strong>,[g]<\/a><\/sup> is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia<\/a>, with an area of about 331,000 square kilometres (128,000 sq mi) and a population of over 100 million, making it the world’s fifteenth-most populous country<\/a>. One of the two Marxist-Leninist states<\/a> in Southeast Asia<\/a>,[h]<\/a><\/sup> Vietnam shares land borders with China<\/a> to the north, and Laos<\/a> and Cambodia<\/a> to the west. It shares maritime borders<\/a> with Thailand<\/a> through the Gulf of Thailand<\/a>, and the Philippines<\/a>, Indonesia<\/a>, and Malaysia<\/a> through the South China Sea<\/a>. Its capital is Hanoi<\/a> and its largest city is Ho Chi Minh City<\/a> (commonly known as Saigon).
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8d8a\u5357[e][f]\uff0c\u6b63\u5f0f\u540d\u79f0\u4e3a\u8d8a\u5357\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5171\u548c\u56fd[g]\uff0c\u662f\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u5927\u9646\u4e1c\u90e8\u8fb9\u7f18\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u9762\u79ef\u7ea6 331,000 \u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\uff08128,000 \u5e73\u65b9\u82f1\u91cc\uff09\uff0c\u4eba\u53e3\u8d85\u8fc7 1 \u4ebf\uff0c\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u5341\u4e94\u5927\u4eba\u53e3\u5927\u56fd\u3002\u8d8a\u5357\u662f\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u4e24\u4e2a\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u5217\u5b81\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00[h]\uff0c\u5317\u90e8\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u63a5\u58e4\uff0c\u897f\u90e8\u4e0e\u8001\u631d\u548c\u67ec\u57d4\u5be8\u63a5\u58e4\u3002\u5b83\u901a\u8fc7\u6cf0\u56fd\u6e7e\u4e0e\u6cf0\u56fd\u63a5\u58e4\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5357\u4e2d\u56fd\u6d77\u4e0e\u83f2\u5f8b\u5bbe\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u5c3c\u897f\u4e9a\u548c\u9a6c\u6765\u897f\u4e9a\u63a5\u58e4\u3002\u5176\u9996\u90fd\u662f\u6cb3\u5185\uff0c\u6700\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u662f\u80e1\u5fd7\u660e\u5e02\uff08\u4fd7\u79f0\u897f\u8d21\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3010\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u539f\u6ce8e\u3011Vietnamese<\/a>: Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/em> [v\u00ee\u0259t n\u0101\u02d0m]<\/a> <\/a>\u24d8<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3010\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u539f\u6ce8f\u3011The spelling “Viet Nam” or the full Vietnamese form “Vi\u1ec7t Nam” is sometimes used in English by local and government-operated media. “Viet Nam” is, in fact, formally designated and recognized by the Government of Vietnam<\/a>, the United Nations<\/a> and the International Organization for Standardization<\/a> as the standardized country name. See also other spellings<\/a>.
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\u3010\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u539f\u6ce8g\u3011Alternatively the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam<\/em> with a different spelling
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\u3010\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u539f\u6ce8h\u3011The other one being Laos<\/a>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u8001\u631d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam was inhabited by the Paleolithic<\/a> age, with states established in the first millennium BC on the Red River Delta<\/a> in modern-day northern Vietnam<\/a>. The Han dynasty<\/a> annexed Northern and Central Vietnam under Chinese rule<\/a> from 111 BC, until the first dynasty<\/a> emerged in 939.
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Successive monarchical dynasties<\/a> absorbed Chinese influences through Confucianism<\/a> and Buddhism<\/a>, and expanded southward<\/a> to the Mekong Delta<\/a>, conquering<\/a> Champa<\/a>. During most of the 17th and 18th centuries, Vietnam was effectively divided into two domains of \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/a> and \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i<\/a>.
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The Nguy\u1ec5n<\/a>\u2014the last imperial dynasty\u2014surrendered to France<\/a> in 1883. In 1887, its territory was integrated into French Indochina<\/a> as three separate regions. In the immediate aftermath of World War II<\/a>, the nationalist coalition Viet Minh<\/a>, led by the communist revolutionary Ho Chi Minh<\/a>, launched the August Revolution<\/a> and declared<\/a> Vietnam’s independence from the Empire of Japan<\/a> in 1945.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u962e\u671d\u2014\u2014\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c01\u5efa\u738b\u671d\u2014\u2014\u4e8e1883\u5e74\u5411\u6cd5\u56fd\u6295\u964d\u30021887\u5e74\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u9886\u571f\u88ab\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u5e76\u5165\u6cd5\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u652f\u90a3\u3002\u4e8c\u6218\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\u4ee5\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u9769\u547d\u5bb6\u80e1\u5fd7\u660e\u4e3a\u9996\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u8054\u5408\u9635\u7ebf\u8d8a\u5357\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u53d1\u52a8\u4e86\u516b\u6708\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e1945\u5e74\u5ba3\u5e03\u8d8a\u5357\u8131\u79bb\u65e5\u672c\u5e1d\u56fd\u72ec\u7acb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

19\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u665a\u671f\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd<\/a>\u5f81\u670d\u8d8a\u5357\uff0c\u5bf9\u8d8a\u65bd\u884c\u6b96\u6c11\u7edf\u6cbb<\/a>\u30021945\u5e748\u6708\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u72ec\u7acb\u540c\u76df\u4f1a<\/a>\u53d1\u52a8\u516b\u6708\u9769\u547d<\/a>\uff0c\u5ba3\u5e03\u8d8a\u5357\u72ec\u7acb\u30021954\u5e74\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u72ec\u7acb\u540c\u76df\u4f1a\u5728\u5960\u8fb9\u5e9c\u6218\u5f79<\/a>\u4e2d\u6253\u8d25\u6cd5\u56fd\u519b\u961f\uff0c\u8feb\u4f7f\u6cd5\u56fd\u52bf\u529b\u64a4\u79bb\u5e76\u627f\u8ba4\u8d8a\u5357\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u7684\u65e5\u5185\u74e6\u4f1a\u8bae<\/a>\u7ea6\u5b9a\u4ee5\u5317\u7eac17\u5ea6\u7ebf\u4e3a\u754c\u4e24\u8d8a\u5206\u7acb\uff0c\u5317\u65b9\u7531\u8d8a\u5357\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u56fd<\/a>\uff08\u5317\u8d8a\uff09\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u5357\u65b9\u5219\u5148\u540e\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u8d8a\u5357\u56fd<\/a>\u53ca\u8d8a\u5357\u5171\u548c\u56fd<\/a>\uff08\u5357\u8d8a\uff09\u3002\u7fcc\u5e74\u8d8a\u5357\u6218\u4e89<\/a>\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u7531\u897f\u65b9\u9635\u8425<\/a>\u56fd\u5bb6\u652f\u6301\u7684\u5357\u8d8a\u5bf9\u6297\u4e1c\u65b9\u9635\u8425<\/a>\u56fd\u5bb6\u652f\u6301\u7684\u5317\u8d8a\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u8499\u53d7\u4e25\u91cd\u635f\u5931\uff0c\u9010\u6b65\u9000\u51fa\u6218\u573a\u30021975\u5e744\u670830\u65e5\uff0c\u5317\u8d8a\u653b\u5360\u5357\u8d8a\u9996\u90fd\u897f\u8d21<\/a>\uff0c1976\u5e74\u56fd\u5bb6\u7edf\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1977\u5e74\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u52a0\u5165\u8054\u5408\u56fd<\/a>\u3002\u8d8a\u5357\u7edf\u4e00\u540e\uff0c\u4ecd\u9762\u4e34\u7740\u7ecf\u6d4e\u843d\u540e\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u30021986\u5e74\u8d8a\u5171\u9886\u5bfc\u5c42\u51b3\u5b9a\u5b9e\u65bd\u9769\u65b0\u5f00\u653e<\/a>\uff0c\u4ece\u5355\u4e00\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c\u5f00\u653e\u4e3a\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c\u5e76\u53d1\u5c55\u591a\u5143\u5316\u5546\u54c1\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c\u6b64\u540e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5f62\u52bf\u5f00\u59cb\u597d\u8f6c\uff0c2022\u5e74\u8d8a\u5357GDP\u603b\u91cf\u8d85\u83f2\u5f8b\u5bbe<\/a>\u3001\u9a6c\u6765\u897f\u4e9a<\/a>\uff0c\u5728\u4e1c\u76df<\/a>\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\u4ec5\u6b21\u4e8e\u5370\u5c3c<\/a>\uff0c\u6cf0\u56fd<\/a>\uff0c\u65b0\u52a0\u5761<\/a>[9]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u51b7\u6218<\/a>\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5feb\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5e76\u9010\u6e10\u6446\u8131\u5916\u4ea4\u56f0\u5883\uff0c1995\u5e74\u52a0\u5165\u4e1c\u76df<\/a>\uff0c1998\u5e74\u52a0\u5165\u4e9a\u592a\u7ecf\u5408\u4f1a<\/a>\uff0c2007\u5e74\u52a0\u5165\u4e16\u754c\u8d38\u6613\u7ec4\u7ec7<\/a>[10]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u4f46\u8d8a\u5357\u4ecd\u5728\u8d2b\u5bcc\u5dee\u8ddd<\/a>\u548c\u533b\u7597\u536b\u751f<\/a>\u65b9\u9762\u9762\u4e34\u7740\u8bf8\u591a\u95ee\u9898[11]<\/a><\/sup>[12]<\/a><\/sup>[13]<\/a><\/sup>[14]<\/a><\/sup>[15]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u4ea6\u6709\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u6279\u8bc4\u8d8a\u5357\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u72b6\u51b5<\/a>\uff0c\u4e0e\u90bb\u56fd\u7684\u9886\u571f\u4e89\u7aef<\/a>\u95ee\u9898\u4ea6\u518d\u6b21\u663e\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam went through prolonged warfare in the 20th century. After World War II<\/a>, France returned to reclaim colonial power in the First Indochina War<\/a>, from which Vietnam emerged victorious in 1954. As a result of the treaties signed<\/a> between the Viet Minh and France, Vietnam was also separated into two parts. The Vietnam War<\/a> began shortly after, between the communist North Vietnam<\/a>, supported by the Soviet Union<\/a> and China<\/a>, and the anti-communist South Vietnam<\/a>, supported by the United States<\/a>. Upon the North Vietnamese victory<\/a> in 1975, Vietnam reunified as a unitary<\/a> socialist state<\/a> under the Communist Party of Vietnam<\/a> (CPV) in 1976. An ineffective planned economy<\/a>, a trade embargo by the West<\/a>, and wars with Cambodia<\/a> and China<\/a> crippled the country further. In 1986, the CPV initiated economic and political reforms<\/a> similar to the Chinese economic reform<\/a>, transforming the country to a socialist-oriented market economy<\/a>. The reforms facilitated Vietnamese reintegration into the global economy<\/a> and politics<\/a>.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u301120 \u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u957f\u671f\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u540e\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5370\u5ea6\u652f\u90a3\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u91cd\u65b0\u593a\u56de\u6b96\u6c11\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u4e8e 1954 \u5e74\u53d6\u5f97\u80dc\u5229\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8d8a\u76df\u4e0e\u6cd5\u56fd\u7b7e\u7f72\u6761\u7ea6\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u4e5f\u88ab\u5206\u88c2\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u4e0d\u4e45\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u6218\u4e89\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u4ea4\u6218\u53cc\u65b9\u662f\u82cf\u8054\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u652f\u6301\u7684\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u5317\u8d8a\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u652f\u6301\u7684\u53cd\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u5357\u8d8a\u30021975 \u5e74\u5317\u8d8a\u80dc\u5229\u540e\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u4e8e 1976 \u5e74\u5728\u8d8a\u5357\u5171\u4ea7\u515a (CPV) \u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\u7edf\u4e00\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u65e0\u6548\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u7981\u8fd0\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0e\u67ec\u57d4\u5be8\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u524a\u5f31\u4e86\u8be5\u56fd\u30021986 \u5e74\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u53d1\u8d77\u4e86\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6539\u9769\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u5c06\u8be5\u56fd\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bfc\u5411\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6539\u9769\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u8d8a\u5357\u91cd\u65b0\u878d\u5165\u5168\u7403\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam is a developing country<\/a> with a lower-middle-income economy. It has high levels of corruption<\/a>, censorship<\/a>, environmental issues<\/a> and a poor human rights record<\/a>; the country ranks among the lowest<\/a> in international measurements of civil liberties<\/a>, freedom of the press<\/a>, and freedom of religion and ethnic minorities<\/a>. It is part of international and intergovernmental institutions including the ASEAN<\/a>, the APEC<\/a>, the CPTPP<\/a>, the Non-Aligned Movement<\/a>, the OIF<\/a>, and the WTO<\/a>. It has assumed a seat on the United Nations Security Council<\/a> twice.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8d8a\u5357\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2d\u4f4e\u6536\u5165\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u8be5\u56fd\u7684\u8150\u8d25\u3001\u5ba1\u67e5\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u73af\u5883\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u4eba\u6743\u8bb0\u5f55\u95ee\u9898\u90fd\u5f88\u4e25\u91cd\uff1b\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u65b0\u95fb\u81ea\u7531\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u5c11\u6570\u6c11\u65cf\u81ea\u7531\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8bc4\u4f30\u4e2d\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u7684\u6392\u540d\u975e\u5e38\u4f4e\u3002\u8d8a\u5357\u662f\u4e1c\u76df\u3001\u4e9a\u592a\u7ecf\u5408\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u5168\u9762\u4e0e\u8fdb\u6b65\u8de8\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u4f19\u4f34\u5173\u7cfb\u534f\u5b9a\u3001\u4e0d\u7ed3\u76df\u8fd0\u52a8\u3001\u6cd5\u8bed\u56fd\u5bb6\u56fd\u9645\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e16\u754c\u8d38\u6613\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7b49\u56fd\u9645\u548c\u653f\u5e9c\u95f4\u673a\u6784\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u8d8a\u5357\u66fe\u4e24\u6b21\u62c5\u4efb\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u5b89\u7406\u4f1a\u7406\u4e8b\u56fd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

0.2 \u6982\u51b5\u8868\u683c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u3010\u8fbd\u89c2\u6ce8\u3011\u6b64\u6807\u9898\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u642c\u8fd0\u3001\u6574\u5408\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Socialist Republic of Vietnam
C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/em>(Vietnamese<\/a>)
\u8d8a\u5357\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5171\u548c\u56fd<\/th><\/tr>
Motto\u3010\u56fd\u5bb6\u683c\u8a00\u3011: <\/strong>\u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u2013 T\u1ef1 do \u2013 H\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/em>
“Independence \u2013 Freedom \u2013 Happiness”
\u201c\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5e78\u798f\u201d<\/td><\/tr>
Anthem\u3010\u56fd\u6b4c\u3011:<\/strong> Ti\u1ebfn Qu\u00e2n Ca<\/a><\/em>
“The Song of the Marching Troops” \/ \u300a\u8fdb\u519b\u6b4c\u300b\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u97f3\u9891<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
Capital\u3010\u9996\u90fd\u3011<\/th>Hanoi<\/a> \/ \u6cb3\u5185\u5e02<\/a>
\"\"21\u00b02\u2032N 105\u00b051\u2032E<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
Largest city
\u3010\u6700\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u3011<\/th>		Ho Chi Minh City<\/a> \/ \u80e1\u5fd7\u660e\u5e02<\/a>
\"\"10\u00b048\u2032N 106\u00b039\u2032E<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
Official language
\u3010\u5b98\u65b9\u8bed\u8a00\u3011<\/th>		Vietnamese<\/a>[1]<\/a><\/sup> \/ \u8d8a\u5357\u8bed<\/a>\uff08\u56fd\u8bed<\/a>\uff09[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr>
Ethnic groups<\/a> (2019) \/ \u65cf\u7fa4<\/a><\/th>85.32% Kinh Vietnamese<\/a> \/ \u4eac\u65cf<\/a>[2]<\/a><\/sup>
14.68% other<\/a>[2]<\/a><\/sup> \/ 53\u4e2a\u5c11\u6570\u6c11\u65cf<\/a><\/small><\/td><\/tr>
Religion (2019)
\u3010\u5b97\u6559\u3011<\/th>		86.32% no religion<\/a> \/ folk<\/a> | \u65e0\u5b97\u6559<\/a> \/ \u6c11\u95f4\u4fe1\u4ef0<\/a>
6.1% Catholicism<\/a>\u3010\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u3011
4.79% Buddhism<\/a> | \u4f5b\u6559<\/a>
1.02% Hoahaoism<\/a> | \u548c\u597d\u6559<\/a>
1% Protestantism<\/a>\u3010\u57fa\u7763\u65b0\u6559\u3011
0.58% Caodaism<\/a> | \u9ad8\u53f0\u6559<\/a>
0.07% Islam<\/a>\u3010\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u3011
0.12% other<\/a>[2]<\/a>[a]<\/a><\/sup>\u3010\u5176\u4ed6\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Demonym(s)<\/a>
\u3010\u5bf9\u5f53\u5730\u4eba\u7684\u79f0\u547c\uff08\u82f1\u8bed\uff09\u3011<\/th>		Vietnamese<\/a>
Viet (colloquial)\u3010\u53e3\u8bed\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Government<\/a>\u3010\u653f\u4f53\u3011<\/th>Unitary Marxist\u2013Leninist<\/a> one-party socialist republic<\/a>[5]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u5355\u4e00\u5236\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u5217\u5b81\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e00\u515a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5171\u548c\u56fd[5]\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 General Secretary<\/a> and President<\/a>[b]<\/a><\/sup>
\/ \u8d8a\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u603b\u4e66\u8bb0<\/a> \u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u5e2d<\/a><\/th>		T\u00f4 L\u00e2m<\/a> \/ \u82cf\u6797<\/a>[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Prime Minister<\/a> \/ \u653f\u5e9c\u603b\u7406<\/a><\/th>Ph\u1ea1m Minh Ch\u00ednh<\/a> \/ \u8303\u660e\u653f<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 National Assembly Chairman<\/a>
\/ \u56fd\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d<\/a><\/th>		Tr\u1ea7n Thanh M\u1eabn<\/a> \/ \u9648\u9752\u654f<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
Legislature\u3010\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u3011<\/th>National Assembly<\/a> \/ \u8d8a\u5357\u56fd\u4f1a<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
Formation<\/a>\u3010\u5efa\u56fd\u3011<\/th><\/tr>
\u2022 V\u0103n Lang<\/a>\u3010\u6587\u90ce\u3011<\/th>7th century BC\u3010\u516c\u5143\u524d7\u4e16\u7eaa\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 \u00c2u L\u1ea1c<\/a>\u3010\u74ef\u96d2\u3011<\/th>3rd century BC\u3010\u516c\u5143\u524d3\u4e16\u7eaa\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Han’s annexation<\/a>\u3010\u6c49\u671d\u7684\u541e\u5e76\u3011<\/th>111 BC\u3010\u516c\u5143\u524d111\u5e74\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Independence from China<\/a>
\u3010\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u72ec\u7acb\u3011<\/th>		939<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Regaining independence<\/a>
\u3010\u91cd\u65b0\u83b7\u5f97\u72ec\u7acb\u3011<\/th>		1428<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Nguy\u1ec5n<\/a>‘s unification
\u3010\u962e\u671d\u7edf\u4e00\u3011<\/th>		1802<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Protectorate Treaty<\/a>
\u3010\u4fdd\u62a4\u56fd\u6761\u7ea6\u3011<\/th>		25 August 1883\u30101883\u5e748\u670825\u65e5\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Declaration of Independence<\/a>
\u3010\u5ba3\u5e03\u72ec\u7acb\u3011<\/th>		2 September 1945\u30101945\u5e749\u67082\u65e5\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 North\u2013South division<\/a>
\u3010\u5357\u5317\u5206\u6cbb\u3011<\/th>		21 July 1954\u30101954\u5e747\u670821\u65e5\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 End of Vietnam War<\/a>\u3010\u8d8a\u5357\u6218\u4e89\u7ed3\u675f\u3011<\/th>30 April 1975\u30101975\u5e744\u670830\u65e5\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Reunification<\/a>\u3010\u91cd\u65b0\u7edf\u4e00\u3011<\/th>2 July 1976\u30101976\u5e747\u67082\u65e5\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 \u0110\u1ed5i M\u1edbi<\/a>\u3010\u9769\u65b0\u5f00\u653e\u3011<\/th>18 December 1986\u30101986 \u5e74 12 \u6708 18 \u65e5\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Current constitution<\/a>\u3010\u73b0\u884c\u5baa\u6cd5\u3011<\/th>28 November 2013[c]<\/a><\/sup>\u30102013\u5e7411\u670828\u65e5\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Area<\/a>\u3010\u9762\u79ef\u3011<\/th><\/tr>
\u2022 Total\u3010\u603b\u9762\u79ef\u3011<\/th>331,344.82[7]<\/a>[d]<\/a><\/sup> km2<\/sup> (127,932.95 sq mi) (66th<\/a>)<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Water (%)\u3010\u6c34\u57df\u5360\u6bd4\u3011<\/th>6.38<\/td><\/tr>
Population<\/a>\u3010\u4eba\u53e3\u3011<\/th><\/tr>
\u2022\u00a02023 estimate\u30102023\u5e74\u4f30\u8ba1\u503c\u3011<\/th>100,300,000[10]<\/a>[11]<\/a><\/sup> (15th<\/a>)
\u3010\u4e00\u4ebf\u96f6\u4e09\u767e\u4e07[10][11] \uff08\u7b2c15\u4f4d\uff09\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022\u00a02019\u00a0census\u30102019\u5e74\u666e\u67e5\u503c\u3011<\/th>96,208,984[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr>
\u2022\u00a0Density\u3010\u4eba\u53e3\u5bc6\u5ea6\u3011<\/th>298\/km2<\/sup> (771.8\/sq mi) (49th<\/a>)<\/td><\/tr>
GDP<\/a>\u00a0(PPP<\/a>)
\u3010\u56fd\u5185\u751f\u4ea7\u603b\u503c\uff08\u8d2d\u4e70\u529b\u5e73\u4ef7\uff09\u3011<\/th>		2024\u00a0estimate\u30102024\u5e74\u4f30\u8ba1\u503c\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022\u00a0Total\u3010\u603b\u91cf\u3011<\/th>\"Increase\" $1.559\u00a0trillion[12]<\/a><\/sup> (26th<\/a>)
\u30101.559\u4e07\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143[12] \uff08\u7b2c26\u4f4d\uff09\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022\u00a0Per capita\u3010\u4eba\u5747\u3011<\/th>\"Increase\" $15,470[12]<\/a><\/sup> (106th<\/a>)
\u301015,470\u7f8e\u5143[12] \uff08\u7b2c106\u4f4d\uff09\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
GDP<\/a>\u00a0(nominal)
\u3010\u56fd\u5185\u751f\u4ea7\u603b\u503c\uff08\u540d\u4e49\/\u6c47\u7387\uff09\u3011<\/th>		2024\u00a0estimate\u30102024\u5e74\u4f30\u8ba1\u503c\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022\u00a0Total\u3010\u603b\u503c\u3011<\/th>\"Increase\" $465.814\u00a0billion[12]<\/a><\/sup> (33th<\/a>)
\u30104658.14\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143[12] \uff08\u7b2c33\u4f4d\uff09\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022\u00a0Per capita\u3010\u4eba\u5747\u3011<\/th>\"Increase\" $4,623[12]<\/a><\/sup> (119th<\/a>)
\u30104,623\u7f8e\u5143[12] \uff08\u7b2c119\u4f4d\uff09\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Gini<\/a>\u00a0(2020)\u3010\u57fa\u5c3c\u7cfb\u6570\uff082020\u5e74\uff09\u3011<\/th>\"Negative\u00a036.8[13]<\/a><\/sup>
medium inequality\u3010\u4e2d\u5ea6\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
HDI<\/a>\u00a0(2022)
\u3010\u4eba\u7c7b\u53d1\u5c55\u6307\u6570\uff082022\u5e74\uff09\u3011<\/th>		\"Increase\"\u00a00.726[14]<\/a><\/sup>
high\u00a0(107th<\/a>)\u3010\u9ad8\uff08\u5168\u7403\u7b2c107\u540d\uff09\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Currency\u3010\u8d27\u5e01\u3011<\/th>Vietnamese \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/a> (\u20ab) (VND<\/a>)\u3010\u8d8a\u5357\u76fe\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Time zone\u3010\u65f6\u533a\u3011<\/th>UTC<\/a>+07:00 (Vietnam Standard Time<\/a>)
\u3010\u4e1c\u4e03\u533a\uff08\u8d8a\u5357\u6807\u51c6\u65f6\u95f4\uff09\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Drives on<\/a> \/ \u884c\u9a76\u65b9\u4f4d<\/a><\/th>right\u3010\u53f3\u4fa7\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Calling code<\/a>\u3010\u7535\u8bdd\u533a\u53f7\u3011<\/th>+84<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
ISO 3166 code<\/a> \/ ISO 3166\u7801<\/a><\/th>VN<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
Internet TLD<\/a> \/ \u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u9876\u7ea7\u57df<\/a><\/th>.vn<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u3010\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u539f\u6ce8a\u3011The census data was also cited in the United States Department of State’s 2022 Report on International Religious Freedom regarding Vietnam. However, the report indicated that this figure did not include the potentially significant number of individuals who engage in Buddhist practices to a certain extent without being formally participated in a Buddhist religious group.[3]<\/a><\/sup> An earlier United States Department of State report from 2019 revealed that 26.4 percent of the population identified with an organized religion. This breakdown included 14.9 percent identifying as Buddhist, 7.4 percent as Roman Catholic, 1.5 percent as Hoa Hao Buddhist, 1.2 percent as Cao Dai, and 1.1 percent as Protestant. The remainder did not identify with any religious group or observed beliefs such as animism or the reverence of ancestors, tutelary and protective saints, national heroes, or esteemed local figures.[4]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u52a1\u9662\u5728\u300a2022\u5e74\u56fd\u9645\u5b97\u6559\u81ea\u7531\u62a5\u544a\u300b\u4e2d\u4e5f\u5f15\u7528\u4e86\u8be5\u666e\u67e5\u6570\u636e\u3002\u4f46\u62a5\u544a\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6570\u5b57\u53ef\u80fd\u5e76\u672a\u5305\u62ec\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53c2\u4e0e\u4f5b\u6559\u5b9e\u8df5\u4f46\u5e76\u672a\u6b63\u5f0f\u52a0\u5165\u4f5b\u6559\u5b97\u6559\u56e2\u4f53\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6570\u91cf\u53ef\u80fd\u76f8\u5f53\u53ef\u89c2\u3002[3] \u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u52a1\u96622019\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u4efd\u65e9\u671f\u62a5\u544a\u663e\u793a\uff0c26.4%\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ec6\u5206\u5305\u62ec14.9%\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u4fe1\u5949\u4f5b\u6559\uff0c7.4%\u4fe1\u5949\u7f57\u9a6c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\uff0c1.5%\u4fe1\u5949\u548c\u597d\u4f5b\u6559\uff0c1.2%\u4fe1\u5949\u9ad8\u53f0\u6559\uff0c1.1%\u4fe1\u5949\u65b0\u6559\u3002\u5176\u4f59\u4eba\u53e3\u5219\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u5b97\u6559\u56e2\u4f53\uff0c\u6216\u4fe1\u4ef0\u8bf8\u5982\u4e07\u7269\u6709\u7075\u8bba\u3001\u7956\u5148\u5d07\u62dc\u3001\u5b88\u62a4\u548c\u4fdd\u62a4\u5723\u4eba\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u82f1\u96c4\u6216\u53d7\u4eba\u5c0a\u656c\u7684\u5f53\u5730\u4eba\u7269\u7b49\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002[4]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3010\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u539f\u6ce8b\u3011The most powerful political position is General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam<\/a>, not President<\/a>. The general secretary controls the Politburo<\/a> and the Secretariat<\/a>, Vietnam’s top decision-making bodies, making the officeholder the de facto<\/em> leader of Vietnam.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6700\u6709\u6743\u529b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u804c\u4f4d\u662f\u8d8a\u5357\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u603b\u4e66\u8bb0\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3002\u603b\u4e66\u8bb0\u63a7\u5236\u7740\u8d8a\u5357\u6700\u9ad8\u51b3\u7b56\u673a\u6784\u653f\u6cbb\u5c40\u548c\u79d8\u4e66\u5904\uff0c\u4f7f\u603b\u4e66\u8bb0\u6210\u4e3a\u8d8a\u5357\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3010\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u539f\u6ce8c\u3011In effect since 1 January 2014[6]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u81ea2014\u5e741\u67081\u65e5\u8d77\u751f\u6548[6]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3010\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u539f\u6ce8d\u3011The area of Vietnam mentioned here is based on the land area statistics provided by the Vietnamese government. However, alternative figures exist. According to the CIA World Factbook, Vietnam’s total area is 331,210 square kilometers,[8]<\/a><\/sup> while the BBC cites a slightly different measurement of 331,699 square kilometers.[9]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8fd9\u91cc\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u8d8a\u5357\u9762\u79ef\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u8d8a\u5357\u653f\u5e9c\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u9646\u5730\u9762\u79ef\u7edf\u8ba1\u6570\u636e\u3002\u4f46\u8fd8\u5b58\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u6570\u636e\u3002\u6839\u636e\u4e2d\u592e\u60c5\u62a5\u5c40\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u6982\u51b5\u300b\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u603b\u9762\u79ef\u4e3a331,210\u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\uff0c[8]\u800c\u82f1\u56fd\u5e7f\u64ad\u516c\u53f8\u5219\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7565\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u5373331,699\u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\u3002[9]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. \u540d\u79f0\u6765\u6e90 | Etymology<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Names of Vietnam<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u8d8a\u5357\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The name Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/em> (pronounced [vi\u0259\u0302t\u02c0 n\u0101\u02d0m]<\/a>, ch\u1eef H\u00e1n<\/a>: \u8d8a\u5357<\/a>), literally “Viet South”, means “Viet of the South” per Vietnamese word order or “South of the Viet” per Classical Chinese<\/a> word order.[15]<\/a><\/sup> A variation of the name, Nanyue<\/a> (or Nam Vi\u1ec7t, \u5357\u8d8a<\/a>), was first documented in the 2nd century BC.[16]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u540d\u79f0\u201c\u8d8a\u5357\u201d\uff08\u8d8a\u5357\u8bed\u53d1\u97f3\uff1a[vi\u0259\u0302t n\u0101m]\uff0c\u6c49\u5b57\uff1a\u8d8a\u5357\uff09\uff0c\u5b57\u9762\u610f\u601d\u4e3a\u201c\u5357\u65b9\u7684\u8d8a\u201d\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u8d8a\u5357\u8bed\u5e8f\u610f\u4e3a\u201c\u5357\u65b9\u7684\u8d8a\u201d\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u53e4\u6c49\u8bed\u5e8f\u5219\u4e3a\u201c\u8d8a\u4e4b\u5357\u65b9\u201d\u3002\u5176\u53d8\u4f53\u5f62\u5f0f\u201c\u5357\u8d8a\u201d\uff08\u6c49\u5b57\uff1a\u5357\u8d8a\uff0c\u62fc\u97f3\uff1aN\u00e1nyu\u00e8\uff0c\u7ca4\u8bed\u8036\u9c81\u62fc\u97f3\uff1aNam4 Yuht6\uff09\u6700\u65e9\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e8e\u516c\u5143\u524d2\u4e16\u7eaa\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The term “Vi\u1ec7t<\/a>” (Yue) (Chinese<\/a>: \u8d8a<\/a>; pinyin<\/a>: Yu\u00e8<\/em>; Cantonese Yale<\/a>: Yuht<\/em>; Wade\u2013Giles<\/a>: Y\u00fceh4<\/sup><\/em>; Vietnamese<\/a>: Vi\u1ec7t<\/a><\/em>) in Early Middle Chinese<\/a> was first written using the logograph<\/a> “\u6209” for an axe (a homophone), in oracle bone<\/a> and bronze inscriptions of the late Shang dynasty<\/a> (c.\u20091200 BC), and later as “\u8d8a”.[17]<\/a><\/sup> At that time it referred to a people or chieftain to the northwest of the Shang.[18]<\/a><\/sup> In the early 8th century BC, a tribe on the middle Yangtze<\/a> were called the Yangyue<\/a>, a term later used for peoples further south.[18]<\/a><\/sup> Between the 7th and 4th centuries BC Yue\/Vi\u1ec7t referred to the State of Yue<\/a> in the lower Yangtze basin and its people.[17]<\/a>[18]<\/a><\/sup> From the 3rd century BC the term was used for the non-Chinese populations of southern China and northern Vietnam, with particular ethnic groups called Minyue<\/a>, Ouyue<\/a>, Luoyue (Vietnamese: L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t<\/a>), etc., collectively called the Baiyue<\/a> (B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t, Chinese<\/a>: \u767e\u8d8a<\/a>; pinyin<\/a>: B\u01ceiyu\u00e8<\/em>; Cantonese Yale<\/a>: Baak Yuet<\/em>; Vietnamese<\/a>: B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t<\/em>; “Hundred Yue\/Viet”).[17]<\/a>[18]<\/a>[19]<\/a><\/sup> The term Baiyue\/B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t first appeared in the book L\u00fcshi Chunqiu<\/a><\/em> compiled around 239 BC.[20]<\/a><\/sup> By the 17th and 18th centuries AD, educated Vietnamese apparently referred to themselves as ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t<\/em> (Viet people) or ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nam<\/em> (southern people).[21]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u201c\u8d8a\u201d\uff08\u8d8a\u5357\u8bed\uff1aVi\u1ec7t\uff0c\u6c49\u5b57\uff1a\u8d8a\uff1b\u6c49\u8bed\u62fc\u97f3\uff1aYu\u00e8\uff1b\u7ca4\u8bed\u8036\u9c81\u62fc\u97f3\uff1aYuht\uff1b\u5a01\u59a5\u739b\u62fc\u97f3\uff1aY\u00fceh4\uff1b\u8d8a\u5357\u8bed\uff1aVi\u1ec7t\uff09\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u8bed\uff0c\u5728\u65e9\u671f\u4e2d\u53e4\u6c49\u8bed\u4e2d\u6700\u521d\u662f\u7528\u8c61\u5f62\u6587\u5b57\u201c\u6209\u201d\u6765\u4e66\u5199\uff0c\u610f\u6307\u65a7\u5934\uff08\u540c\u97f3\u5b57\uff09\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u7ea6\u516c\u5143\u524d1200\u5e74\u7684\u5546\u671d\u665a\u671f\u7684\u7532\u9aa8\u6587\u548c\u9752\u94dc\u5668\u94ed\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u5199\u4f5c\u201c\u8d8a\u201d\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u5b83\u6307\u7684\u662f\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5546\u671d\u897f\u5317\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c11\u65cf\u6216\u9996\u9886\u3002\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d8\u4e16\u7eaa\u65e9\u671f\uff0c\u957f\u6c5f\u4e2d\u6e38\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u90e8\u843d\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u626c\u8d8a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u672f\u8bed\u540e\u6765\u4e5f\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u66f4\u5357\u90e8\u7684\u65cf\u7fa4\u3002\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d7\u81f34\u4e16\u7eaa\u95f4\uff0c\u201c\u8d8a\u201d\u6216\u201cVi\u1ec7t\u201d\u6307\u7684\u662f\u957f\u6c5f\u4e0b\u6e38\u7684\u8d8a\u56fd\u53ca\u5176\u4eba\u6c11\u3002\u4ece\u516c\u5143\u524d3\u4e16\u7eaa\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u8be5\u672f\u8bed\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u6307\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u5357\u90e8\u548c\u8d8a\u5357\u5317\u90e8\u7684\u975e\u6c49\u65cf\u4eba\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u95fd\u8d8a\u3001\u74ef\u8d8a\u3001\u9a86\u8d8a\uff08\u8d8a\u5357\u8bed\uff1aL\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t\uff09\u7b49\uff0c\u603b\u79f0\u4e3a\u767e\u8d8a\uff08\u8d8a\u5357\u8bed\uff1aB\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t\uff0c\u6c49\u5b57\uff1a\u767e\u8d8a\uff1b\u6c49\u8bed\u62fc\u97f3\uff1aB\u01ceiyu\u00e8\uff1b\u7ca4\u8bed\u8036\u9c81\u62fc\u97f3\uff1aBaak Yuet\uff1b\u8d8a\u5357\u8bed\uff1aB\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t\uff1b\u201c\u767e\u8d8a\u201d\uff09\u3002\u767e\u8d8a\u8fd9\u4e00\u672f\u8bed\u9996\u6b21\u51fa\u73b0\u4e8e\u5927\u7ea6\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d239\u5e74\u7f16\u7e82\u7684\u300a\u5415\u6c0f\u6625\u79cb\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u3002\u5230\u4e86\u516c\u514317\u548c18\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u53d7\u8fc7\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u8d8a\u5357\u4eba\u4f3c\u4e4e\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u4e3a\u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t\u201d\uff08\u8d8a\u4eba\uff09\u6216\u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi Nam\u201d\uff08\u5357\u65b9\u4eba\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe1-1\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

The form Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/em> (\u8d8a\u5357<\/a>) is first recorded in the 16th-century oracular poem S\u1ea5m Tr\u1ea1ng Tr\u00ecnh<\/a><\/em>. The name has also been found on 12 steles<\/a> carved in the 16th and 17th centuries, including one at Bao Lam Pagoda in H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng<\/a> that dates to 1558.[22]<\/a><\/sup> In 1802, Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac \u00c1nh<\/a> (who later became Emperor Gia Long) established the Nguy\u1ec5n dynasty<\/a>. In the second year of his rule, he asked the Jiaqing Emperor<\/a> of the Qing dynasty<\/a> to confer on him the title ‘King of Nam Vi\u1ec7t \/ Nanyue’ (\u5357\u8d8a in Chinese character) after seizing power in Annam. The Emperor refused because the name was related to Zhao Tuo<\/a>‘s Nanyue, which included the regions of Guangxi<\/a> and Guangdong<\/a> in southern China. The Qing Emperor, therefore, decided to call the area “Vi\u1ec7t Nam” instead,[i]<\/a>[24]<\/a><\/sup> meaning “South of the Viet” per Classical Chinese<\/a> word order but the Vietnamese understood it as “Viet of the South” per Vietnamese word order.[15]<\/a><\/sup> Between 1804 and 1813, the name Vietnam was used officially by Emperor Gia Long.[i]<\/a><\/sup> It was revived in the early 20th century in Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u<\/a>‘s History of the Loss of Vietnam<\/a><\/em>, and later by the Vietnamese Nationalist Party<\/a> (VNQD\u0110).[25]<\/a><\/sup> The country was usually called Annam until 1945, when the imperial government<\/a> in Hu\u1ebf<\/a> adopted Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/em>.[26]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u201c\u8d8a\u5357\u201d\uff08\u8d8a\u5357\u8bed\uff1aVi\u1ec7t Nam\uff0c\u6c49\u5b57\uff1a\u8d8a\u5357\uff09\u8fd9\u4e00\u5f62\u5f0f\u6700\u65e9\u8bb0\u8f7d\u4e8e16\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u795e\u8c15\u8bd7\u300aS\u1ea5m Tr\u1ea1ng Tr\u00ecnh\u300b\u4e2d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57\u8fd8\u51fa\u73b0\u572816\u81f317\u4e16\u7eaa\u96d5\u523b\u768412\u5757\u77f3\u7891\u4e0a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u4e00\u57571558\u5e74\u5728\u6d77\u9632\u4fdd Lam \u5bfa\u7684\u77f3\u7891\u4e0a\u30021802\u5e74\uff0c\u962e\u798f\u6620\uff08\u540e\u6765\u6210\u4e3a\u5609\u9686\u7687\u5e1d\uff09\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u962e\u671d\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u5b89\u5357\u638c\u6743\u540e\u8bf7\u6c42\u6e05\u671d\u5609\u5e86\u7687\u5e1d\u8d50\u4e88\u4ed6\u201c\u5357\u8d8a\u738b\u201d\uff08\u6c49\u5b57\uff1a\u5357\u8d8a\uff09\u7684\u79f0\u53f7\u3002\u5609\u5e86\u7687\u5e1d\u62d2\u7edd\u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57\u8ba9\u4eba\u8054\u60f3\u5230\u8d75\u4f57\u7684\u5357\u8d8a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u4e2d\u56fd\u5357\u90e8\u7684\u5e7f\u897f\u548c\u5e7f\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6e05\u671d\u7687\u5e1d\u51b3\u5b9a\u5c06\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u8d8a\u5357\u201d[i]\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u53e4\u6c49\u8bed\u8bcd\u5e8f\uff0c\u610f\u601d\u662f\u201c\u8d8a\u4e4b\u5357\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u8d8a\u5357\u4eba\u6309\u7167\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u4e60\u60ef\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u201c\u5357\u65b9\u7684\u8d8a\u201d\u3002[15]\u4ece1804\u5e74\u81f31813\u5e74\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u8fd9\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57\u88ab\u5609\u9686\u7687\u5e1d\u6b63\u5f0f\u4f7f\u7528\u3002[i] \u5b83\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u88ab\u8303\u4f2f\u6d32\u5728\u5176\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u8d8a\u5357\u4e27\u5931\u53f2\u300b\u4e2d\u91cd\u65b0\u542f\u7528\uff0c\u5e76\u968f\u540e\u88ab\u8d8a\u5357\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\uff08VNQD\u0110\uff09\u91c7\u7528\u3002\u76f4\u52301945\u5e74\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u5b89\u5357\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u987a\u5316\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u201c\u8d8a\u5357\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56fd\u540d\u3002[26]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3010\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u539f\u6ce8i\u3011At first, Gia Long<\/a> requested the name “Nam Vi\u1ec7t”, but the Jiaqing Emperor<\/a> refused.[16]<\/a>[23]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8d77\u521d\uff0c\u5609\u9686\u8bf7\u6c42\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u5357\u8d8a\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5609\u5e86\u7687\u5e1d\u62d2\u7edd\u4e86\u3002[16][23]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. \u5386\u53f2 | History<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Main article: History of Vietnam<\/a> \/ \u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u8d8a\u5357\u5386\u53f2<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Vietnamese history<\/a>.
\u3010\u82e5\u8981\u67e5\u770b\u6309\u65f6\u95f4\u987a\u5e8f\u7684\u6307\u5357\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u89c1\u201c\u8d8a\u5357\u5386\u53f2\u5e74\u8868\u201d\u3002\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.1 \u53f2\u524d\u548c\u65e9\u671f\u5386\u53f2 | Prehistory and early history<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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\u56fe2-1\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Archaeological excavations have revealed the existence of humans in what is now Vietnam as early as the Paleolithic<\/a> age. Stone artefacts excavated in Gia Lai province<\/a> have been claimed to date to 780,000 years ago,[27]<\/a><\/sup> based on associated find of tektites<\/a>, however this claim has been challenged because tektites are often found in archaeological sites of various ages in Vietnam.[28]<\/a><\/sup> Homo erectus<\/a><\/em> fossils dating to around 500,000 BC have been found in caves in L\u1ea1ng S\u01a1n<\/a> and Ngh\u1ec7 An<\/a> provinces in northern Vietnam.[29]<\/a><\/sup> The oldest Homo sapiens<\/a><\/em> fossils from mainland Southeast Asia are of Middle Pleistocene<\/a> provenance, and include isolated tooth fragments from Tham Om and Hang Hum.[30]<\/a>[31]<\/a>[32]<\/a><\/sup> Teeth attributed to Homo sapiens<\/em> from the Late Pleistocene<\/a> have been found at Dong Can,[33]<\/a><\/sup> and from the Early Holocene<\/a> at Mai Da Dieu,[34]<\/a>[35]<\/a><\/sup> Lang Gao[36]<\/a>[37]<\/a><\/sup> and Lang Cuom.[38]<\/a><\/sup> Areas comprising what is now Vietnam participated in the Maritime Jade Road<\/a>, as ascertained by archeological research.[39]<\/a>[40]<\/a>[41]<\/a>[42]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8003\u53e4\u53d1\u6398\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u65e9\u5728\u65e7\u77f3\u5668\u65f6\u4ee3\u5c31\u6709\u4eba\u7c7b\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u73b0\u4eca\u7684\u8d8a\u5357\u5883\u5185\u3002\u5728\u5609\u83b1\u7701\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u77f3\u5668\u636e\u79f0\u53ef\u8ffd\u6eaf\u523078\u4e07\u5e74\u524d\uff0c[27] \u8fd9\u4e00\u8bf4\u6cd5\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e0e\u4e4b\u540c\u65f6\u51fa\u571f\u7684\u5929\u7136\u73bb\u7483\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e3b\u5f20\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u8d28\u7591\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u8d8a\u5357\u5404\u5730\u4e0d\u540c\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u8003\u53e4\u9057\u5740\u4e2d\u7ecf\u5e38\u53ef\u4ee5\u627e\u5230\u5929\u7136\u73bb\u7483\u3002[28] \u5728\u8d8a\u5357\u5317\u90e8\u7684\u6717\u677e\u7701\u548c\u4e49\u5b89\u7701\u7684\u6d1e\u7a74\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u53ef\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u5927\u7ea650\u4e07\u5e74\u524d\u7684\u76f4\u7acb\u4eba\u5316\u77f3\u3002[29] \u6765\u81ea\u4e3b\u5927\u9646\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u6700\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u5316\u77f3\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e2d\u66f4\u65b0\u4e16\uff0c\u5305\u62ecTham Om\u548cHang Hum\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u5b64\u7acb\u7259\u9f7f\u788e\u7247\u3002[30][31][32] \u665a\u66f4\u65b0\u4e16\u65f6\u671f\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u667a\u4eba\u7684\u7259\u9f7f\u5728\u4e1c\u707f\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c[33] \u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u5168\u65b0\u4e16\u65e9\u671f\u5728Mai Da Dieu\uff0c[34][35] Lang Gao[36][37] \u548cLang Cuom[38] \u4e5f\u6709\u53d1\u73b0\u3002\u73b0\u4eca\u8d8a\u5357\u5883\u5185\u7684\u533a\u57df\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e86\u6d77\u6d0b\u7389\u77f3\u4e4b\u8def\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5df2\u7ecf\u901a\u8fc7\u8003\u53e4\u7814\u7a76\u5f97\u4ee5\u786e\u8ba4\u3002[39][40][41][42]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By about 1,000 BC, the development of wet-rice<\/a> cultivation in the Ma River<\/a> and Red River<\/a> floodplains led to the flourishing of \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n culture<\/a>,[43]<\/a>[44]<\/a><\/sup> notable for its bronze<\/a> casting used to make elaborate bronze \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n drums<\/a>.[45]<\/a>[46]<\/a>[47]<\/a><\/sup> At this point, the early Vietnamese kingdoms of V\u0103n Lang<\/a> and \u00c2u L\u1ea1c<\/a> appeared, and the culture’s influence spread to other parts of Southeast Asia<\/a>, including Maritime Southeast Asia<\/a>, throughout the first millennium BC.[46]<\/a>[48]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5927\u7ea6\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d1000\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u9a6c\u6cb3\u548c\u7ea2\u6cb3\u51b2\u79ef\u5e73\u539f\u4e0a\u6c34\u7a3b\u79cd\u690d\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u4e1c\u5c71\u6587\u5316\u7684\u7e41\u8363\uff0c[43][44] \u8fd9\u4e00\u6587\u5316\u4ee5\u5176\u7528\u4e8e\u5236\u4f5c\u7cbe\u7f8e\u7684\u4e1c\u5c71\u94dc\u9f13\u7684\u9752\u94dc\u94f8\u9020\u6280\u672f\u800c\u8457\u79f0\u3002[45][46][47] \u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u8d8a\u5357\u738b\u56fd\u6587\u90ce\u548c\u74ef\u96d2\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8fd9\u4e00\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u4e86\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6d77\u5c9b\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\uff0c\u8d2f\u7a7f\u6574\u4e2a\u516c\u5143\u524d\u7b2c\u4e00\u5343\u5e74\u3002[46][48]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.2 \u8d8a\u5357\u738b\u671d | Dynastic Vietnam<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Vietnam under Chinese rule<\/a>.
\u3010\u5982\u9700\u6309\u65f6\u95f4\u987a\u5e8f\u6392\u5217\u7684\u6307\u5357\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u9605\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0b\u7684\u8d8a\u5357\u65f6\u95f4\u8f74\u201d\u3002\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe2-2\u81f32-4\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

According to Vietnamese legends, H\u1ed3ng B\u00e0ng dynasty<\/a> of the H\u00f9ng kings<\/a> first established in 2879 BC is considered the first state in the history of Vietnam<\/a> (then known as X\u00edch Qu\u1ef7 and later V\u0103n Lang<\/a>).[49]<\/a>[50]<\/a><\/sup> In 257 BC, the last H\u00f9ng king was defeated by Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n. He consolidated the L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t<\/a> and \u00c2u Vi\u1ec7t<\/a> tribes to form the \u00c2u L\u1ea1c<\/a>, proclaiming himself An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/a>.[51]<\/a><\/sup> In 179 BC, a Chinese general named Zhao Tuo<\/a> (“Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0”) defeated An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng and consolidated \u00c2u L\u1ea1c into Nanyue<\/a>.[44]<\/a><\/sup> However, Nanyue was itself incorporated into the empire<\/a> of the Chinese Han dynasty<\/a> in 111 BC after the Han\u2013Nanyue War<\/a>.[24]<\/a>[52]<\/a><\/sup> For the next thousand years, what is now northern Vietnam remained mostly under Chinese rule<\/a>.[53]<\/a>[54]<\/a><\/sup> Early independence movements, such as those of the Tr\u01b0ng Sisters<\/a> and Lady Tri\u1ec7u<\/a>,[55]<\/a><\/sup> were temporarily successful,[56]<\/a><\/sup> though the region gained a longer period of independence as V\u1ea1n Xu\u00e2n under the Anterior L\u00fd dynasty<\/a> between AD 544 and 602.[57]<\/a>[58]<\/a>[59]<\/a><\/sup> By the early 10th century, Northern Vietnam had gained autonomy, but not sovereignty, under the Kh\u00fac family<\/a>.[60]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6839\u636e\u8d8a\u5357\u7684\u4f20\u8bf4\uff0c\u96c4\u738b\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u9e3f\u5e9e\u738b\u671d\u4e8e\u516c\u5143\u524d2879\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u8d8a\u5357\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\uff08\u5f53\u65f6\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u8d64\u9b3c\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u79f0\u4e3a\u6587\u90ce\uff09\u3002[49][50] \u516c\u5143\u524d257\u5e74\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4f4d\u96c4\u738b\u88ab\u8700\u6cee\u51fb\u8d25\u3002\u8700\u6cee\u7edf\u4e00\u4e86\u9a86\u8d8a\u548c\u74ef\u8d8a\u90e8\u843d\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u74ef\u96d2\uff0c\u5e76\u81ea\u5c01\u4e3a\u5b89\u9633\u738b\u3002[51] \u516c\u5143\u524d179\u5e74\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u53eb\u8d75\u4f57\uff08Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0\uff09\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5c06\u519b\u51fb\u8d25\u4e86\u5b89\u9633\u738b\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u74ef\u96d2\u5408\u5e76\u5165\u5357\u8d8a\u3002[44] \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u6c49\u5357\u8d8a\u6218\u4e89\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5357\u8d8a\u672c\u8eab\u4e8e\u516c\u5143\u524d111\u5e74\u88ab\u7eb3\u5165\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6c49\u671d\u5e1d\u56fd\u3002[24][52] \u5728\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u4e00\u5343\u5e74\u91cc\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u8d8a\u5357\u5317\u90e8\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u65f6\u95f4\u5904\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e4b\u4e0b\u3002[53][54] \u65e9\u671f\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u5982\u5f81\u6c0f\u59d0\u59b9\u548c\u5146\u592b\u4eba\u7684\u8d77\u4e49\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u6682\u65f6\u6210\u529f\uff0c[56] \u4f46\u5728\u516c\u5143544\u5e74\u81f3602\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u5728\u524d\u9ece\u671d\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e07\u6625\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u8f83\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u3002[57][58][59] \u5230\u4e8610\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u5317\u8d8a\u5728\u66f2\u6c0f\u5bb6\u65cf\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0b\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u81ea\u6cbb\u6743\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u672a\u83b7\u5f97\u4e3b\u6743\u3002[60]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u524d1\u4e16\u7eaa\u81f310\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u662f\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u4ee3\u5404\u653f\u6743\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e4b\u4e0b\u3002\u76f4\u5230968\u5e74\uff0c\u4e01\u90e8\u9886<\/a>\u7edf\u4e00\u5883\u5185\u7684\u5272\u636e\u52bf\u529b\u800c\u5efa\u56fd\uff0c\u5728\u674e\u671d<\/a>\u5efa\u7acb\u540e\u53d7\u5b8b\u671d<\/a>\u627f\u8ba4\u5176\u4e3b\u6743<\/a>\u3002\u5728\u8131\u79bb\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u671d\u8d21\u56fd<\/a>\u6216\u85e9\u5c5e\u56fd<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In AD 938, the Vietnamese lord Ng\u00f4 Quy\u1ec1n<\/a> defeated the forces of the Chinese Southern Han<\/a> state at B\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1eb1ng River<\/a> and achieved full independence for Vietnam in 939 after a millennium of Chinese domination.[61]<\/a>[62]<\/a>[63]<\/a><\/sup> By the 960s, the dynastic \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t<\/a> (Great Viet<\/em>) kingdom was established, Vietnamese society enjoyed a golden era under the L\u00fd and Tr\u1ea7n<\/a> dynasties. During the rule of the Tr\u1ea7n Dynasty, \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t repelled three Mongol invasions<\/a>.[64]<\/a>[65]<\/a><\/sup> Meanwhile, the Mah\u0101y\u0101na<\/a> branch of Buddhism<\/a> flourished and became the state religion.[63]<\/a>[66]<\/a><\/sup> Following the 1406\u20137 Ming\u2013H\u1ed3 War<\/a>, which overthrew the H\u1ed3 dynasty<\/a>, Vietnamese independence was interrupted briefly<\/a> by the Chinese Ming dynasty<\/a>, but was restored by L\u00ea L\u1ee3i<\/a>, the founder of the L\u00ea dynasty<\/a>.[67]<\/a><\/sup> The Vietnamese polity reached their zenith in the L\u00ea dynasty of the 15th century, especially during the reign of emperor L\u00ea Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng<\/a> (1460\u20131497).[68]<\/a>[69]<\/a><\/sup> Between the 11th and 18th centuries, the Vietnamese polity expanded southward in a gradual process known as Nam ti\u1ebfn<\/a><\/em> (“Southward expansion”),[70]<\/a><\/sup> eventually conquering the kingdom of Champa<\/a> and part of the Khmer Kingdom<\/a>.[71]<\/a>[72]<\/a>[73]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u516c\u5143938\u5e74\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u541b\u4e3b\u5434\u6743\u5728\u767d\u85e4\u6c5f\u6218\u5f79\u4e2d\u51fb\u8d25\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u5357\u6c49\u56fd\u7684\u519b\u961f\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e00\u5343\u5e74\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u7edf\u6cbb\u540e\u4e8e939\u5e74\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u8d8a\u5357\u7684\u5b8c\u5168\u72ec\u7acb\u3002[61][62][63] \u5230\u4e86960\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u5927\u8d8a\u738b\u671d\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u793e\u4f1a\u5728\u674e\u671d\u548c\u9648\u671d\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0b\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ec4\u91d1\u65f6\u671f\u3002\u5728\u9648\u671d\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5927\u8d8a\u51fb\u9000\u4e86\u4e09\u6b21\u8499\u53e4\u5165\u4fb5\u3002[64][65] \u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5927\u4e58\u4f5b\u6559\u76db\u884c\u5e76\u6210\u4e3a\u56fd\u6559\u3002[63][66] \u7ee71406-1407\u5e74\u63a8\u7ffb\u80e1\u671d\u7684\u660e\u80e1\u6218\u4e89\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u77ed\u6682\u5730\u88ab\u4e2d\u56fd\u660e\u671d\u4e2d\u65ad\u4e86\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c\u4f46\u88ab\u9ece\u5229\u6062\u590d\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u9ece\u671d\u7684\u521b\u7acb\u8005\u3002[67] \u8d8a\u5357\u653f\u6743\u572815\u4e16\u7eaa\u9ece\u671d\u65f6\u671f\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86\u9876\u5cf0\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u9ece\u5723\u5b97\uff081460-1497\u5e74\u5728\u4f4d\uff09\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u671f\u95f4\u3002[68][69] \u572811\u4e16\u7eaa\u523018\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u653f\u6743\u5411\u5357\u6269\u5f20\uff0c\u8fd9\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5357\u8fdb\u201d\uff08Nam ti\u1ebfn\uff09\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5f81\u670d\u4e86\u5360\u5a46\u738b\u56fd\u548c\u67ec\u57d4\u5be8\u738b\u56fd\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u533a\u3002[70][71][72][73]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8499\u53e4\u5e1d\u56fd<\/a>\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u9648\u671d<\/a>\u66fe\u51fb\u9000\u8499\u53e4\u7684\u5165\u4fb5\u3002\u5143\u671d<\/a>\u5efa\u7acb\u540e\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u9648\u671d\u7684\u9648\u5174\u9053<\/a>\u53c8\u66fe\u4e24\u6b21\u51fb\u9000\u5143\u519b\u7684\u5165\u4fb5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u660e\u6210\u7956<\/a>\u6c38\u4e50<\/a>\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8d8a\u5357\u9648\u671d<\/a>\u541b\u4e3b\u906d\u5916\u621a<\/a>\u80e1\u5b63\u729b<\/a>\u7be1\u4f4d<\/a>\uff0c\u56fd\u5185\u6df7\u4e71\uff0c\u660e\u671d\u5e94\u9648\u671d\u7684\u9057\u81e3\u8bf7\u6c42\u63a8\u7ffb\u80e1\u6c0f\u653f\u6743\uff1b\u660e\u519b\u5360\u9886\u8d8a\u5357\u540e\uff0c\u7740\u624b\u8fdb\u884c\u76f4\u63a5\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u8bbe\u90e1\u53bf\u3001\u7f6e\u4ea4\u8dbe\u627f\u5ba3\u5e03\u653f\u4f7f\u53f8<\/a>\uff0c\u5728\u8d8a\u5357\u63a8\u52a8\u5112\u5b66<\/a>\uff0c\u5c1d\u8bd5\u91cd\u65b0\u63a8\u52a8\u6c49\u5316<\/a>\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u5728\u660e\u6210\u7956<\/a>\u6b7b\u540e\u6570\u5e74\uff0c\u9ece\u5229<\/a>\u53d1\u52a8\u84dd\u5c71\u8d77\u4e49<\/a>\u5c06\u660e\u519b\u9a71\u9010\u51fa\u8d8a\u5357\uff0c\u4f46\u627f\u8bfa\u7ef4\u6301\u4e0e\u660e\u671d<\/a>\u7684\u6b63\u5e38\u5173\u7cfb\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u6062\u590d\u72ec\u7acb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9ece\u5229\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u540e\u9ece\u671d<\/a>\uff0c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u53d1\u52a8\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u5357\u8fdb<\/a>\u5f81\u8ba8\uff0c\u4e8e1471\u5e74\u653b\u5360\u5360\u57ce<\/a>\u4eac\u57ce\uff0c\u63a7\u5236\u4eca\u5929\u7248\u56fe\u4e2d\u7684\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e8c\u9886\u5730\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\u8d8a\u5357\u7684\u56fd\u571f\u53c8\u572817\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u90d1\u962e\u7eb7\u4e89<\/a>\u65f6\u5f80\u5357\u6269\u5145\uff0c\u4e8e1623\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u9010\u6e10\u4fb5\u5360\u897f\u8d21<\/a>\uff1b\u8d8a\u5357\u6700\u540e\u57281780\u5e74\u5927\u81f4\u5360\u9886\u6e44\u516c\u6cb3\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 16th century onward, civil strife and frequent political infighting engulfed much of Dai Viet. First, the Chinese-supported M\u1ea1c dynasty<\/a> challenged the L\u00ea dynasty’s power.[74]<\/a><\/sup> After the M\u1ea1c dynasty was defeated, the L\u00ea dynasty was nominally reinstalled. Actual power, however, was divided between the northern Tr\u1ecbnh lords<\/a> and the southern Nguy\u1ec5n lords<\/a>, who engaged in a civil war<\/a> for more than four decades before a truce was called in the 1670s.[75]<\/a><\/sup> Vietnam was divided into North (Tr\u1ecbnh) and South (Nguy\u1ec5n) from 1600 to 1777. During this period, the Nguy\u1ec5n expanded southern Vietnam into the Mekong Delta<\/a>, annexing the Central Highlands<\/a> and the Khmer lands in the Mekong Delta.[71]<\/a>[73]<\/a>[76]<\/a><\/sup> The division of the country ended a century later when the T\u00e2y S\u01a1n<\/a> brothers helped Tr\u1ecbnh to end Nguy\u1ec5n, they also established new dynasty and ended Tr\u1ecbnh. However, their rule did not last long, and they were defeated by the remnants of the Nguy\u1ec5n lords, led by Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh<\/a>. Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh unified Vietnam, and established the Nguy\u1ec5n dynasty<\/a>, ruling under the name Gia Long<\/a>.[76]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4ece16\u4e16\u7eaa\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5927\u8d8a\u9677\u5165\u4e86\u5185\u4e71\u548c\u9891\u7e41\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6597\u4e89\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u652f\u6301\u7684\u83ab\u671d\u6311\u6218\u4e86\u9ece\u671d\u7684\u6743\u529b\u3002[74] \u5728\u83ab\u671d\u88ab\u51fb\u8d25\u540e\uff0c\u540d\u4e49\u4e0a\u6062\u590d\u4e86\u9ece\u671d\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u6743\u529b\u5374\u88ab\u5317\u65b9\u7684\u90d1\u6c0f\u548c\u5357\u65b9\u7684\u962e\u6c0f\u6240\u5206\u5272\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u957f\u8fbe\u56db\u5341\u4f59\u5e74\u7684\u5185\u6218\uff0c\u76f4\u523017\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u8fbe\u6210\u505c\u6218\u534f\u8bae\u3002[75] \u4ece1600\u5e74\u52301777\u5e74\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u5206\u4e3a\u5317\u65b9\uff08\u90d1\u6c0f\uff09\u548c\u5357\u65b9\uff08\u962e\u6c0f\uff09\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u962e\u6c0f\u5c06\u8d8a\u5357\u5357\u90e8\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u4e86\u6e44\u516c\u6cb3\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32\uff0c\u541e\u5e76\u4e86\u4e2d\u90e8\u9ad8\u5730\u548c\u6e44\u516c\u6cb3\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32\u7684\u9ad8\u68c9\u571f\u5730\u3002[71][73][76] \u4e00\u767e\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u897f\u5c71\u5144\u5f1f\u5e2e\u52a9\u90d1\u6c0f\u7ed3\u675f\u962e\u6c0f\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u5e76\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u65b0\u738b\u671d\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u6301\u7eed\u5f88\u4e45\uff0c\u5c31\u88ab\u7531\u962e\u6620\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u962e\u6c0f\u6b8b\u4f59\u52bf\u529b\u51fb\u8d25\u3002\u962e\u6620\u7edf\u4e00\u4e86\u8d8a\u5357\uff0c\u5e76\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u962e\u671d\uff0c\u4ee5\u5609\u9686\u4e3a\u540d\u8fdb\u884c\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002[76]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5609\u9686<\/a>\u5143\u5e74\uff08\u6e05\u5609\u5e86<\/a>\u4e03\u5e74\uff0c1802\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u962e\u798f\u6620<\/a>\u5efa\u7acb\u962e\u671d<\/a>\u3002\u6b21\u5e74\u8868\u8bf7\u6e05\u671d<\/a>\u518c\u5c01\u201c\u5357\u8d8a\u56fd\u738b\u201d\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u6e05\u4ec1\u5b97<\/a>\u5609\u5e86\u5e1d<\/a>\u6539\u4ee5\u201c\u8d8a\u5357\u56fd\u738b\u201d\u4e4b\u540d\u518c\u5c01\uff0c\u962e\u671d\u6b63\u5f0f\u56fd\u53f7\u5373\u4e3a\u201c\u8d8a\u5357\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u8d8a\u5357\u56fd\u540d\u7684\u7531\u6765\uff0c\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u201c\u5927\u8d8a\u201d\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u6cbf\u7528\u81f3\u4eca\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c<\/td>\u962e\u798f\u6620\u8868\u8bf7\u4ee5\u201c\u5357\u8d8a\u201d\u4e8c\u5b57\u9521\u5c01\u3002\u4e0a\u8c15\u5927\u5b66\u58eb\u7b49\u66f0\uff1a\u201c\u5357\u8d8a<\/a>\u201d\u4e4b\u540d\uff0c\u6240\u5305\u751a\u5e7f\u3002\u8003\u4e4b\u524d\u53f2\uff0c\u4eca\u5e7f\u4e1c<\/a>\u3001\u5e7f\u897f<\/a>\u5730\u4ea6\u5728\u5176\u5185\u3002\u962e\u798f\u6620\u5373\u6709\u5b89\u5357\uff0c\u4ea6\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4ea4\u8dbe\u6545\u5730\uff0c\u4f55\u5f97\u907d\u79f0\u201c\u5357\u8d8a<\/a>\u201d\uff1f\u8be5\u56fd\u5148\u6709\u8d8a\u88f3\u65e7\u5730\uff0c\u540e\u6709\u5b89\u5357\u5168\u58e4\u3002\u5929\u671d\u8912\u8d50\u56fd\u53f7\uff0c\u8457\u7528\u201c\u8d8a\u5357\u201d\u4e8c\u5b57\uff0c\u4ee5\u201c\u8d8a\u201d\u5b57\u51a0\u5176\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ecd\u5176\u5148\u4e16\u7586\u57df\uff1b\u4ee5\u2018\u5357\u2019\u5b57\u5217\u4e8e\u4e0b\uff0c\u8868\u5176\u65b0\u8d50\u85e9\u5c01\uff1b\u4e14\u5728\u767e\u8d8a<\/a>\u4e4b\u5357\uff0c\u8457\u4e8e\u300a\u65f6\u5baa\u4e66<\/a>\u300b\u5185\uff0c\u5c06\u201c\u5b89\u5357\u201d\u6539\u4e3a\u201c\u8d8a\u5357\u201d\u3002<\/td>\u201d<\/td><\/tr>
\u2014\u2014\u300a\u5609\u5e86\u91cd\u4fee\u4e00\u7edf\u5fd7\u300b\u5377\u4e94\u4e94\u4e09<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

2.3 \u6cd5\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u652f\u90a3 | French Indochina<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Cochinchina campaign<\/a>, Sino-French War<\/a>, Tonkin campaign<\/a>, and French Indochina<\/a>
\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4ea4\u8dbe\u652f\u90a3\u6218\u5f79\u3001\u4e2d\u6cd5\u6218\u4e89\u3001\u4e1c\u4eac\u6218\u5f79\u548c\u6cd5\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u652f\u90a3\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe2-5\u548c2-6\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the 1500s, the Portuguese<\/a> explored the Vietnamese coast and reportedly erected a stele<\/a> on the Ch\u00e0m Islands<\/a> to mark their presence.[77]<\/a><\/sup> By 1533, they began landing in the Vietnamese delta but were forced to leave because of local turmoil and fighting. They also had less interest in the territory than they did in China and Japan.[77]<\/a><\/sup> After they had settled in Macau<\/a> and Nagasaki<\/a> to begin the profitable Macau\u2013Japan trade route, the Portuguese began to involve themselves in trade with H\u1ed9i An<\/a>.[77]<\/a><\/sup> Portuguese traders and Jesuit<\/a> missionaries under the Padroado<\/a><\/em> system were active in both Vietnamese realms of \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/a><\/em> (Cochinchina<\/a> or Quinan) and \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i<\/a><\/em> (Tonkin<\/a>) in the 17th century.[78]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u572816\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u8461\u8404\u7259\u4eba\u63a2\u7d22\u4e86\u8d8a\u5357\u6cbf\u6d77\uff0c\u5e76\u636e\u8bf4\u5728\u5360\u5c9b\u6811\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u5757\u77f3\u7891\u4ee5\u6807\u8bb0\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5230\u6765\u3002[77] \u5230\u4e861533\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u767b\u9646\u8d8a\u5357\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u5f53\u5730\u52a8\u8361\u548c\u51b2\u7a81\u88ab\u8feb\u79bb\u5f00\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u8fd9\u7247\u9886\u571f\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u4e0d\u5982\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u90a3\u6837\u6d53\u539a\u3002[77] \u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u6fb3\u95e8\u548c\u957f\u5d0e\u5b9a\u5c45\u5e76\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u6709\u5229\u53ef\u56fe\u7684\u6fb3\u95e8\u2014\u65e5\u672c\u8d38\u6613\u8def\u7ebf\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8461\u8404\u7259\u4eba\u5f00\u59cb\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e0e\u4f1a\u5b89\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002[77] \u572817\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u8461\u8404\u7259\u5546\u4eba\u548c\u5728\u5e15\u5fb7\u52b3\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0b\u7684\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5728\u8d8a\u5357\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u2014\u2014\u627f\u5929\u5e9c\uff08\u4ea4\u8dbe\u652f\u90a3\u6216\u94a6\u5357\uff09\u548c\u5347\u9f99\u5e9c\uff08\u4e1c\u4eac\uff09\u90fd\u975e\u5e38\u6d3b\u8dc3\u3002[78]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Dutch<\/a> also tried to establish contact with Quinan in 1601 but failed to sustain a presence there after several violent encounters with the locals. The Dutch East India Company<\/a> (VOC) only managed to establish official relations with Tonkin in the spring of 1637 after leaving Dejima<\/a> in Japan to establish trade for silk<\/a>.[79]<\/a><\/sup> Meanwhile, in 1613, the first English<\/a> attempt to establish contact with H\u1ed9i An failed following a violent incident involving the East India Company<\/a>. By 1672 the English did establish relations with Tonkin and were allowed to reside in Ph\u1ed1 Hi\u1ebfn<\/a>.[80]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8377\u5170\u4eba\u4e5f\u8bd5\u56fe\u57281601\u5e74\u4e0e\u94a6\u5357\u5efa\u7acb\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u51e0\u6b21\u4e0e\u5f53\u5730\u4eba\u53d1\u751f\u66b4\u529b\u51b2\u7a81\u540e\u672a\u80fd\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u7ef4\u6301\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u8377\u5170\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u53f8\uff08VOC\uff09\u4ec5\u57281637\u5e74\u6625\u5b63\u79bb\u5f00\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u51fa\u5c9b\u5efa\u7acb\u4e1d\u7ef8\u8d38\u6613\u540e\uff0c\u624d\u6210\u529f\u4e0e\u4e1c\u4eac\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5b98\u65b9\u5173\u7cfb\u3002[79] \u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c1613\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u9996\u6b21\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4e0e\u4f1a\u5b89\u5efa\u7acb\u8054\u7cfb\u7531\u4e8e\u6d89\u53ca\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u800c\u5931\u8d25\u3002\u52301672\u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u786e\u5b9e\u4e0e\u4e1c\u4eac\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e76\u88ab\u5141\u8bb8\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u666e\u663e\u3002[80]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Between 1615 and 1753, French<\/a> traders also engaged in trade in Vietnam.[81]<\/a>[82]<\/a><\/sup> The first French missionaries arrived in 1658, under the Portuguese Padroado<\/em>. From its foundation, the Paris Foreign Missions Society<\/a> under Propaganda Fide<\/em><\/a> actively sent missionaries to Vietnam, entering Cochinchina first in 1664 and Tonkin first in 1666.[83]<\/a><\/sup> Spanish Dominicans<\/a> joined the Tonkin mission in 1676, and Franciscans<\/a> were in Cochinchina from 1719 to 1834. The Vietnamese authorities began[when?<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup> to feel threatened by continuous Christianisation<\/a> activities.[84]<\/a><\/sup> After several Catholic missionaries were detained, the French Navy<\/a> intervened in 1843 to free them, as the kingdom was perceived as xenophobic<\/a>.[85]<\/a><\/sup> In a series of conquests from 1859 to 1885, France eroded<\/a> Vietnam’s sovereignty.[86]<\/a><\/sup> At the siege of Tourane<\/a> in 1858, France was aided by Spain<\/a> (with Filipino, Latin American<\/a>, and Spanish troops from the Philippines<\/a>)[87]<\/a><\/sup> and perhaps some Tonkinese Catholics.[88]<\/a><\/sup> After the 1862 Treaty<\/a>, and especially after France completely conquered Lower Cochinchina<\/a> in 1867, the V\u0103n Th\u00e2n movement<\/a> of scholar-gentry class arose and committed violence against Catholics<\/a> across central and northern Vietnam.[89]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u57281615\u5e74\u81f31753\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5546\u4eba\u4e5f\u5728\u8d8a\u5357\u4ece\u4e8b\u8d38\u6613\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002[81][82] \u7b2c\u4e00\u6279\u6cd5\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u4e8e1658\u5e74\u5728\u8461\u8404\u7259\u5e15\u5fb7\u52b3\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u652f\u6301\u4e0b\u5230\u8fbe\u3002\u4ece\u5176\u521b\u7acb\u4e4b\u521d\u8d77\uff0c\u5df4\u9ece\u5916\u65b9\u4f20\u6559\u4f1a\u5c31\u5728\u5b97\u5ea7\u4f20\u4fe1\u90e8\u7684\u652f\u6301\u4e0b\u79ef\u6781\u6d3e\u9063\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u524d\u5f80\u8d8a\u5357\uff0c\u6700\u65e9\u4e8e1664\u5e74\u8fdb\u5165\u4ea4\u8dbe\u652f\u90a3\uff0c1666\u5e74\u8fdb\u5165\u4e1c\u4eac\u3002[83] 1676\u5e74\uff0c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u591a\u7c73\u5c3c\u52a0\u4f1a\u58eb\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u4e1c\u4eac\u7684\u4f20\u6559\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u800c\u65b9\u6d4e\u5404\u4f1a\u57281719\u5e74\u81f31834\u5e74\u95f4\u5728\u4ea4\u8dbe\u652f\u90a3\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u8d8a\u5357\u5f53\u5c40\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u65f6\u5019\u5f00\u59cb\u611f\u5230\u53d7\u5230\u6301\u7eed\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5316\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u3002[84] \u5728\u51e0\u540d\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u88ab\u62d8\u7559\u540e\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u6d77\u519b\u4e8e1843\u5e74\u4ecb\u5165\u4ee5\u89e3\u6551\u4ed6\u4eec\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8be5\u738b\u56fd\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5177\u6709\u6392\u5916\u60c5\u7eea\u3002[85] \u4ece1859\u5e74\u81f31885\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5f81\u670d\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u9010\u6b65\u4fb5\u8680\u4e86\u8d8a\u5357\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u3002[86] \u57281858\u5e74\u7684Tourane\u56f4\u57ce\u6218\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u6765\u81ea\u83f2\u5f8b\u5bbe\u7684\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u3001\u62c9\u4e01\u7f8e\u6d32\u548c\u83f2\u5f8b\u5bbe\u90e8\u961f\uff09[87] \u4ee5\u53ca\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e1c\u4eac\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5f92\u3002[88] 1862\u5e74\u6761\u7ea6\u7b7e\u8ba2\u540e\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u4e8e1867\u5e74\u5b8c\u5168\u5f81\u670d\u4e0b\u4ea4\u8dbe\u652f\u90a3\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u58eb\u7ec5\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u6587\u8eab\u8fd0\u52a8\u5174\u8d77\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u4e2d\u5317\u90e8\u8d8a\u5357\u9488\u5bf9\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5f92\u5b9e\u65bd\u66b4\u529b\u884c\u4e3a\u3002[89]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Between 1862 and 1867, the southern third of the country became the French colony of Cochinchina<\/a>.[90]<\/a><\/sup> By 1884, the entire country was under French rule, with the central and northern parts of Vietnam separated into the two protectorates of Annam<\/a> and Tonkin<\/a>. The three entities were formally integrated into the union of French Indochina<\/a> in 1887.[91]<\/a>[92]<\/a><\/sup> The French administration imposed significant political and cultural changes on Vietnamese society.[93]<\/a><\/sup> A Western-style system of modern education introduced new humanist<\/a> values.[94]<\/a><\/sup> Most French settlers in Indochina were concentrated in Cochinchina, particularly in Saigon<\/a>, and in Hanoi<\/a>, the colony’s capital.[95]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u57281862\u5e74\u81f31867\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u7684\u5357\u90e8\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u5730\u533a\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u6cd5\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4ea4\u8dbe\u652f\u90a3\u3002[90] \u5230\u4e861884\u5e74\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u5904\u4e8e\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8d8a\u5357\u7684\u4e2d\u90e8\u548c\u5317\u90e8\u88ab\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u5b89\u5357\u548c\u4e1c\u4eac\u4e24\u4e2a\u4fdd\u62a4\u56fd\u3002\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f53\u57281887\u5e74\u6b63\u5f0f\u6574\u5408\u6210\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u652f\u90a3\u8054\u76df\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002[91][92] \u6cd5\u56fd\u7ba1\u7406\u673a\u6784\u5bf9\u8d8a\u5357\u793e\u4f1a\u65bd\u52a0\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u6587\u5316\u53d8\u9769\u3002[93] \u897f\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u4eba\u6587\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u3002[94] \u5927\u591a\u6570\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u652f\u90a3\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u5b9a\u5c45\u8005\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u4ea4\u8dbe\u652f\u90a3\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u897f\u8d21\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6cb3\u5185\u2014\u2014\u8be5\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u9996\u90fd\u3002[95]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

During the colonial period, guerrillas of the royalist C\u1ea7n V\u01b0\u01a1ng movement<\/a> rebelled against French rule and massacred around a third of Vietnam’s Christian<\/a> population.[96]<\/a>[97]<\/a><\/sup> After a decade of resistance, they were defeated in the 1890s by the Catholics in reprisal for their earlier massacres.[98]<\/a>[99]<\/a><\/sup> Another large-scale rebellion, the Th\u00e1i Nguy\u00ean uprising<\/a>, was also suppressed heavily.[100]<\/a><\/sup> The French developed a plantation economy<\/a> to promote export of tobacco<\/a>, indigo<\/a>, tea<\/a> and coffee<\/a>.[101]<\/a><\/sup> However, they largely ignored the increasing demands for civil rights and self-government<\/a>. An increasing dissatisfaction, even led to half-hearted, badly co-ordinated, and still worsely executed plots to oust the French, like the infamous Hanoi Poison Plot<\/a> of 1908.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u6b96\u6c11\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4fdd\u7687\u6d3e\u7684\u52e4\u738b\u8fd0\u52a8\u6e38\u51fb\u961f\u53cd\u6297\u6cd5\u56fd\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u5e76\u5c60\u6740\u4e86\u5927\u7ea6\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u8d8a\u5357\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u4eba\u53e3\u3002[96][97] \u7ecf\u8fc7\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u62b5\u6297\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\u88ab\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5f92\u9547\u538b\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u65e9\u524d\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u62a5\u590d\u3002[98][99] \u53e6\u4e00\u6b21\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u53db\u4e71\uff0c\u592a\u539f\u8d77\u4e49\uff0c\u4e5f\u88ab\u4e25\u5389\u9547\u538b\u3002[100] \u6cd5\u56fd\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u79cd\u690d\u56ed\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4ee5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u70df\u8349\u3001\u975b\u84dd\u3001\u8336\u548c\u5496\u5561\u7684\u51fa\u53e3\u3002[101] \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u957f\u7684\u6c11\u6743\u548c\u81ea\u6cbb\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u6ee1\u60c5\u7eea\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u751a\u81f3\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u534a\u5fc3\u534a\u610f\u3001\u534f\u8c03\u4e0d\u529b\u4e14\u6267\u884c\u7cdf\u7cd5\u7684\u9634\u8c0b\u4f01\u56fe\u63a8\u7ffb\u6cd5\u56fd\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u81ed\u540d\u662d\u8457\u76841908\u5e74\u6cb3\u5185\u6295\u6bd2\u6848\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe2-7\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

A nationalist political movement soon emerged, with leaders like Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u<\/a>, Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh<\/a>, Phan \u0110\u00ecnh Ph\u00f9ng<\/a>, Emperor H\u00e0m Nghi<\/a>, and H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh<\/a> fighting or calling for independence.[102]<\/a><\/sup> This resulted in the 1930 Y\u00ean B\u00e1i mutiny<\/a> by the Vietnamese Nationalist Party<\/a> (VNQD\u0110), which the French quashed. The mutiny split the independence movement, as many leading members converted to communism<\/a>.[103]<\/a>[104]<\/a>[105]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6cbb\u8fd0\u52a8\u5f88\u5feb\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u50cf\u6f58\u4f69\u73e0\u3001\u6f58\u5468\u6862\u3001\u6f58\u4e01\u51af\u3001\u54b8\u5b9c\u5e1d\u548c\u80e1\u5fd7\u660e\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u6216\u662f\u547c\u5401\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u4e3a\u6b64\u800c\u6597\u4e89\u3002[102] \u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e861930\u5e74\u7531\u8d8a\u5357\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\uff08VNQD\u0110\uff09\u53d1\u52a8\u7684\u4e49\u5b89\u5175\u53d8\uff0c\u8be5\u5175\u53d8\u88ab\u6cd5\u56fd\u9547\u538b\u3002\u8fd9\u6b21\u5175\u53d8\u5206\u88c2\u4e86\u72ec\u7acb\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8bb8\u591a\u4e3b\u8981\u6210\u5458\u8f6c\u5411\u4e86\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002[103][104][105]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The French maintained full control of their colonies until World War II, when the war in the Pacific<\/a> led to the Japanese invasion of French Indochina<\/a> in 1940. Afterwards, the Japanese Empire<\/a> was allowed to station its troops in Vietnam while the pro-Vichy French<\/a> colonial administration continued.[106]<\/a>[107]<\/a><\/sup> Japan exploited Vietnam’s natural resources to support its military campaigns, culminating in a full-scale takeover of the country<\/a> in March 1945. This led to the Vietnamese Famine of 1945<\/a> which killed up to two million people.[108]<\/a>[109]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6cd5\u56fd\u4e00\u76f4\u4fdd\u6301\u7740\u5bf9\u5176\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u5168\u9762\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u6218\u4e89\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e861940\u5e74\u65e5\u672c\u5165\u4fb5\u6cd5\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u652f\u90a3\u3002\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u5e1d\u56fd\u88ab\u5141\u8bb8\u5728\u8d8a\u5357\u9a7b\u519b\uff0c\u800c\u4eb2\u7ef4\u5e0c\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7ee7\u7eed\u5b58\u5728\u3002[106][107] \u65e5\u672c\u5229\u7528\u8d8a\u5357\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u8d44\u6e90\u6765\u652f\u6301\u5176\u519b\u4e8b\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u57281945\u5e743\u6708\u5168\u9762\u5360\u9886\u4e86\u8be5\u56fd\u3002\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e861945\u5e74\u7684\u8d8a\u5357\u5927\u9965\u8352\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u591a\u8fbe\u4e24\u767e\u4e07\u4eba\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002[108][109]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218<\/a>\u65f6\uff0c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5fb7\u56fd<\/a>\u5360\u9886\u6cd5\u56fd\u3001\u7ef4\u5e0c\u6cd5\u56fd<\/a>\u5efa\u7acb\u63a5\u7ba1\u6240\u6709\u6cd5\u56fd\u6d77\u5916\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\uff0c\u4f46\u7ba1\u6cbb\u677e\u6563\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6cd5\u5370\u652f\u90a3\u30021940\u5e749\u6708\u5927\u65e5\u672c\u5e1d\u56fd<\/a>\u8d81\u673a\u51fa\u5175\u5360\u9886\u6cd5\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u652f\u90a3\u5317\u90e8\uff0c\u65e5\u519b<\/a>\u4e0e\u7ef4\u5e0c\u6cd5\u56fd<\/a>\u6b96\u6c11\u519b\u5171\u6cbb\u4e2d\u5357\u534a\u5c9b\u30021941\u5e74\uff0c\u80e1\u5fd7\u660e<\/a>\u7b49\u8d8a\u5357\u9769\u547d\u5bb6<\/a>\u521b\u529e\u201c\u8d8a\u5357\u72ec\u7acb\u540c\u76df\u4f1a<\/a>\u201d\uff08\u7b80\u79f0\u8d8a\u76df\uff09\uff0c\u786e\u5b9a\u53cd\u5bf9\u6cd5\u56fd<\/a>\u548c\u65e5\u672c<\/a>\u6b96\u6c11\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4ee5\u6b66\u88c5\u6597\u4e89<\/a>\u6765\u5efa\u7acb\u65b0\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u7684\u8d8a\u5357\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c1944\u5e74\u672b\u76df\u519b<\/a>\u4ece\u5fb7\u56fd\u624b\u4e0a\u89e3\u653e\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c\u7ef4\u5e0c\u653f\u6743\u5f7b\u5e95\u706d\u4ea1\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u4e8e1945\u5e743\u6708\uff0c\u56e0\u4eb2\u5fb7\u3001\u65e5\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u5df2\u6ca1\u5229\u7528\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u9a7b\u519b\u4e3a\u9632\u76df\u519b\u5360\u8d8a\u5357\uff0c\u53d1\u52a8\u4e86\u4e09\u4e5d\u653f\u53d8<\/a>\u5168\u9762\u63a8\u7ffb\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u7acb\u5080\u5121\u4fdd\u5927\u5e1d\u4e3a\u8d8a\u5357\u5e1d\u56fd<\/a>\u7684\u541b\u4e3b\u30021945\u5e748\u6708\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u65e0\u6761\u4ef6\u6295\u964d\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u987f\u65f6\u7edf\u6cbb\u771f\u7a7a\u3002\u8d8a\u76df<\/a>\u968f\u5373\u4e3e\u884c\u8d77\u4e49\uff0c\u593a\u53d6\u8d8a\u5357\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u55e3\u540e\u65e5\u672c\u5080\u5121\u653f\u6743\u8d8a\u5357\u5e1d\u56fd<\/a>\u7684\u962e\u671d\u672b\u4ee3\u541b\u4e3b<\/a>\u4fdd\u5927\u5e1d<\/a>\u4e0b\u8bcf\u9000\u4f4d\uff1b9\u67082\u65e5\u80e1\u5fd7\u660e<\/a>\u4e8e\u6cb3\u5185\u5df4\u4ead\u5e7f\u573a\u53d1\u8868\u300a\u8d8a\u5357\u72ec\u7acb\u5ba3\u8a00<\/a>\u300b\uff0c\u5ba3\u544a\u8d8a\u5357\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u56fd<\/a>\u6210\u7acb\u30029\u670820\u65e5\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u8d8a\u5357\u5185\u90e8\u5c40\u52bf\u6df7\u4e71\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6ec7\u8d8a\u8fb9\u533a\u603b\u53f8\u4ee4\u5362\u6c49<\/a>\u738720\u4e07\u5927\u519b\u8fdb\u5165\u6cb3\u5185\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u6218\u8d25\u7684\u65e5\u519b\u6295\u964d\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u519b\u961f\u8fdb\u9a7b\u8d8a\u5357\u5317\u90e8\uff0c\u800c\u82f1\u56fd\u519b\u961f\u5219\u8fdb\u5165\u8d8a\u5357\u5357\u90e8\u30021946\u5e74\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u53c8\u91cd\u8fd4\u51fa\u5175\u8d8a\u5357\uff0c\u6cd5\u519b\u5728\u8d8a\u5357\u5317\u90e8\u6cbf\u6d77\u767b\u9646\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5370\u5ea6\u652f\u90a3\u6218\u4e89<\/a>\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u91cd\u65b0\u63a7\u5236\u4e86\u8d8a\u5357\u5404\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u8fd8\u903c\u8feb\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u4ee5\u6cd5\u56fd\u9000\u8fd8\u5728\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u5883\u5185\u7684\u79df\u754c\u7b49\u8d22\u4ea7\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4ea4\u6362\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u653f\u5e9c\u4ece\u8d8a\u5357\u64a4\u5175\u30021949\u5e74\u6cd5\u56fd\u4e3b\u5bfc\u6210\u7acb\u7531\u4fdd\u5927\u5e1d\u51fa\u5c71\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u8d8a\u5357\u56fd<\/a>\uff0c\u8d8a\u76df\u9000\u5374\u5230\u4e1b\u6797\u5c71\u5cb3\u5730\u533a\u4ece\u4e8b\u6e38\u51fb\u4f5c\u6218\u30021950\u5e741\u6708\uff0c\u51fb\u8d25\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u7684\u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd<\/a>\u6210\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u627f\u8ba4\u8d8a\u5357\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u5e76\u4e0e\u4e4b\u5efa\u4ea4\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5c14\u540e\u82cf\u8054\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e1c\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u8d8a\u5357\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u5efa\u7acb\u5916\u4ea4\u5173\u7cfb\u30021950\u5e74\u8d77\uff0c\u8d8a\u76df\u5f97\u5230\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u63f4\u52a9\uff0c\u5bf9\u6cd5\u4f5c\u6218\u8f6c\u5165\u653b\u52bf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.4 \u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5370\u5ea6\u652f\u90a3\u6218\u4e89 | First Indochina War<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: First Indochina War<\/a>, Empire of Vietnam<\/a>, Democratic Republic of Vietnam<\/a>, State of Vietnam<\/a>, and Operation Passage to Freedom<\/a>
\u3010\u4e3b\u8981\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5370\u5ea6\u652f\u90a3\u6218\u4e89\u3001\u8d8a\u5357\u5e1d\u56fd\u3001\u8d8a\u5357\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u3001\u8d8a\u5357\u56fd\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u901a\u9053\u884c\u52a8\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1941, the Vi\u1ec7t Minh<\/a>, a nationalist liberation movement based on a communist ideology<\/a>, emerged under the Vietnamese revolutionary leader H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh<\/a>. The Vi\u1ec7t Minh sought independence for Vietnam from France and the end of the Japanese occupation<\/a>.[110]<\/a>[111]<\/a><\/sup> After the military defeat of Japan in World War II<\/a> and the fall of its puppet government Empire of Vietnam<\/a> in August 1945, Saigon’s administrative services collapsed and chaos, riots, and murder were widespread.[112]<\/a><\/sup> The Vi\u1ec7t Minh occupied Hanoi<\/a> and proclaimed a provisional government, which asserted national independence on 2 September.[111]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111941\u5e74\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u89e3\u653e\u8fd0\u52a8\u2014\u2014\u8d8a\u5357\u72ec\u7acb\u540c\u76df\uff08Vi\u1ec7t Minh\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u8d8a\u5357\u9769\u547d\u9886\u8896\u80e1\u5fd7\u660e\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\u6210\u7acb\u3002\u8d8a\u5357\u72ec\u7acb\u540c\u76df\u5bfb\u6c42\u4ece\u6cd5\u56fd\u72ec\u7acb\u4ee5\u53ca\u7ed3\u675f\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u5360\u9886\u3002[110][111] \u5728\u65e5\u672c\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u4e2d\u519b\u4e8b\u6218\u8d25\u53ca1945\u5e748\u6708\u5176\u5080\u5121\u653f\u6743\u8d8a\u5357\u5e1d\u56fd\u5012\u53f0\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u897f\u8d21\u7684\u884c\u653f\u670d\u52a1\u5d29\u6e83\uff0c\u6df7\u4e71\u3001\u66b4\u52a8\u548c\u8c0b\u6740\u4e8b\u4ef6\u9891\u53d1\u3002[112] \u8d8a\u5357\u72ec\u7acb\u540c\u76df\u5360\u9886\u4e86\u6cb3\u5185\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e9\u67082\u65e5\u5ba3\u5e03\u4e86\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u58f0\u660e\u56fd\u5bb6\u72ec\u7acb\u3002[111]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In July 1945, the Allies<\/a> had decided to divide Indochina at the 16th parallel<\/a> to allow Chiang Kai-shek<\/a> of the Republic of China<\/a> to receive the Japanese surrender in the north while Britain’s Lord Louis Mountbatten<\/a> received their surrender in the south. The Allies agreed that Indochina still belonged to France.[113]<\/a>[114]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111945\u5e747\u6708\uff0c\u76df\u519b\u51b3\u5b9a\u5728\u7b2c16\u5e73\u884c\u7ebf\u4e0a\u5212\u5206\u5370\u5ea6\u652f\u90a3\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u7684\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u5728\u5317\u65b9\u63a5\u53d7\u65e5\u519b\u6295\u964d\uff0c\u800c\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u8def\u6613\u65af\u00b7\u8499\u5df4\u987f\u52cb\u7235\u5219\u5728\u5357\u65b9\u63a5\u53d7\u65e5\u519b\u6295\u964d\u3002\u76df\u519b\u540c\u610f\u5370\u5ea6\u652f\u90a3\u4ecd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6cd5\u56fd\u3002[113][114]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe2-8\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

But as the French were weakened by the German occupation<\/a>, British-Indian<\/a> forces and the remaining Japanese Southern Expeditionary Army Group<\/a> were used to maintain order and help France reestablish control through the 1945\u20131946 War in Vietnam<\/a>.[115]<\/a><\/sup> H\u1ed3 initially chose to take a moderate stance to avoid military conflict with France, asking the French to withdraw their colonial administrators and for French professors and engineers to help build a modern independent Vietnam.[111]<\/a><\/sup> But the Provisional Government of the French Republic<\/a> did not act on these requests, including the idea of independence, and dispatched the French Far East Expeditionary Corps<\/a> to restore colonial rule. This resulted in the Vi\u1ec7t Minh launching a guerrilla campaign against the French in late 1946.[110]<\/a>[111]<\/a>[116]<\/a><\/sup> The resulting First Indochina War<\/a> lasted until July 1954. The defeat of French colonialists and Vietnamese loyalists<\/a> in the 1954 battle of \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7<\/a> allowed H\u1ed3 to negotiate a ceasefire from a favourable position at the subsequent Geneva Conference<\/a>.[111]<\/a>[117]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f46\u662f\u968f\u7740\u6cd5\u56fd\u56e0\u5fb7\u56fd\u5360\u9886\u800c\u524a\u5f31\uff0c\u82f1\u5370\u90e8\u961f\u548c\u5269\u4f59\u7684\u65e5\u672c\u5357\u65b9\u8fdc\u5f81\u519b\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u7ef4\u6301\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc71945-1946\u5e74\u7684\u8d8a\u5357\u6218\u4e89\u5e2e\u52a9\u6cd5\u56fd\u91cd\u65b0\u786e\u7acb\u63a7\u5236\u3002[115] \u80e1\u5fd7\u660e\u6700\u521d\u9009\u62e9\u91c7\u53d6\u6e29\u548c\u7acb\u573a\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u4e0e\u6cd5\u56fd\u53d1\u751f\u519b\u4e8b\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u6cd5\u56fd\u64a4\u56de\u5176\u6b96\u6c11\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\u5458\uff0c\u5e76\u8bf7\u6c42\u6cd5\u56fd\u6559\u6388\u548c\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u5e2e\u52a9\u5efa\u8bbe\u4e00\u4e2a\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u8d8a\u5357\u3002[111] \u4f46\u662f\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u6ca1\u6709\u56de\u5e94\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bf7\u6c42\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u5e76\u6d3e\u9063\u4e86\u6cd5\u56fd\u5916\u65b9\u8fdc\u5f81\u519b\u6765\u6062\u590d\u6b96\u6c11\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u8d8a\u5357\u72ec\u7acb\u540c\u76df\u57281946\u5e74\u5e95\u5bf9\u6cd5\u56fd\u53d1\u52a8\u4e86\u6e38\u51fb\u6218\u3002[110][111][116] \u6240\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5370\u5ea6\u652f\u90a3\u6218\u4e89\u4e00\u76f4\u6301\u7eed\u52301954\u5e747\u6708\u30021954\u5e74\u5960\u8fb9\u5e9c\u6218\u5f79\u4e2d\u6cd5\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u548c\u8d8a\u5357\u6548\u5fe0\u8005\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u4f7f\u80e1\u5fd7\u660e\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u968f\u540e\u7684\u65e5\u5167\u74e6\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\u4ece\u6709\u5229\u4f4d\u7f6e\u8c08\u5224\u505c\u706b\u3002[111][117]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The colonial administration was thereby ended and French Indochina was dissolved under the Geneva Accords of 21 July 1954 into three countries\u2014Vietnam, and the kingdoms of Cambodia<\/a> and Laos<\/a>. Vietnam was further divided into North and South administrative regions at the Demilitarised Zone<\/a>, roughly along the 17th parallel north<\/a> (pending elections scheduled for July 1956[j]<\/a><\/sup>). A 300-day period of free movement was permitted, during which almost a million northerners, mainly Catholics, moved south, fearing persecution by the communists. This migration was in large part aided by the United States military through Operation Passage to Freedom<\/a>.[122]<\/a>[123]<\/a><\/sup> The partition of Vietnam<\/a> by the Geneva Accords was not intended to be permanent, and stipulated that Vietnam would be reunited after the elections.[124]<\/a><\/sup> But in 1955, the southern State of Vietnam’s prime minister, Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m<\/a>, toppled B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i<\/a> in a fraudulent referendum<\/a> organised by his brother Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Nhu<\/a>, and proclaimed himself president of the Republic of Vietnam<\/a>.[124]<\/a><\/sup> This effectively replaced the internationally recognised State of Vietnam<\/a> by the Republic of Vietnam<\/a> in the south\u2014supported by the United States, France, Laos<\/a>, Republic of China<\/a> and Thailand\u2014and H\u1ed3’s Democratic Republic of Vietnam<\/a> in the north, supported by the Soviet Union<\/a>, Sweden,[125]<\/a><\/sup> Khmer Rouge<\/a>, and the People’s Republic of China<\/a>.[124]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6b96\u6c11\u7edf\u6cbb\u56e0\u6b64\u7ed3\u675f\uff0c\u6839\u636e1954\u5e747\u670821\u65e5\u7684\u65e5\u5167\u74e6\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u6cd5\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u652f\u90a3\u89e3\u6563\u4e3a\u4e09\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u2014\u2014\u8d8a\u5357\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u67ec\u57d4\u5be8\u548c\u8001\u631d\u738b\u56fd\u3002\u8d8a\u5357\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5728\u975e\u519b\u4e8b\u533a\uff08\u5927\u81f4\u6cbf\u5317\u7eac17\u5ea6\u7ebf\uff09\u88ab\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u5357\u5317\u4e24\u4e2a\u884c\u653f\u533a\uff08\u5f85\u5b9a\u4e8e1956\u5e747\u6708\u4e3e\u884c\u7684\u9009\u4e3e[j]\uff09\u3002\u5141\u8bb8300\u5929\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8fc1\u79fb\u671f\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5927\u7ea6\u6709\u4e00\u767e\u4e07\u5317\u65b9\u4eba\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5f92\uff0c\u5357\u8fc1\uff0c\u62c5\u5fc3\u53d7\u5230\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7684\u8feb\u5bb3\u3002\u8fd9\u6b21\u8fc1\u79fb\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u519b\u961f\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u7531\u901a\u9053\u884c\u52a8(Operation Passage to Freedom)\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002[122][123] \u6839\u636e\u65e5\u5167\u74e6\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u7684\u5206\u88c2\u5e76\u4e0d\u6253\u7b97\u6c38\u4e45\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5e76\u89c4\u5b9a\u8d8a\u5357\u5c06\u5728\u9009\u4e3e\u540e\u91cd\u65b0\u7edf\u4e00\u3002[124] \u4f46\u662f\u57281955\u5e74\uff0c\u5357\u8d8a\u56fd\u603b\u7406\u5434\u5ef7\u7430\u5728\u7531\u4ed6\u7684\u5f1f\u5f1f\u5434\u5ef7\u5112\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u4e00\u573a\u6b3a\u8bc8\u6027\u5168\u6c11\u6295\u7968\u4e2d\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e86\u4fdd\u5927\uff0c\u5e76\u81ea\u4efb\u8d8a\u5357\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u3002[124] \u8fd9\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u7531\u7f8e\u56fd\u3001\u6cd5\u56fd\u3001\u8001\u631d\u3001\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u548c\u6cf0\u56fd\u652f\u6301\u7684\u8d8a\u5357\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u56fd\u9645\u516c\u8ba4\u7684\u5357\u8d8a\u56fd\uff0c\u800c\u7531\u82cf\u8054\u3001\u745e\u5178\u3001[125] \u6781\u7aef\u7ea2\u8272\u9ad8\u68c9\u548c\u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u652f\u6301\u7684\u5317\u8d8a\u7684\u8d8a\u5357\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u4f9d\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u3002[124]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.5 \u8d8a\u5357\u6218\u4e89 | Vietnam War<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Vietnam War<\/a> and Role of the United States in the Vietnam War<\/a>
\u3010\u4e3b\u8981\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u8d8a\u5357\u6218\u4e89\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u5728\u8d8a\u5357\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aThree US Fairchild UC-123B<\/a> aircraft spraying Agent Orange<\/a> during the Operation Ranch Hand<\/a> as part of a herbicidal warfare<\/a> operation depriving the food and vegetation cover of the Vi\u1ec7t C\u1ed9ng<\/a>, c.\u20091962\u20131971<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u4e09\u67b6\u7f8e\u56fd\u8d39\u5c14\u67f4\u5fb7UC-123B\u98de\u673a\u5728\u201c\u7267\u573a\u624b\u201d\u884c\u52a8\uff08Operation Ranch Hand\uff09\u4e2d\u55b7\u6d12\u6a59\u5242\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5316\u5b66\u6218\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u5265\u593a\u8d8a\u5171\u7684\u98df\u7269\u548c\u690d\u88ab\u63a9\u62a4\uff0c\u5927\u7ea6\u57281962\u5e74\u81f31971\u5e74\u671f\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1aUSAF<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

From 1953 to 1956, the North Vietnamese<\/a> government instituted agrarian<\/a> reforms including “rent reduction<\/a>” and “land reform<\/a>“, which resulted in significant political repression<\/a>.[126]<\/a><\/sup> This included 13,500 to as many as 100,000 executions.[127]<\/a>[128]<\/a><\/sup> In the South, Di\u1ec7m countered North Vietnamese subversion (including the assassination of over 450 South Vietnamese officials in 1956) by detaining tens of thousands of suspected communists in “political reeducation centres”.[129]<\/a>[130]<\/a><\/sup> This program incarcerated many non-communists, but was successful at curtailing communist<\/a> activity in the country, if only for a time.[131]<\/a><\/sup> The North Vietnamese government claimed that 2,148 people were killed in the process by November 1957.[132]<\/a><\/sup> The pro-Hanoi Vi\u1ec7t C\u1ed9ng<\/a> began a guerrilla campaign in South Vietnam<\/a> in the late 1950s to overthrow Di\u1ec7m’s government.[133]<\/a><\/sup> From 1960, the Soviet Union<\/a> and North Vietnam signed treaties providing for further Soviet military support.[134]<\/a>[135]<\/a>[136]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4ece1953\u5e74\u52301956\u5e74\uff0c\u5317\u8d8a\u653f\u5e9c\u5b9e\u65bd\u4e86\u5305\u62ec\u201c\u51cf\u79df\u201d\u548c\u201c\u571f\u5730\u6539\u9769\u201d\u5728\u5185\u7684\u519c\u4e1a\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u538b\u8feb\u3002[126] \u8fd9\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u4e8613,500\u5230\u591a\u8fbe100,000\u4eba\u7684\u5904\u51b3\u3002[127][128] \u5728\u5357\u65b9\uff0c\u5434\u5ef7\u7430\u4e3a\u4e86\u5bf9\u6297\u5317\u8d8a\u7684\u98a0\u8986\u6d3b\u52a8\uff08\u5305\u62ec1956\u5e74\u8d85\u8fc7450\u540d\u5357\u8d8a\u5b98\u5458\u88ab\u523a\u6740\uff09\u5c06\u6570\u4e07\u540d\u7591\u4f3c\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u4eba\u62d8\u7559\u5728\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u518d\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u5fc3\u201d\u3002[129][130] \u8fd9\u4e00\u9879\u76ee\u56da\u7981\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u975e\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u4eba\u58eb\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u6210\u529f\u5730\u904f\u5236\u4e86\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u8be5\u56fd\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002[131] \u5317\u8d8a\u653f\u5e9c\u58f0\u79f0\uff0c\u622a\u81f31957\u5e7411\u6708\uff0c\u5df2\u67092,148\u4eba\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u88ab\u6740\u5bb3\u3002[132] \u652f\u6301\u6cb3\u5185\u7684\u8d8a\u5171\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa50\u5e74\u4ee3\u540e\u671f\u5f00\u59cb\u5728\u5357\u8d8a\u53d1\u52a8\u6e38\u51fb\u6218\uff0c\u610f\u56fe\u63a8\u7ffb\u5434\u5ef7\u7430\u7684\u653f\u6743\u3002[133] \u4ece1960\u5e74\u8d77\uff0c\u82cf\u8054\u548c\u5317\u8d8a\u7b7e\u7f72\u4e86\u63d0\u4f9b\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u82cf\u8054\u519b\u4e8b\u652f\u6301\u7684\u6761\u7ea6\u3002[134][135][136]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1963, Buddhist discontent with Di\u1ec7m’s Catholic regime erupted into mass demonstrations<\/a>, leading to a violent government crackdown.[137]<\/a><\/sup> This led to the collapse of Di\u1ec7m’s relationship with the United States<\/a>, and ultimately to a 1963 coup<\/a> in which he and Nhu were assassinated<\/a>.[138]<\/a><\/sup> The Di\u1ec7m era was followed by more than a dozen successive military governments, before the pairing of Air Marshal Nguy\u1ec5n Cao K\u1ef3<\/a> and General Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Thi\u1ec7u<\/a> took control in mid-1965.[139]<\/a><\/sup> Thi\u1ec7u gradually outmaneuvered K\u1ef3 and cemented his grip on power in fraudulent elections in 1967 and 1971.[140]<\/a><\/sup> During this political instability, the communists began to gain ground. To support South Vietnam’s struggle against the communist insurgency, the United States used the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident<\/a> as a pretext for increasing its contribution of military advisers.[141]<\/a><\/sup> US forces became involved in ground combat operations by 1965, and at their peak several years later, numbered more than 500,000.[142]<\/a>[143]<\/a><\/sup> The US also engaged in sustained aerial bombing<\/a>. Meanwhile, China<\/a> and the Soviet Union provided North Vietnam with significant material aid and 15,000 combat advisers.[134]<\/a>[135]<\/a>[144]<\/a><\/sup> Communist forces supplying the Vi\u1ec7t C\u1ed9ng carried supplies along the H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh trail<\/a>, which passed through Laos<\/a>.[145]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111963 \u5e74\uff0c\u4f5b\u6559\u5f92\u5bf9\u5434\u5ef7\u7430\u7684\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u653f\u6743\u7684\u4e0d\u6ee1\u6f14\u53d8\u6210\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u793a\u5a01\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u653f\u5e9c\u91c7\u53d6\u66b4\u529b\u9547\u538b\u3002[137] \u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u5434\u5ef7\u7430\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u5173\u7cfb\u7834\u88c2\uff0c\u5e76\u6700\u7ec8\u5728 1963 \u5e74\u53d1\u52a8\u653f\u53d8\uff0c\u4ed6\u548c\u962e\u6587\u7ecd\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u88ab\u6697\u6740\u3002[138] \u5434\u5ef7\u7430\u65f6\u4ee3\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u53c8\u8fde\u7eed\u6267\u653f\u4e86\u5341\u591a\u4e2a\u519b\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u76f4\u5230 1965 \u5e74\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u7a7a\u519b\u5143\u5e05\u962e\u9ad8\u955b\u548c\u5c06\u519b\u962e\u6587\u7ecd\u638c\u6743\u3002[139] \u962e\u6587\u7ecd\u9010\u6e10\u6218\u80dc\u9ad8\u955b\uff0c\u5e76\u5728 1967 \u5e74\u548c 1971 \u5e74\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u821e\u5f0a\u4e2d\u5de9\u56fa\u4e86\u5bf9\u6743\u529b\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u3002[140] \u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5f00\u59cb\u53d6\u5f97\u8fdb\u5c55\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u652f\u6301\u5357\u8d8a\u5bf9\u6297\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u53db\u4e71\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4ee5 1964 \u5e74\u5317\u90e8\u6e7e\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e3a\u501f\u53e3\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u519b\u4e8b\u987e\u95ee\u7684\u6d3e\u9063\u3002[141] 1965 \u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u519b\u961f\u5f00\u59cb\u53c2\u4e0e\u5730\u9762\u4f5c\u6218\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u51e0\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u7f8e\u519b\u4eba\u6570\u8fbe\u5230\u9876\u5cf0\uff0c\u8d85\u8fc7 50 \u4e07\u4eba\u3002[142][143] \u7f8e\u56fd\u8fd8\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u7a7a\u4e2d\u8f70\u70b8\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u82cf\u8054\u5411\u5317\u8d8a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7269\u8d28\u63f4\u52a9\u548c 15,000 \u540d\u4f5c\u6218\u987e\u95ee\u3002[134][135][144] \u4e3a\u8d8a\u5171\u63d0\u4f9b\u8865\u7ed9\u7684\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u90e8\u961f\u6cbf\u7740\u7a7f\u8fc7\u8001\u631d\u7684\u80e1\u5fd7\u660e\u5c0f\u9053\u8fd0\u9001\u8865\u7ed9\u3002[145]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The communists attacked South Vietnamese targets during the 1968 T\u1ebft Offensive<\/a>. The campaign failed militarily, but shocked the American establishment and turned US public opinion against the war.[146]<\/a><\/sup> During the offensive, communist troops massacred over 3,000 civilians<\/a> at Hu\u1ebf<\/a>.[147]<\/a>[148]<\/a><\/sup> Facing an increasing casualty count, rising domestic opposition<\/a> to the war, and growing international condemnation, the US began withdrawing from ground combat roles<\/a> in the early 1970s. This also entailed an unsuccessful effort to strengthen and stabilise South Vietnam<\/a>.[149]<\/a><\/sup> Following the Paris Peace Accords<\/a> of 27 January 1973, all American combat troops were withdrawn by 29 March 1973.[150]<\/a><\/sup> In December 1974, North Vietnam captured<\/a> the province of Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Long<\/a> and started a full-scale offensive<\/a>, culminating in the fall of Saigon<\/a> on 30 April 1975.[151]<\/a><\/sup> South Vietnam was ruled by a provisional government<\/a> for almost eight years while under North Vietnamese military occupation.[152]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111968 \u5e74\u6625\u8282\u653b\u52bf\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u88ad\u51fb\u4e86\u5357\u8d8a\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u573a\u6218\u5f79\u5728\u519b\u4e8b\u4e0a\u5931\u8d25\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u9707\u60ca\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u5efa\u5236\u6d3e\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u4f17\u8206\u8bba\u8f6c\u5411\u53cd\u5bf9\u6218\u4e89\u3002[146] \u5728\u653b\u52bf\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u519b\u961f\u5728\u987a\u5316\u5c60\u6740\u4e86 3,000 \u591a\u540d\u5e73\u6c11\u3002[147][148] \u9762\u5bf9\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u4f24\u4ea1\u4eba\u6570\u3001\u56fd\u5185\u5bf9\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u58f0\u6d6a\u4ee5\u53ca\u65e5\u76ca\u9ad8\u6da8\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u8c34\u8d23\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5728 20 \u4e16\u7eaa 70 \u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u5f00\u59cb\u64a4\u51fa\u5730\u9762\u4f5c\u6218\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u5bfc\u81f4\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e3a\u52a0\u5f3a\u548c\u7a33\u5b9a\u5357\u8d8a\u6240\u505a\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u672a\u80fd\u6210\u529f\u3002[149] 1973 \u5e74 1 \u6708 27 \u65e5\u7b7e\u7f72\u5df4\u9ece\u200b\u200b\u548c\u5e73\u534f\u5b9a\u540e\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f5c\u6218\u90e8\u961f\u4e8e 1973 \u5e74 3 \u6708 29 \u65e5\u64a4\u51fa\u3002[150] 1974 \u5e74 12 \u6708\uff0c\u5317\u8d8a\u5360\u9886\u798f\u9686\u7701\u5e76\u53d1\u52a8\u5168\u9762\u653b\u52bf\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u4e8e 1975 \u5e74 4 \u6708 30 \u65e5\u653b\u5360\u897f\u8d21\u3002[151] \u5728\u5317\u8d8a\u519b\u4e8b\u5360\u9886\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5357\u8d8a\u7531\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e86\u8fd1\u516b\u5e74\u3002[152]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.6 \u518d\u6b21\u7edf\u4e00\u548c\u6539\u9769 | Reunification and reforms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Further information: Re-education camp (Vietnam)<\/a>, Vietnamese boat people<\/a>, and \u0110\u1ed5i M\u1edbi<\/a>
\u3010\u66f4\u591a\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a\u518d\u6559\u80b2\u8425\uff08\u8d8a\u5357\uff09\u3001\u8d8a\u5357\u8239\u6c11\u3001\u9769\u65b0\u653f\u7b56\uff08\u0110\u1ed5i M\u1edbi\uff09\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 2 July 1976, North and South Vietnam were merged to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.[153]<\/a><\/sup> The war had devastated Vietnam and killed 966,000 to 3.8\u00a0million people.[154]<\/a>[155]<\/a>[156]<\/a><\/sup> A 1974 US Senate subcommittee estimated nearly 1.4\u00a0million Vietnamese civilians<\/a> were killed or wounded between 1965 and 1974\u2014including 415,000 killed.[157]<\/a>[158]<\/a><\/sup> In its aftermath, under L\u00ea Du\u1ea9n<\/a>‘s administration, there were no mass executions of South Vietnamese who had collaborated with the US or the defunct South Vietnamese government, confounding Western fears,[159]<\/a><\/sup> but up to 300,000 South Vietnamese were sent to reeducation camps<\/a>, where many endured torture, starvation, and disease while being forced to perform hard labour.[160]<\/a><\/sup> The government embarked on a mass campaign of collectivisation<\/a> of farms and factories.[161]<\/a><\/sup> Many fled the country following the conclusion of the war.[162]<\/a><\/sup> In 1978, in response to the Khmer Rouge<\/a> government of Cambodia ordering massacres of Vietnamese residents in the border villages in the districts of An Giang<\/a> and Ki\u00ean Giang<\/a>,[163]<\/a><\/sup> the Vietnamese military invaded Cambodia<\/a> and removed them from power after occupying Phnom Penh<\/a>.[164]<\/a><\/sup> The intervention was a success, resulting in the establishment of a new, pro-Vietnam socialist government, the People’s Republic of Kampuchea<\/a>, which ruled until 1989.[165]<\/a><\/sup> However, this worsened relations with China, which had supported the Khmer Rouge. China later launched a brief incursion into northern Vietnam<\/a> in 1979, causing Vietnam to rely even more heavily on Soviet economic and military aid, while mistrust of the Chinese government<\/a> escalated.[166]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111976 \u5e74 7 \u6708 2 \u65e5\uff0c\u5357\u5317\u8d8a\u5408\u5e76\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u8d8a\u5357\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u3002[153] \u6218\u4e89\u7ed9\u8d8a\u5357\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u7834\u574f\uff0c\u9020\u6210 96.6 \u4e07\u81f3 380 \u4e07\u4eba\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002[154][155][156] 1974 \u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u5c0f\u7ec4\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4f30\u8ba1\uff0c1965 \u5e74\u81f3 1974 \u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u5e73\u6c11\u6b7b\u4f24\u8fd1 140 \u4e07\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d 41.5 \u4e07\u4eba\u88ab\u6740\u5bb3\u3002[157][158] \u6218\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u9ece\u7b0b\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\uff0c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u5904\u51b3\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u6216\u5df2\u89e3\u6563\u7684\u5357\u8d8a\u653f\u5e9c\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u5357\u8d8a\u4eba\uff0c\u8fd9\u8ba9\u897f\u65b9\u62c5\u5fc3\u7684\u66f4\u52a0\u4e25\u91cd[159]\u3002\u4f46\u591a\u8fbe 30 \u4e07\u5357\u8d8a\u4eba\u88ab\u9001\u5f80\u518d\u6559\u80b2\u8425\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u5fcd\u53d7\u7740\u9177\u5211\u3001\u9965\u997f\u548c\u75be\u75c5\uff0c\u8fd8\u88ab\u8feb\u4ece\u4e8b\u82e6\u5f79\u3002[160]\u653f\u5e9c\u5f00\u5c55\u4e86\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u519c\u573a\u548c\u5de5\u5382\u96c6\u4f53\u5316\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002[161] \u6218\u4e89\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u9003\u79bb\u8be5\u56fd\u3002[162] 1978 \u5e74\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u56de\u5e94\u67ec\u57d4\u5be8\u7ea2\u8272\u9ad8\u68c9\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0b\u4ee4\u5c60\u6740\u5b89\u6c5f\u548c\u575a\u6c5f\u5730\u533a\u8fb9\u5883\u6751\u5e84\u7684\u8d8a\u5357\u5c45\u6c11\uff0c[163] \u8d8a\u5357\u519b\u961f\u5165\u4fb5\u67ec\u57d4\u5be8\uff0c\u5360\u9886\u91d1\u8fb9\u540e\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u653f\u6743\u3002[164] \u5e72\u9884\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u4eb2\u8d8a\u5357\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u5e9c\u2014\u2014\u67ec\u57d4\u5be8\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\uff0c\u7edf\u6cbb\u5230 1989 \u5e74\u3002[165] \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u6076\u5316\u4e86\u4e0e\u652f\u6301\u7ea2\u8272\u9ad8\u68c9\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u540e\u6765\u4e8e 1979 \u5e74\u5bf9\u8d8a\u5357\u5317\u90e8\u53d1\u52a8\u4e86\u77ed\u6682\u7684\u5165\u4fb5\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u8d8a\u5357\u66f4\u52a0\u4f9d\u8d56\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u519b\u4e8b\u63f4\u52a9\uff0c\u800c\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u4e0d\u4fe1\u4efb\u4e5f\u4e0d\u65ad\u52a0\u5267\u3002[166]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the Sixth National Congress<\/a> of the Communist Party of Vietnam<\/a> (CPV) in December 1986, reformist politicians replaced the “old guard” government with new leadership.[167]<\/a>[168]<\/a><\/sup> The reformers were led by 71-year-old Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Linh<\/a>, who became the party’s new general secretary.[167]<\/a><\/sup> He and the reformers implemented a series of free-market<\/a> reforms known as \u0110\u1ed5i M\u1edbi<\/a><\/em> (“Renovation”) that carefully managed the transition from a planned economy<\/a> to a “socialist-oriented market economy<\/a>“.[169]<\/a>[170]<\/a><\/sup> Although the authority of the state remained unchallenged under \u0110\u1ed5i M\u1edbi<\/em>, the government encouraged private ownership<\/a> of farms and factories, economic deregulation, and foreign investment, while maintaining control over strategic industries.[170]<\/a>[171]<\/a><\/sup> Subsequently, Vietnam’s economy achieved strong growth in agricultural and industrial production, construction, exports, and foreign investment, although these reforms also resulted in a rise in income inequality and gender disparities.[172]<\/a>[173]<\/a>[174]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111986 \u5e74 12 \u6708\uff0c\u5728\u8d8a\u5357\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7b2c\u516d\u6b21\u5168\u56fd\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a\u4e0a\uff0c\u6539\u9769\u6d3e\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u7528\u65b0\u9886\u5bfc\u5c42\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u201c\u8001\u6d3e\u201d\u653f\u5e9c\u3002[167][168] \u6539\u9769\u6d3e\u4ee5 71 \u5c81\u7684\u962e\u6587\u7075\u4e3a\u9996\uff0c\u4ed6\u6210\u4e3a\u515a\u7684\u65b0\u4efb\u603b\u4e66\u8bb0\u3002[167] \u4ed6\u548c\u6539\u9769\u6d3e\u5b9e\u65bd\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u573a\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u9769\u65b0\u201d\uff0c\u7cbe\u5fc3\u7ba1\u7406\u4ece\u8ba1\u5212\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5411\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bfc\u5411\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u201d\u7684\u8fc7\u6e21\u3002[169][170] \u867d\u7136\u5728\u9769\u65b0\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u5a01\u672a\u53d7\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u4f46\u653f\u5e9c\u9f13\u52b1\u519c\u573a\u548c\u5de5\u5382\u79c1\u6709\u5236\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u653e\u677e\u7ba1\u5236\u548c\u5916\u56fd\u6295\u8d44\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4fdd\u6301\u5bf9\u6218\u7565\u4ea7\u4e1a\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u3002[170][171]\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5728\u519c\u4e1a\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u751f\u4ea7\u3001\u5efa\u7b51\u4e1a\u3001\u51fa\u53e3\u548c\u5916\u56fd\u6295\u8d44\u65b9\u9762\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u5f3a\u52b2\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6539\u9769\u4e5f\u5bfc\u81f4\u6536\u5165\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u548c\u6027\u522b\u5dee\u8ddd\u6269\u5927\u3002[172][173][174]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2021, General Secretary of the Communist Party, Nguyen Phu Trong<\/a>, was re-elected for his third term in office, meaning he is Vietnam’s most powerful leader in decades.[175]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112021\u5e74\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u603b\u4e66\u8bb0\u962e\u5bcc\u4ef2\u518d\u6b21\u5f53\u9009\u7b2c\u4e09\u4efb\u671f\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4ed6\u6210\u4e3a\u8d8a\u5357\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u6765\u6700\u6709\u6743\u52bf\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u3002[175]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. \u5730\u7406 | Geography<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Geography of Vietnam<\/a> \/ \u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u8d8a\u5357\u5730\u7406<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe3-1\u81f33-3\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Tropical forests cover around 42%.[181]<\/a><\/sup> The Red River Delta in the north, a flat, roughly triangular region covering 15,000\u00a0km2<\/sup> (5,792\u00a0sq\u00a0mi),[182]<\/a><\/sup> is smaller but more intensely developed and more densely populated than the Mekong River Delta<\/a> in the south. Once an inlet of the Gulf of Tonkin<\/a>, it has been filled in over the millennia by riverine alluvial deposits<\/a>.[183]<\/a>[184]<\/a><\/sup> The delta, covering about 40,000\u00a0km2<\/sup> (15,444\u00a0sq\u00a0mi), is a low-level plain no more than 3 metres (9.8\u00a0ft) above sea level<\/a> at any point. It is criss-crossed by a maze of rivers and canals, which carry so much sediment that the delta advances 60 to 80 metres (196.9 to 262.5\u00a0ft) into the sea every year.[185]<\/a>[186]<\/a><\/sup> The exclusive economic zone of Vietnam<\/a> covers 417,663\u00a0km2<\/sup> (161,261\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) in the South China Sea<\/a>.[187]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u70ed\u5e26\u68ee\u6797\u8986\u76d6\u4e86\u5927\u7ea642%\u7684\u9762\u79ef\u3002[181] \u5317\u90e8\u7684\u7ea2\u6cb3\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e73\u5766\u7684\u3001\u5927\u7ea6\u5448\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\u7684\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u8986\u76d6\u9762\u79ef\u7ea615,000\u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\uff085,792\u5e73\u65b9\u82f1\u91cc\uff09\uff0c[182] \u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b83\u6bd4\u5357\u90e8\u7684\u6e44\u516c\u6cb3\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32\u5c0f\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u5f00\u53d1\u66f4\u4e3a\u5bc6\u96c6\u4e14\u4eba\u53e3\u5bc6\u5ea6\u66f4\u9ad8\u3002\u66fe\u7ecf\u662f\u4e1c\u4eac\u6e7e\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d77\u6e7e\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u6570\u5343\u5e74\u6cb3\u6d41\u6c89\u79ef\u7269\u7684\u586b\u5145\uff0c\u5b83\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u9646\u5730\u3002[183][184] \u8be5\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32\u8986\u76d6\u7ea640,000\u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\uff0815,444\u5e73\u65b9\u82f1\u91cc\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d77\u62d4\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4e0d\u8d85\u8fc73\u7c73\uff089.8\u82f1\u5c3a\uff09\u7684\u4f4e\u5e73\u539f\u3002\u5b83\u88ab\u7eb5\u6a2a\u4ea4\u9519\u7684\u6cb3\u6d41\u548c\u8fd0\u6cb3\u7f51\u7edc\u6240\u8986\u76d6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6c34\u9053\u643a\u5e26\u5982\u6b64\u591a\u7684\u6c89\u79ef\u7269\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32\u6bcf\u5e74\u5411\u6d77\u6d0b\u63a8\u8fdb60\u523080\u7c73\uff08196.9\u81f3262.5\u82f1\u5c3a\uff09\u3002[185][186] \u8d8a\u5357\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5357\u6d77\u7684\u4e13\u5c5e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u533a\u8986\u76d6\u9762\u79ef\u4e3a417,663\u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\uff08161,261\u5e73\u65b9\u82f1\u91cc\uff09\u3002[187]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6309\u7167\u5730\u8c8c\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u5730\u5f62\u5927\u81f4\u53ef\u5206\u4f5c\u5317\u4e2d\u5357\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5176\u5317\u90e8\u591a\u5c71\uff0c\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7531\u897f\u5411\u4e1c\u9012\u51cf\uff0c\u897f\u90e8\u5730\u5f62\u76f8\u5f53\u9669\u8981\uff0c\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7ea6\u57281,500\u81f32,500\u7c73\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u662f\u4e2d\u5357\u534a\u5c9b\u5730\u52bf\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u5730\u533a[30]<\/a><\/sup>:3<\/sup>\uff0c\u6709\u7740\u201c\u4e2d\u5357\u534a\u5c9b\u7684\u5c4b\u810a\u201d\u4e4b\u79f0\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4fbf\u6709\u8d8a\u5357\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u5cf0\u2014\u2014\u756a\u897f\u90a6\u5cf0<\/a>\uff08\u6d77\u62d43,143\u7c73\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u534a\u5c9b\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u5cf0[33]<\/a><\/sup>:3<\/sup>\uff09\u3002\u4e2d\u8d8a\u4ea4\u754c\u5730\u4e00\u5e26\u7684\u5c71\u4f53\u4e3b\u8981\u7531\u77f3\u7070\u5ca9<\/a>\u6240\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u5580\u65af\u7279\u5730\u5f62<\/a>\u201d\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5176\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u6c34\u6eb6\u89e3\u7684\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u6b64\u5730\u77f3\u6797\u548c\u6eb6\u6d1e<\/a>\u7684\u5947\u666f\u3002\u5317\u90e8\u5e73\u539f\u7531\u957f\u7ea61,140\u516c\u91cc\u7684\u7ea2\u6cb3<\/a>\uff08\u56e0\u51b2\u5237\u5e26\u6765\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u7ea2\u571f\u800c\u5f97\u540d\uff09\u51b2\u5237\u800c\u6210\uff0c\u8be5\u6cb3\u542b\u6c99\u91cf\u6781\u9ad8\uff08\u6bcf\u5e74\u7ea62\u4ebf\u5428[34]<\/a><\/sup>:8<\/sup>\uff09\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u90fd\u4f7f\u51fa\u6d77\u53e3\u9646\u5730\u5411\u5916\u63a8\u8fdb100\u7c73\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u9762\u79ef\u7ea615,000\u81f320,000\u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\u7684\u201c\u7ea2\u6cb3\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32<\/a>\u201d[33]<\/a><\/sup>:6<\/sup>[30]<\/a><\/sup>:10<\/sup>\u3002\u8d8a\u5357\u4e2d\u90e8\u6709\u7740\u7ef5\u5ef61,200\u591a\u516c\u91cc\u7684\u5b89\u5357\u5c71\u8109<\/a>\uff0c\u662f\u8d8a\u5357\u4e0e\u8001\u631d\u548c\u67ec\u57d4\u5be8\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u7586\u754c[34]<\/a><\/sup>:5<\/sup>\uff0c\u539f\u4e3a\u9ad8\u539f\uff0c\u540e\u88ab\u51b2\u5237\u6210\u591a\u6761\u6df1\u8c37\uff0c\u5e76\u6784\u6210\u8d8a\u5357\u5730\u5f62\u7684\u4e3b\u5e72\uff0c\u5176\u4e1c\u9762\u6fd2\u4e34\u8fd1\u6d77\uff0c\u503e\u659c\u9661\u6025\uff0c\u897f\u9762\u5219\u503e\u659c\u5e73\u7f13[33]<\/a><\/sup>:3<\/sup>\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u7740\u8d8a\u5357\u6700\u5927\u7684\u9ad8\u539f\u2014\u2014\u201c\u897f\u539f<\/a>\u201d\uff0c\u9762\u79ef\u8fbe3.7\u4e07\u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\uff0c\u6b64\u5730\u68ee\u6797\u5bc6\u5e03\u3001\u8349\u539f\u8fbd\u9614\uff0c\u9002\u5b9c\u79cd\u690d\u5496\u5561\u3001\u8336\u53f6\u3001\u80e1\u6912\u3001\u6a61\u80f6\u7b49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f5c\u7269[34]<\/a><\/sup>:7-8<\/sup>\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u540c\u5948\u6cb3<\/a>\u6c34\u7cfb\uff0c\u957f300\u516c\u91cc[34]<\/a><\/sup>:10<\/sup>\uff0c\u662f\u8d8a\u5357\u4e2d\u90e8\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6cb3\u6d41\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u8d8a\u5357\u5357\u90e8\u5730\u533a\u5730\u52bf\u8f83\u4e3a\u5e73\u7a33\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u4e0d\u8d85\u8fc7\u6d77\u62d45\u7c73\uff0c\u7531\u957f\u7ea64,668\u516c\u91cc\u7684\u6e44\u516c\u6cb3<\/a>\u51b2\u5237\u800c\u6210\uff0c\u8be5\u6cb3\u662f\u4e2d\u5357\u534a\u5c9b\u6700\u957f\u7684\u6cb3\u6d41[32]<\/a><\/sup>:372<\/sup>\uff0c\u56e0\u51fa\u6d77\u53e3\u5206\u4e3a\u4e5d\u6761\u652f\u6d41\u5165\u6d77\uff0c\u53c8\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u4e5d\u9f99\u6c5f\u201d\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6e44\u516c\u6cb3\u5728\u8d8a\u5357\u5883\u5185\u7684\u6d41\u57df\u4ec5\u5360\u5176\u603b\u957f\u5ea6\u76841\/20\uff08220\u516c\u91cc\uff09\uff0c\u5374\u662f\u6700\u80a5\u6c83\u7684\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u5e38\u5e38\u81ea\u4e2d\u4e0a\u6e38\u51b2\u5237\u8150\u690d\u8d28\u5230\u8d8a\u5357\u5883\u5185\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u9762\u79ef\u7ea640,000\u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\u7684\u201c\u6e44\u516c\u6cb3\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32<\/a>\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u8d8a\u5357\u9762\u79ef\u6700\u5927\u3001\u571f\u5730\u6700\u80a5\u6c83\u7684\u5e73\u539f\uff0c\u7ea6\u5360\u5168\u56fd\u7cae\u98df\u603b\u4ea7\u91cf40\uff05[34]<\/a><\/sup>:7<\/sup>\u3002\u6e44\u516c\u6cb3\u4e5f\u540c\u6837\u4e0d\u65ad\u6269\u5f20\u8457\u51fa\u6d77\u53e3\u7684\u571f\u5730\u9762\u79ef\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u7ea6\u5ef6\u4f3860\u81f380\u7c73[33]<\/a><\/sup>:4-5<\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Southern Vietnam is divided into coastal lowlands, the mountains of the Annamite Range<\/a>, and extensive forests. Comprising five relatively flat plateaus of basalt<\/a> soil, the highlands account for 16% of the country’s arable land<\/a> and 22% of its total forested land.[188]<\/a><\/sup> The soil in much of the southern part of Vietnam is relatively low in nutrients as a result of intense cultivation.[189]<\/a><\/sup> Several minor earthquakes<\/a> have been recorded.[190]<\/a>[191]<\/a><\/sup> The northern part of the country consists mostly of highlands and the Red River Delta. Fansipan<\/a> (also known as Phan Xi P\u0103ng), which is located in L\u00e0o Cai Province<\/a>, is the highest mountain in Vietnam, standing 3,143\u00a0m (10,312\u00a0ft) high.[192]<\/a><\/sup> From north to south Vietnam, the country also has numerous islands<\/a>; Ph\u00fa Qu\u1ed1c<\/a> is the largest.[193]<\/a><\/sup> The Hang S\u01a1n \u0110o\u00f2ng<\/a> Cave is considered the largest known cave passage in the world since its discovery in 2009. The Ba B\u1ec3 Lake<\/a> and Mekong<\/a> River are the largest lake and longest river in the country.[194]<\/a>[195]<\/a>[196]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8d8a\u5357\u5357\u90e8\u88ab\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u6cbf\u6d77\u4f4e\u5730\u3001\u5b89\u5357\u5c71\u8109\u548c\u5e7f\u9614\u7684\u68ee\u6797\u3002\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u5305\u542b\u4e94\u4e2a\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e73\u5766\u7684\u7384\u6b66\u5ca9\u571f\u58e4\u9ad8\u539f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9ad8\u5730\u533a\u57df\u5360\u5168\u56fd\u53ef\u8015\u5730\u768416%\u548c\u68ee\u6797\u603b\u9762\u79ef\u768422%\u3002[188] \u7531\u4e8e\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u8015\u4f5c\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u5357\u90e8\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u533a\u7684\u571f\u58e4\u8425\u517b\u6210\u5206\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u4f4e\u3002[189] \u8bb0\u5f55\u4e2d\u6709\u51e0\u6b21\u8f7b\u5fae\u5730\u9707\u53d1\u751f\u3002[190][191] \u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5317\u90e8\u4e3b\u8981\u7531\u9ad8\u5730\u548c\u7ea2\u6cb3\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32\u7ec4\u6210\u3002\u756a\u897f\u90a6\uff08\u53c8\u540dPhan Xi P\u0103ng\uff09\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u8001\u8857\u7701\uff0c\u662f\u8d8a\u5357\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u5c71\u5cf0\uff0c\u6d77\u62d43,143\u7c73\uff0810,312\u82f1\u5c3a\uff09\u3002[192] \u4ece\u5317\u5230\u5357\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u8fd8\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u5c9b\u5c7f\uff1b\u5bcc\u56fd\u5c9b\u662f\u6700\u5927\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u3002[193] Hang S\u01a1n \u0110o\u00f2ng\u6d1e\u7a74\u81ea2009\u5e74\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\u4ee5\u6765\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u6700\u5927\u6d1e\u7a74\u901a\u9053\u3002\u5df4\u62dc\u6e56\u548c\u6e44\u516c\u6cb3\u662f\u8be5\u56fd\u6700\u5927\u6e56\u6cca\u548c\u6700\u957f\u6cb3\u6d41\u3002[194][195][196]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8d8a\u5357\u5171\u6709\u5927\u5c0f\u5c9b\u5c7f<\/a>2700\u5ea7\uff0c\u603b\u9762\u79ef\u8fbe17,000\u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u670984\u5ea7\u5c9b\u9762\u79ef\u5728\u4e00\u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\u4ee5\u4e0a\u3002\u8d8a\u5357\u5c9b\u5c7f\u591a\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e8e\u4e1c\u5317\u90e8\u7684\u5e7f\u5b81\u7701\u2014\u6d77\u9632\u5e02<\/a>\u4ee5\u4e1c\u6d77\u57df\u548c\u6700\u5357\u7aef\u7684\u5efa\u6c5f\u7701<\/a>\u2014\u660e\u6d77<\/a>\u4ee5\u5357\u6d77\u57df\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u7ea6\u5360\u603b\u6570\u91cf\u768483\uff05[34]<\/a><\/sup>:11<\/sup>\u3002\u8d8a\u5357\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5c9b\u5c7f\u6709\u767d\u9f99\u5c3e\u5c9b<\/a>\u3001\u59d1\u82cf\u5c9b<\/a>\u3001\u66b9\u7f57\u6e7e\u7684\u571f\u73e0\u7fa4\u5c9b<\/a>\u3001\u5bcc\u56fd\u5c9b<\/a>\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u53e6\u5916\u4e5f\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u3001\u83f2\u5f8b\u5bbe\u3001\u5370\u5c3c\u548c\u9a6c\u6765\u897f\u4e9a\u7b49\u56fd\u5bb6\u6709\u7740\u5357\u6c99\u7fa4\u5c9b<\/a>\u6240\u6709\u6743\u7684\u7eb7\u4e89<\/a>[35]<\/a><\/sup>:13<\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.1 \u6c14\u5019 | Climate<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Climate of Vietnam<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u8d8a\u5357\u7684\u6c14\u5019\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe3-4\u548c3-5\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Due to differences in latitude and the marked variety in topographical relief<\/a>, Vietnam’s climate tends to vary considerably for each region.[197]<\/a><\/sup> During the winter or dry season, extending roughly from November to April, the monsoon<\/a> winds usually blow from the northeast along the Chinese coast and across the Gulf of Tonkin, picking up considerable moisture.[198]<\/a><\/sup> The average annual temperature is generally higher in the plains than in the mountains, especially in southern Vietnam compared to the north. Temperatures vary less in the southern plains around Ho Chi Minh City and the Mekong Delta, ranging from between 21 and 35\u00a0\u00b0C (70 and 95\u00a0\u00b0F) over the year.[199]<\/a><\/sup> In Hanoi and the surrounding areas of the Red River Delta, the temperatures are much lower between 15 and 33\u00a0\u00b0C (59 and 91\u00a0\u00b0F).[199]<\/a><\/sup> Seasonal variations in the mountains, plateaus, and the northernmost areas are much more dramatic, with temperatures varying from 3\u00a0\u00b0C (37\u00a0\u00b0F) in December and January to 37\u00a0\u00b0C (99\u00a0\u00b0F) in July and August.[200]<\/a><\/sup> During winter, snow occasionally falls over the highest peaks of the far northern mountains near the Chinese border.[201]<\/a><\/sup> Vietnam receives high rates of precipitation<\/a> in the form of rainfall with an average amount from 1,500 to 2,000\u00a0mm (60 to 80\u00a0in) during the monsoon seasons; this often causes flooding, especially in the cities with poor drainage systems.[202]<\/a><\/sup> The country is also affected by tropical depressions<\/a>, tropical storms<\/a> and typhoons<\/a>.[202]<\/a><\/sup> Vietnam is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change, with 55% of its population living in low-elevation coastal areas.[203]<\/a>[204]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u7531\u4e8e\u7eac\u5ea6\u5dee\u5f02\u548c\u5730\u5f62\u8d77\u4f0f\u663e\u8457\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u7684\u6c14\u5019\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u5730\u533a\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u5927\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002[197] \u5728\u51ac\u5b63\u6216\u65f1\u5b63\uff0c\u5927\u7ea6\u4ece11\u6708\u52304\u6708\uff0c\u5b63\u98ce\u901a\u5e38\u6cbf\u7740\u4e2d\u56fd\u6d77\u5cb8\u5439\u6765\uff0c\u5e76\u7a7f\u8d8a\u4e1c\u4eac\u6e7e\uff0c\u5e26\u6765\u5927\u91cf\u6e7f\u6c14\u3002[198] \u5e73\u5747\u5e74\u6e29\u5ea6\u901a\u5e38\u5728\u5e73\u539f\u5730\u533a\u9ad8\u4e8e\u5c71\u533a\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u5357\u90e8\u8d8a\u5357\u4e0e\u5317\u90e8\u76f8\u6bd4\u3002\u80e1\u5fd7\u660e\u5e02\u5468\u8fb9\u548c\u6e44\u516c\u6cb3\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32\u7684\u5357\u90e8\u5e73\u539f\u5730\u533a\u7684\u6c14\u6e29\u5168\u5e74\u53d8\u5316\u8f83\u5c0f\uff0c\u4ecb\u4e8e21\u81f335\u6444\u6c0f\u5ea6\uff0870\u81f395\u534e\u6c0f\u5ea6\uff09\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002[199] \u5728\u6cb3\u5185\u53ca\u5176\u7ea2\u6cb3\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32\u5468\u8fb9\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u6c14\u6e29\u5219\u660e\u663e\u8f83\u4f4e\uff0c\u4ecb\u4e8e15\u81f333\u6444\u6c0f\u5ea6\uff0859\u81f391\u534e\u6c0f\u5ea6\uff09\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002[199] \u5c71\u533a\u3001\u9ad8\u539f\u548c\u6700\u5317\u90e8\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5b63\u8282\u6027\u6e29\u5dee\u66f4\u4e3a\u663e\u8457\uff0c\u6c14\u6e29\u4ece12\u6708\u548c1\u6708\u76843\u6444\u6c0f\u5ea6\uff0837\u534e\u6c0f\u5ea6\uff09\u52307\u6708\u548c8\u6708\u768437\u6444\u6c0f\u5ea6\uff0899\u534e\u6c0f\u5ea6\uff09\u3002[200] \u51ac\u5b63\uff0c\u96ea\u5076\u5c14\u4f1a\u843d\u5728\u9760\u8fd1\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fb9\u5883\u7684\u6700\u5317\u90e8\u9ad8\u5c71\u9876\u4e0a\u3002[201] \u8d8a\u5357\u964d\u96e8\u91cf\u5145\u6c9b\uff0c\u5b63\u98ce\u5b63\u8282\u5e73\u5747\u964d\u6c34\u91cf\u57281,500\u81f32,000\u6beb\u7c73\uff0860\u81f380\u82f1\u5bf8\uff09\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u8fd9\u5f80\u5f80\u4f1a\u5f15\u53d1\u6d2a\u6c34\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u6392\u6c34\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0d\u4f73\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u3002[202] \u8be5\u56fd\u8fd8\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u70ed\u5e26\u4f4e\u538b\u3001\u70ed\u5e26\u98ce\u66b4\u548c\u53f0\u98ce\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002[202] \u8d8a\u5357\u662f\u53d7\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316\u5f71\u54cd\u6700\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u517655%\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u4f4e\u6d77\u62d4\u6cbf\u6d77\u5730\u533a\u3002[203][204]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.2 \u751f\u7269\u591a\u6837\u6027 | Biodiversity<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Wildlife of Vietnam<\/a>, Environmental issues in Vietnam<\/a>, List of endangered species in Vietnam<\/a>, and Protected areas of Vietnam<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u8d8a\u5357\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u3001\u8d8a\u5357\u73af\u5883\u95ee\u9898\u3001\u8d8a\u5357\u6fd2\u5371\u7269\u79cd\u540d\u5355\u548c\u8d8a\u5357\u4fdd\u62a4\u533a\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe3-6\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

As the country is located within the Indomalayan realm<\/a>, Vietnam is one of twenty-five countries considered to possess a uniquely high level of biodiversity<\/a>. This was noted in the country’s National Environmental Condition Report in 2005.[205]<\/a><\/sup> It is ranked 16th worldwide in biological diversity, being home to approximately 16% of the world’s species. 15,986 species of flora<\/a> have been identified in the country, of which 10% are endemic<\/a>. Vietnam’s fauna<\/a> includes 307 nematode<\/a> species, 200 oligochaeta<\/a>, 145 acarina<\/a>, 113 springtails<\/a>, 7,750 insects, 260 reptiles, and 120 amphibians. There are 840 birds and 310 mammals are found in Vietnam, of which 100 birds and 78 mammals are endemic.[205]<\/a><\/sup> Vietnam has two World Natural Heritage Sites<\/a>\u2014the H\u1ea1 Long Bay<\/a> and Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng National Park<\/a>\u2014together with nine biosphere reserves<\/a>, including C\u1ea7n Gi\u1edd Mangrove Forest<\/a>, C\u00e1t Ti\u00ean<\/a>, C\u00e1t B\u00e0<\/a>, Ki\u00ean Giang<\/a>, the Red River Delta, Mekong Delta, Western Ngh\u1ec7 An<\/a>, C\u00e0 Mau<\/a>, and Cu Lao Cham Marine Park<\/a>.[206]<\/a>[207]<\/a>[208]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u7531\u4e8e\u8be5\u56fd\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5370\u5ea6-\u9a6c\u6765\u751f\u7269\u5730\u7406\u754c\u5185\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u662f\u88ab\u8ba4\u5b9a\u4e3a\u5177\u6709\u72ec\u7279\u9ad8\u6c34\u5e73\u751f\u7269\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u4e8c\u5341\u4e94\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u57282005\u5e74\u8d8a\u5357\u56fd\u5bb6\u73af\u5883\u72b6\u51b5\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\u6709\u6240\u63d0\u53ca\u3002[205] \u8d8a\u5357\u5728\u5168\u7403\u751f\u7269\u591a\u6837\u6027\u6392\u540d\u4e2d\u4f4d\u5217\u7b2c16\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u5927\u7ea6\u5168\u740316%\u7684\u7269\u79cd\u3002\u5728\u8d8a\u5357\u5df2\u786e\u5b9a\u670915,986\u79cd\u690d\u7269\u79cd\u7c7b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d10%\u662f\u7279\u6709\u7684\u3002\u8d8a\u5357\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u79cd\u7c7b\u5305\u62ec307\u79cd\u7ebf\u866b\u3001200\u79cd\u5be1\u6bdb\u7eb2\u3001145\u79cd\u8731\u87a8\u76ee\u3001113\u79cd\u5f39\u5c3e\u76ee\u30017,750\u79cd\u6606\u866b\u3001260\u79cd\u722c\u884c\u52a8\u7269\u548c120\u79cd\u4e24\u6816\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u8d8a\u5357\u6709840\u79cd\u9e1f\u7c7b\u548c310\u79cd\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d100\u79cd\u9e1f\u7c7b\u548c78\u79cd\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\u662f\u7279\u6709\u7684\u3002[205] \u8d8a\u5357\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u81ea\u7136\u9057\u4ea7\u5730\u2014\u2014\u4e0b\u9f99\u6e7e\u548c\u98ce\u82bd-\u683c\u90a6\u56fd\u5bb6\u516c\u56ed\u2014\u2014\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e5d\u4e2a\u751f\u7269\u5708\u4fdd\u62a4\u533a\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u82b9\u82f4\u7ea2\u6811\u6797\u3001\u732b\u7530\u3001Cat Ba\u3001\u575a\u6c5f\u3001\u7ea2\u6cb3\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32\u3001\u6e44\u516c\u6cb3\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32\u3001\u897f\u90e8\u4e49\u5b89\u3001\u5361\u9a6c\u548c\u4f1a\u5b89\u6d77\u6d0b\u516c\u56ed\u3002[206][207][208]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam is also home to 1,438 species of freshwater microalgae<\/a>, constituting 9.6% of all microalgae species, as well as 794 aquatic invertebrates<\/a> and 2,458 species of sea fish.[205]<\/a><\/sup> In recent years, 13 genera<\/a>, 222 species, and 30 taxa<\/a> of flora have been newly described in Vietnam.[205]<\/a><\/sup> Six new mammal species, including the saola<\/a>, giant muntjac<\/a> and Tonkin snub-nosed monkey<\/a> have also been discovered, along with one new bird species, the endangered Edwards’s pheasant<\/a>.[209]<\/a><\/sup> In the late 1980s, a small population of Javan rhinoceros<\/a> was found in C\u00e1t Ti\u00ean National Park. However, the last individual of the species in Vietnam was reportedly shot in 2010.[210]<\/a><\/sup> In agricultural genetic diversity<\/a>, Vietnam is one of the world’s twelve original cultivar<\/a> centres. The Vietnam National Cultivar Gene Bank preserves 12,300 cultivars of 115 species.[205]<\/a><\/sup> The Vietnamese government spent US$49.07\u00a0million on the preservation of biodiversity in 2004 alone and has established 126 conservation areas, including 30 national parks<\/a>.[205]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8d8a\u5357\u8fd8\u62e5\u67091,438\u79cd\u6de1\u6c34\u5fae\u85fb\uff0c\u5360\u6240\u6709\u5fae\u85fb\u79cd\u7c7b\u76849.6%\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca794\u79cd\u6c34\u751f\u65e0\u810a\u690e\u52a8\u7269\u548c2,458\u79cd\u6d77\u9c7c\u3002[205] \u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u5728\u8d8a\u5357\u65b0\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e8613\u4e2a\u5c5e\u3001222\u4e2a\u79cd\u548c30\u4e2a\u690d\u7269\u5206\u7c7b\u5355\u5143\u3002[205] \u8fd8\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u516d\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\u7269\u79cd\uff0c\u5305\u62ecSaola\uff08\u53cc\u89d2\u7f9a\uff09\u3001\u5de8\u6797\u9e7f\u548c\u4e1c\u9ed1\u51a0\u7334\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u9e1f\u7c7b\u2014\u2014\u6fd2\u5371\u7684\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u96c9\u9e21\u3002[209] \u572820\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\uff0c\u5728\u732b\u7530\u56fd\u5bb6\u516c\u56ed\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u5c0f\u7fa4\u722a\u54c7\u7280\u725b\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u636e\u62a5\u9053\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u53ea\u8be5\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u57282010\u5e74\u88ab\u730e\u6740\u3002[210] \u5728\u519c\u4e1a\u9057\u4f20\u591a\u6837\u6027\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u5341\u4e8c\u4e2a\u539f\u59cb\u683d\u57f9\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u8d8a\u5357\u56fd\u5bb6\u683d\u57f9\u57fa\u56e0\u5e93\u4fdd\u5b58\u4e86115\u79cd\u4f5c\u7269\u768412,300\u4e2a\u54c1\u79cd\u3002[205] \u8d8a\u5357\u653f\u5e9c\u4ec5\u57282004\u5e74\u5c31\u82b1\u8d39\u4e864907\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u7528\u4e8e\u4fdd\u62a4\u751f\u7269\u591a\u6837\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86126\u4e2a\u4fdd\u62a4\u533a\uff0c\u5305\u62ec30\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u516c\u56ed\u3002[205]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe3-7\u548c3-8\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

In Vietnam, wildlife poaching<\/a> has become a major concern. In 2000, a non-governmental organisation<\/a> (NGO) called Education for Nature \u2013 Vietnam<\/a> was founded to instill in the population the importance of wildlife conservation in the country.[211]<\/a><\/sup> In the years that followed, another NGO called GreenViet was formed by Vietnamese youngsters for the enforcement of wildlife protection. Through collaboration between the NGOs and local authorities, many local poaching syndicates were crippled by their leaders’ arrests.[211]<\/a><\/sup> A study released in 2018 revealed Vietnam is a destination for the illegal export of rhinoceros<\/a> horns from South Africa<\/a> due to the demand for them as a medicine and a status symbol.[212]<\/a>[213]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u8d8a\u5357\uff0c\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u5077\u730e\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u30022000\u5e74\uff0c\u4e00\u5bb6\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u81ea\u7136\u6559\u80b2\u2014\u8d8a\u5357\u201d\u7684\u975e\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff08NGO\uff09\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u5411\u6c11\u4f17\u704c\u8f93\u4fdd\u62a4\u56fd\u5185\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002[211] \u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u5bb6\u540d\u4e3aGreenViet\u7684\u975e\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7531\u8d8a\u5357\u7684\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u975e\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e0e\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u5f53\u5730\u7684\u5077\u730e\u56e2\u4f19\u56e0\u5176\u5934\u76ee\u7684\u88ab\u6355\u800c\u88ab\u524a\u5f31\u3002[211] 2018\u5e74\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5bf9\u7280\u725b\u89d2\u4f5c\u4e3a\u836f\u7269\u548c\u8eab\u4efd\u8c61\u5f81\u7684\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u5357\u975e\u975e\u6cd5\u51fa\u53e3\u7280\u725b\u89d2\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u3002[212][213]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The main environmental concern that persists in Vietnam today is the legacy of the use of the chemical herbicide<\/a> Agent Orange<\/a>, which continues to cause birth defects<\/a> and many health problems in the Vietnamese population. In the southern and central areas affected most by the chemical’s use during the Vietnam War, nearly 4.8\u00a0million Vietnamese people have been exposed to it and suffered from its effects.[214]<\/a>[215]<\/a>[216]<\/a><\/sup> In 2012, approximately 50 years after the war,[217]<\/a><\/sup> the US began a US<\/a>$43\u00a0million joint clean-up project in the former chemical storage areas in Vietnam to take place in stages.[215]<\/a>[218]<\/a><\/sup> Following the completion of the first phase in \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng<\/a> in late 2017,[219]<\/a><\/sup> the US announced its commitment to clean other sites, especially in the heavily impacted site of Bi\u00ean H\u00f2a<\/a>.[220]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u76ee\u524d\u5728\u8d8a\u5357\u6301\u7eed\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u73af\u5883\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u5316\u5b66\u9664\u8349\u5242\u6a59\u5242\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u9057\u7559\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8fd9\u7ee7\u7eed\u5bfc\u81f4\u8d8a\u5357\u4eba\u53e3\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u51fa\u751f\u7f3a\u9677\u548c\u591a\u79cd\u5065\u5eb7\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5728\u8d8a\u5357\u6218\u4e89\u671f\u95f4\u6700\u53d7\u8be5\u5316\u5b66\u54c1\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u5357\u90e8\u548c\u4e2d\u90e8\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u8fd1480\u4e07\u8d8a\u5357\u4eba\u66b4\u9732\u4e8e\u6a59\u5242\u4e4b\u4e2d\u5e76\u906d\u53d7\u5176\u5f71\u54cd\u3002[214][215][216] \u5728\u6218\u4e89\u7ed3\u675f\u5927\u7ea650\u5e74\u540e\u76842012\u5e74\uff0c[217] \u7f8e\u56fd\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u8017\u8d444300\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u8054\u5408\u6e05\u7406\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u5206\u9636\u6bb5\u6e05\u7406\u8d8a\u5357\u524d\u5316\u5b66\u50a8\u5b58\u533a\u3002[215][218] \u57282017\u5e74\u672b\u5b8c\u6210\u5c98\u6e2f\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\u6e05\u7406\u5de5\u4f5c\u540e\uff0c[219] \u7f8e\u56fd\u5ba3\u5e03\u627f\u8bfa\u6e05\u7406\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u70b9\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u53d7\u5f71\u54cd\u4e25\u91cd\u7684 Bien Hoa \u5730\u533a\u3002[220]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Vietnamese government spends over VN\u0110<\/a>10\u00a0trillion each year ($431.1\u00a0million) for monthly allowances and the physical rehabilitation of victims of the chemicals.[221]<\/a><\/sup> In 2018, the Japanese engineering group Shimizu Corporation<\/a>, working with Vietnamese military, built a plant for the treatment of soil polluted by Agent Orange. Plant construction costs were funded by the company itself.[222]<\/a>[223]<\/a><\/sup> One of the long-term plans to restore southern Vietnam’s damaged ecosystems<\/a> is through the use of reforestation<\/a> efforts. The Vietnamese government began doing this at the end of the war. It started by replanting mangrove forests<\/a> in the Mekong Delta regions and in C\u1ea7n Gi\u1edd<\/a> outside H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh City, where mangroves are important to ease (though not eliminate) flood conditions during monsoon seasons.[224]<\/a><\/sup> The country had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index<\/a> mean score of 5.35\/10, ranking it 104th globally out of 172 countries.[225]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8d8a\u5357\u653f\u5e9c\u6bcf\u5e74\u82b1\u8d39\u8d85\u8fc710\u4e07\u4ebf\u8d8a\u5357\u76fe\uff08\u7ea6\u54084.311\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\uff09\u7528\u4e8e\u5411\u53d7\u5316\u5b66\u7269\u8d28\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u6bcf\u6708\u7684\u6d25\u8d34\u548c\u8eab\u4f53\u5eb7\u590d\u3002[221] 2018\u5e74\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u5de5\u7a0b\u96c6\u56e2\u6e05\u6c34\u516c\u53f8\u4e0e\u8d8a\u5357\u519b\u65b9\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u5efa\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u5ea7\u5904\u7406\u53d7\u6a59\u5242\u6c61\u67d3\u571f\u58e4\u7684\u5de5\u5382\u3002\u5de5\u5382\u5efa\u8bbe\u6210\u672c\u7531\u8be5\u516c\u53f8\u81ea\u884c\u627f\u62c5\u3002[222][223] \u6062\u590d\u8d8a\u5357\u5357\u90e8\u53d7\u635f\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u957f\u671f\u8ba1\u5212\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u91cd\u65b0\u9020\u6797\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u3002\u8d8a\u5357\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u7ed3\u675f\u65f6\u5c31\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u8fd9\u9879\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u9996\u5148\u662f\u5728\u6e44\u516c\u6cb3\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32\u5730\u533a\u4ee5\u53ca\u80e1\u5fd7\u660e\u5e02\u5916\u7684\u82b9\u82f4\u91cd\u65b0\u79cd\u690d\u7ea2\u6811\u6797\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7ea2\u6811\u6797\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7f13\u89e3\uff08\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e0d\u80fd\u6d88\u9664\uff09\u5b63\u98ce\u5b63\u8282\u7684\u6d2a\u6c34\u60c5\u51b5\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u3002[224] \u8be5\u56fd\u57282019\u5e74\u7684\u68ee\u6797\u666f\u89c2\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u6307\u6570\u5e73\u5747\u5f97\u5206\u4e3a5.35\/10\uff0c\u5728\u5168\u7403172\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\u6392\u540d\u7b2c104\u4f4d\u3002[225]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from herbicide problems, arsenic<\/a> in the ground water<\/a> in the Mekong and Red River Deltas has also become a major concern.[226]<\/a>[227]<\/a><\/sup> And most notoriously, unexploded ordnances<\/a> (UXO) pose dangers to humans and wildlife\u2014another bitter legacy from the long wars.[228]<\/a><\/sup> As part of the continuous campaign to demine<\/a>\/remove UXOs, several international bomb removal agencies<\/a> from the United Kingdom<\/a>,[229]<\/a><\/sup> Denmark<\/a>,[230]<\/a><\/sup> South Korea<\/a>[231]<\/a><\/sup> and the US[232]<\/a><\/sup> have been providing assistance. The Vietnam government spends over VN\u01101\u00a0trillion ($44\u00a0million) annually on demining operations and additional hundreds of billions of \u0111\u1ed3ng for treatment, assistance, rehabilitation, vocational training and resettlement of the victims of UXOs.[233]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u9664\u4e86\u9664\u8349\u5242\u95ee\u9898\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u6e44\u516c\u6cb3\u548c\u7ea2\u6cb3\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32\u5730\u4e0b\u6c34\u4e2d\u7684\u7837\u4e5f\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u5173\u5207\u70b9\u3002[226][227] \u6700\u81ed\u540d\u662d\u8457\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u672a\u7206\u70b8\u7684\u5f39\u836f\uff08UXO\uff09\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u548c\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u5a01\u80c1\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u957f\u671f\u6218\u4e89\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u75db\u82e6\u9057\u4ea7\u3002[228] \u4f5c\u4e3a\u6301\u7eed\u6392\u96f7\/\u6e05\u9664\u672a\u7206\u5f39\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u82f1\u56fd\u3001[229] \u4e39\u9ea6\u3001[230] \u97e9\u56fd[231] \u548c\u7f8e\u56fd[232] \u7684\u51e0\u5bb6\u56fd\u9645\u70b8\u5f39\u6e05\u9664\u673a\u6784\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u63d0\u4f9b\u63f4\u52a9\u3002\u8d8a\u5357\u653f\u5e9c\u6bcf\u5e74\u82b1\u8d39\u8d85\u8fc71\u4e07\u4ebf\u8d8a\u5357\u76fe\uff08\u7ea6\u54084400\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\uff09\u7528\u4e8e\u6392\u96f7\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u5e76\u989d\u5916\u652f\u51fa\u6570\u767e\u4ebf\u8d8a\u5357\u76fe\u7528\u4e8e\u6cbb\u7597\u3001\u63f4\u52a9\u3001\u5eb7\u590d\u3001\u804c\u4e1a\u57f9\u8bad\u548c\u672a\u7206\u70b8\u5f39\u836f\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u7684\u5b89\u7f6e\u3002[233]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. \u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u653f\u6cbb | Government and politics<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Politics of Vietnam<\/a> and Government of Vietnam<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u8d8a\u5357\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u8d8a\u5357\u653f\u5e9c\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam is a unitary<\/a> Marxist-Leninist<\/a> one-party<\/a> socialist<\/a> republic<\/a>, one of the two communist states<\/a> (the other being Laos<\/a>) in Southeast Asia<\/a>.[234]<\/a><\/sup> Although Vietnam remains officially committed to socialism<\/a> as its defining creed, its economic policies have grown increasingly capitalist<\/a>,[235]<\/a>[236]<\/a><\/sup> with The Economist<\/a><\/em> characterising its leadership as “ardently capitalist communists”.[237]<\/a><\/sup> Under the constitution<\/a>, the Communist Party of Vietnam<\/a> (CPV) asserts their role in all branches of the country’s politics and society.[234]<\/a><\/sup> The president<\/a> is the elected head of state<\/a> and the commander-in-chief<\/a> of the military, serving as the chairman of the Council of Supreme Defence and Security, and holds the second highest office in Vietnam as well as performing executive functions and state appointments and setting policy.[234]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8d8a\u5357\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u4e00\u5236\u7684\u9a6c\u5217\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e00\u515a\u5236\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5171\u548c\u56fd\uff0c\u662f\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u4e24\u4e2a\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\uff08\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u8001\u631d\uff09\u3002[234] \u5c3d\u7ba1\u8d8a\u5357\u5b98\u65b9\u4ecd\u7136\u575a\u6301\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e3a\u5176\u6307\u5bfc\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u7ecf\u6d4e\u653f\u7b56\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c[235][236] \u300a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4eba\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\u5c06\u5176\u9886\u5bfc\u5c42\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u201c\u70ed\u8877\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u4eba\u201d\u3002[237] \u6839\u636e\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\uff08CPV\uff09\u5ba3\u79f0\u5176\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5404\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4f5c\u7528\u3002[234] \u603b\u7edf\u662f\u7ecf\u9009\u4e3e\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5143\u9996\u548c\u6b66\u88c5\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u7edf\u5e05\uff0c\u62c5\u4efb\u6700\u9ad8\u56fd\u9632\u4e0e\u5b89\u5168\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u6301\u6709\u8d8a\u5357\u7b2c\u4e8c\u9ad8\u7684\u804c\u4f4d\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5c65\u884c\u884c\u653f\u804c\u80fd\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4efb\u547d\uff0c\u5e76\u5236\u5b9a\u653f\u7b56\u3002[234]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/a>
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\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aU.S. Department of State<\/a> from United States
\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aT\u00f4 L\u00e2m<\/a>\u3010\u82cf\u6797\u3011
General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam<\/a> and President<\/a><\/small>\u3010\u8d8a\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u603b\u4e66\u8bb0\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3011<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a\u00a9 European Union, 2024
\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aPh\u1ea1m Minh Ch\u00ednh<\/a>\u3010\u8303\u660e\u6b63\u3011
Prime Minister<\/a><\/small>\u3010\u603b\u7406\u3011<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a\u00d6sterreichisches Au\u00dfenministerium
\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aTr\u1ea7n Thanh M\u1eabn<\/a>\u3010\u9648\u9752\u654f\u3011
Chairman of the National Assembly<\/a><\/small>\u3010\u56fd\u6c11\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3011<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The general secretary<\/a> of the CPV performs numerous key administrative functions, controlling the party’s national organisation.[234]<\/a><\/sup> The prime minister<\/a> is the head of government<\/a>, presiding over a council of ministers composed of five deputy prime ministers and the heads of 26 ministries and commissions. Only political organisations affiliated with or endorsed by the CPV are permitted to contest elections in Vietnam. These include the Vietnamese Fatherland Front<\/a> and worker and trade unionist<\/a> parties.[234]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8d8a\u5357\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7684\u603b\u4e66\u8bb0\u5c65\u884c\u591a\u9879\u5173\u952e\u7684\u884c\u653f\u804c\u80fd\uff0c\u638c\u63a7\u7740\u515a\u7684\u5168\u56fd\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002[234] \u603b\u7406\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u9996\u8111\uff0c\u4e3b\u6301\u7531\u4e94\u4f4d\u526f\u603b\u7406\u548c26\u4e2a\u90e8\u59d4\u53ca\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u90e8\u957f\u4f1a\u8bae\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u4e0e\u8d8a\u5357\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u6709\u5173\u8054\u6216\u5f97\u5230\u5176\u8ba4\u53ef\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u624d\u88ab\u5141\u8bb8\u53c2\u52a0\u8d8a\u5357\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5305\u62ec\u8d8a\u5357\u7956\u56fd\u9635\u7ebf\u53ca\u5de5\u4eba\u548c\u5de5\u4f1a\u653f\u515a\u3002[234]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The National Assembly of Vietnam<\/a> is the unicameral<\/a> state legislature<\/a> composed of 500 members.[238]<\/a><\/sup> Headed by a chairman<\/a>, it is superior to both the executive and judicial branches, with all government ministers being appointed from members of the National Assembly.[234]<\/a><\/sup> The Supreme People’s Court of Vietnam<\/a>, headed by a chief justice, is the country’s highest court of appeal<\/a>, though it is also answerable to the National Assembly. Beneath the Supreme People’s Court stand the provincial municipal courts<\/a> and many local courts<\/a>. Military courts<\/a> possess special jurisdiction in matters of state security<\/a>. Vietnam maintains the death penalty<\/a> for numerous offences.[239]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8d8a\u5357\u56fd\u4f1a\u662f\u5355\u4e00\u8bae\u9662\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u7531500\u540d\u6210\u5458\u7ec4\u6210\u3002[238] \u7531\u4e3b\u5e2d\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u56fd\u4f1a\u9ad8\u4e8e\u884c\u653f\u548c\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u95e8\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u957f\u90fd\u662f\u4ece\u56fd\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u4e2d\u4efb\u547d\u7684\u3002[234] \u8d8a\u5357\u6700\u9ad8\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662\u662f\u9996\u5e2d\u6cd5\u5b98\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u4e0a\u8bc9\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5b83\u4e5f\u9700\u5411\u56fd\u4f1a\u8d1f\u8d23\u3002\u5728\u6700\u9ad8\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662\u4e4b\u4e0b\u662f\u7701\u7ea7\u5e02\u653f\u6cd5\u9662\u548c\u8bb8\u591a\u5730\u65b9\u6cd5\u9662\u3002\u519b\u4e8b\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u4e8b\u52a1\u4e0a\u6709\u7279\u522b\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\u3002\u8d8a\u5357\u5bf9\u591a\u79cd\u7f6a\u884c\u4fdd\u7559\u6b7b\u5211\u3002[239]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2023, a three-person collective leadership was responsible for governing Vietnam. President V\u00f5 V\u0103n Th\u01b0\u1edfng<\/a>,[240]<\/a><\/sup> Prime Minister Ph\u1ea1m Minh Ch\u00ednh<\/a> (since 2021)[241]<\/a><\/sup> and the most powerful leader Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fa Tr\u1ecdng<\/a> (since 2011) as the Communist Party of Vietnam’s General Secretary.[242]<\/a><\/sup> On 22 May 2024, T\u00f4 L\u00e2m<\/a>, who previously served as the Minister of Public Security<\/a>, was voted as the president of Vietnam by the National Assembly after V\u00f5 V\u0103n Th\u01b0\u1edfng resigned on the same year due to corruption charges against him.[243]<\/a><\/sup> On 3 August 2024, T\u00f4 L\u00e2m, who is also serving as the president, was elected by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam as the general secretary following the death of Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fa Tr\u1ecdng on 19 July 2024.[244]<\/a>[245]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112023\u5e74\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e09\u4eba\u96c6\u4f53\u9886\u5bfc\u4f53\u5236\u8d1f\u8d23\u6cbb\u7406\u8d8a\u5357\u3002\u603b\u7edf\u5434\u6587\u8d4f\uff0c[240] \u603b\u7406\u8303\u660e\u653f\uff08\u81ea2021\u5e74\u8d77\uff09\uff0c[241] \u4ee5\u53ca\u6700\u6709\u6743\u529b\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u962e\u5bcc\u4ef2\uff0c\u81ea2011\u5e74\u8d77\u62c5\u4efb\u8d8a\u5357\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u603b\u4e66\u8bb0\u3002[242] 2024\u5e745\u670822\u65e5\uff0c\u5728\u5434\u6587\u8d4f\u56e0\u8150\u8d25\u6307\u63a7\u4e8e\u540c\u5e74\u8f9e\u804c\u540e\uff0c\u66fe\u4efb\u516c\u5b89\u90e8\u90e8\u957f\u7684\u82cf\u6797\u88ab\u56fd\u4f1a\u6295\u7968\u9009\u4e3a\u8d8a\u5357\u603b\u7edf\u3002[243] 2024\u5e748\u67083\u65e5\uff0c\u5728\u962e\u5bcc\u4ef2\u4e8e2024\u5e747\u670819\u65e5\u53bb\u4e16\u540e\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u62c5\u4efb\u603b\u7edf\u7684\u82cf\u6797\u88ab\u8d8a\u5357\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u4e2d\u592e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u4e3a\u603b\u4e66\u8bb0\u3002[244][245]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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4.1 \u884c\u653f\u533a\u5212 | Administrative divisions<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Subdivisions of Vietnam<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u8d8a\u5357\u7684\u884c\u653f\u533a\u5212\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a\u8d8a\u5357\u884c\u653f\u533a\u5212<\/a>\u3001\u8d8a\u5357\u57ce\u5e02\u5217\u8868<\/a>\u3001\u6309\u4eba\u53e3\u6392\u5217\u7684\u8d8a\u5357\u57ce\u5e02\u5217\u8868<\/a>\u548c\u8d8a\u5357\u53bf\u7ea7\u884c\u653f\u533a\u5217\u8868<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8d8a\u5357\u56fd\u4f1a<\/a>\u7684\u7b2c\u5341\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\u5c06\u5168\u56fd\u533a\u5206\u4e3a58\u4e2a\u7701\uff08\u8d8a\u5357\u8bed<\/a>\uff1aT\u1ec9nh\uff0f\u7701?<\/strong><\/a><\/small><\/sup>\uff09[29]<\/a><\/sup>\u53ca5\u4e2a\u76f4\u8f96\u5e02\uff08\u8d8a\u5357\u8bed<\/a>\uff1aTh\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c trung \u01b0\u01a1ng\uff0f\u57ce\u5eaf\u76f4\u5c6c\u4e2d\u592e?<\/strong><\/a><\/small><\/sup>\uff09\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u9996\u90fd\u6cb3\u5185<\/a>\u662f\u5168\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u80e1\u5fd7\u660e\u5e02<\/a>\u662f\u5168\u56fd\u6700\u5927\u7684\u6e2f\u53e3\u57ce\u5e02\u548c\u5546\u4e1a\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u6d77\u9632<\/a>\u662f\u5168\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e09\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u548c\u5317\u90e8\u91cd\u8981\u6e2f\u53e3\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u5c98\u6e2f<\/a>\u662f\u5168\u56fd\u7b2c\u56db\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u548c\u4e2d\u90e8\u91cd\u8981\u6e2f\u53e3\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u82b9\u82f4<\/a>\u662f\u5168\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e94\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u548c\u5357\u90e8\u4e5d\u9f99\u6c5f\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32<\/a>\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u57ce\u5e02\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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4.2 \u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb | Foreign relations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Foreign relations of Vietnam<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u8d8a\u5357\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u5173\u7cfb\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe4-4\u548c4-5\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Throughout its history, Vietnam’s main foreign relationship has been with various Chinese dynasties.[247]<\/a><\/sup> Following the partition of Vietnam in 1954, North Vietnam maintained relations with the Eastern Bloc<\/a>, South Vietnam maintained relations with the Western Bloc<\/a>.[247]<\/a><\/sup> Despite these differences, Vietnam’s sovereign principles and insistence on cultural independence have been laid down in numerous documents over the centuries before its independence. These include the 11th-century patriotic poem “Nam qu\u1ed1c s\u01a1n h\u00e0<\/a><\/em>” and the 1428 proclamation of independence “B\u00ecnh Ng\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e1o<\/a><\/em>“. Though China and Vietnam are now formally at peace,[247]<\/a><\/sup> significant territorial tensions<\/a> remain between the two countries over the South China Sea.[248]<\/a><\/sup> Vietnam holds membership in 63 international organisations, including the United Nations<\/a> (UN), Association of Southeast Asian Nations<\/a> (ASEAN), Non-Aligned Movement<\/a> (NAM), International Organisation of the Francophonie<\/a> (La Francophonie), and World Trade Organization<\/a> (WTO). It also maintains relations with over 650 non-governmental organisations.[249]<\/a><\/sup> As of 2010 Vietnam had established diplomatic relations with 178 countries.[250]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u5176\u5386\u53f2\u957f\u6cb3\u4e2d\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5bf9\u5916\u5173\u7cfb\u4e00\u76f4\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u5404\u4e2a\u671d\u4ee3\u6709\u5173\u3002[247] 1954\u5e74\u8d8a\u5357\u5206\u88c2\u540e\uff0c\u5317\u8d8a\u4e0e\u4e1c\u65b9\u96c6\u56e2\u4fdd\u6301\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u5357\u8d8a\u5219\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u96c6\u56e2\u4fdd\u6301\u5173\u7cfb\u3002[247] \u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b58\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u539f\u5219\u548c\u575a\u6301\u6587\u5316\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u5728\u72ec\u7acb\u524d\u51e0\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u90fd\u6709\u6240\u4f53\u73b0\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u4ef6\u5305\u62ec11\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u7231\u56fd\u8bd7\u7bc7\u300a\u5357\u56fd\u5c71\u6cb3\u300b\u548c1428\u5e74\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u5ba3\u8a00\u300a\u5e73\u5434\u5927\u8bf0\u300b\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u73b0\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u8d8a\u5357\u6b63\u5f0f\u5904\u4e8e\u548c\u5e73\u72b6\u6001\uff0c[247] \u4e24\u56fd\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5357\u6d77\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u4ecd\u5b58\u5728\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u9886\u571f\u4e89\u7aef\u3002[248] \u8d8a\u5357\u662f63\u4e2a\u56fd\u9645\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8054\u5408\u56fd\uff08UN\uff09\u3001\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u56fd\u5bb6\u8054\u76df\uff08ASEAN\uff09\u3001\u4e0d\u7ed3\u76df\u8fd0\u52a8\uff08NAM\uff09\u3001\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u8bed\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff08La Francophonie\uff09\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u8d38\u6613\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff08WTO\uff09\u3002\u8d8a\u5357\u8fd8\u4e0e650\u591a\u4e2a\u975e\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4fdd\u6301\u5173\u7cfb\u3002[249] \u622a\u81f32010\u5e74\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0e178\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5916\u4ea4\u5173\u7cfb\u3002[250]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam’s current foreign policy is to consistently implement a policy of independence, self-reliance, peace, co-operation, and development, as well openness, diversification, multilateralisation<\/a> with international relations.[251]<\/a>[252]<\/a><\/sup> The country declares itself a friend and partner of all countries in the international community, regardless of their political affiliation, by actively taking part in international and regional cooperative development projects.[170]<\/a>[251]<\/a><\/sup> Since the 1990s, Vietnam has taken several key steps to restore diplomatic ties with capitalist Western countries<\/a>. It already had relations with communist Western countries in the decades prior.[253]<\/a><\/sup> Relations with the United States began improving<\/a> in August 1995 with both states upgrading their liaison<\/a><\/em> offices to embassy status.[254]<\/a><\/sup> As diplomatic ties between the two governments grew, the United States opened a consulate general<\/a> in Ho Chi Minh City while Vietnam opened its consulate<\/a> in San Francisco<\/a>. Full diplomatic relations were also restored with New Zealand<\/a>, which opened its embassy in Hanoi in 1995;[255]<\/a><\/sup> Vietnam established an embassy in Wellington<\/a> in 2003.[256]<\/a><\/sup> President of the United States, Bill Clinton<\/a>, made a historic visit to Vietnam in November 2000. He was the first U.S. leader ever to officially visit Hanoi and the first to visit Vietnam since U.S. troops withdrew from the country in 1975.[257]<\/a><\/sup> Pakistan<\/a> also reopened its embassy in Hanoi in October 2000, with Vietnam reopening its embassy in Islamabad<\/a> in December 2005 and trade office in Karachi<\/a> in November 2005.[258]<\/a>[259]<\/a><\/sup> In May 2016, US President Barack Obama<\/a> further normalised relations with Vietnam after he announced the lifting of an arms embargo<\/a> on sales of lethal arms to Vietnam.[260]<\/a><\/sup> Despite their historical past, today Vietnam is considered to be a potential ally of the United States, especially in the geopolitical context of the territorial disputes in the South China Sea<\/a> and in containment of Chinese expansionism<\/a>.[261]<\/a>[262]<\/a>[263]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8d8a\u5357\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u653f\u7b56\u662f\u4e00\u8d2f\u5b9e\u65bd\u72ec\u7acb\u81ea\u4e3b\u3001\u548c\u5e73\u3001\u5408\u4f5c\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4fdd\u6301\u5f00\u653e\u3001\u591a\u6837\u5316\u3001\u591a\u8fb9\u5316\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u3002[251][252] \u8be5\u56fd\u5ba3\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u6240\u6709\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u548c\u4f19\u4f34\uff0c\u4e0d\u8bba\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5f52\u5c5e\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u79ef\u6781\u53c2\u4e0e\u56fd\u9645\u548c\u533a\u57df\u5408\u4f5c\u53d1\u5c55\u9879\u76ee\u3002[170][251] \u81ea20\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u51e0\u9879\u5173\u952e\u6b65\u9aa4\u6765\u6062\u590d\u4e0e\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u6b64\u524d\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u5b83\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5173\u7cfb\u3002[253] \u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u59cb\u4e8e1995\u5e748\u6708\u53cc\u65b9\u5c06\u8054\u7edc\u529e\u4e8b\u5904\u5347\u7ea7\u4e3a\u5927\u4f7f\u9986\u7ea7\u522b\u540e\u5f00\u59cb\u6539\u5584\u3002[254] \u968f\u7740\u4e24\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u95f4\u5916\u4ea4\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5728\u80e1\u5fd7\u660e\u5e02\u5f00\u8bbe\u603b\u9886\u4e8b\u9986\uff0c\u800c\u8d8a\u5357\u4e5f\u5728\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71\u5f00\u8bbe\u9886\u4e8b\u9986\u3002\u65b0\u897f\u5170\u4e0e\u8d8a\u5357\u4e5f\u57281995\u5e74\u6062\u590d\u4e86\u5168\u9762\u5916\u4ea4\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u6cb3\u5185\u5f00\u8bbe\u5927\u4f7f\u9986\uff1b[255] \u8d8a\u5357\u5219\u57282003\u5e74\u5728\u60e0\u7075\u987f\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5927\u4f7f\u9986\u3002[256] 2000\u5e7411\u6708\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u6bd4\u5c14\u00b7\u514b\u6797\u987f\u5bf9\u8d8a\u5357\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u9996\u4f4d\u6b63\u5f0f\u8bbf\u95ee\u6cb3\u5185\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f1975\u5e74\u7f8e\u519b\u64a4\u79bb\u540e\u9996\u4f4d\u8bbf\u95ee\u8d8a\u5357\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u3002[257] \u5df4\u57fa\u65af\u5766\u4e5f\u57282000\u5e7410\u6708\u91cd\u65b0\u5728\u6cb3\u5185\u5f00\u8bbe\u4e86\u5927\u4f7f\u9986\uff0c\u800c\u8d8a\u5357\u5219\u57282005\u5e7412\u6708\u91cd\u65b0\u5728\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5821\u5f00\u8bbe\u5927\u4f7f\u9986\uff0c\u5e76\u57282005\u5e7411\u6708\u5728\u5361\u62c9\u5947\u5f00\u8bbe\u4e86\u8d38\u6613\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\u3002[258][259] 2016\u5e745\u6708\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u5df4\u62c9\u514b\u00b7\u5965\u5df4\u9a6c\u5ba3\u5e03\u89e3\u9664\u5bf9\u8d8a\u5357\u81f4\u547d\u6b66\u5668\u9500\u552e\u7684\u7981\u4ee4\u540e\uff0c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u4e0e\u8d8a\u5357\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6b63\u5e38\u5316\u3002[260] \u5c3d\u7ba1\u6709\u7740\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u7ea0\u845b\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u8d8a\u5357\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u76df\u53cb\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u6d89\u53ca\u4e2d\u56fd\u5357\u6d77\u9886\u571f\u4e89\u7aef\u548c\u904f\u5236\u4e2d\u56fd\u6269\u5f20\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5730\u7f18\u653f\u6cbb\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u3002[261][262][263]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8d8a\u5357\u73b0\u5df2\u4e0e193\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u4ea4\uff0c\u5e76\u540c20\u4e2a\u56fd\u9645\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53ca480\u591a\u4e2a\u975e\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5efa\u7acb\u5408\u4f5c\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u8d8a\u5bf9\u5f53\u524d\u91cd\u5927\u56fd\u9645\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n