{"id":4083,"date":"2024-09-05T22:18:31","date_gmt":"2024-09-05T14:18:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/?p=4083"},"modified":"2025-01-30T22:11:35","modified_gmt":"2025-01-30T14:11:35","slug":"orban-viktor-fulltext-zhen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/2024\/09\/05\/orban-viktor-fulltext-zhen\/","title":{"rendered":"\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u00b7\u7ef4\u514b\u6258 \/ Viktor Orb\u00e1n (Orb\u00e1n Viktor) -\uff08\u5168\u6587\uff09\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u8bcd\u6761"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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0. \u6982\u8ff0<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

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0.1 \u6587\u5b57\u8bf4\u660e<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

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\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u3001\u6b27\u6d32\u6000\u7591\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u3001\u6781\u7aef\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u201c\u975e\u81ea\u7531\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u56fd\u9645\u4e0a\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5173\u6ce8\u3002 \u66fe\u516c\u5f00\u6279\u8bc4\u91d1\u878d\u5927\u9cc4\u7d22\u7f57\u65af\u5229\u7528\u79fb\u6c11\u6f6e\u635e\u94b1\u3002\u81ea2010\u5e74\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u6267\u653f\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u5012\u9000<\/a>\uff0c\u8f6c\u5411\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>[1]<\/a><\/sup>[2]<\/a><\/sup>[3]<\/a><\/sup>[4]<\/a><\/sup>[5]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orb\u00e1n studied law at E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University<\/a> before entering politics in the wake of the Revolutions of 1989<\/a>. Having participated in the Hungarian dissident<\/a> student movement, he became nationally known after a 1989 speech in which he openly demanded that Soviet armed forces<\/a> leave the People’s Republic of Hungary<\/a>. After the end of communism in Hungary<\/a> in 1989 followed by transition to a multiparty democracy<\/a> the following year, Orb\u00e1n was elected to the National Assembly<\/a> and led Fidesz’s parliamentary caucus until 1993.
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During Orb\u00e1n’s first term as prime minister, from 1998 to 2002 with him as the head of a conservative coalition government<\/a>, inflation and the fiscal deficit shrank and Hungary joined NATO<\/a>. Orb\u00e1n was the Leader of the Opposition<\/a> from 2002 to 2010. In 2010, Orb\u00e1n was again elected prime minister. Central issues during Orb\u00e1n’s second premiership include controversial constitutional and legislative reforms, in particular repeated constitutional amendments, including the 2013 amendments to the Constitution of Hungary<\/a>, as well as the European migrant crisis<\/a>, the lex CEU<\/a>, and the COVID-19 pandemic in Hungary<\/a>. He was reelected in 2014, 2018, and 2022. On 29 November 2020, he became the country’s longest-serving prime minister.[2]<\/a><\/sup>
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Starting with the Second Orb\u00e1n Government<\/a> in 2010, during his uninterrupted stay in power, Orb\u00e1n has curtailed press freedom<\/a>, weakened judicial independence<\/a>, and undermined multiparty democracy, amounting to democratic backsliding<\/a> during Orb\u00e1n’s tenure.[3]<\/a>[4]<\/a>[5]<\/a><\/sup> He frequently styles himself as a defender of Christian values in the face of the European Union<\/a>, which he claims is anti-nationalist<\/a> and anti-Christian<\/a>. His portrayal of the EU as a political foe while accepting its money and funneling it to his allies and relatives has led to accusations that his government represents a kleptocracy<\/a>.[6]<\/a><\/sup> It has also been characterized as a hybrid regime<\/a>, dominant-party system<\/a>, and mafia state<\/a>.[7]<\/a>[8]<\/a>[9]<\/a>[10]<\/a>[11]<\/a><\/sup>
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Orb\u00e1n defends his policies as “illiberal Christian democracy<\/a>“.[12]<\/a>[13]<\/a><\/sup> As a result, Fidesz was suspended from the European People’s Party<\/a> from March 2019;[14]<\/a><\/sup> in March 2021, Fidesz left the EPP over a dispute over new rule-of-law language in the latter’s bylaws.[15]<\/a><\/sup> In a July 2022 speech, Orb\u00e1n criticized the miscegenation<\/a> of European and non-European races, saying: “We [Hungarians] are not a mixed race<\/a> and we do not want to become a mixed race.”[16]<\/a>[17]<\/a><\/sup> Two days later in Vienna, he clarified that he was talking about cultures and not about genetics.[18]<\/a><\/sup> His tenure has seen Hungary’s government shift towards what he has called “illiberal democracy<\/a>“, while simultaneously promoting Euroscepticism<\/a> and opposition to liberal democracy<\/a> and establishment of closer ties with China and Russia.[19]<\/a>[20]<\/a>[21]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u4e3a\u5176\u653f\u7b56\u8fa9\u62a4\uff0c\u79f0\u5176\u4e3a\u201c\u975e\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ece2019\u5e743\u6708\u8d77\uff0c\u9752\u6c11\u76df\uff08Fidesz\uff09\u88ab\u6682\u505c\u4e86\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u6c11\u515a\uff08EPP\uff09\u7684\u6210\u5458\u8d44\u683c\uff1b2021\u5e743\u6708\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5bf9EPP\u7ae0\u7a0b\u4e2d\u65b0\u52a0\u5165\u7684\u6cd5\u6cbb\u6761\u6b3e\u5b58\u5728\u4e89\u8bae\uff0c\u9752\u6c11\u76df\u9000\u51fa\u4e86EPP\u3002\u57282022\u5e747\u6708\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u6f14\u8bb2\u4e2d\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u6279\u8bc4\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u79cd\u65cf\u548c\u975e\u6b27\u6d32\u79cd\u65cf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u901a\u5a5a\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u5308\u7259\u5229\u4eba\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6df7\u8840\u79cd\u65cf\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u60f3\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6df7\u8840\u79cd\u65cf\u3002\u201d\u4e24\u5929\u540e\u5728\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\uff0c\u4ed6\u6f84\u6e05\u8bf4\u4ed6\u8c08\u8bba\u7684\u662f\u6587\u5316\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u57fa\u56e0\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u4efb\u671f\u5185\uff0c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u653f\u5e9c\u8f6c\u5411\u4e86\u4ed6\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u975e\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u63a8\u52a8\u7591\u6b27\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u66f4\u7d27\u5bc6\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

0.2 \u6982\u51b5\u8868\u683c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u3010\u8fbd\u89c2\u6ce8\u3011\u6b64\u6807\u9898\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u642c\u8fd0\u3001\u6574\u5408\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u00b7\u7ef4\u514b\u6258
Orb\u00e1n Viktor<\/th><\/tr>
\"\"\u00a0\u5308\u7259\u5229<\/a>\u7b2c4\u30018\u4efb\u603b\u7406<\/a> \/ Prime Minister of Hungary<\/a><\/th><\/tr>
\u73b0\u4efb<\/strong> \/ Incumbent<\/a><\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
\u5c31\u4efb\u65e5\u671f<\/strong>
2010\u5e745\u670829\u65e5<\/td><\/tr>
\u603b\u7edf<\/th>\u7ecd\u7ea6\u59c6\u00b7\u62c9\u65af\u6d1b<\/a> \/ L\u00e1szl\u00f3 S\u00f3lyom<\/a>
\u65bd\u7c73\u7279\u00b7\u5e15\u5c14<\/a> \/ P\u00e1l Schmitt<\/a>
\u514b\u97e6\u5c14\u00b7\u62c9\u65af\u6d1b<\/a> \/ L\u00e1szl\u00f3 K\u00f6v\u00e9r<\/a> (acting)
\u963f\u6234\u5c14\u00b7\u4e9a\u8bfa\u4ec0<\/a> \/ J\u00e1nos \u00c1der<\/a>
\u8bfa\u4f10\u514b\u00b7\u5361\u5854\u7433<\/a> \/ Katalin Nov\u00e1k<\/a>
\u8212\u5c24\u514b\u00b7\u9053\u9a6c\u4ec0<\/a> \/ Tam\u00e1s Sulyok<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
\u524d\u4efb<\/th>\u9c8d\u4f0a\u7459\u4f0a\u00b7\u6208\u5c14\u4e1c<\/a> \/ Gordon Bajnai<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
\u4efb\u671f<\/strong>
1998\u5e747\u67088\u65e5\u20142002\u5e745\u670827\u65e5<\/td><\/tr>
\u603b\u7edf<\/th>\u6839\u8328\u00b7\u963f\u5c14\u5e15\u5fb7<\/a> \/ \u00c1rp\u00e1d G\u00f6ncz<\/a>
\u9a6c\u5fb7\u5c14\u00b7\u8d39\u4f26\u8328<\/a> \/ Ferenc M\u00e1dl<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
\u524d\u4efb<\/th>\u970d\u6069\u00b7\u4e45\u6d1b<\/a> \/ Gyula Horn<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
\u7ee7\u4efb<\/th>\u8fc8\u6770\u5e0c\u00b7\u5f7c\u5f97<\/a> \/ P\u00e9ter Medgyessy<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
<\/a> \u9752\u5e74\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u8054\u76df\uff0d\u5308\u7259\u5229\u516c\u6c11\u8054\u76df<\/a>\u7b2c1\u30014\u4efb\u4e3b\u5e2d \/ President of Fidesz<\/a><\/th><\/tr>
\u73b0\u4efb<\/strong> \/ Incumbent<\/a><\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
\u5c31\u4efb\u65e5\u671f<\/strong>
2003\u5e745\u670817\u65e5<\/td><\/tr>
\u524d\u4efb<\/th>\u963f\u6234\u5c14\u00b7\u4e9a\u8bfa\u4ec0<\/a> \/ J\u00e1nos \u00c1der<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
\u4efb\u671f<\/strong>
1993\u5e744\u670818\u65e5\u20142000\u5e741\u670829\u65e5<\/td><\/tr>
\u7ee7\u4efb<\/th>\u514b\u97e6\u5c14\u00b7\u62c9\u65af\u6d1b<\/a> \/ L\u00e1szl\u00f3 K\u00f6v\u00e9r<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
\"\"\u00a0\u5308\u7259\u5229<\/a>\u56fd\u6c11\u8bae\u4f1a<\/a>\u8bae\u5458 \/ Member of the National Assembly<\/a><\/th><\/tr>
\u73b0\u4efb<\/strong> \/ Incumbent<\/a><\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
\u5c31\u4efb\u65e5\u671f<\/strong>
1990\u5e745\u67082\u65e5<\/td><\/tr>
\u8bae\u957f<\/a><\/th>\u00c1rp\u00e1d G\u00f6ncz\uff081990\u5e745\u67082\u65e5\u20141990\u5e748\u67083\u65e5\uff09
Gy\u00f6rgy Szabad\uff081990\u5e748\u67083\u65e5\u20141994\u5e746\u670827\u65e5\uff09
Zolt\u00e1n G\u00e1l\uff081994\u5e746\u670828\u65e5\u20141998\u5e746\u670817\u65e5\uff09
\u963f\u6234\u5c14\u00b7\u4e9a\u8bfa\u4ec0<\/a> \uff081998\u5e746\u670818\u65e5\u20142002\u5e745\u670815\u65e5\uff09
\u897f\u5229\u00b7\u8003\u9676\u7433<\/a> \uff082002\u5e745\u670815\u65e5\u20142009\u5e749\u670815\u65e5\uff09
\u8003\u6258\u7459\u00b7\u8d1d\u62c9<\/a> \uff082009\u5e749\u670815\u65e5\u20142010\u5e745\u670814\u65e5\uff09
\u65bd\u7c73\u7279\u00b7\u5e15\u5c14<\/a> \uff082010\u5e745\u670814\u65e5\u20142010\u5e748\u67085\u65e5\uff09
\u514b\u97e6\u5c14\u00b7\u62c9\u65af\u6d1b<\/a> \uff082010\u5e748\u67085\u65e5\u81f3\u4eca\uff09<\/td><\/tr>
\u4e2a\u4eba\u8d44\u6599<\/th><\/tr>
\u51fa\u751f<\/th>1963\u5e745\u670831\u65e5\uff0861\u5c81\uff09
\"\" \u5308\u7259\u5229\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd<\/a>\u585e\u514b\u4ec0\u767d\u5821<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
\u56fd\u7c4d<\/th>\"\" \u5308\u7259\u5229<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
\u653f\u515a<\/th>\u9752\u5e74\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u8054\u76df\uff0d\u5308\u7259\u5229\u516c\u6c11\u8054\u76df<\/a> \/ Fidesz<\/a> (since 1988)<\/td><\/tr>
\u914d\u5076<\/th>\u5b89\u59ae\u79d1\u00b7\u83b1\u74e6\u4f0a\uff081986\u5e74\u7ed3\u5a5a\uff09<\/td><\/tr>
\u513f\u5973<\/th>5<\/td><\/tr>
\u6bcd\u6821<\/a><\/th>\u7f57\u5170\u5927\u5b66<\/a>
\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\u5f6d\u5e03\u7f57\u514b\u5b66\u9662<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0<\/th>\u57fa\u7763\u65b0\u6559<\/a>\u5f52\u6b63\u5b97<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
Residence(s)\u3010\u4f4f\u6240\u3011<\/th>Carmelite Monastery of Buda<\/a>\u3010\u52a0\u5c14\u9ed8\u7f57\u4f1a\u5e03\u8fbe\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u3011
5. Cinege \u00fat, Budapest<\/a>\u30105. Cinege \u00fat, \u5e03\u8fbe\u4f69\u65af\u3011<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1. \u65e9\u5e74\u751f\u6d3b\u548c\u80cc\u666f\uff081963\u5e74\u81f31988\u5e74\uff09| Early life and background (1963\u20131988)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Orb\u00e1n was born on 31 May 1963 in Sz\u00e9kesfeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r<\/a> into a rural family as the eldest son of Gy\u0151z\u0151 Orb\u00e1n (born 1940) and speech therapist, Erzs\u00e9bet S\u00edpos (born 1944).[citation needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup> He has two younger brothers, both businessmen, Gy\u0151z\u0151 Jr. (born 1965) and \u00c1ron (born 1977). His paternal grandfather, Mih\u00e1ly Orb\u00e1n, a former dockworker and a war veteran, farmed and worked as a veterinary assistant in Alcs\u00fatdoboz<\/a> in Fej\u00e9r County<\/a>, where Orb\u00e1n first grew up. The family moved in 1973 to the neighbouring Felcs\u00fat<\/a>, where Orb\u00e1n’s father was head of the machinery department at the local farm collective<\/a>.[22]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u4e8e1963\u5e745\u670831\u65e5\u51fa\u751f\u5728\u585e\u514b\u4ec0\u8d39\u8d6b\u74e6\u5c14\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u519c\u6751\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u957f\u5b50\uff0c\u7236\u4eb2\u662fGy\u0151z\u0151 Orb\u00e1n\uff08\u751f\u4e8e1940\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u6bcd\u4eb2\u662f\u8bed\u8a00\u6cbb\u7597\u5e08Erzs\u00e9bet S\u00edpos\uff08\u751f\u4e8e1944\u5e74\uff09\u3002[\u9700\u8981\u5f15\u8bc1] \u4ed6\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u5f1f\u5f1f\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5546\u4eba\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u662fGy\u0151z\u0151 Jr.\uff08\u751f\u4e8e1965\u5e74\uff09\u548c\u00c1ron\uff08\u751f\u4e8e1977\u5e74\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u7956\u7236Mih\u00e1ly Orb\u00e1n\u66fe\u662f\u4e00\u540d\u7801\u5934\u5de5\u4eba\u548c\u6218\u4e89\u8001\u5175\uff0c\u5728Fej\u00e9r\u53bf\u7684Alcs\u00fatdoboz\u4ece\u4e8b\u519c\u4e1a\u5e76\u62c5\u4efb\u517d\u533b\u52a9\u624b\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u6700\u521d\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u957f\u5927\u30021973\u5e74\uff0c\u5168\u5bb6\u642c\u5230\u4e86\u76f8\u90bb\u7684Felcs\u00fat\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u62c5\u4efb\u5f53\u5730\u519c\u573a\u5408\u4f5c\u793e\u673a\u68b0\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u3002[22] <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orb\u00e1n attended school there and in V\u00e9rtesacsa<\/a>.[23]<\/a>[24]<\/a><\/sup> His parents and his grandfather completed further education as adults and pursued their careers within the framework of economic liberalisation under the K\u00e1d\u00e1r regime<\/a>.[25]<\/a><\/sup> In 1977, the family moved to Sz\u00e9kesfeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r<\/a>, where Orb\u00e1n had secured a place at the prestigious Blanka Teleki grammar school.[26]<\/a><\/sup> In his first two years at the school, he served as local secretary<\/a> of the Hungarian Young Communist League (KISZ)<\/a>, membership of which was mandatory in order to matriculate to a university,[27]<\/a>[28]<\/a><\/sup> and of which his father was a patron.[29]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u5728\u5f53\u5730\u4e0a\u5b66\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728V\u00e9rtesacsa\u4e5f\u4e0a\u8fc7\u5b66\u3002[23][24] \u4ed6\u7684\u7236\u6bcd\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u7956\u7236\u5728\u6210\u4eba\u540e\u7ee7\u7eed\u63a5\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5361\u8fbe\u5c14\u653f\u6743\u4e0b\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u81ea\u7531\u5316\u6846\u67b6\u5185\u53d1\u5c55\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u751f\u6daf\u3002[25] 1977\u5e74\uff0c\u5168\u5bb6\u642c\u5230\u4e86\u585e\u514b\u4ec0\u8d39\u8d6b\u74e6\u5c14\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u8fdb\u5165\u8457\u540dBlanka Teleki\u6587\u6cd5\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002[26] \u5728\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e24\u5e74\u91cc\uff0c\u4ed6\u66fe\u62c5\u4efb\u5308\u7259\u5229\u9752\u5e74\u5171\u4ea7\u8054\u76df\uff08KISZ\uff09\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u79d8\u4e66\uff0c\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u4f1a\u5458\u8eab\u4efd\u662f\u5347\u5165\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c[27][28] \u5e76\u4e14\u4ed6\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u662f\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u8d5e\u52a9\u4eba\u3002[29]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

During his high school years, Orb\u00e1n developed an interest in football<\/a>, and befriended his future political associate Lajos Simicska<\/a>.[26]<\/a><\/sup> After graduating in 1981, he completed his military service<\/a> alongside Simicska. He was jailed several times for indiscipline<\/a>, which included a failure to appear for duty during the 1982 FIFA World Cup<\/a> and striking a non-commissioned officer<\/a> during a personal altercation.[30]<\/a><\/sup> His time in the army also coincided with the declaration of martial law in Poland<\/a> in December 1981, which his friend Simicska criticised;[30]<\/a><\/sup> Orb\u00e1n recalled expecting to be mobilised to invade Poland.[31]<\/a><\/sup> He would later state that military service had shifted his political views radically from the previous position of a “naive and devoted supporter” of the Communist regime.[28]<\/a><\/sup> However, a state security report from May 1982, when his father was working on an engineering contract in Libya<\/a>, still described him as “loyal to our social system”.[29]<\/a>[32]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u9ad8\u4e2d\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u57f9\u517b\u4e86\u5bf9\u8db3\u7403\u7684\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u4ed6\u672a\u6765\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4f19\u4f34Lajos Simicska\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u670b\u53cb\u30021981\u5e74\u6bd5\u4e1a\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0eSimicska\u4e00\u8d77\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u5175\u5f79\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4e0d\u670d\u4ece\u7eaa\u5f8b\uff0c\u4ed6\u66fe\u591a\u6b21\u88ab\u5173\u62bc\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u57281982\u5e74\u4e16\u754c\u676f\u671f\u95f4\u672a\u80fd\u62a5\u5230\u670d\u5f79\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u4e00\u6b21\u79c1\u4eba\u4e89\u6267\u4e2d\u6253\u4e86\u672a\u59d4\u4efb\u519b\u5b98\u3002[30] \u4ed6\u5728\u519b\u961f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0e1981\u5e7412\u6708\u6ce2\u5170\u5ba3\u5e03\u6212\u4e25\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u76f8\u91cd\u53e0\uff0c\u5bf9\u6b64\u4ed6\u7684\u670b\u53cbSimicska\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6279\u8bc4\uff1b[30] \u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u56de\u5fc6\u8bf4\u4ed6\u5f53\u65f6\u9884\u8ba1\u4f1a\u88ab\u52a8\u5458\u53bb\u5165\u4fb5\u6ce2\u5170\u3002[31] \u4ed6\u540e\u6765\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u5175\u5f79\u4f7f\u4ed6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u89c2\u70b9\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u6839\u672c\u6027\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u4ece\u4e4b\u524d\u201c\u5929\u771f\u7684\u548c\u5fe0\u5b9e\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\u201d\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u5bf9\u5171\u4ea7\u653f\u6743\u6301\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u89c1\u7684\u4eba\u3002[28] \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e00\u4efd\u6765\u81ea1982\u5e745\u6708\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f53\u4ed6\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u5728\u5229\u6bd4\u4e9a\u4ece\u4e8b\u4e00\u9879\u5de5\u7a0b\u5408\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4ecd\u628a\u4ed6\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u201c\u5fe0\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\u201d\u3002[29][32]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1983, Orb\u00e1n went to study law<\/a> at the E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University<\/a> in Budapest<\/a>. He joined an English-model residential college<\/a> for law students from outside the capital, Jog\u00e1sz T\u00e1rsadalomtudom\u00e1nyi Szakkoll\u00e9gium<\/em> (Lawyers’ Special College of Social Sciences), established in 1983 by Istv\u00e1n Stumpf<\/a>.[33]<\/a>[34]<\/a><\/sup> Members of this college were permitted to explore social sciences beyond the socialist canon<\/a> and the “new” field of “bourgeois<\/a>” political science<\/a> in particular.[35]<\/a>[36]<\/a>[37]<\/a><\/sup> It was there that Orb\u00e1n met G\u00e1bor Fodor<\/a> and L\u00e1szl\u00f3 K\u00f6v\u00e9r<\/a>.[35]<\/a>[38]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111983\u5e74\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u8fdb\u5165\u5e03\u8fbe\u4f69\u65af\u7684 Lor\u00e1nd E\u00f6tv\u00f6s \u5927\u5b66\u653b\u8bfb\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e13\u4e1a\u3002\u4ed6\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6309\u7167\u82f1\u56fd\u6a21\u5f0f\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u3001\u9762\u5411\u975e\u9996\u90fd\u5730\u533a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u4f4f\u5bbf\u5b66\u9662\u2014\u2014Jog\u00e1sz T\u00e1rsadalomtudom\u00e1nyi Szakkoll\u00e9gium\uff08\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b66\u9662\uff09\uff0c\u8be5\u5b66\u9662\u7531Istv\u00e1n Stumpf\u4e8e1983\u5e74\u521b\u7acb\u3002[33][34] \u8fd9\u6240\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u88ab\u5141\u8bb8\u63a2\u7d22\u8d85\u51fa\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u6b63\u7edf\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u201c\u65b0\u7684\u201d\u3001\u201c\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u201d\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u3002[35][36][37] \u5c31\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u9047\u5230\u4e86G\u00e1bor Fodor\u548cL\u00e1szl\u00f3 K\u00f6v\u00e9r\u3002[35][38] <\/p>\n\n\n\n

He became chairman of the executive committee<\/a> of the college’s sixty students in 1984.[38]<\/a><\/sup> He went on a series of trips to Poland with his classmates and lecturer Tam\u00e1s Fellegi<\/a> in 1984\u20131985 and again in 1987, during the third pastoral visit<\/a> of John Paul II<\/a>. Their Polish contacts all along were Ma\u0142gorzata Tarasiewicz<\/a> and Adam Jagusiak, members-to-be of the anti-Communist<\/a> student movement Freedom and Peace<\/a>\u00a0[pl<\/a>] from 1985.[39]<\/a><\/sup> Orb\u00e1n submitted his Master’s<\/a> thesis on the Polish Solidarity<\/a> movement, based on interviews with its leaders, in 1986.[31]<\/a>[40]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111984\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u8be5\u5b66\u9662\u516d\u5341\u540d\u5b66\u751f\u6267\u884c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3002[38] 1984\u5e74\u81f31985\u5e74\u95f4\u4ee5\u53ca1987\u5e74\u7ea6\u7ff0\u4fdd\u7f57\u4e8c\u4e16\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b21\u8bbf\u95ee\u6ce2\u5170\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0e\u540c\u5b66\u548c\u8bb2\u5e08Tam\u00e1s Fellegi\u4e00\u8d77\u524d\u5f80\u6ce2\u5170\u65c5\u884c\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6ce2\u5170\u8054\u7cfb\u4ebaMa\u0142gorzata Tarasiewicz\u548cAdam Jagusiak\u540e\u6765\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u53cd\u5171\u5b66\u751f\u8fd0\u52a8\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u548c\u5e73\u201d[pl]\u7684\u6210\u5458\u3002[39] \u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u57281986\u5e74\u63d0\u4ea4\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u7855\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u8be5\u8bba\u6587\u57fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u56e2\u7ed3\u5de5\u4f1a\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u91c7\u8bbf\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u6ce2\u5170\u56e2\u7ed3\u5de5\u4f1a\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002[31][40]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In August 1986, shortly before Orb\u00e1n’s wedding with Dr Anik\u00f3 L\u00e9vai in Szolnok<\/a> in September of that year, a police source reported him to belong to an organisation whose members were lecturing in the USA<\/a> or West Germany<\/a> as “the country’s expected future leaders<\/a>” and receiving Western support, while also being privy to top-level government decisions through minister Horv\u00e1th and enjoying full protection of the Budapest police (BRFK<\/a>\u00a0[hu<\/a>]). The minister was expected to personally intervene to clear Orb\u00e1n in particular of any sedition<\/a> charges.[29]<\/a>[32]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111986\u5e748\u6708\uff0c\u5728\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u540c\u5e749\u6708\u5728Szolnok\u4e0eAnik\u00f3 L\u00e9vai\u535a\u58eb\u7ed3\u5a5a\u524d\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u8b66\u65b9\u7684\u6d88\u606f\u6765\u6e90\u62a5\u544a\u8bf4\u4ed6\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6210\u5458\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u6216\u897f\u5fb7\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u9884\u671f\u7684\u672a\u6765\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u201d\u6388\u8bfe\uff0c\u5e76\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u901a\u8fc7\u90e8\u957fHorv\u00e1th\u63a5\u89e6\u5230\u4e86\u6700\u9ad8\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u51b3\u7b56\uff0c\u5e76\u4eab\u6709\u5e03\u8fbe\u4f69\u65af\u8b66\u5bdf\uff08BRFK[hu]\uff09\u7684\u5168\u9762\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002\u9884\u8ba1\u90e8\u957f\u5c06\u4eb2\u81ea\u4ecb\u5165\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u4e3a\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u514d\u9664\u4efb\u4f55\u717d\u52a8\u7f6a\u7684\u6307\u63a7\u3002[29][32]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After obtaining the higher degree of Juris Doctor<\/a>[41]<\/a><\/sup> in 1987,[42]<\/a>[43]<\/a><\/sup> Orb\u00e1n lived in Szolnok for two years, commuting to his job in Budapest as a sociologist at the Management Training Institute of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food.[44]<\/a><\/sup> In November 1987, Orb\u00e1n welcomed a group of 150 delegates from 17 countries to a two-day seminar on the Perestroika<\/a>, conscientious objection<\/a> and the prospects for a pan-European democratic movement, held at the Lawyers’ Special College of Social Sciences with the backing of the European Network for East\u2013West Dialogue.[37]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111987\u5e74\u83b7\u5f97\u6cd5\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u540e\uff0c[41] \u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u5728Szolnok\u751f\u6d3b\u4e86\u4e24\u5e74\uff0c\u901a\u52e4\u81f3\u5e03\u8fbe\u4f69\u65af\uff0c\u5728\u519c\u4e1a\u4e0e\u98df\u54c1\u90e8\u7ba1\u7406\u57f9\u8bad\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u62c5\u4efb\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002[44] 1987\u5e7411\u6708\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3a\u671f\u4e24\u5929\u7684\u7814\u8ba8\u4f1a\u4e0a\u6b22\u8fce\u4e86\u6765\u81ea17\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684150\u540d\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u7814\u8ba8\u4f1a\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u5305\u62ec\u65b0\u601d\u7ef4\u3001\u826f\u5fc3\u62d2\u670d\u5175\u5f79\u53ca\u6cdb\u6b27\u6d32\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u524d\u666f\uff0c\u8be5\u7814\u8ba8\u4f1a\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u4e1c\u897f\u65b9\u5bf9\u8bdd\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b66\u9662\u4e3e\u884c\u3002[37]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In September 1989, Orb\u00e1n took up a research fellowship at Pembroke College, Oxford<\/a>, funded by the Soros Foundation<\/a> which had employed him part-time<\/a> since April 1988.[45]<\/a><\/sup> He began work on the concept of civil society<\/a> in European political thought under the guidance of Zbigniew Pe\u0142czy\u0144ski<\/a>.[24]<\/a>[46]<\/a><\/sup> During this time, he unsuccessfully contested the Fidesz leadership elections in Budapest, which he lost to Fodor. In January 1990, he abandoned his project at Oxford and returned to Hungary with his family to run for a seat in Hungary’s first post-communist parliament<\/a>.[47]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111989\u5e749\u6708\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u7531\u7d22\u7f57\u65af\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\u5f6d\u5e03\u7f57\u514b\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5956\u5b66\u91d1\uff0c\u8be5\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u81ea1988\u5e744\u6708\u4ee5\u6765\u5c31\u96c7\u7528\u4e86\u4ed6\u505a\u517c\u804c\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002[45] \u4ed6\u5728Zbigniew Pe\u0142czy\u0144ski\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u4e0b\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u6b27\u6d32\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002[24][46] \u5728\u6b64\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u5728\u5e03\u8fbe\u4f69\u65af\u4e3e\u884c\u7684\u9752\u6c11\u76df\uff08Fidesz\uff09\u9886\u5bfc\u5c42\u9009\u4e3e\uff0c\u4f46\u8f93\u7ed9\u4e86Fodor\u800c\u672a\u80fd\u80dc\u9009\u30021990\u5e741\u6708\uff0c\u4ed6\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u5728\u725b\u6d25\u7684\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u4e0e\u5bb6\u4eba\u8fd4\u56de\u5308\u7259\u5229\uff0c\u53c2\u52a0\u7ade\u9009\u5308\u7259\u5229\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u540e\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u8bae\u4f1a\u7684\u5e2d\u4f4d\u3002[47]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. \u653f\u6cbb\u5d1b\u8d77\uff081988-1998\u5e74\uff09| Political ascent (1988\u20131998)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u56fe2-1\u548c2-2\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

On 30 March 1988, at the Lawyers’ Special College of Social Sciences, Orb\u00e1n \u2013 alongside Stumpf, Fodor, K\u00f6v\u00e9r and 32 other students and activists \u2013 founded the Alliance of Young Democrats<\/a> (Fiatal Demokrat\u00e1k Sz\u00f6vets\u00e9ge<\/em>, FIDESZ), a liberal<\/a>–nationalist<\/a> youth movement conceived as an overt political challenge to the Hungarian Young Communist League, whose members were banned from participation.[48]<\/a>[49]<\/a><\/sup> The college journal Sz\u00e1zadv\u00e9g<\/em> (End of the Century<\/em>), established with Orb\u00e1n’s help and funded by George Soros<\/a> since 1985, now became the press organ of Fidesz.[50]<\/a>[40]<\/a>[51]<\/a>[38]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111988 \u5e74 3 \u6708 30 \u65e5\uff0c\u5728\u5f8b\u5e08\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u9662\uff0c\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u4e0e\u65bd\u56fe\u59c6\u592b\u3001\u798f\u591a\u5c14\u3001\u67ef\u97e6\u5c14\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6 32 \u540d\u5b66\u751f\u548c\u6d3b\u52a8\u5bb6\u4e00\u8d77\u521b\u7acb\u4e86\u9752\u5e74\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u8054\u76df (Fiatal Demokrat\u00e1k Sz\u00f6vets\u00e9ge, FIDESZ)\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u573a\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u9752\u5e74\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u5bf9\u5308\u7259\u5229\u9752\u5e74\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u8054\u76df\u8fdb\u884c\u516c\u5f00\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u8be5\u8054\u76df\u7684\u6210\u5458\u88ab\u7981\u6b62\u53c2\u4e0e\u3002[48][49] \u5728\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b66\u9662\u671f\u520a\u300a\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u300b\u521b\u529e\u4e8e 1985 \u5e74\uff0c\u7531\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u7d22\u7f57\u65af\u8d44\u52a9\uff0c\u73b0\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a Fidesz \u7684\u65b0\u95fb\u673a\u6784\u3002[50][40][51][38]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 16 June 1989, Orb\u00e1n gave a speech<\/a> in Heroes’ Square<\/a>, Budapest, on the occasion of the reburial of Imre Nagy<\/a> and other national martyrs<\/a> of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution<\/a>. In his speech, he demanded free elections<\/a> and the withdrawal<\/a> of Soviet troops<\/a>. The speech brought him to national prominence and announced the existence of Fidesz to the wider public.[52]<\/a><\/sup> In the summer of 1989, he took part in the opposition round table talks<\/a>, representing Fidesz alongside L\u00e1szl\u00f3 K\u00f6v\u00e9r.[53]<\/a><\/sup> Fidesz became a political party in October 1989.[54]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111989 \u5e74 6 \u6708 16 \u65e5\uff0c\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u5728\u5e03\u8fbe\u4f69\u65af\u82f1\u96c4\u5e7f\u573a\u4e3a\u7eb3\u5409\u00b7\u4f0a\u59c6\u96f7\u548c\u5176\u4ed6 1956 \u5e74\u5308\u7259\u5229\u9769\u547d\u70c8\u58eb\u4e3e\u884c\u91cd\u65b0\u5b89\u846c\u4eea\u5f0f\u65f6\u53d1\u8868\u6f14\u8bb2\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u6f14\u8bb2\u4e2d\u8981\u6c42\u4e3e\u884c\u81ea\u7531\u9009\u4e3e\u5e76\u64a4\u51fa\u82cf\u8054\u519b\u961f\u3002\u8fd9\u6b21\u6f14\u8bb2\u4f7f\u4ed6\u58f0\u540d\u9e4a\u8d77\uff0c\u5e76\u5411\u5e7f\u5927\u516c\u4f17\u5ba3\u5e03\u4e86\u9752\u6c11\u76df\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002[52] 1989 \u5e74\u590f\u5929\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0e\u62c9\u65af\u6d1b\u00b7\u79d1\u7ef4\u5c14\u4e00\u8d77\u4ee3\u8868\u9752\u6c11\u76df\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u5706\u684c\u4f1a\u8c08\u3002[53] \u9752\u6c11\u76df\u4e8e 1989 \u5e74 10 \u6708\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u515a\u3002[54]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On returning home from Oxford, he secured the first spot on the Fidesz candidate list ahead of Fodor and was elected Member of Parliament from Pest County<\/a> at the April 1990 election<\/a>.[55]<\/a><\/sup> He was appointed leader of the Fidesz’s parliamentary group, in this capacity until May 1993.[56]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4ece\u725b\u6d25\u56de\u56fd\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u9752\u6c11\u76df\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u540d\u5355\u4e0a\u8d85\u8d8a\u798f\u591a\u5c14\uff0c\u4f4d\u5c45\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u5e76\u5728 1990 \u5e74 4 \u6708\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\u5f53\u9009\u4e3a\u4f69\u65af\u53bf\u8bae\u5458\u3002[55] \u4ed6\u88ab\u4efb\u547d\u4e3a\u9752\u6c11\u76df\u8bae\u4f1a\u515a\u56e2\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\uff0c\u5e76\u62c5\u4efb\u8be5\u804c\u4f4d\u76f4\u5230 1993 \u5e74 5 \u6708\u3002[56]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 18 April 1993, Orb\u00e1n became the first president of Fidesz, replacing the national board that had served as a collective leadership since its founding. Under his leadership, Fidesz gradually transformed from a radical liberal student organization to a center-right people’s party.[57]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111993\u5e744\u670818\u65e5\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u6210\u4e3a\u83f2\u5fb7\u65af\u515a\u7684\u9996\u4efb\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff0c\u63a5\u66ff\u4e86\u81ea\u515a\u6210\u7acb\u4ee5\u6765\u4e00\u76f4\u4f5c\u4e3a\u96c6\u4f53\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\uff0c\u83f2\u5fb7\u65af\u9010\u6e10\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b66\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2d\u53f3\u7ffc\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u515a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The conservative turn caused a severe split in the membership. Several members left the party, including P\u00e9ter Moln\u00e1r<\/a>, G\u00e1bor Fodor<\/a> and Zsuzsanna Szel\u00e9nyi<\/a>. Fodor and others later joined the liberal Alliance of Free Democrats<\/a> (SZDSZ), initially a strong ally of Fidesz, but later a political opponent.[58]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4fdd\u5b88\u8f6c\u5411\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u6210\u5458\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u4e25\u91cd\u5206\u88c2\u3002\u591a\u540d\u6210\u5458\u79bb\u5f00\u4e86\u8be5\u515a\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4f69\u7279\u00b7\u83ab\u5c14\u7eb3\uff08P\u00e9ter Moln\u00e1r\uff09\u3001\u52a0\u535a\u5c14\u00b7\u5f17\u52d2\u5fb7\u5c14\uff08G\u00e1bor Fodor\uff09\u548c\u5179\u82cf\u8d5e\u5a1c\u00b7\u65af\u6cfd\u83b1\u5c3c\uff08Zsuzsanna Szel\u00e9nyi\uff09\u3002\u5f17\u52d2\u5fb7\u5c14\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u540e\u6765\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\uff08SZDSZ\uff09\uff0c\u8be5\u515a\u6700\u521d\u662f\u83f2\u5fb7\u65af\u7684\u575a\u5b9a\u76df\u53cb\uff0c\u4f46\u540e\u6765\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u5bf9\u624b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

During the 1994 parliamentary election<\/a>, Fidesz barely reached the 5% threshold.[59]<\/a><\/sup> Orb\u00e1n became MP from his party’s Fej\u00e9r County Regional List.[56]<\/a><\/sup> He was chairman of the Committee on European Integration Affairs between 1994 and 1998.[56]<\/a><\/sup> He was also a member of the Immunity, Incompatibility and Credentials Committee for a short time in 1995.[56]<\/a><\/sup> Under his presidency, Fidesz adopted “Hungarian Civic Party” (Magyar Polg\u00e1ri P\u00e1rt<\/em>) to its shortened name in 1995. His party gradually became dominant in the right-wing of the political spectrum, while the former ruling conservative Hungarian Democratic Forum<\/a> (MDF) had lost much of its support.[59]<\/a><\/sup> From April 1996, Orb\u00e1n was chairman of the Hungarian National Committee of the New Atlantic Initiative<\/a> (NAI).[60]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u57281994\u5e74\u7684\u8bae\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\uff0c\u83f2\u5fb7\u65af\u52c9\u5f3a\u8fbe\u5230\u4e865%\u7684\u95e8\u69db\u3002\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u515a\u6d3e\u5728\u8d39\u8036\u5c14\u53bf\u7684\u5730\u533a\u540d\u5355\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u56fd\u4f1a\u8bae\u5458\u3002\u57281994\u5e74\u81f31998\u5e74\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u62c5\u4efb\u6b27\u6d32\u4e00\u4f53\u5316\u4e8b\u52a1\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u4e3b\u5e2d\u30021995\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u77ed\u6682\u5730\u62c5\u4efb\u8fc7\u8c41\u514d\u3001\u4e0d\u517c\u5bb9\u4e0e\u8d44\u683c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u6210\u5458\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u83f2\u5fb7\u65af\u57281995\u5e74\u5c06\u5176\u7b80\u79f0\u6539\u4e3a\u201c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u516c\u6c11\u515a\u201d\uff08Magyar Polg\u00e1ri P\u00e1rt\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u653f\u515a\u9010\u6e10\u5728\u653f\u575b\u7684\u53f3\u7ffc\u5360\u636e\u4e86\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u800c\u524d\u6267\u653f\u4fdd\u5b88\u515a\u5308\u7259\u5229\u6c11\u4e3b\u8bba\u575b\uff08MDF\uff09\u5219\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002\u4ece1996\u5e744\u6708\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u62c5\u4efb\u65b0\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u5021\u8bae\uff08NAI\uff09\u5308\u7259\u5229\u56fd\u5bb6\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In September 1992, Orb\u00e1n was elected vice chairman of the Liberal International<\/a>.[61]<\/a><\/sup> In November 2000, however, Fidesz left the Liberal International and joined the European People’s Party<\/a> (EPP). During the time, Orb\u00e1n worked hard to unite the center-right liberal conservative parties in Hungary. At the EPP’s Congress in Estoril<\/a> in October 2002, he was elected vice-president, an office he held until 2012.[62]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111992\u5e749\u6708\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u5f53\u9009\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u56fd\u9645\u7684\u526f\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u57282000\u5e7411\u6708\uff0c\u83f2\u5fb7\u65af\u8131\u79bb\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u56fd\u9645\uff0c\u5e76\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u6c11\u515a\uff08EPP\uff09\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u52aa\u529b\u56e2\u7ed3\u5308\u7259\u5229\u7684\u4e2d\u53f3\u7ffc\u81ea\u7531\u4fdd\u5b88\u515a\u6d3e\u30022002\u5e7410\u6708\uff0c\u5728\u57c3\u65af\u7279\u96f7\u5c14\u4e3e\u884c\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u6c11\u515a\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f53\u9009\u4e3a\u526f\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u804c\u52a1\u4ed6\u4e00\u76f4\u62c5\u4efb\u52302012\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. \u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u62c5\u4efb\u603b\u7406\uff1a1998\uff0d2002 | First premiership (1998\u20132002)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Main article: First Orb\u00e1n Government<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u653f\u5e9c\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe3-1\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

In 1998, Orb\u00e1n formed a coalition with the Hungarian Democratic Forum<\/a> (MDF) and the Independent Smallholders’ Party<\/a> (FKGP). The coalition won the 1998 parliamentary elections<\/a> with 42% of the national vote.[62]<\/a><\/sup> Orb\u00e1n became the second youngest prime minister of Hungary at the age of 35 (after Andr\u00e1s Heged\u00fcs<\/a>)[63]<\/a><\/sup> and the first post-Cold War<\/a> head of government<\/a> in both eastern<\/a> and central Europe<\/a> who had not previously been a member of a communist party<\/a> during the Soviet-era<\/a>.[64]<\/a><\/sup>
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The new government immediately launched a radical reform of state administration, reorganizing ministries and creating a superministry for the economy. In addition, the boards of the social security funds and centralized social security payments were dismissed. Following the German model<\/a>, Orb\u00e1n strengthened the prime minister’s office and named a new minister to oversee the work of his cabinet.[citation needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup>
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In February, the government decided that plenary sessions of the Hungarian Parliament<\/a> would be held only every third week.[65]<\/a><\/sup> Opposition parties strongly opposed the change,[66]<\/a>[67]<\/a>[68]<\/a><\/sup> arguing that it would reduce parliament’s legislative efficiency and ability to supervise the government.[69]<\/a><\/sup> In March, the government also tried to replace the National Assembly rule that requires a two-thirds majority vote with one of a simple majority, but the Constitutional Court ruled this unconstitutional.[70]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4e8c\u6708\u4efd\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u51b3\u5b9a\u5308\u7259\u5229\u8bae\u4f1a\u7684\u5168\u4f53\u4f1a\u8bae\u5c06\u4ec5\u6bcf\u4e09\u5468\u4e3e\u884c\u4e00\u6b21\u3002\u53cd\u5bf9\u515a\u5f3a\u70c8\u53cd\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4f1a\u964d\u4f4e\u8bae\u4f1a\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u6548\u7387\u548c\u76d1\u7763\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u4e09\u6708\u4efd\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u8fd8\u8bd5\u56fe\u6539\u53d8\u56fd\u6c11\u8bae\u4f1a\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5c06\u9700\u8981\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e8c\u591a\u6570\u6295\u7968\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u6539\u4e3a\u7b80\u5355\u591a\u6570\u5373\u53ef\uff0c\u4f46\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\u88c1\u5b9a\u8fd9\u79cd\u505a\u6cd5\u8fdd\u5baa\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two of Orb\u00e1n’s state secretaries in the prime minister’s office had to resign in May, due to their implication in a bribery scandal involving the American military manufacturer Lockheed Martin Corporation<\/a>. Before bids on a major jet-fighter contract, the two secretaries, along with 32 other deputies of Orb\u00e1n’s party, had sent a letter to two US senators to lobby for the appointment of a Budapest-based Lockheed manager to be the US ambassador to Hungary.[71]<\/a><\/sup> On 31 August, the head of the Tax Office also resigned after protracted criticism by the opposition on his earlier, allegedly suspicious, business dealings.[citation needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup> The government was also involved in a lengthy dispute with Budapest City Council the national government’s decision in late 1998 to cancel two major urban projects: the construction of a new national theatre<\/a>[72]<\/a><\/sup> and of the fourth subway line<\/a>.[citation needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup>
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Relations between the Fidesz-led coalition government and the opposition worsened in the National Assembly, where the two seemed to have abandoned all attempts at consensus-seeking politics. The government pushed to swiftly replace the heads of key institutions (such as the Hungarian National Bank<\/a> chairman, the Budapest City Chief Prosecutor<\/a> and the Hungarian Radio<\/a>) with partisan figures. Although the opposition resisted, for example by delaying their appointing of members of the supervising boards, the government ran the institutions without the stipulated number of directors. In a similar vein, Orb\u00e1n failed to show up for question time in parliament for periods of up to 10 months. His statements, such as “The parliament works without opposition too…”, also contributed to the image of arrogant and aggressive governance.[73]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u56fd\u6c11\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u7531\u83f2\u5fb7\u65af\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u8054\u5408\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u6076\u5316\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u4f3c\u4e4e\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u5bfb\u6c42\u5171\u8bc6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u52aa\u529b\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u8fc5\u901f\u63a8\u52a8\u7528\u5177\u6709\u515a\u6d3e\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u4eba\u7269\u53d6\u4ee3\u5173\u952e\u673a\u6784\u7684\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\uff08\u5982\u5308\u7259\u5229\u56fd\u5bb6\u94f6\u884c\u884c\u957f\u3001\u5e03\u8fbe\u4f69\u65af\u5e02\u9996\u5e2d\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\u548c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u5e7f\u64ad\u516c\u53f8\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\uff09\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u62b5\u6297\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u901a\u8fc7\u5ef6\u8fdf\u4efb\u547d\u76d1\u7763\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f46\u653f\u5e9c\u8fd8\u662f\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u89c4\u5b9a\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u8463\u4e8b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u8fd0\u884c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u673a\u6784\u3002\u540c\u6837\u5730\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u5728\u957f\u8fbe10\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\u7f3a\u5e2d\u4e86\u8bae\u4f1a\u7684\u8d28\u8be2\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e5f\u80fd\u8fd0\u4f5c\u2026\u2026\u201d\uff0c\u4e5f\u52a9\u957f\u4e86\u50b2\u6162\u548c\u4fb5\u7565\u6027\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A later report in March by the Brussels-based International Federation of Journalists<\/a> criticized the Hungarian government for improper political influence in the media, as the country’s public service broadcaster teetered close to bankruptcy.[74]<\/a><\/sup> Numerous political scandals during 2001 led to a de facto<\/em>, if not actual, breakup of the coalition that held power in Budapest. A bribery scandal in February triggered a wave of allegations and several prosecutions against the Independent Smallholders’ Party. The affair resulted in the ousting of J\u00f3zsef Torgy\u00e1n<\/a> from both the FKGP presidency and the top post in the Ministry of Agriculture<\/a>. The FKGP disintegrated and more than a dozen of its MPs joined the government faction.[75]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u7531\u5e03\u9c81\u585e\u5c14\u603b\u90e8\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u8bb0\u8005\u8054\u5408\u4f1a\u4e8e\u4e09\u6708\u4efd\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u4e00\u4efd\u540e\u671f\u62a5\u544a\u6279\u8bc4\u4e86\u5308\u7259\u5229\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u5a92\u4f53\u65bd\u52a0\u4e86\u4e0d\u5f53\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8be5\u56fd\u7684\u516c\u5171\u670d\u52a1\u5e7f\u64ad\u516c\u53f8\u6fd2\u4e34\u7834\u4ea7\u30022001\u5e74\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u591a\u6b21\u653f\u6cbb\u4e11\u95fb\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u5e03\u8fbe\u4f69\u65af\u6743\u529b\u8054\u76df\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u7684\u74e6\u89e3\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4e0d\u662f\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u3002\u4e8c\u6708\u4efd\u7684\u4e00\u8d77\u53d7\u8d3f\u4e11\u95fb\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6307\u63a7\u548c\u9488\u5bf9\u72ec\u7acb\u5c0f\u519c\u515a\u7684\u51e0\u8d77\u8bc9\u8bbc\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5bfc\u81f4\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u6258\u5c14\u5e72\uff08J\u00f3zsef Torgy\u00e1n\uff09\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u4ed6\u5728\u72ec\u7acb\u5c0f\u519c\u515a\uff08FKGP\uff09\u4e3b\u5e2d\u4ee5\u53ca\u519c\u4e1a\u90e8\u90e8\u957f\u7684\u804c\u4f4d\u3002\u72ec\u7acb\u5c0f\u519c\u515a\u968f\u540e\u89e3\u4f53\uff0c\u5176\u5341\u591a\u540d\u8bae\u5458\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u653f\u5e9c\u9635\u8425\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.1 \u7ecf\u6d4e | Economy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u56fe3-2\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Orb\u00e1n’s economic policy<\/a> was aimed at cutting taxes and social insurance contributions, while reducing inflation and unemployment. Among the new government’s first measures was to abolish university tuition fees<\/a> and reintroduce universal maternity benefits. The government announced its intention to continue the Socialist\u2013Liberal stabilization program and pledged to narrow the budget deficit, which had grown to 4.5% of GDP.[76]<\/a><\/sup> The previous Socialist<\/a> government had almost completed the privatization of government-run industries and had launched a comprehensive pension reform. However, the Socialists had avoided two major socioeconomic issues: reform of health care and agriculture; these remained to be tackled by Orb\u00e1n’s government.[citation needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u653f\u7b56\u65e8\u5728\u524a\u51cf\u7a0e\u6536\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u9669\u7f34\u8d39\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u964d\u4f4e\u901a\u8d27\u81a8\u80c0\u7387\u548c\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\u3002\u65b0\u653f\u5e9c\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u9996\u6279\u63aa\u65bd\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u5e9f\u9664\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u8d39\u5e76\u91cd\u65b0\u5f15\u5165\u666e\u904d\u7684\u4ea7\u5047\u798f\u5229\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u5ba3\u5e03\u6709\u610f\u7ee7\u7eed\u793e\u4f1a\u515a-\u81ea\u7531\u515a\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u5e76\u627f\u8bfa\u7f29\u5c0f\u5df2\u589e\u957f\u81f3\u56fd\u5185\u751f\u4ea7\u603b\u503c4.5%\u7684\u9884\u7b97\u8d64\u5b57\u3002\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u5e9c\u51e0\u4e4e\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u653f\u5e9c\u7ecf\u8425\u4ea7\u4e1a\u7684\u79c1\u6709\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u5e76\u542f\u52a8\u4e86\u5168\u9762\u7684\u517b\u8001\u91d1\u6539\u9769\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u515a\u56de\u907f\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u533b\u7597\u4fdd\u5065\u548c\u519c\u4e1a\u7684\u6539\u9769\uff1b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u7559\u7ed9\u4e86\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u653f\u5e9c\u53bb\u89e3\u51b3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economic successes included a drop in inflation from 15% in 1998 to 7.8% in 2001. Annual GDP growth rates were fairly steady under Orb\u00e1n’s tenure, ranging from 3.8% to 5.2%. The fiscal deficit fell from 3.9% in 1999 to 3.4% in 2001 and the ratio of the national debt decreased to 54% of GDP.[76]<\/a><\/sup> Under the Orb\u00e1n cabinet, there were realistic hopes that Hungary would be able to join the Eurozone<\/a> by 2009. However, negotiations for entry into the European Union<\/a> slowed in the fall of 1999, after the EU included six more countries (in addition to the original six) in the accession discussions. Orb\u00e1n repeatedly criticized the EU for its delay.[citation needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u7684\u6210\u529f\u5305\u62ec\u901a\u8d27\u81a8\u80c0\u7387\u4ece1998\u5e74\u768415%\u4e0b\u964d\u52302001\u5e74\u76847.8%\u3002\u5728\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u4efb\u671f\u5185\uff0c\u5e74\u5ea6GDP\u589e\u957f\u7387\u76f8\u5bf9\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u4ecb\u4e8e3.8%\u52305.2%\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002\u8d22\u653f\u8d64\u5b57\u4ece1999\u5e74\u76843.9%\u964d\u81f32001\u5e74\u76843.4%\uff0c\u56fd\u503a\u5360GDP\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4e5f\u4e0b\u964d\u5230\u4e8654%\u3002\u5728\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u5185\u9601\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5308\u7259\u5229\u80fd\u591f\u57282009\u5e74\u52a0\u5165\u6b27\u5143\u533a\u62b1\u6709\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u5e0c\u671b\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u57281999\u5e74\u79cb\u5b63\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u6b27\u76df\u5728\u52a0\u5165\u8c08\u5224\u4e2d\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u516d\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff08\u9664\u4e86\u6700\u521d\u7684\u516d\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u5916\uff09\uff0c\u5165\u76df\u8c08\u5224\u8fdb\u7a0b\u653e\u7f13\u3002\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u591a\u6b21\u6279\u8bc4\u6b27\u76df\u62d6\u5ef6\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.2 \u5bf9\u5916\u653f\u7b56 | Foreign policy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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\u56fe3-3\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

In March 1999, after Russian objections were overruled, Hungary joined NATO<\/a> along with the Czech Republic<\/a> and Poland<\/a>.[77]<\/a><\/sup> The Hungarian membership to NATO demanded its involvement in Federal Republic of Yugoslavia<\/a>‘s Kosovo crisis<\/a> and modernization of its army. NATO membership also dealt a blow to the economy because of a trade embargo<\/a> imposed on Yugoslavia.[78]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111999\u5e743\u6708\uff0c\u5728\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u88ab\u5426\u51b3\u540e\uff0c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u4e0e\u6377\u514b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u548c\u6ce2\u5170\u4e00\u8d77\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u5317\u7ea6\u3002\u5308\u7259\u5229\u52a0\u5165\u5317\u7ea6\u8981\u6c42\u5176\u53c2\u4e0e\u5357\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u8054\u90a6\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7684\u79d1\u7d22\u6c83\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u5e76\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u5176\u519b\u961f\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5bf9\u5357\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u5b9e\u65bd\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u7981\u8fd0\uff0c\u5317\u7ea6\u6210\u5458\u56fd\u8d44\u683c\u4e5f\u5bf9\u5308\u7259\u5229\u7ecf\u6d4e\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u6253\u51fb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hungary attracted international media attention in 1999 for passing the “status law” concerning estimated three-million ethnic Hungarian minorities in neighbouring Romania<\/a>, Slovakia<\/a>, Serbia and Montenegro<\/a>, Croatia<\/a>, Slovenia<\/a> and Ukraine<\/a>. The law aimed to provide education, health benefits and employment rights to members of those minorities, and was said to heal the negative effects of the disastrous 1920 Trianon Treaty<\/a>.[79]<\/a>[80]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111999\u5e74\uff0c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u56e0\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u90bb\u56fd\u7f57\u9a6c\u5c3c\u4e9a\u3001\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u3001\u585e\u5c14\u7ef4\u4e9a\u548c\u9ed1\u5c71\u3001\u514b\u7f57\u5730\u4e9a\u3001\u65af\u6d1b\u6587\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u5883\u5185\u4f30\u8ba1\u4e09\u767e\u4e07\u7684\u5308\u7259\u5229\u65cf\u88d4\u5c11\u6570\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u201c\u5730\u4f4d\u6cd5\u201d\u800c\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u56fd\u9645\u5a92\u4f53\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u3002\u8be5\u6cd5\u5f8b\u65e8\u5728\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c11\u6570\u6c11\u65cf\u6210\u5458\u63d0\u4f9b\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u5065\u5eb7\u798f\u5229\u548c\u5c31\u4e1a\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u5e76\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fee\u590d1920\u5e74\u707e\u96be\u6027\u7684\u7279\u91cc\u4e9a\u519c\u6761\u7ea6\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u8d1f\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Governments in neighbouring states, particularly Romania, claimed to be insulted by the law, which they saw as interference in their domestic affairs. Proponents of the status law countered that several of the countries criticizing the law themselves had similar constructs to provide benefits for their own minorities. Romania acquiesced after amendments following a December 2001 agreement between Orb\u00e1n and Romanian Prime Minister<\/a> Adrian N\u0103stase<\/a>;[81]<\/a><\/sup> Slovakia accepted the law after further concessions made by the new government after the 2002 elections.[82]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u90bb\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u7f57\u9a6c\u5c3c\u4e9a\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u58f0\u79f0\u8be5\u6cd5\u5f8b\u662f\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u5185\u653f\u7684\u5e72\u6d89\uff0c\u5e76\u56e0\u6b64\u611f\u5230\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u5192\u72af\u3002\u652f\u6301\u201c\u5730\u4f4d\u6cd5\u201d\u7684\u4eba\u58eb\u53cd\u9a73\u8bf4\uff0c\u51e0\u4e2a\u6279\u8bc4\u8be5\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u6709\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u673a\u5236\u4e3a\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5c11\u6570\u6c11\u65cf\u63d0\u4f9b\u798f\u5229\u3002\u5728\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u4e0e\u7f57\u9a6c\u5c3c\u4e9a\u603b\u7406\u963f\u5fb7\u91cc\u5b89\u00b7\u7eb3\u65af\u5854\u585e\u4e8e2001\u5e7412\u6708\u8fbe\u6210\u534f\u8bae\u540e\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4fee\u6b63\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u5c3c\u4e9a\u65b9\u9762\u8868\u793a\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u800c\u57282002\u5e74\u9009\u4e3e\u540e\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u65b0\u653f\u5e9c\u505a\u51fa\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8ba9\u6b65\uff0c\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u4e5f\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u8be5\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. \u5728\u91ce\u65f6\u671f\uff1a2002\uff0d2010 | Leader of the Opposition (2002\u20132010)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The level of public support for political parties generally stagnated, even with general elections coming in 2002. Fidesz and the main opposition Hungarian Socialist Party<\/a> (MSZP) ran neck and neck in the opinion polls for most of the year, both attracting about 26% of the electorate. According to a September 2001 poll by the Gallup organization, however, support for a joint Fidesz \u2013 Hungarian Democratic Forum party list would run up to 33% of the voters, with the Socialists drawing 28% and other opposition parties 3% each.[83]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u653f\u515a\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u652f\u6301\u6c34\u5e73\u603b\u4f53\u505c\u6ede\u4e0d\u524d\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf2002\u5e74\u7684\u5927\u9009\u5373\u5c06\u6765\u4e34\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u5e74\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\uff0c\u83f2\u5fb7\u65af\u515a\u548c\u4e3b\u8981\u53cd\u5bf9\u515a\u5308\u7259\u5229\u793e\u4f1a\u515a\uff08MSZP\uff09\u5728\u6c11\u610f\u8c03\u67e5\u4e2d\u7684\u652f\u6301\u7387\u65d7\u9f13\u76f8\u5f53\uff0c\u5404\u81ea\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u5927\u7ea626%\u7684\u9009\u6c11\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u76d6\u6d1b\u666e\u516c\u53f8\u57282001\u5e749\u6708\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u6c11\u8c03\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u83f2\u5fb7\u65af\u515a\u548c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u6c11\u4e3b\u8bba\u575b\u515a\u8054\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5c06\u83b7\u5f9733%\u9009\u6c11\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u800c\u793e\u4f1a\u515a\u5219\u4f1a\u5f97\u523028%\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u53cd\u5bf9\u515a\u5404\u81ea\u83b7\u5f973%\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, public support for the FKGP plunged from 14% in 1998 to 1% in 2001. As many as 40% of the voters remained undecided, however. Although the Socialists had picked their candidate for prime minister\u2014former finance minister P\u00e9ter Medgyessy<\/a>\u2014the opposition largely remained unable to increase its political support.[citation needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup> The dark horse of the election was the radical nationalist Hungarian Justice and Life Party<\/a> (MI\u00c9P), with its leader, Istv\u00e1n Csurka<\/a>‘s radical rhetoric. MI\u00c9P could not be ruled out as the key to a new term for Orb\u00e1n and his party should they be forced into a coalition after the 2002 elections.[citation needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u72ec\u7acb\u5c0f\u519c\u515a\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u652f\u6301\u7387\u4ece1998\u5e74\u768414%\u9aa4\u964d\u52302001\u5e74\u76841%\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u591a\u8fbe40%\u7684\u9009\u6c11\u4ecd\u672a\u4f5c\u51fa\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u793e\u4f1a\u515a\u5df2\u7ecf\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u603b\u7406\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u524d\u8d22\u653f\u90e8\u957f\u5f7c\u5f97\u00b7\u6885\u6770\u897f\uff08P\u00e9ter Medgyessy\uff09\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u4ecd\u7136\u65e0\u6cd5\u589e\u52a0\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u652f\u6301\u3002\u672c\u6b21\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u4e00\u5339\u9ed1\u9a6c\u662f\u6fc0\u8fdb\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5308\u7259\u5229\u516c\u6b63\u751f\u6d3b\u515a\uff08MI\u00c9P\uff09\uff0c\u8be5\u515a\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u4f0a\u65af\u7279\u4e07\u00b7\u4e54\u5c14\u5361\uff08Istv\u00e1n Csurka\uff09\u4ee5\u5176\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u8457\u79f0\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u515a\u6d3e\u57282002\u5e74\u5927\u9009\u540e\u88ab\u8feb\u7ec4\u5efa\u8054\u5408\u653f\u5e9c\uff0cMI\u00c9P\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u5176\u8fde\u4efb\u7684\u5173\u952e\u56e0\u7d20\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The elections of 2002 were the most heated Hungary had experienced in more than a decade, and an unprecedented cultural-political division formed in the country. In the event, Orb\u00e1n’s group lost the April parliamentary elections to the opposition Hungarian Socialist Party, which set up a coalition with its longtime ally, the liberal Alliance of Free Democrats. Turnout was a record-high 70.5%. Beyond these parties, only deputies of the Hungarian Democratic Forum made it into the National Assembly. The populist Independent Smallholders’ Party and the right Hungarian Justice and Life Party lost all their seats. Thus, the number of political parties in the new assembly was reduced from six to four.[84]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112002\u5e74\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u662f\u5308\u7259\u5229\u5341\u591a\u5e74\u6765\u7ecf\u5386\u7684\u6700\u4e3a\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u8be5\u56fd\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u524d\u6240\u672a\u6709\u7684\u6587\u5316\u653f\u6cbb\u5206\u6b67\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u7684\u653f\u515a\u5728\u56db\u6708\u7684\u8bae\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\u8f93\u7ed9\u4e86\u53cd\u5bf9\u515a\u5308\u7259\u5229\u793e\u4f1a\u515a\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u4e0e\u5176\u957f\u671f\u76df\u53cb\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u8054\u76df\u7ec4\u6210\u4e86\u8054\u5408\u653f\u5e9c\u3002\u6b64\u6b21\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u6295\u7968\u7387\u521b\u4e0b\u4e8670.5%\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\u9ad8\u4f4d\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u653f\u515a\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5308\u7259\u5229\u6c11\u4e3b\u8bba\u575b\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u56fd\u6c11\u8bae\u4f1a\u3002\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u5c0f\u519c\u515a\u548c\u53f3\u7ffc\u7684\u5308\u7259\u5229\u516c\u6b63\u751f\u6d3b\u515a\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5e2d\u4f4d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u65b0\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u653f\u515a\u6570\u91cf\u4ece\u516d\u4e2a\u51cf\u5c11\u5230\u4e86\u56db\u4e2a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

MI\u00c9P challenged the government’s legitimacy, demanded a recount, complained of election fraud, and generally kept the country in election mode until the October municipal elections. The socialist-controlled Central Elections Committee ruled that a recount was unnecessary, a position supported by observers from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe<\/a>, whose only substantive criticism of the election conduct was that the state television carried a consistent bias in favour of Fidesz.[85]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011MI\u00c9P\u8d28\u7591\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u91cd\u65b0\u8ba1\u7968\uff0c\u5e76\u6295\u8bc9\u9009\u4e3e\u821e\u5f0a\uff0c\u603b\u4f53\u4e0a\u4f7f\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e00\u76f4\u5904\u4e8e\u9009\u4e3e\u72b6\u6001\u76f4\u5230\u5341\u6708\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u9009\u4e3e\u3002\u7531\u793e\u4f1a\u515a\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u9009\u4e3e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u88c1\u5b9a\u91cd\u65b0\u8ba1\u7968\u6ca1\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u7acb\u573a\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u6765\u81ea\u6b27\u6d32\u5b89\u5168\u4e0e\u5408\u4f5c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u89c2\u5bdf\u5458\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u5bf9\u9009\u4e3e\u8fc7\u7a0b\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u5b9e\u8d28\u6027\u6279\u8bc4\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u7535\u89c6\u53f0\u4e00\u8d2f\u504f\u8892\u83f2\u5fb7\u65af\u515a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orb\u00e1n received the Freedom Award of the American Enterprise Institute<\/a> and the New Atlantic Initiative (2001), the Polak Award (2001), the Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit<\/a> (2001), the “F\u00f6rderpreis Soziale Marktwirtschaft” (Price for the Social Market Economy, 2002) and the M\u00e9rite Europ\u00e9en prize (2004). In April 2004, he received the Papal Grand Cross of the Order of St. Gregory the Great.[citation needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f01\u4e1a\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u548c\u65b0\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u5021\u8bae\u9881\u53d1\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u5956\uff082001\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u6ce2\u62c9\u514b\u5956\uff082001\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u529f\u7ee9\u52cb\u7ae0\u7684\u5927\u5341\u5b57\u52cb\u7ae0\uff082001\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u201cF\u00f6rderpreis Soziale Marktwirtschaft\u201d\u5956\uff08\u793e\u4f1a\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5956\uff0c2002\u5e74\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u6b27\u6d32\u8363\u8a89\u5956\uff082004\u5e74\uff09\u30022004\u5e744\u6708\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u6559\u7687\u5723\u989d\u6211\u7565\u5927\u5e1d\u7ea7\u5927\u5341\u5b57\u52cb\u7ae0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the 2004 European Parliament election<\/a>, the ruling Hungarian Socialist Party was heavily defeated by the opposition conservative Fidesz. Fidesz gained 47.4% of the vote and 12 of Hungary’s 24 seats.[86]<\/a>[87]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u57282004\u5e74\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u8bae\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\uff0c\u6267\u653f\u7684\u5308\u7259\u5229\u793e\u4f1a\u515a\u906d\u5230\u4e86\u53cd\u5bf9\u515a\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u83f2\u5fb7\u65af\u515a\u7684\u91cd\u521b\u3002\u83f2\u5fb7\u65af\u515a\u8d62\u5f97\u4e8647.4%\u7684\u9009\u7968\uff0c\u5e76\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u5308\u7259\u522924\u4e2a\u5e2d\u4f4d\u4e2d\u768412\u4e2a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe4-1\u548c4-2\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Orb\u00e1n was the Fidesz candidate for the parliamentary election in 2006<\/a>. Fidesz and its new-old candidate failed again to gain a majority in this election, which initially put Orb\u00e1n’s future political career as the leader of Fidesz in question.[88]<\/a><\/sup> However, after fighting with the Socialist-Liberal coalition, Orb\u00e1n’s position resolidified, and he was elected president of Fidesz for yet another term in May 2007.[89]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u662f 2006 \u5e74\u8bae\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u9752\u6c11\u76df\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u3002\u9752\u6c11\u76df\u53ca\u5176\u65b0\u8001\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u5728\u8fd9\u6b21\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\u518d\u6b21\u672a\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u591a\u6570\u7968\uff0c\u8fd9\u6700\u521d\u4f7f\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9752\u6c11\u76df\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u7684\u672a\u6765\u653f\u6cbb\u751f\u6daf\u53d7\u5230\u8d28\u7591\u3002[88] \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u515a-\u81ea\u7531\u515a\u8054\u76df\u6597\u4e89\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u91cd\u65b0\u5de9\u56fa\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e 2007 \u5e74 5 \u6708\u518d\u6b21\u5f53\u9009\u9752\u6c11\u76df\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3002[89]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 17 September 2006, an audio recording surfaced from a closed-door Hungarian Socialist Party meeting, which was held on 26 May 2006, in which Hungarian Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcs\u00e1ny<\/a> gave an obscenity-laden speech<\/a>. The leak ignited mass protests<\/a>.[citation needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup> On 1 November, Orb\u00e1n and his party announced their plans to stage several large-scale demonstrations across Hungary on the anniversary of the Soviet suppression of the 1956 Revolution. The events were intended to serve as a memorial to the victims of the Soviet invasion and a protest against police brutality during the 23 October unrest in Budapest. Planned events included a candlelight vigil march across Budapest. However, the demonstrations were small and petered out by the end of the year.[90]<\/a><\/sup> A new round of demonstrations expected in the spring of 2007 did not materialize.[citation needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112006\u5e749\u670817\u65e5\uff0c\u4e00\u6bb5\u5f55\u97f3\u66dd\u5149\uff0c\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\u5308\u7259\u5229\u793e\u4f1a\u515a\u4e8e2006\u5e745\u670826\u65e5\u4e3e\u884c\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u95ed\u95e8\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5308\u7259\u5229\u603b\u7406\u8d39\u4f26\u8328\u00b7\u4e45\u5c14\u6070\u5c3c\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u5145\u6ee1\u810f\u8bdd\u7684\u6f14\u8bb2\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u6cc4\u9732\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u6297\u8bae\u6d3b\u52a8\u300211\u67081\u65e5\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u515a\u5ba3\u5e03\u8ba1\u5212\u5728\u82cf\u8054\u9547\u538b1956\u5e74\u9769\u547d\u7684\u5468\u5e74\u7eaa\u5ff5\u65e5\u5728\u5308\u7259\u5229\u5404\u5730\u4e3e\u884c\u51e0\u6b21\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u793a\u5a01\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6d3b\u52a8\u65e8\u5728\u7eaa\u5ff5\u82cf\u8054\u5165\u4fb5\u7684\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\uff0c\u5e76\u6297\u8bae10\u670823\u65e5\u5728\u5e03\u8fbe\u4f69\u65af\u52a8\u4e71\u671f\u95f4\u7684\u8b66\u5bdf\u66b4\u529b\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u8ba1\u5212\u4e2d\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u5e03\u8fbe\u4f69\u65af\u4e3e\u884c\u70db\u5149\u5b88\u591c\u6e38\u884c\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u793a\u5a01\u6d3b\u52a8\u89c4\u6a21\u8f83\u5c0f\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5e74\u5e95\u65f6\u9010\u6e10\u6d88\u5931\u3002\u9884\u671f\u57282007\u5e74\u6625\u5b63\u65b0\u4e00\u8f6e\u7684\u793a\u5a01\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 1 October 2006, Fidesz won the municipal elections, which counterbalanced the MSZP-led government’s power to some extent. Fidesz won 15 of 23 mayoralties in Hungary’s largest cities\u2014although it narrowly lost Budapest to the Liberal Party\u2014and majorities in 18 of 20 regional assemblies.[91]<\/a>[92]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112006 \u5e74 10 \u6708 1 \u65e5\uff0c\u9752\u6c11\u76df\u8d62\u5f97\u5e02\u653f\u9009\u4e3e\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5236\u8861\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6743\u529b\u3002\u9752\u6c11\u76df\u8d62\u5f97\u4e86\u5308\u7259\u5229\u6700\u5927\u57ce\u5e02 23 \u4e2a\u5e02\u957f\u4e2d\u7684 15 \u4e2a\uff08\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u5e03\u8fbe\u4f69\u65af\u4ee5\u5fae\u5f31\u4f18\u52bf\u8f93\u7ed9\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u515a\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u5728 20 \u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684 18 \u4e2a\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u591a\u6570\u5e2d\u4f4d\u3002[91][92]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 9 March 2008, a national referendum<\/a> took place on revoking government reforms which introduced doctor fees per visit and medical fees paid per number of days spent in hospital as well as tuition fees in higher education. Fidesz initiated the referendum against the ruling MSZP.[93]<\/a>[94]<\/a><\/sup> The procedure for the referendum started on 23 October 2006, when Orb\u00e1n announced they would hand in seven questions to the National Electorate Office, three of which (on abolishing copayments<\/a>, daily fees and college tuition fees) were officially approved on 17 December 2007 and called on 24 January 2008. The referendum passed, a significant victory for Fidesz.[95]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112008\u5e743\u67089\u65e5\uff0c\u4e00\u573a\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u7684\u516c\u6295\u5c31\u64a4\u9500\u653f\u5e9c\u5f15\u5165\u7684\u533b\u7597\u6539\u9769\u548c\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u8d39\u6539\u9769\u4e3e\u884c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6539\u9769\u5305\u62ec\u6bcf\u6b21\u770b\u533b\u751f\u9700\u652f\u4ed8\u8d39\u7528\u3001\u4f4f\u9662\u6309\u5929\u6570\u4ed8\u8d39\u4ee5\u53ca\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5b66\u8d39\u3002\u8fd9\u6b21\u516c\u6295\u662f\u7531\u53cd\u5bf9\u6267\u653f\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u515a\u7684\u83f2\u5fb7\u65af\u515a\u53d1\u8d77\u7684\u3002\u516c\u6295\u7a0b\u5e8f\u59cb\u4e8e2006\u5e7410\u670823\u65e5\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u5ba3\u5e03\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u5411\u56fd\u5bb6\u9009\u4e3e\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\u63d0\u4ea4\u4e03\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e09\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff08\u5173\u4e8e\u5e9f\u9664\u5171\u540c\u652f\u4ed8\u3001\u4f4f\u9662\u8d39\u548c\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u8d39\uff09\u4e8e2007\u5e7412\u670817\u65e5\u6b63\u5f0f\u83b7\u5f97\u6279\u51c6\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e2008\u5e741\u670824\u65e5\u5ba3\u5e03\u4e3e\u884c\u516c\u6295\u3002\u516c\u6295\u6700\u7ec8\u901a\u8fc7\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bf9\u83f2\u5fb7\u65af\u515a\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the 2009 European Parliament election<\/a>, Fidesz won by a large margin, garnering 56.36% of votes and 14 of Hungary’s 22 seats.[96]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u57282009\u5e74\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u8bae\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\uff0c\u83f2\u5fb7\u65af\u515a\u4ee5\u660e\u663e\u4f18\u52bf\u83b7\u80dc\uff0c\u8d62\u5f97\u4e8656.36%\u7684\u9009\u7968\uff0c\u5e76\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u5308\u7259\u522922\u4e2a\u5e2d\u4f4d\u4e2d\u768414\u4e2a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. \u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u62c5\u4efb\u603b\u7406\uff1a2010\u5e74\u81f3\u4eca | Second premiership (2010\u2013present)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Second Orb\u00e1n Government<\/a>, Third Orb\u00e1n Government<\/a>, Fourth Orb\u00e1n Government<\/a>, and Fifth Orb\u00e1n Government<\/a>
\u3010\u4e3b\u8981\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5c4a\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u7b2c\u4e09\u5c4a\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u7b2c\u56db\u5c4a\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u7b2c\u4e94\u5c4a\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u653f\u5e9c\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe5-1\u548c5-2\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

5.1 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u5c4a\u603b\u7406\uff1a2010\uff0d2014 | Second Orb\u00e1n government (2010\u20132014)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

2010\u5e744\u670811\u65e5\uff0c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u5728\u7ecf\u5386\u4e25\u91cd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5371\u673a\u540e\uff0c\u4e3e\u884c\u56fd\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u7b2c\u4e00\u8f6e\u6295\u7968\u3002\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u5728\u91ce\u515a\u53f3\u7ffc\u9752\u5e74\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u8054\u76df<\/a>\u53ca\u5176\u76df\u53cb\u57fa\u6c11\u515a\u83b7\u5f97\u538b\u5012\u6027\u80dc\u5229\uff0c\u5728\u5308\u7259\u5229\u56fd\u4f1a<\/a>386\u4e2a\u8bae\u5e2d\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f9753.37%\u7684\u8bae\u5e2d\u5373206\u5e2d\uff0c\u6267\u653f\u516b\u5e74\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u515a\u5927\u8d25\uff0c\u4ec5\u53d6\u5f9728\u5e2d\uff0c\u6781\u53f3\u6d3e<\/a>\u653f\u515a\u201c\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u5308\u7259\u5229\u8fd0\u52a8<\/a>\u201d\u83b7\u5f9726\u5e2d\u3002\u9752\u5e74\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u8054\u76df<\/a>\u57282010\u5e74\u5308\u7259\u5229\u56fd\u4f1a\u5927\u9009\u7b2c\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\u83b7\u5f9752.73%\u7684\u7684\u9009\u7968\u3002\u5176\u540e\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8f6e\u6295\u7968\u540e\uff0c\u9752\u6c11\u76df\u5728\u5355\u4e00\u9009\u533a\u53d6\u5f97176\u5e2d\u4e2d\u7684173\u5e2d\uff0c\u5206\u533a\u9009\u533a146\u5e2d\u4e2d\u768487\u5e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5168\u56fd\u4e0d\u5206\u533a\u9009\u533a\u76843\u5e2d\uff0c\u5408\u5171\u53d6\u5f97263\u5e2d\uff0c\u53d6\u5f97\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e8c\u591a\u6570\u7684\u56fd\u4f1a\u5e2d\u4f4d\uff0c\u8fbe\u5230\u4fee\u6539\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u95e8\u69db\u30025\u670814\u65e5\uff0c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u603b\u7edf<\/a>\u7ecd\u7ea6\u59c6\u00b7\u62c9\u65af\u6d1b<\/a>\u63d0\u540d\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u51fa\u4efb\u65b0\u653f\u5e9c\u603b\u7406\u30025\u670829\u65e5\uff0c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u56fd\u4f1a\u4ee5261\u7968\u8d5e\u6210\u3001107\u7968\u53cd\u5bf9\u7684\u6295\u7968\u7ed3\u679c\u9009\u4e3e\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u4e3a\u65b0\u653f\u5e9c\u603b\u7406\uff0c386\u540d\u8bae\u5458\u4e2d\u670918\u540d\u8bae\u5458\u6ca1\u6709\u53c2\u52a0\u6295\u7968\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u653f\u5e9c\u5ba3\u8a93\u5c31\u804c\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u76f8\u9694\u516b\u5e74\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u51fa\u4efb\u603b\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the 2010 parliamentary elections<\/a>, Orb\u00e1n’s party won 52.7% of the popular vote but received a 68% majority of parliamentary seats due to the design of the post-communist electoral system.[97]<\/a>:\u200a139\u200a[98]<\/a><\/sup> A two-third parliamentary majority is enough to change the constitution, and in 2011 Orb\u00e1n’s government drafted a new constitution<\/a> behind closed doors, debated it for only nine days in the parliament and passed it on a party line.[99]<\/a>:\u200a52\u200a[100]<\/a>[101]<\/a>[102]<\/a>[103]<\/a><\/sup> Orb\u00e1n rejected suggestions within his party to pursue a more cautious agenda.[4]<\/a><\/sup> He would go on to amend the constitution twelve times in his first year in office.[99]<\/a>:\u200a52\u200a<\/sup> Among other changes, it includes support for traditional values, nationalism, references to Christianity, and a controversial electoral reform, which decreased the number of seats in the Parliament of Hungary from 386 to 199.[104]<\/a>[105]<\/a><\/sup> The new constitution entered into force on 1 January 2012, replacing the Hungarian Constitution of 1949<\/a>.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u57282010\u5e74\u7684\u8bae\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u7684\u653f\u515a\u8d62\u5f97\u4e8652.7%\u7684\u666e\u9009\u7968\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u540e\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u9009\u4e3e\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u8be5\u515a\u5728\u8bae\u4f1a\u5e2d\u4f4d\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u4e8668%\u7684\u591a\u6570\u3002\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e8c\u7684\u8bae\u4f1a\u591a\u6570\u8db3\u4ee5\u4fee\u6539\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u57282011\u5e74\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u95ed\u95e8\u8ba8\u8bba\u540e\u8d77\u8349\u4e86\u4e00\u90e8\u65b0\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u5728\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e2d\u4ec5\u8fa9\u8bba\u4e86\u4e5d\u5929\u4fbf\u6cbf\u7740\u515a\u6d3e\u8def\u7ebf\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u5b83\u3002\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u62d2\u7edd\u4e86\u515a\u5185\u5173\u4e8e\u8ffd\u6c42\u66f4\u4e3a\u8c28\u614e\u8bae\u7a0b\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u4e0a\u4efb\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u5e74\u91cc\uff0c\u4ed6\u603b\u5171\u4fee\u6539\u4e86\u5baa\u6cd5\u5341\u4e8c\u6b21\u3002\u65b0\u5baa\u6cd5\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u5bf9\u4f20\u7edf\u4ef7\u503c\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u63d0\u53ca\u548c\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u8fd9\u9879\u6539\u9769\u5c06\u5308\u7259\u5229\u8bae\u4f1a\u7684\u5e2d\u4f4d\u6570\u4ece386\u4e2a\u51cf\u5c11\u5230\u4e86199\u4e2a\u3002\u8fd9\u90e8\u65b0\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e8e2012\u5e741\u67081\u65e5\u751f\u6548\uff0c\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e861949\u5e74\u7684\u5308\u7259\u5229\u5baa\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2011\u5e74\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u65b0\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u524a\u5f31\u5308\u7259\u5229\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662<\/a>\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u964d\u4f4e\u9000\u4f11\u5e74\u9f84\u800c\u4f7f\u4e0d\u5c11\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u88ab\u8feb\u9000\u4f11\uff1b\u5728\u7ade\u9009\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u65e0\u5bb6\u53ef\u5f52\u8005\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bb6\u5ead\u6743\u5229\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u4e25\u683c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u5185\u5bb9\u5305\u62ec\u5f53\u5c40\u6709\u6743\u5229\u7981\u6b62\u4f7f\u7528\u4e8e\u201c\u5c45\u4f4f\u76ee\u7684\u201d\u516c\u5171\u7a7a\u95f4\uff1b\u8bae\u4f1a\u6709\u6743\u5c31\u662f\u5426\u6559\u4f1a\u5e94\u8be5\u88ab\u6b63\u5f0f\u627f\u8ba4\u5145\u5f53\u4ef2\u88c1\u8005\uff1b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u4e00\u5bf9\u592b\u59bb\u548c\u513f\u7ae5\uff08\u53cd\u540c\u6027\u5a5a\u59fb<\/a>\uff09\uff1b\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u5728\u5308\u7259\u5229\u5de5\u4f5c\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\u653f\u515a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5e7f\u64ad\u5728\u6b63\u5f0f\u7ade\u9009\u671f\u95f4\u5185\u88ab\u9650\u5236\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\u5a92\u4f53\u4e2d\u3002[7]<\/a>[8]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2012 Orb\u00e1n’s government implemented a flat tax<\/a> on personal income<\/a> set at 16%.[106]<\/a><\/sup> Orb\u00e1n has called his government “pragmatic”, citing restrictions on early retirement in the police force and military, making welfare more transparent, and a central banking law that “gives Hungary more independence from the European Central Bank”.[107]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112012\u5e74\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u5b9e\u65bd\u4e8616%\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u6240\u5f97\u7a0e\u5355\u4e00\u7a0e\u7387\u3002\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u79f0\u4ed6\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u662f\u201c\u52a1\u5b9e\u7684\u201d\uff0c\u5217\u4e3e\u4e86\u5bf9\u8b66\u5bdf\u548c\u519b\u961f\u63d0\u524d\u9000\u4f11\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3001\u4f7f\u798f\u5229\u66f4\u52a0\u900f\u660e\u5316\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e00\u9879\u4f7f\u201c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u4ece\u6b27\u6d32\u4e2d\u592e\u94f6\u884c\u83b7\u5f97\u66f4\u5927\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\u201d\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u94f6\u884c\u4e1a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 14 January 2014 Orban went to Moscow in order to sign with Putin an agreement on the Paks II<\/a> nuclear power plant (NPP). The Russian state-owned enterprise Rosatom<\/a> would develop the NPP, and Hungary was to finance the plant by borrowing from Russia. At the same time Orban reassured everyone that the South Stream<\/a> pipeline would be completed soon.[108]<\/a>[109]<\/a><\/sup> The BBC<\/a><\/em> complained that “there was no formal bidding process for the plant’s expansion, and the terms of the loan agreement have not yet been made public,” even after the Hungarian parliament approved the deal on 6 February.[110]<\/a><\/sup> It later came to light that the loan amounted to \u20ac8bn and was financed over a 30 year term.[108]<\/a><\/sup> Hungarian MFA Peter Szijjarto<\/a> told reporters that the deal was “the business (transaction) of the century.” Westinghouse<\/a> and Areva<\/a>, two Western prime contractors, had been lured since 2012 by the Hungarian civil service but eventually had been frozen out of competition by the Orban government, who chose to sole-source the deal.[111]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112014\u5e741\u670814\u65e5\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u524d\u5f80\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u4e0e\u666e\u4eac\u7b7e\u7f72\u5173\u4e8e\u5e15\u514b\u65af\u4e8c\u671f\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\uff08Paks II NPP\uff09\u7684\u534f\u8bae\u3002\u6839\u636e\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u56fd\u6709\u4f01\u4e1aRosatom\u5c06\u8d1f\u8d23\u5f00\u53d1\u8be5\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\uff0c\u800c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u5c06\u901a\u8fc7\u5411\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u501f\u6b3e\u6765\u4e3a\u8be5\u7535\u7ad9\u7684\u5efa\u8bbe\u878d\u8d44\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u4fdd\u8bc1\u5357\u6eaa\u5929\u7136\u6c14\u7ba1\u9053\u9879\u76ee\u5c06\u4f1a\u5f88\u5feb\u5b8c\u5de5\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u5e7f\u64ad\u516c\u53f8\uff08BBC\uff09\u62b1\u6028\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8be5\u7535\u7ad9\u6269\u5efa\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u62db\u6807\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8d37\u6b3e\u534f\u8bae\u7684\u6761\u6b3e\u57282\u67086\u65e5\u5308\u7259\u5229\u56fd\u4f1a\u6279\u51c6\u8be5\u4ea4\u6613\u540e\u4ecd\u672a\u516c\u5f00\u3002\u201d\u540e\u6765\u900f\u9732\uff0c\u8fd9\u7b14\u8d37\u6b3e\u603b\u989d\u4e3a80\u4ebf\u6b27\u5143\uff0c\u5e76\u572830\u5e74\u5185\u507f\u8fd8\u3002\u5308\u7259\u5229\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u957f\u5f7c\u5f97\u00b7\u897f\u4e9a\u5c14\u6258\u544a\u8bc9\u5a92\u4f53\uff0c\u8fd9\u7b14\u4ea4\u6613\u662f\u201c\u672c\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u201d\u3002\u4e24\u5bb6\u897f\u65b9\u4e3b\u8981\u627f\u5305\u5546\u2014\u2014\u897f\u5c4b\u7535\u6c14\u548c\u963f\u6d77\u73d0\uff0c\u81ea2012\u5e74\u8d77\u5c31\u88ab\u5308\u7259\u5229\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u7cfb\u7edf\u5438\u5f15\uff0c\u4f46\u6700\u7ec8\u88ab\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u653f\u5e9c\u6392\u9664\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u9009\u62e9\u5355\u72ec\u4e0e\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u7b7e\u8ba2\u534f\u8bae\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.2 \u7b2c\u4e09\u5c4a\u603b\u7406\uff1a2014\uff0d2018 | Third Orban government (2014\u20132018)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u56fe5-3\u81f35-4\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

After the April 2014 parliamentary election<\/a>, Fidesz won a majority, garnering 133 of the 199 seats in the National Assembly.[112]<\/a><\/sup> While he won a large majority, he garnered 44.5% of the national vote, down from 52.7% in 2010.[113]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112014 \u5e74 4 \u6708\u8bae\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\u9752\u6c11\u76df\u8d62\u5f97\u4e86\u591a\u6570\u5e2d\u4f4d\uff0c\u5728\u56fd\u6c11\u8bae\u4f1a 199 \u4e2a\u5e2d\u4f4d\u4e2d\u5360\u636e\u4e86 133 \u4e2a\u5e2d\u4f4d\u3002[112] \u867d\u7136\u4ed6\u8d62\u5f97\u4e86\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5e2d\u4f4d\uff0c\u4f46\u5168\u56fd\u6295\u7968\u7387\u4ec5\u4e3a 44.5%\uff0c\u4f4e\u4e8e 2010 \u5e74\u7684 52.7%\u3002[113]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orb\u00e1n held a now famous speech in July 2014 in B\u0103ile Tu\u0219nad<\/a>, a remote village in Romania, at the B\u00e1lv\u00e1nyos Free Summer University and Student Camp<\/a>.[114]<\/a><\/sup> In his speech he articulated his vision of forging an illiberal democracy in Hungary and described the Western 2007\u20132008 financial crisis<\/a> as a paradigm shift of the international order<\/a>, comparable with the two world wars<\/a> and the dissolution of the Soviet Union<\/a>. Orb\u00e1n described his current mission: “while breaking with the [liberal] dogmas and ideologies that have been adopted by the West and keeping ourselves independent from them, we are trying to find the form of community organisation, the new Hungarian state, which is capable of making our community competitive in the great global race for decades to come.”[114]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112014 \u5e74 7 \u6708\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u5728\u7f57\u9a6c\u5c3c\u4e9a\u504f\u8fdc\u6751\u5e84\u56fe\u4ec0\u7eb3\u5fb7\u5df4\u5170\u5c3c\u5965\u81ea\u7531\u6691\u671f\u5927\u5b66\u548c\u5b66\u751f\u8425\u5730\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u573a\u73b0\u5df2\u95fb\u540d\u9050\u8fe9\u7684\u6f14\u8bb2\u3002[114]\u5728\u6f14\u8bb2\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u5308\u7259\u5229\u6253\u9020\u975e\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u613f\u666f\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06 2007-2008 \u5e74\u897f\u65b9\u91d1\u878d\u5371\u673a\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u53ef\u4e0e\u4e24\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u548c\u82cf\u8054\u89e3\u4f53\u76f8\u63d0\u5e76\u8bba\u3002\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u4f7f\u547d\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u6452\u5f03\u897f\u65b9\u91c7\u7eb3\u7684[\u81ea\u7531]\u6559\u6761\u548c\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\uff0c\u5e76\u4fdd\u6301\u81ea\u8eab\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6b63\u8bd5\u56fe\u627e\u5230\u793e\u533a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5373\u65b0\u7684\u5308\u7259\u5229\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u793e\u533a\u5728\u672a\u6765\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u5168\u7403\u5927\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u4fdd\u6301\u7ade\u4e89\u529b\u3002\u201d[114]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November 2014 Orb\u00e1n garnered controversy for proposing an “internet tax”, and for his perceived corruption.[115]<\/a><\/sup> His second premiership saw numerous protests against his government<\/a>, including one in Budapest in November 2014 against the proposed “internet tax”.[116]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112014 \u5e74 11 \u6708\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u56e0\u63d0\u8bae\u5f81\u6536\u201c\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u7a0e\u201d\u548c\u6d89\u5acc\u8150\u8d25\u800c\u5f15\u53d1\u4e89\u8bae\u3002[115] \u5728\u4ed6\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u51fa\u4efb\u603b\u7406\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u9762\u4e34\u4e86\u591a\u6b21\u6297\u8bae\uff0c\u5305\u62ec 2014 \u5e74 11 \u6708\u5728\u5e03\u8fbe\u4f69\u65af\u9488\u5bf9\u62df\u8bae\u201c\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u7a0e\u201d\u7684\u6297\u8bae\u3002[116]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2015\u5e74\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u79fb\u6c11\u5371\u673a<\/a>\u6025\u5267\u6076\u5316\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u653f\u5e9c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5bf9\u4ee5\u7a46\u65af\u6797<\/a>\u4e3a\u4e3b\u7684\u975e\u6cd5\u79fb\u6c11<\/a>\u53ca\u96be\u6c11<\/a>\u201c\u6765\u8005\u4e0d\u62d2\u201d\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u5c06\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e25\u91cd\u5371\u5bb3\u6b27\u6d32<\/a>\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6587\u5316<\/a>\u53ca\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168<\/a>\u3002[9]<\/a><\/sup>\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u5357\u90e8\u63a5\u58e4\u585e\u5c14\u7ef4\u4e9a<\/a>\u548c\u514b\u7f57\u5730\u4e9a<\/a>\u7684\u8fb9\u5883\u52a0\u5efa\u56f4\u7f51<\/a>\u963b\u6b62\u975e\u6cd5\u5165\u5883\uff0c\u5e76\u4fee\u6539\u6cd5\u4f8b\u6253\u51fb\u975e\u6cd5\u5165\u5883\u548c\u6388\u6743\u519b\u961f\u53ef\u5411\u8bd5\u56fe\u975e\u6cd5\u5165\u5883\u7684\u4eba\u4f7f\u7528\u975e\u81f4\u547d\u6b66\u5668\u3002\u5308\u7259\u5229\u5904\u7406\u975e\u6cd5\u79fb\u6c11\u7684\u5f3a\u786c\u505a\u6cd5\u53d7\u5230\u6b27\u6d32\u5de6\u6d3e\u548c\u8054\u5408\u56fd<\/a>\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c[10]<\/a><\/sup>\u4e0d\u8fc7\u6b27\u6d32\u6c11\u95f4\u3001\u7279\u522b\u4e0d\u5c11\u6b27\u76df\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u53f3\u6d3e\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u653f\u515a\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u5fb7\u56fd\u53e6\u7c7b\u9009\u62e9<\/a>\u53ca\u5965\u5730\u5229\u81ea\u7531\u515a<\/a>\uff09\uff0c\u5f3a\u70c8\u652f\u6301\u5308\u7259\u5229\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5f3a\u786c\u505a\u6cd5[11]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

During the 2015 European migrant crisis<\/a>, Orb\u00e1n ordered the erection of the Hungary\u2013Serbia barrier<\/a> to block entry of illegal immigrants<\/a> so that Hungary could register all the migrants arriving from Serbia, which is the country’s responsibility under the Dublin Regulation<\/a>, a European Union law.[117]<\/a><\/sup> Under Orb\u00e1n, Hungary took numerous actions to combat illegal immigration and reduce refugee levels.[118]<\/a><\/sup> In May 2020, the European Court of Justice<\/a> ruled against Hungary’s policy of migrant transit zones, which Orb\u00e1n subsequently abolished while also tightening the country’s asylum rules.[119]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728 2015 \u5e74\u6b27\u6d32\u79fb\u6c11\u5371\u673a\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u4e0b\u4ee4\u4fee\u5efa\u5308\u7259\u5229-\u585e\u5c14\u7ef4\u4e9a\u5c4f\u969c\uff0c\u4ee5\u963b\u6b62\u975e\u6cd5\u79fb\u6c11\u5165\u5883\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5308\u7259\u5229\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u767b\u8bb0\u6240\u6709\u4ece\u585e\u5c14\u7ef4\u4e9a\u62b5\u8fbe\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6b27\u76df\u6cd5\u5f8b\u300a\u90fd\u67cf\u6797\u89c4\u5219\u300b\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u5308\u7259\u5229\u8d23\u4efb\u3002[117] \u5728\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\uff0c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u591a\u9879\u63aa\u65bd\u6253\u51fb\u975e\u6cd5\u79fb\u6c11\u5e76\u964d\u4f4e\u96be\u6c11\u6570\u91cf\u3002[118] 2020 \u5e74 5 \u6708\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u6cd5\u9662\u88c1\u5b9a\u5308\u7259\u5229\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u8fc7\u5883\u533a\u653f\u7b56\u4e0d\u5408\u6cd5\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u5e9f\u9664\u4e86\u8be5\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u6536\u7d27\u4e86\u5308\u7259\u5229\u7684\u5e87\u62a4\u89c4\u5219\u3002[119]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As other Visegr\u00e1d Group<\/a> leaders, Orb\u00e1n opposes any compulsory EU long-term quota<\/a> on redistribution of migrants.[120]<\/a><\/sup> According to him, Turkey should be considered a safe third country for unwanted immigrants or refugees.[121]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u7ef4\u8c22\u683c\u62c9\u5fb7\u96c6\u56e2\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u53cd\u5bf9\u6b27\u76df\u5bf9\u79fb\u6c11\u91cd\u65b0\u5206\u914d\u5b9e\u884c\u4efb\u4f55\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u957f\u671f\u914d\u989d\u5236\u5ea6\u3002[120] \u6839\u636e\u4ed6\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u571f\u8033\u5176\u5e94\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e0d\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u79fb\u6c11\u6216\u96be\u6c11\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u7b2c\u4e09\u56fd\u3002[121]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2015 Orban wrote in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung<\/a><\/em>: “Europe’s response is madness. We must acknowledge that the European Union’s misguided immigration policy is responsible for this situation.”[122]<\/a><\/sup> He also demanded an official EU list of “safe countries” to which migrants can be returned.[123]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112015 \u5e74\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u5728\u300a\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\u6c47\u62a5\u300b\u4e0a\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u56de\u5e94\u662f\u75af\u72c2\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u6b27\u76df\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u653f\u7b56\u662f\u9020\u6210\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u201d[122] \u4ed6\u8fd8\u8981\u6c42\u6b27\u76df\u6b63\u5f0f\u5217\u51fa\u201c\u5b89\u5168\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\u540d\u5355\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5c06\u79fb\u6c11\u9063\u8fd4\u81f3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002[123]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He proposed 6 points to the European Union<\/a> to tackle the crisis:
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4ed6\u5411\u6b27\u76df\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u516d\u70b9\u89e3\u51b3\u5371\u673a\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. Joint surveillance of Greek borders to prevent migration from continuing illegally
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8054\u5408\u76d1\u89c6\u5e0c\u814a\u8fb9\u5883\uff0c\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u79fb\u6c11\u7ee7\u7eed\u975e\u6cd5\u5165\u5883<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. The separation of refugees<\/a> and economic immigrants<\/a> prior to their entrance to the Schengen area<\/a>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u96be\u6c11\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u79fb\u6c11\u8fdb\u5165\u7533\u6839\u533a\u4e4b\u524d\u5c06\u4ed6\u4eec\u5206\u5f00<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. All EU Member States and countries it judges to be as such should be considered Safe States (a state which complies with the 1951 Refugee Convention<\/a>) to be able to accept refugees on paper.
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6240\u6709\u6b27\u76df\u6210\u5458\u56fd\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6b64\u7c7b\u522b\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u5e94\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5b89\u5168\u56fd\u5bb6\uff08\u9075\u5b88 1951 \u5e74\u96be\u6c11\u516c\u7ea6\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0a\u63a5\u53d7\u96be\u6c11\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. Every member should increase their contributions by at least 1% and reduce their expenditure by 1%. This would raise \u20ac3 billion for crisis management and refugee aid.
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6210\u5458\u56fd\u90fd\u5e94\u8be5\u5c06\u5176\u6350\u6b3e\u589e\u52a0\u81f3\u5c11 1%\uff0c\u5e76\u51cf\u5c11 1% \u7684\u652f\u51fa\u3002\u8fd9\u5c06\u4e3a\u5371\u673a\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u96be\u6c11\u63f4\u52a9\u7b79\u96c6 30 \u4ebf\u6b27\u5143\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  5. Work with Ankara<\/a> and Moscow<\/a> to manage the wave [coming from Syria] (This was also approved by D.C.<\/a>)
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4e0e\u5b89\u5361\u62c9\u548c\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u4ee5\u5e94\u5bf9\uff08\u6765\u81ea\u53d9\u5229\u4e9a\u7684\uff09\u96be\u6c11\u6f6e\uff08\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e5f\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u534e\u76db\u987f\u7684\u6279\u51c6\uff09<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  6. The creation of a world quota (not obliging but) calling on all developed countries<\/a> to accept refugees on a proportional basis.
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e16\u754c\u914d\u989d\uff08\u4e0d\u5e26\u6709\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\uff09\u547c\u5401\u6240\u6709\u53d1\u8fbe\u56fd\u5bb6\u6309\u6bd4\u4f8b\u63a5\u53d7\u96be\u6c11\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    All but one of these points were voted through by the Parliament in the September of 2015 [1]<\/a><\/sup> (the surveillance of the archipe\u00b0lago<\/a> was left to the Greek military).[2]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u9664\u4e86\u5bf9\u7fa4\u5c9b\u7684\u76d1\u89c6\u4efb\u52a1\u4ea4\u7ed9\u5e0c\u814a\u519b\u65b9\u5916\uff0c[1] \u8bae\u4f1a\u4e8e 2015 \u5e74 9 \u6708\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u9664\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u6240\u6709\u63d0\u8bae\u3002[2]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2017\u5e744\u67089\u65e5\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u653f\u5e9c\u63a8\u52a8\u88ab\u6307\u4e3a\u201c\u4e2d\u6b27\u5927\u5b66\u6761\u6b3e\u201d\u7684\u9ad8\u6559\u6cd5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u8349\u6848\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u5177\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5305\u62ec\uff1a2017\u5e749\u6708\u8d77\uff0c\u5916\u56fd\u6ce8\u518c\u7acb\u6848\u7684\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u6709\u5308\u7259\u5229\u4e0e\u8be5\u5916\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u7b7e\u7ea6\u80cc\u4e66\uff0c\u624d\u5f97\u4ee5\u5728\u5308\u7259\u5229\u62db\u751f\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff1b\u5728\u5308\u7259\u5229\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u5916\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u5176\u6ce8\u518c\u56fd\u62e5\u6709\u8425\u8fd0\u4e2d\u7684\u6821\u533a\uff0c\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u4e2d\u6b27\u5927\u5b66<\/a>\u3002\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5c06\u8349\u6848\u5217\u4e3a\u4f18\u5148\u6cd5\u6848\uff0c\u8fd8\u4e0b\u4ee4\u6240\u5c5e\u7684\u9752\u6c11\u76df\u201c\u52a1\u5fc5\u6295\u4e0b\u8d5e\u6210\u7968\u201d\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u8349\u6848\u66dd\u5149\u540e\u4e0d\u8fc7\u77ed\u77ed\u4e00\u4e2a\u793c\u62dc\uff0c\u201c\u4e2d\u6b27\u5927\u5b66\u6761\u6b3e\u201d\u4fbf\u5728\u56fd\u4f1a\u4ee5123\uff1a38\u901a\u8fc7\u3002\u963f\u6234\u5c14\u603b\u7edf\u9694\u65e5\u7b7e\u7f72\u4e86\u9ad8\u6559\u6cd5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u2014\u2014\u201c\u4e2d\u6b27\u5927\u5b66\u6761\u6b3e\u201d\u6b63\u5f0f\u751f\u6548\uff0c\u81ea2018\u5e741\u6708\u8d77\uff0c\u4e2d\u6b27\u5927\u5b66\u5c06\u65e0\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u62db\u751f\u3002\u5b66\u6821\u7531\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u7d22\u7f57\u65af<\/a>\u521b\u529e\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u66fe\u516c\u5f00\u6279\u8bc4\u7d22\u7f57\u65af\u662f\u201c\u5229\u7528\u79fb\u6c11\u6f6e\u635e\u94b1\u201d\uff0c\u6307\u8d23\u7d22\u7f57\u65af\u610f\u56fe\u201c\u524a\u5f31\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6<\/a>\u201d\u4ee5\u53ca\u201c\u6539\u53d8\u6b27\u6d32\u4f20\u7edf\u751f\u6d3b\u201d\u3002\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u516c\u5f00\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u8981\u628a\u7d22\u7f57\u65af\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\u975e\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7<\/a>\u5168\u90e8\u8d76\u51fa\u5308\u7259\u5229<\/a>\u3002\u6b27\u76df\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u76ee\u524d\u90fd\u5df2\u8868\u8fbe\u4e25\u6b63\u5173\u5207\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u52a1\u9662<\/a>\u547c\u5401\u5308\u7259\u5229\u6682\u7f13\u5b9e\u884c\u9ad8\u6559\u6cd5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u3002\u800c\u4e2d\u6b27\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u5e03\u9c81\u585e\u5c14\u6821\u53cb\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e5f\u5e0c\u671b\u6b27\u76df\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u80fd\u6709\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u3002[12]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    5.3 \u7b2c\u56db\u5c4a\u603b\u7406\uff1a2018\uff0d2022 | Fourth Orban government (2018\u20132022)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    \n
    \u56fe5-5\u81f35-6\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    2018\u5e744\u67088\u65e5\u4e3e\u884c\u7684\u56fd\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e<\/a>\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u9752\u6c11\u76df\u518d\u6b21\u80dc\u51fa\uff0c\u8d62\u5f97199\u5e2d\u4e2d\u7684133\u5e2d\uff08\u8fde\u540c1\u5e2d\u4eb2\u9752\u6c11\u76df\u7684\u5fb7\u8bed\u5e2d\u6b21\uff0c\u5408\u5171134\u5e2d\uff09\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u7b2c\u56db\u6b21\u5f53\u9009\u603b\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u5728\u9009\u4e3e\u524d\u5915\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u5851\u9020\u6210\u5308\u7259\u5229\u5b88\u62a4\u8005\uff0c\u963b\u6321\u60f3\u5165\u4fb5\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u548c\u6709\u654c\u610f\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u52bf\u529b\u3002\u4ed6\u544a\u8bc9\u652f\u6301\u7fa4\u4f17\uff1a\u201c\u6b27\u6d32\u9886\u8896\u548c\u4e00\u540d\u6295\u673a\u81f4\u5bcc\u7684\u4ebf\u4e07\u5bcc\u7fc1\uff08\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u7d22\u7f57\u65af<\/a>\uff09\u643a\u624b\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u8981\u8ba9\u79fb\u6c11\u8fdb\u6765\u3002\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u79fb\u6c11\u548c\u6050\u6016\u5a01\u80c1\u589e\u52a0\u662f\u5206\u4e0d\u5f00\u7684\u3002\u5f53\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u79fb\u6c11\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u4f1a\u9762\u4e34\u66b4\u529b\u653b\u51fb\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u3002\u201d\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u6811\u7acb\u5e76\u53d1\u653e\u6210\u5343\u4e0a\u4e07\u7684\u9009\u6218\u770b\u677f\u548c\u9009\u4e3e\u6d77\u62a5\uff0c\u520a\u767b\u7ef5\u5ef6\u4e0d\u7edd\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u6d8c\u5165\u7684\u7167\u7247\uff0c\u4e0a\u9762\u53ea\u653e\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u8baf\u606f\uff1a\u5199\u7740 \u201c\u7981\u6b62\u901a\u884c\u201d\u7684\u7ea2\u8272\u4ea4\u901a\u53f7\u5fd7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In the April 2018 Hungarian parliamentary election<\/a>, the Fidesz<\/a>\u2013KDNP<\/a> alliance was victorious and preserved its two-thirds majority, with Orb\u00e1n remaining prime minister. Orb\u00e1n and Fidesz campaigned primarily on the issues of immigration and foreign meddling, and the election outcome was seen as a victory for right-wing populism<\/a> in Europe.[124]<\/a>[125]<\/a>[126]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u57282018\u5e744\u6708\u7684\u5308\u7259\u5229\u8bae\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\uff0c\u83f2\u5fb7\u65af-\u57fa\u6c11\u515a\u8054\u76df\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u80dc\u5229\uff0c\u5e76\u4fdd\u6301\u4e86\u5176\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e8c\u7684\u591a\u6570\u5e2d\u4f4d\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u7ee7\u7eed\u62c5\u4efb\u603b\u7406\u3002\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u548c\u83f2\u5fb7\u65af\u4e3b\u8981\u4ee5\u79fb\u6c11\u548c\u5916\u56fd\u5e72\u9884\u95ee\u9898\u4e3a\u7ade\u9009\u8bae\u9898\uff0c\u9009\u4e3e\u7ed3\u679c\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u6b27\u6d32\u53f3\u7ffc\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In his 2018 speech at the meeting of the Association of Cities with County Rights, Orb\u00e1n said “We must state that we do not want to be diverse and do not want to be mixed: we do not want our own colour, traditions and national culture to be mixed with those of others. We do not want this. We do not want that at all. We do not want to be a diverse country.”[127]<\/a>[128]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u57282018\u5e74\u4e8e\u53bf\u6743\u5229\u57ce\u5e02\u534f\u4f1a\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\u7684\u8bb2\u8bdd\u4e2d\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u8868\u793a\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u60f3\u53d8\u5f97\u591a\u6837\u5316\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u60f3\u6df7\u5408\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u60f3\u8ba9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8272\u5f69\u3001\u4f20\u7edf\u548c\u6c11\u65cf\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u6df7\u5408\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u5e0c\u671b\u8fd9\u6837\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u60f3\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u5143\u5316\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u5308\u7259\u5229\u56fd\u6c11\u8bae\u4f1a<\/a>\u57282018\u5e7412\u670819\u65e5\u901a\u8fc7\u88ab\u6279\u4e3a\u201c\u5974\u96b6\u6cd5\u201d\u7684\u52b3\u5de5\u6539\u9769\u6cd5\u6848\u3002\u65b0\u52b3\u5de5\u6cd5\u8d4b\u4e88\u96c7\u4e3b\u66f4\u5927\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u53ef\u8981\u6c42\u96c7\u5458\u628a\u6bcf\u5e74\u52a0\u73ed\u65f6\u6570\u4ece250\u5c0f\u65f6\u589e\u81f3400\u5c0f\u65f6\uff0c\u62d6\u5ef6\u85aa\u8d44\u671f\u9650\u5ef6\u957f\u81f33\u5e74\u3002\u652f\u6301\u603b\u7406\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u00b7\u7ef4\u514b\u591a\u9881\u5e03\u65b0\u6cd5\u7684\u603b\u7edf\u963f\u6234\u5c14\u00b7\u4e9a\u8bfa\u4ec0<\/a>\u572820\u65e5\u65e0\u89c6\u56fd\u5185\u53cd\u5bf9\u58f0\u6d6a\uff0c\u7b7e\u7f72\u65b0\u7248\u52b3\u5de5\u6cd5\u3002\u793a\u5a01\u8005\u529b\u4fc3\u603b\u7edf\u963f\u6234\u5c14\u00b7\u4e9a\u8bfa\u4ec0\u5207\u52ff\u7b7e\u7f72\u65b0\u6cd5\uff0c\u5de5\u4f1a\u4e5f\u5a01\u80c1\u4e00\u65e6\u7b7e\u7f72\u65b0\u6cd5\u5c06\u53d1\u52a8\u5168\u9762\u7f62\u5de5\u3002\u653f\u515a\u5c24\u6bd4\u514b\u4e89\u53d6\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u5308\u7259\u5229\u8fd0\u52a8<\/a>\u76f4\u65a5\u603b\u7406\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u00b7\u7ef4\u514b\u591a\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u53ef\u803b\u3002[13]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    On 30 March 2020, the Hungarian parliament<\/a> voted 137 to 53 in favor of passing legislation that would create a state of emergency without a time limit, grant the prime minister the ability to rule by decree, suspend by-elections<\/a>, and introduce the possibility of prison sentences for spreading fake news and sanctions for leaving quarantine.[129]<\/a>[130]<\/a>[131]<\/a><\/sup> Two and a half months later, on 16 June 2020, the Hungarian parliament passed a bill that ended the state of emergency effective 19 June.[132]<\/a><\/sup> However, on the same day the parliament passed a new law removing the requirement of parliamentary approval for future “medical” states of emergencies, allowing the government to declare them by decree.[133]<\/a>[134]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112020\u5e743\u670830\u65e5\uff0c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u56fd\u4f1a\u4ee5137\u7968\u8d5e\u6210\u300153\u7968\u53cd\u5bf9\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u7acb\u6cd5\uff0c\u8be5\u7acb\u6cd5\u5c06\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ca1\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\u9650\u5236\u7684\u7d27\u6025\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u8d4b\u4e88\u603b\u7406\u901a\u8fc7\u6cd5\u4ee4\u8fdb\u884c\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u6682\u505c\u8865\u9009\uff0c\u5e76\u5f15\u5165\u56e0\u4f20\u64ad\u5047\u65b0\u95fb\u548c\u8fdd\u53cd\u9694\u79bb\u89c4\u5b9a\u800c\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u5224\u5165\u72f1\u7684\u6761\u6b3e\u3002\u4e24\u4e2a\u534a\u6708\u540e\u76842020\u5e746\u670816\u65e5\uff0c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u56fd\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u6cd5\u6848\uff0c\u4e8e6\u670819\u65e5\u8d77\u7ed3\u675f\u7d27\u6025\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u5929\uff0c\u56fd\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u65b0\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u53d6\u6d88\u4e86\u672a\u6765\u201c\u533b\u7597\u201d\u7d27\u6025\u72b6\u6001\u9700\u8981\u56fd\u4f1a\u6279\u51c6\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u653f\u5e9c\u901a\u8fc7\u6cd5\u4ee4\u5ba3\u5e03\u8fdb\u5165\u7d27\u6025\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2019\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u75c5<\/a>\u8513\u5ef6\u81f3\u5308\u7259\u5229\u540e\uff0c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u57282020\u5e743\u6708\u5e95\u5f00\u59cb\u8fdb\u5165\u7d27\u6025\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u8be5\u56fd\u9881\u5e03\u7d27\u6025\u72b6\u6001\u6cd5\u6848\uff0c\u8d4b\u4e88\u603b\u7406\u8fc7\u5927\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u4ee5\u603b\u7406\u884c\u653f\u547d\u4ee4\u53d6\u4ee3\u6cd5\u4ee4\u30022020\u5e746\u670819\u65e5\uff0c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u89e3\u9664\u7d27\u6025\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u56fd\u4f1a<\/a>\u6295\u7968\u5e9f\u9664\u75ab\u60c5\u671f\u95f4\u8d4b\u4e88\u603b\u7406\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u7684\u6781\u5927\u6743\u529b[14]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In 2021, the parliament transferred control of 11 state universities to foundations led by allies of Orb\u00e1n.[135]<\/a>[136]<\/a><\/sup> The Mathias Corvinus Collegium<\/a>, a residential college, received an influx of government funds and assets equal to about 1% of Hungary’s gross domestic product, reportedly as part of a mission to train future conservative intellectuals.[137]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112021\u5e74\uff0c\u56fd\u4f1a\u5c0611\u6240\u56fd\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u6743\u8f6c\u79fb\u7ed9\u4e86\u7531\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u76df\u53cb\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u3002\u636e\u62a5\u9053\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u57f9\u517b\u672a\u6765\u4fdd\u5b88\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u4efb\u52a1\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4f4f\u5bbf\u5b66\u9662\u9a6c\u63d0\u4e9a\u65af\u00b7\u8003\u6587\u7ebd\u65af\u5b66\u9662\uff08Mathias Corvinus Collegium\uff09\u6536\u5230\u4e86\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u5308\u7259\u5229\u56fd\u5185\u751f\u4ea7\u603b\u503c1%\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u8d44\u91d1\u548c\u8d44\u4ea7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Due to a combination of unfavourable conditions, which involved soaring demand of natural gas<\/a>, its diminished supply from Russia and Norway to the European markets, and less power generation by renewable energy sources<\/a> such as wind, water and solar energy, Europe faced steep increases in energy prices<\/a> in 2021. In October 2021, Orb\u00e1n blamed a record-breaking surge in energy prices on the European Commission’s Green Deal<\/a> plans.[138]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u7531\u4e8e\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u4e0d\u5229\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5929\u7136\u6c14\u9700\u6c42\u6fc0\u589e\u3001\u6765\u81ea\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u548c\u632a\u5a01\u5bf9\u6b27\u6d32\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u4f9b\u5e94\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u98ce\u80fd\u3001\u6c34\u80fd\u548c\u592a\u9633\u80fd\u7b49\u53ef\u518d\u751f\u80fd\u6e90\u53d1\u7535\u91cf\u7684\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u57282021\u5e74\u9762\u4e34\u4e86\u80fd\u6e90\u4ef7\u683c\u7684\u6025\u5267\u4e0a\u6da8\u30022021\u5e7410\u6708\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u5c06\u521b\u7eaa\u5f55\u7684\u80fd\u6e90\u4ef7\u683c\u4e0a\u6da8\u5f52\u548e\u4e8e\u6b27\u76df\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u7eff\u8272\u534f\u8bae\u8ba1\u5212\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Despite the anti-immigration rhetoric from Orb\u00e1n, Hungary increased the immigration of foreign workers into the country as of 2019 to address a labor shortage.[139]<\/a>[140]<\/a>[141]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u53cd\u79fb\u6c11\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\uff0c\u4f46\u4ece2019\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u5e94\u5bf9\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u77ed\u7f3a\uff0c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u5916\u56fd\u5de5\u4eba\u5165\u5883\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In February 2020, Orb\u00e1n was interviewed by Christopher DeMuth<\/a> at the National Conservatism Conference<\/a> in Rome.[142]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112020\u5e742\u6708\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u5728\u7f57\u9a6c\u4e3e\u884c\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u514b\u91cc\u65af\u6258\u5f17\u00b7\u5fb7\u59c6\u65af\uff08Christopher DeMuth\uff09\u7684\u91c7\u8bbf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In July 2020, Orb\u00e1n expressed that he still expects arguments over linking of disbursement of funds of the European Union<\/a> to rule-of-law criteria but remarked in a state radio interview that they “didn’t win the war, we (they) won an important battle”.[143]<\/a><\/sup> In August 2020, Orb\u00e1n whilst speaking at an event to inaugurate a monument commemorating the Treaty of Trianon<\/a>, said Central European nations should come together to preserve their Christian roots as western Europe experiments with same-sex families, immigration and atheism.[144]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112020\u5e747\u6708\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ecd\u9884\u8ba1\u4f1a\u6709\u4e89\u8bba\u56f4\u7ed5\u5c06\u6b27\u76df\u8d44\u91d1\u7684\u5206\u914d\u4e0e\u6cd5\u6cbb\u6807\u51c6\u76f8\u6302\u94a9\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u7535\u53f0\u7684\u91c7\u8bbf\u4e2d\u4ed6\u8868\u793a\u201c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u8d62\u5f97\u8fd9\u573a\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8d62\u5f97\u4e86\u4e00\u573a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6218\u5f79\u201d\u30022020\u5e748\u6708\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u5728\u4e00\u573a\u4e3a\u7eaa\u5ff5\u7279\u91cc\u4e9a\u519c\u6761\u7ea6\u800c\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u7eaa\u5ff5\u7891\u63ed\u5e55\u4eea\u5f0f\u4e0a\u53d1\u8a00\u65f6\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u4e2d\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e94\u8be5\u56e2\u7ed3\u8d77\u6765\u4fdd\u62a4\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6839\u6e90\uff0c\u800c\u897f\u6b27\u5219\u5728\u5c1d\u8bd5\u540c\u6027\u5bb6\u5ead\u3001\u79fb\u6c11\u548c\u65e0\u795e\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In a 2021 speech, Orb\u00e1n said “The challenge with Bosnia is how to integrate a country with 2 million Muslims.” Bosnian leaders responded by calling for Orb\u00e1n’s visit to Sarajevo to be cancelled. The head of the country’s Islamic Community, Husein Kavazovi\u0107, characterized his statement as “xenophobic and racist”.[145]<\/a>[146]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u57282021\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u6f14\u8bb2\u4e2d\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u201c\u6ce2\u65af\u5c3c\u4e9a\u7684\u6311\u6218\u5728\u4e8e\u5982\u4f55\u6574\u5408\u4e00\u4e2a\u62e5\u6709200\u4e07\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u201d\u6ce2\u65af\u5c3c\u4e9a\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u5bf9\u6b64\u56de\u5e94\uff0c\u547c\u5401\u53d6\u6d88\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u8bbf\u95ee\u8428\u62c9\u70ed\u7a9d\u7684\u884c\u7a0b\u3002\u8be5\u56fd\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u793e\u533a\u7684\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u80e1\u585e\u56e0\u00b7\u5361\u74e6\u4f50\u7ef4\u5947\u5c06\u4ed6\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u201c\u4ec7\u5916\u548c\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    5.4 \u7b2c\u4e94\u5c4a\u603b\u7406\uff1a2022\u5e74\u81f3\u4eca | Fifth Orban government (2022\u2013present)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    In the April 2022 parliamentary election<\/a>, Fidesz won a majority, garnering 135 of the 199 seats in the National Assembly. While Orb\u00e1n’s close ties with Moscow raised concerns, core Fidesz voters were persuaded that mending ties with the EU might also lead Hungary into war. The Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe<\/a> dispatched a full-scale monitoring mission for the election.[147]<\/a><\/sup> Orb\u00e1n declared victory on Sunday night, with partial results showing his Fidesz party leading the vote by a wide margin. Addressing his supporters after the partial results, Orb\u00e1n said: “We won a victory so big that you can see it from the moon, and you can certainly see it from Brussels.”[4]<\/a><\/sup> Opposition leader P\u00e9ter M\u00e1rki-Zay<\/a> admitted defeat shortly after Orb\u00e1n’s speech.[148]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728 2022 \u5e74 4 \u6708\u7684\u8bae\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\uff0c\u9752\u6c11\u76df\u8d62\u5f97\u4e86\u591a\u6570\u5e2d\u4f4d\uff0c\u5728\u56fd\u6c11\u8bae\u4f1a\u7684 199 \u4e2a\u5e2d\u4f4d\u4e2d\u5360\u636e\u4e86 135 \u4e2a\u5e2d\u4f4d\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u4e0e\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u7684\u5bc6\u5207\u5173\u7cfb\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u62c5\u5fe7\uff0c\u4f46\u9752\u6c11\u76df\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u9009\u6c11\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e0e\u6b27\u76df\u4fee\u590d\u5173\u7cfb\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u5308\u7259\u5229\u5377\u5165\u6218\u4e89\u3002\u6b27\u6d32\u5b89\u5168\u4e0e\u5408\u4f5c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e3a\u9009\u4e3e\u6d3e\u9063\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u9762\u7684\u76d1\u5bdf\u56e2\u3002[147] \u5468\u65e5\u665a\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u5ba3\u5e03\u80dc\u5229\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u7ed3\u679c\u663e\u793a\u4ed6\u7684\u9752\u6c11\u76df\u5728\u6295\u7968\u4e2d\u9065\u9065\u9886\u5148\u3002\u5728\u90e8\u5206\u7ed3\u679c\u516c\u5e03\u540e\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u5bf9\u652f\u6301\u8005\u8868\u793a\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u5982\u6b64\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u80dc\u5229\uff0c\u4f60\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u6708\u7403\u4e0a\u770b\u5230\u5b83\uff0c\u4f60\u80af\u5b9a\u80fd\u4ece\u5e03\u9c81\u585e\u5c14\u770b\u5230\u5b83\u3002\u201d[4] \u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u53d1\u8868\u8bb2\u8bdd\u540e\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u515a\u9886\u8896\u5f7c\u5f97\u00b7\u9a6c\u5c14\u57fa-\u624e\u4f0a\u4fbf\u627f\u8ba4\u4e86\u5931\u8d25\u3002[148]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In May 2022, Orb\u00e1n promoted the Great Replacement conspiracy theory<\/a> in a speech.[149]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112022 \u5e74 5 \u6708\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u5728\u4e00\u6b21\u6f14\u8bb2\u4e2d\u5ba3\u4f20\u4e86\u201c\u5927\u66ff\u4ee3\u201d\u9634\u8c0b\u8bba\u3002[149]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In July 2022, Orb\u00e1n \u2013 repeating the thesis of Jean Raspail<\/a>[150]<\/a>[151]<\/a><\/sup> \u2013 spoke in Romania against the “mixing” of European and non-European races<\/a>, adding “We [Hungarians] are not a mixed race and we do not want to become a mixed race.”[152]<\/a>[153]<\/a>[154]<\/a>[155]<\/a><\/sup> In Vienna two days later, he clarified that he was talking about cultures and not about race.[18]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112022 \u5e74 7 \u6708\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u5728\u7f57\u9a6c\u5c3c\u4e9a\u53d1\u8868\u6f14\u8bb2\uff0c\u91cd\u7533\u4e86\u8ba9\u00b7\u62c9\u65af\u5e15\u4f0a\u7684\u8bba\u70b9[150][151]\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u201c\u6df7\u5408\u201d\u6b27\u6d32\u548c\u975e\u6b27\u6d32\u79cd\u65cf\uff0c\u5e76\u8865\u5145\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\uff08\u5308\u7259\u5229\u4eba\uff09\u4e0d\u662f\u6df7\u8840\u79cd\u65cf\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u60f3\u6210\u4e3a\u6df7\u8840\u79cd\u65cf\u3002\u201d[152][153][154][155] \u4e24\u5929\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\u6f84\u6e05\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u6307\u7684\u662f\u6587\u5316\u800c\u975e\u79cd\u65cf\u3002[18]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2022\u5e749\u670815\u65e5\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u8bae\u4f1a<\/a>\u901a\u8fc7\u51b3\u8bae\uff0c\u8ba4\u5b9a\u5308\u7259\u5229\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u5168\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u9009\u4e3e\u5f0f\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6df7\u5408\u653f\u4f53<\/a>\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e25\u91cd\u8fdd\u53cd\u6b27\u76df\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c4\u8303\u3002[17]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2024\u5e741\u670818\u65e5\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u8bae\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u51b3\u8bae\uff0c\u547c\u5401\u6b27\u76df\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u9650\u5236\u5308\u7259\u5229\u5728\u6b27\u76df\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u5e76\u8c34\u8d23\u201c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u653f\u5e9c\u84c4\u610f\u3001\u6301\u7eed\u548c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5730\u7834\u574f\u6b27\u76df\u57fa\u672c\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u201d\u3002 \u51b3\u8bae\u6761\u6587\u547c\u5401\uff0c\u5f53\u5305\u62ec\u6b27\u6d32\u7406\u4e8b\u4f1a<\/a>\u5728\u5185\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6b27\u76df\u6210\u5458\u56fd\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u786e\u5b9a\u5308\u7259\u5229\u662f\u5426\u4e00\u518d\u201c\u4e25\u91cd\u4e14\u6301\u7eed\u8fdd\u53cd\u6b27\u76df\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u201d\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u6682\u505c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u5728\u6b27\u76df\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u6b27\u76df\u7406\u4e8b\u4f1a\u7684\u6295\u7968\u6743[18]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In July 2024 Zelensky decided to shut down the overland pipeline transfer of petroleum products from Russia to Hungary.[156]<\/a><\/sup> Orban and his government protested this event strenuously.[157]<\/a><\/sup> When Croatia<\/a> suggested that Hungary could use the Adria pipeline<\/a>,[158]<\/a>[159]<\/a><\/sup> Orban refused,[160]<\/a>[161]<\/a><\/sup> and his foreign minister said that it was unreliable.[159]<\/a>[162]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112024 \u5e74 7 \u6708\uff0c\u6cfd\u8fde\u65af\u57fa\u51b3\u5b9a\u5173\u95ed\u4ece\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5411\u5308\u7259\u5229\u8f93\u9001\u77f3\u6cb9\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u9646\u4e0a\u7ba1\u9053\u3002[156] \u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u6b64\u4e8b\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5f3a\u70c8\u6297\u8bae\u3002[157] \u5f53\u514b\u7f57\u5730\u4e9a\u63d0\u51fa\u5308\u7259\u5229\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u963f\u5fb7\u91cc\u4e9a\u7ba1\u9053\u65f6\uff0c[158][159] \u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u62d2\u7edd\u4e86\uff0c[160][161] \u4ed6\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u957f\u8868\u793a\u8be5\u7ba1\u9053\u4e0d\u53ef\u9760\u3002[159][162]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    5.5 \u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb | Foreign policy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    \n
    \u56fe5-7\u81f35-10\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    Orb\u00e1n attended the inauguration ceremonies of re-elected Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan<\/a> in Ankara<\/a> in 2018 and 2023<\/a>.[163]<\/a>[164]<\/a><\/sup> In October 2018, Orb\u00e1n said after talks with President Erdo\u011fan in Budapest that “A stable Turkish government and a stable Turkey are a precondition for Hungary not to be endangered in any way due to overland migration.”[165]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u51fa\u5e2d\u4e86 2018 \u5e74\u548c 2023 \u5e74\u5728\u5b89\u5361\u62c9\u4e3e\u884c\u7684\u571f\u8033\u5176\u603b\u7edf\u96f7\u6770\u666e\u00b7\u5854\u4f0a\u666e\u00b7\u57c3\u5c14\u591a\u5b89\u8fde\u4efb\u5c31\u804c\u5178\u793c\u3002[163][164] 2018 \u5e74 10 \u6708\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u5728\u4e0e\u57c3\u5c14\u591a\u5b89\u603b\u7edf\u5728\u5e03\u8fbe\u4f69\u65af\u4f1a\u8c08\u540e\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u201c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u571f\u8033\u5176\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u571f\u8033\u5176\u662f\u5308\u7259\u5229\u4e0d\u4f1a\u56e0\u9646\u5730\u79fb\u6c11\u800c\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u65b9\u9762\u53d7\u5230\u5a01\u80c1\u7684\u5148\u51b3\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u201d[165]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In June 2019, Orb\u00e1n met Myanmar<\/a>‘s State Counsellor and Nobel Peace Prize<\/a> winner Aung San Suu Kyi<\/a>. They discussed bilateral ties and illegal migration.[166]<\/a>[167]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112019 \u5e74 6 \u6708\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u4f1a\u89c1\u4e86\u7f05\u7538\u56fd\u52a1\u8d44\u653f\u3001\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u548c\u5e73\u5956\u83b7\u5f97\u8005\u6602\u5c71\u7d20\u5b63\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u53cc\u8fb9\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u975e\u6cd5\u79fb\u6c11\u95ee\u9898\u3002[166][167]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    5.5.1 \u4e2d\u56fd | China<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    Main article: China\u2013Hungary relations<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd-\u5308\u7259\u5229\u5173\u7cfb\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Orb\u00e1n has maintained close ties with China throughout his tenure, and his administration is generally seen as China’s closest ally in the EU.[168]<\/a><\/sup> Hungary joined China’s Belt and Road Initiative<\/a> (BRI) in 2015,[169]<\/a><\/sup> while in April 2019, Orb\u00e1n attended a BRI forum in Beijing,[170]<\/a><\/sup> where he met the Chinese leader Xi Jinping<\/a>.[171]<\/a><\/sup> He spearheaded plans to open a Fudan University<\/a> campus in Budapest, which led to pushback in Hungary.[172]<\/a><\/sup> He met with Chinese Communist Party<\/a> (CCP) Politburo<\/a> member and top diplomat Wang Yi<\/a> in Budapest on 20 February 2023; he afterwards backed the peace plan released by Wang Yi concerning Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.[173]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u5728\u4efb\u671f\u95f4\u4e00\u76f4\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u4fdd\u6301\u7740\u5bc6\u5207\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u88ab\u666e\u904d\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5728\u6b27\u76df\u6700\u4eb2\u5bc6\u7684\u76df\u53cb\u3002[168] \u5308\u7259\u5229\u4e8e 2015 \u5e74\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u201c\u4e00\u5e26\u4e00\u8def\u201d\u5021\u8bae (BRI)\uff0c[169] 2019 \u5e74 4 \u6708\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u51fa\u5e2d\u4e86\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u4e3e\u884c\u7684\u201c\u4e00\u5e26\u4e00\u8def\u201d\u8bba\u575b\uff0c[170] \u5e76\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u4f1a\u89c1\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\u3002[171] \u4ed6\u7275\u5934\u8ba1\u5212\u5728\u5e03\u8fbe\u4f69\u65af\u5f00\u8bbe\u590d\u65e6\u5927\u5b66\u6821\u56ed\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u5308\u7259\u5229\u56fd\u5185\u51fa\u73b0\u53cd\u5bf9\u3002[172] 2023 \u5e74 2 \u6708 20 \u65e5\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u5e03\u8fbe\u4f69\u65af\u4f1a\u89c1\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u653f\u6cbb\u5c40\u59d4\u5458\u3001\u6700\u9ad8\u5916\u4ea4\u5b98\u738b\u6bc5\uff1b\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u652f\u6301\u738b\u6bc5\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u6709\u5173\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5165\u4fb5\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u7684\u548c\u5e73\u8ba1\u5212\u3002[173]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    5.5.2 \u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u548c\u4e4c\u514b\u5170 | Russia and Ukraine<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    Main articles: Hungary\u2013Russia relations<\/a> and Hungary\u2013Ukraine relations<\/a>
    \u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u201c\u5308\u7259\u5229-\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5173\u7cfb\u201d\u548c\u201d\u5308\u7259\u5229-\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u201c\u8bcd\u6761\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Orb\u00e1n questioned Nord Stream II<\/a>, a new Russia\u2013Germany natural gas pipeline. He said he wants to hear a “reasonable argument why South Stream was bad and Nord Stream is not”.[174]<\/a><\/sup> “South Stream” refers to the Balkan pipeline cancelled by Russia in December 2014 after obstacles from the EU.[175]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u5bf9\u201c\u5317\u6eaa\u4e8c\u53f7\u201d\u9879\u76ee\u63d0\u51fa\u8d28\u7591\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af-\u5fb7\u56fd\u5929\u7136\u6c14\u7ba1\u9053\u9879\u76ee\u3002\u4ed6\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u4ed6\u60f3\u542c\u542c\u201c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5357\u6eaa\u9879\u76ee\u4e0d\u597d\uff0c\u800c\u5317\u6eaa\u9879\u76ee\u5374\u6ca1\u95ee\u9898\u201d\u7684\u201c\u5408\u7406\u7406\u7531\u201d\u3002[174]\u201c\u5357\u6eaa\u201d\u6307\u7684\u662f\u5df4\u5c14\u5e72\u7ba1\u9053\uff0c\u8be5\u7ba1\u9053\u56e0\u6b27\u76df\u7684\u963b\u788d\uff0c\u4e8e 2014 \u5e74 12 \u6708\u88ab\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u53d6\u6d88\u3002[175]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Since 2017, Hungary’s relations with Ukraine rapidly deteriorated over the issue of the Hungarian minority in Ukraine<\/a>.[176]<\/a><\/sup> Orb\u00e1n and his cabinet ministers repeatedly criticized Ukraine’s 2017 education law<\/a>, which makes Ukrainian<\/a> the only language of education in state schools,[177]<\/a>[178]<\/a><\/sup> and threatened to block further Ukraine’s EU and NATO integration until it is modified or repealed.[179]<\/a><\/sup> (The language law was amended in December 2023 in favor of official languages of the European Union, including Hungarian.[180]<\/a><\/sup>)
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u81ea 2017 \u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u5308\u7259\u5229\u5c11\u6570\u6c11\u65cf\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u4e0e\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u8fc5\u901f\u6076\u5316\u3002[176] \u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u5185\u9601\u90e8\u957f\u4eec\u591a\u6b21\u6279\u8bc4\u4e4c\u514b\u5170 2017 \u5e74\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u6cd5\uff0c\u8be5\u6cd5\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u8bed\u662f\u516c\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u6559\u80b2\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c[177][178] \u5e76\u5a01\u80c1\u8981\u963b\u6b62\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u878d\u5165\u6b27\u76df\u548c\u5317\u7ea6\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u8be5\u6cd5\u88ab\u4fee\u6539\u6216\u5e9f\u9664\u3002[179] \uff08\u8be5\u8bed\u8a00\u6cd5\u4e8e 2023 \u5e74 12 \u6708\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4fee\u8ba2\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u5305\u62ec\u5308\u7259\u5229\u8bed\u5728\u5185\u7684\u6b27\u76df\u5b98\u65b9\u8bed\u8a00\u3002[180]\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Orb\u00e1n has displayed an ambivalent attitude towards Russia<\/a> and Vladimir Putin<\/a>, especially following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine<\/a>.[181]<\/a>[182]<\/a><\/sup> He has described the war as “clear aggression” by Russia, saying a sovereign Ukraine<\/a> is needed “to stop Russia posing a threat to the security of Europe”.[183]<\/a>[184]<\/a>[185]<\/a><\/sup> However, conversely, he has also criticised the European Union for “prolonging the war” in Ukraine by sanctioning Russia and sending weapons and money to Ukraine instead of encouraging a negotiated peace, and has been accused of blocking aid to Ukraine.[186]<\/a>[187]<\/a>[188]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u5bf9\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u548c\u5f17\u62c9\u57fa\u7c73\u5c14\u00b7\u666e\u4eac\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5165\u4fb5\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u4e4b\u540e\u3002[181][182] \u4ed6\u5c06\u8fd9\u573a\u6218\u4e89\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u7684\u201c\u660e\u663e\u4fb5\u7565\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u8868\u793a\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u6743\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u201c\u6765\u963b\u6b62\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5bf9\u6b27\u6d32\u5b89\u5168\u6784\u6210\u5a01\u80c1\u201d\u3002[183]\u200b\u200b[184][185] \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u6279\u8bc4\u6b27\u76df\u901a\u8fc7\u5236\u88c1\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5e76\u5411\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u63d0\u4f9b\u6b66\u5668\u548c\u8d44\u91d1\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u9f13\u52b1\u901a\u8fc7\u8c08\u5224\u5b9e\u73b0\u548c\u5e73\u6765\u201c\u5ef6\u957f\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u6218\u4e89\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u88ab\u6307\u63a7\u963b\u6b62\u5bf9\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u7684\u63f4\u52a9\u3002[186][187][188]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Amidst the 2021-2022 Ukraine crisis<\/a>, Orb\u00e1n was the first EU leader to meet with Vladimir Putin<\/a> in Moscow in a visit he called “a peacekeeping mission”.[189]<\/a><\/sup> They also discussed Russian gas exports to Hungary.[148]<\/a><\/sup> On 2 March, as Russia had already launched an invasion of Ukraine<\/a>, Orb\u00e1n decided to welcome Ukrainian refugees<\/a> to Hungary, and will support the Ukrainian membership to the European Union<\/a>.[148]<\/a><\/sup> Initially, Orb\u00e1n condemned Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and said Hungary would not veto EU sanctions against Russia<\/a>.[190]<\/a><\/sup> However, Orb\u00e1n rejected sanctions on Russian energy, due to Hungary’s excessive dependency (85%) on Russian fossil fuels.[191]<\/a><\/sup> In late March 2022, Ukraine President Volodymyr Zelensky<\/a> singled out Orban for his lack of support for Ukraine.[192]<\/a><\/sup> In June, Zelensky thanked Orb\u00e1n for supporting Ukraine’s sovereignty and for giving asylum to Ukrainians.[193]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728 2021-2022 \u5e74\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u5371\u673a\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u5728\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u4e0e\u5f17\u62c9\u57fa\u7c73\u5c14\u00b7\u666e\u4eac\u4f1a\u9762\u7684\u6b27\u76df\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u79f0\u8fd9\u6b21\u8bbf\u95ee\u662f\u201c\u7ef4\u548c\u4efb\u52a1\u201d\u3002[189] \u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd8\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5411\u5308\u7259\u5229\u51fa\u53e3\u5929\u7136\u6c14\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002[148] 3 \u6708 2 \u65e5\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5df2\u7ecf\u5165\u4fb5\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u51b3\u5b9a\u6b22\u8fce\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u96be\u6c11\u6765\u5230\u5308\u7259\u5229\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u652f\u6301\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u52a0\u5165\u6b27\u76df\u3002[148] \u6700\u521d\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u8d23\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5165\u4fb5\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\uff0c\u5e76\u8868\u793a\u5308\u7259\u5229\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5426\u51b3\u6b27\u76df\u5bf9\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u7684\u5236\u88c1\u3002[190] \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5308\u7259\u5229\u8fc7\u5ea6\u4f9d\u8d56\uff0885%\uff09\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5316\u77f3\u71c3\u6599\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u62d2\u7edd\u4e86\u5bf9\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u80fd\u6e90\u7684\u5236\u88c1\u3002[191] 2022 \u5e74 3 \u6708\u4e0b\u65ec\uff0c\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u603b\u7edf\u6cfd\u8fde\u65af\u57fa\u7279\u522b\u6307\u51fa\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u5bf9\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u7f3a\u4e4f\u652f\u6301\u3002[192] 6 \u6708\uff0c\u6cfd\u8fde\u65af\u57fa\u611f\u8c22\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u652f\u6301\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u4e3b\u6743\u5e76\u5411\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u4eba\u63d0\u4f9b\u5e87\u62a4\u3002[193]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    On 27 February 2023, Viktor Orb\u00e1n said that Hungary supports the Chinese peace plan in the Russo-Ukrainian conflict<\/a>, despite opposition by Western leaders. Beijing’s 12-point statement that criticised unilateral sanctions, would reduce strategic risks associated with nuclear weapons<\/a> in Central<\/a> and Eastern Europe<\/a>, according to the statement.[194]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112023 \u5e74 2 \u6708 27 \u65e5\uff0c\u7ef4\u514b\u6258\u00b7\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u897f\u65b9\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u4ecd\u652f\u6301\u4e2d\u56fd\u5728\u4fc4\u4e4c\u51b2\u7a81\u4e2d\u7684\u548c\u5e73\u8ba1\u5212\u3002\u58f0\u660e\u79f0\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u7684 12 \u70b9\u58f0\u660e\u6279\u8bc4\u4e86\u5355\u8fb9\u5236\u88c1\uff0c\u5c06\u964d\u4f4e\u4e2d\u6b27\u548c\u4e1c\u6b27\u6838\u6b66\u5668\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u6218\u7565\u98ce\u9669\u3002[194]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    5.5.3 \u52a0\u5165\u7a81\u53a5\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ec4\u7ec7 | Accession to the Organization of Turkic States<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    See also: Hungarian Turanism<\/a>\u3010\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a\u5308\u7259\u5229\u7684\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Since 2014, Hungary has had observer status at the General Assembly of Turkic-speaking States, and in 2017 it submitted an application for accession to the International Turkic Academy. During the 6th Summit of Turkic Council, Orb\u00e1n said that Hungary is seeking even closer cooperation with the Turkic Council.[195]<\/a><\/sup> In 2018, Hungary obtained observer status in the council.[196]<\/a><\/sup> In 2021, Orb\u00e1n mentioned that the Hungarian and Turkic peoples<\/a> share a historical and cultural heritage “reaching back many long centuries”. He also pointed out that the Hungarian people are “proud of this heritage”, and “were also proud when their opponents in Europe mocked them as barbarian<\/a> Huns<\/a> and Attila<\/a>‘s people”.[197]<\/a><\/sup> In 2023, during his visit to Kazakhstan, Orb\u00e1n said that Hungarians come to Kazakhstan “with great pleasure” because the two nations are connected by “millennial common roots”.[198]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u81ea 2014 \u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u4e00\u76f4\u62e5\u6709\u7a81\u53a5\u8bed\u56fd\u5bb6\u5927\u4f1a\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u5458\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e 2017 \u5e74\u63d0\u4ea4\u4e86\u52a0\u5165\u56fd\u9645\u7a81\u53a5\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u7533\u8bf7\u3002\u5728\u7a81\u53a5\u7406\u4e8b\u4f1a\u7b2c\u516d\u5c4a\u5cf0\u4f1a\u4e0a\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u6b63\u5728\u5bfb\u6c42\u4e0e\u7a81\u53a5\u7406\u4e8b\u4f1a\u5efa\u7acb\u66f4\u5bc6\u5207\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u3002[195] 2018 \u5e74\uff0c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u8be5\u7406\u4e8b\u4f1a\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u5458\u5730\u4f4d\u3002[196] 2021 \u5e74\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u548c\u7a81\u53a5\u4eba\u6c11\u62e5\u6709\u201c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u8bb8\u591a\u4e16\u7eaa\u201d\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u6587\u5316\u9057\u4ea7\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u4eba\u6c11\u201c\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e00\u9057\u4ea7\u611f\u5230\u81ea\u8c6a\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u201c\u5f53\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u5bf9\u624b\u5632\u7b11\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u91ce\u86ee\u7684\u5308\u5974\u4eba\u548c\u963f\u63d0\u62c9\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u611f\u5230\u81ea\u8c6a\u201d\u3002[197] 2023 \u5e74\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u5728\u8bbf\u95ee\u54c8\u8428\u514b\u65af\u5766\u671f\u95f4\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u4eba\u201c\u975e\u5e38\u9ad8\u5174\u201d\u6765\u5230\u54c8\u8428\u514b\u65af\u5766\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u6c11\u65cf\u6709\u7740\u201c\u5343\u5e74\u5171\u540c\u6839\u6e90\u201d\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u3002[198]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    5.5.4 \u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u548c\u54c8\u9a6c\u65af | Israel and Hamas<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    The Hungarian government expressed support for Israel in the 2023 Israel\u2013Hamas war<\/a>. On 13 October, Orb\u00e1n stated “Israel has the right to defend itself” and “we will not allow sympathy rallies supporting terrorist organisations”.[199]<\/a><\/sup> On 22 October, Fidesz parliamentary leader<\/a> M\u00e1t\u00e9 Kocsis<\/a> announced that the party will introduce a manifesto before the parliament condemning Hamas<\/a> terrorism.[200]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5308\u7259\u5229\u653f\u5e9c\u8868\u793a\u5c06\u5728 2023 \u5e74\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u4e0e\u54c8\u9a6c\u65af\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u652f\u6301\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u300210 \u6708 13 \u65e5\uff0c\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u8868\u793a\u201c\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u6709\u6743\u81ea\u536b\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5141\u8bb8\u4e3e\u884c\u652f\u6301\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u540c\u60c5\u96c6\u4f1a\u201d\u3002[199] 10 \u6708 22 \u65e5\uff0c\u9752\u6c11\u76df\u8bae\u4f1a\u9886\u8896\u9a6c\u6cf0\u00b7\u79d1\u5947\u897f\u65af\u5ba3\u5e03\uff0c\u8be5\u515a\u5c06\u5728\u8bae\u4f1a\u63d0\u4ea4\u4e00\u4efd\u5ba3\u8a00\uff0c\u8c34\u8d23\u54c8\u9a6c\u65af\u7684\u6050\u6016\u4e3b\u4e49\u884c\u4e3a\u3002[200]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    6. \u653f\u7b56\u548c\u89c2\u70b9 | Policy and views<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    \n
    \u56fe6-1\u81f36-3\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    Orb\u00e1n’s blend of soft Euroscepticism<\/a>, populism<\/a>,[201]<\/a>[202]<\/a>[203]<\/a><\/sup> and national conservatism<\/a> has seen him compared to politicians and political parties as diverse as Jaros\u0142aw Kaczy\u0144ski<\/a>‘s Law and Justice<\/a>, Silvio Berlusconi<\/a>‘s Forza Italia<\/a>, Matteo Salvini<\/a>‘s Lega<\/a> (previously Lega Nord<\/a>), Marine Le Pen<\/a>‘s National Rally<\/a>, Donald Trump<\/a>,[204]<\/a><\/sup> Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan<\/a> and Vladimir Putin<\/a>.[205]<\/a><\/sup> Orb\u00e1n has sought to make Hungary an “ideological center for … an international conservative movement”.[206]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u878d\u5408\u4e86\u6e29\u548c\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u6000\u7591\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49[201][202][203]\u548c\u6c11\u65cf\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u62ff\u4ed6\u4e0e\u96c5\u7f57\u65af\u74e6\u592b\u00b7\u5361\u94a6\u65af\u57fa\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0e\u516c\u6b63\u515a\u3001\u897f\u5c14\u7ef4\u5965\u00b7\u8d1d\u5362\u65af\u79d1\u5c3c\u7684\u610f\u5927\u5229\u529b\u91cf\u515a\u3001\u9a6c\u6cf0\u5965\u00b7\u8428\u5c14\u7ef4\u5c3c\u7684\u5317\u65b9\u8054\u76df (Lega, \u524d\u8eab\u4e3a\u5317\u65b9\u8054\u76df)\u3001\u739b\u4e3d\u5a1c\u00b7\u52d2\u5e9e\u7684\u56fd\u6c11\u8054\u76df\u3001\u5510\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u7279\u6717\u666e[204]\u3001\u96f7\u6770\u666e\u00b7\u5854\u4f0a\u666e\u00b7\u57c3\u5c14\u591a\u5b89\u548c\u5f17\u62c9\u57fa\u7c73\u5c14\u00b7\u666e\u4eac[205]\u7b49\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u548c\u653f\u515a\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u4e00\u76f4\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u5c06\u5308\u7259\u5229\u6253\u9020\u6210\u201c\u56fd\u9645\u4fdd\u5b88\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4e2d\u5fc3\u201d\u3002[206]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    According to Politico<\/a><\/em>, Orb\u00e1n’s political philosophy “echoes the resentments of what were once the peasant and working classes” by promoting an “uncompromising defense of national sovereignty<\/a> and a transparent distrust of Europe’s ruling establishments”.[204]<\/a><\/sup> Orb\u00e1n frequently emphasizes the importance of Christianity, although he and the overwhelming majority of Hungarians do not attend church regularly.[207]<\/a><\/sup> His authoritarian appeal to “global conservatives” has been summarized by Lauren Stokes as: “I alone can save you from the ravages of Islamization<\/a> and totalitarian progressivism \u2013 and in the face of all that, who has time for checks and balances and rules?”.[207]<\/a><\/sup> Orb\u00e1n has criticized the EU, comparing it to forces that have occupied Hungary throughout history.[208]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u636e\u300a\u653f\u6cbb\u62a5\u300b\u62a5\u9053\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u201c\u547c\u5e94\u4e86\u66fe\u7ecf\u7684\u519c\u6c11\u548c\u5de5\u4eba\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u4e0d\u6ee1\u60c5\u7eea\u201d\uff0c\u63d0\u5021\u201c\u6beb\u4e0d\u59a5\u534f\u5730\u634d\u536b\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u6743\uff0c\u5e76\u660e\u663e\u4e0d\u4fe1\u4efb\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u673a\u6784\u201d\u3002[204] \u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u7ecf\u5e38\u5f3a\u8c03\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u548c\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5308\u7259\u5229\u4eba\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b9a\u671f\u53bb\u6559\u5802\u3002[207] \u52b3\u4f26\u00b7\u65af\u6258\u514b\u65af (Lauren Stokes) \u603b\u7ed3\u4e86\u4ed6\u5bf9\u201c\u5168\u7403\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u201d\u7684\u5a01\u6743\u547c\u5401\uff1a\u201c\u53ea\u6709\u6211\u80fd\u62ef\u6551\u4f60\u4eec\u514d\u53d7\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5316\u548c\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fdb\u6b65\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8e42\u8e8f\u2014\u2014\u9762\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\uff0c\u8c01\u8fd8\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\u53bb\u5236\u8861\u548c\u5236\u5b9a\u89c4\u5219\uff1f\u201d[207] \u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u6279\u8bc4\u6b27\u76df\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u6bd4\u4f5c\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u5360\u9886\u5308\u7259\u5229\u7684\u52bf\u529b\u3002[208]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Orb\u00e1n had a close relationship with the Israeli Prime Minister<\/a> Benjamin Netanyahu<\/a>, having known him for decades. He is described as “one of Mr Netanyahu’s closest allies in Europe”.[209]<\/a><\/sup> Orb\u00e1n received personal advice on economic reforms from Netanyahu, while the latter was Finance Minister of Israel<\/a> (2003\u20132005).[210]<\/a><\/sup> In February 2019, Netanyahu thanked Orb\u00e1n for “deciding to extend the embassy of Hungary in Israel to Jerusalem<\/a>“.[211]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u4e0e\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u603b\u7406\u672c\u96c5\u660e\u00b7\u5185\u5854\u5c3c\u4e9a\u80e1\u5173\u7cfb\u5bc6\u5207\uff0c\u76f8\u8bc6\u6570\u5341\u5e74\u3002\u4ed6\u88ab\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u201c\u5185\u5854\u5c3c\u4e9a\u80e1\u5148\u751f\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u6700\u4eb2\u5bc6\u7684\u76df\u53cb\u4e4b\u4e00\u201d\u3002[209] \u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u66fe\u4ece\u5185\u5854\u5c3c\u4e9a\u80e1\u90a3\u91cc\u83b7\u5f97\u6709\u5173\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6539\u9769\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u800c\u5185\u5854\u5c3c\u4e9a\u80e1\u66fe\u62c5\u4efb\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u8d22\u653f\u90e8\u957f\uff082003-2005 \u5e74\uff09\u3002[210] 2019 \u5e74 2 \u6708\uff0c\u5185\u5854\u5c3c\u4e9a\u80e1\u611f\u8c22\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u201c\u51b3\u5b9a\u5c06\u5308\u7259\u5229\u9a7b\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u5927\u4f7f\u9986\u6269\u5efa\u81f3\u8036\u8def\u6492\u51b7\u201d\u3002[211]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Orb\u00e1n is seen as having laid out his political views most concretely in a widely cited 2014 public address at B\u0103ile Tu\u0219nad<\/a> (known in Hungary as the Tusn\u00e1df\u00fcrd\u0151i besz\u00e9d,<\/em> or “Tusn\u00e1df\u00fcrd\u0151 speech<\/a>“). In the address, Orb\u00e1n repudiated the classical liberal theory of the state as a free association of atomistic<\/a> individuals<\/a>, arguing for the use of the state as the means of organizing, invigorating, or even constructing the national community<\/a>. Although this kind of state respects traditionally liberal concepts like civic rights<\/a>, it is properly called “illiberal<\/a>” because it views the community, and not the individual, as the basic political unit.[114]<\/a><\/sup> In practice, Orb\u00e1n claimed, such a state should promote national self-sufficiency<\/a>, national sovereignty, familialism<\/a>, full employment<\/a> and the preservation of cultural heritage<\/a>.[114]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u5728 2014 \u5e74\u4f2f\u4f0a\u83b1\u56fe\u4ec0\u7eb3\u5fb7\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u516c\u5f00\u6f14\u8bb2\uff08\u5728\u5308\u7259\u5229\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u56fe\u65af\u7eb3\u5fb7\u798f\u5fb7\u6f14\u8bb2\u201d\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u5177\u4f53\u5730\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u5728\u6f14\u8bb2\u4e2d\uff0c\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u9a73\u65a5\u4e86\u53e4\u5178\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5373\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u539f\u5b50\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8054\u5408\u4f53\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u5c06\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u632f\u5174\u751a\u81f3\u6784\u5efa\u6c11\u65cf\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u79cd\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c0a\u91cd\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u5229\u7b49\u4f20\u7edf\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u88ab\u6070\u5f53\u5730\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u975e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5c06\u793e\u533a\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e2a\u4eba\u89c6\u4e3a\u57fa\u672c\u653f\u6cbb\u5355\u4f4d\u3002[114] \u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u58f0\u79f0\uff0c\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e94\u8be5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u56fd\u5bb6\u81ea\u7ed9\u81ea\u8db3\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u6743\u3001\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5145\u5206\u5c31\u4e1a\u548c\u6587\u5316\u9057\u4ea7\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002[114]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Orb\u00e1n’s second and third premierships have been the subject of significant international controversy, and reception of his political views is mixed. The 2011 constitutional changes enacted under his leadership were, in particular, accused of centralizing legislative and executive power, curbing civil liberties, restricting freedom of speech, and weakening the Constitutional Court<\/a> and judiciary.[98]<\/a><\/sup> For these reasons, critics have described him as an “irredentist<\/a>“,[212]<\/a><\/sup> a “right-wing populist<\/a>“,[213]<\/a><\/sup> an “authoritarian<\/a>“,[214]<\/a><\/sup> “far-right<\/a>“,[215]<\/a><\/sup> a “fascist<\/a>“,[216]<\/a><\/sup> “autocratic<\/a>“,[217]<\/a><\/sup> a “Putinist<\/a>“,[218]<\/a><\/sup> a “strongman<\/a>“,[219]<\/a><\/sup> and a “dictator<\/a>“.[220]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u548c\u7b2c\u4e09\u4efb\u603b\u7406\u4efb\u671f\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u4e0a\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u4e89\u8bae\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u4ed6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u89c2\u70b9\u8912\u8d2c\u4e0d\u4e00\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\u5b9e\u65bd\u7684 2011 \u5e74\u5baa\u6cd5\u6539\u9769\u88ab\u6307\u8d23\u4e3a\u96c6\u4e2d\u7acb\u6cd5\u548c\u884c\u653f\u6743\u529b\u3001\u9650\u5236\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u9650\u5236\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u4ee5\u53ca\u524a\u5f31\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\u548c\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u3002[98] \u51fa\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\u5c06\u4ed6\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u201c\u6536\u590d\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u201d\u3001\u201c\u53f3\u7ffc\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u201d\u3001\u201c\u72ec\u88c1\u8005\u201d\u3001\u201c\u6781\u53f3\u7ffc\u5206\u5b50\u201d\u3001\u201c\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u201d\u3001\u201c\u72ec\u88c1\u8005\u201d\u3001\u201c\u666e\u4eac\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5f3a\u4eba\u201d\u548c\u201c\u72ec\u88c1\u8005\u201d\u3002[220]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The European migrant crisis, coupled with continued Islamist<\/a> terrorism in the European Union<\/a>, have popularized Orb\u00e1n’s nationalist, protectionist policies among European conservative leaders. “Once ostracized” by Europe’s political elite, writes Politico<\/em>, Orb\u00e1n “is now the talisman of Europe’s mainstream right”.[204]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6b27\u6d32\u79fb\u6c11\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u6b27\u76df\u5185\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6050\u6016\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u7b56\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u4e2d\u200b\u200b\u5e7f\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u3002\u300a\u653f\u6cbb\u62a5\u300b\u5199\u9053\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u201c\u66fe\u88ab\u6b27\u6d32\u653f\u6cbb\u7cbe\u82f1\u6392\u65a5\uff0c\u4f46\u73b0\u5728\u5374\u6210\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u4e3b\u6d41\u53f3\u7ffc\u7684\u62a4\u8eab\u7b26\u201d\u3002[204]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    As mentioned above, Orb\u00e1n has promoted the Great Replacement<\/a> conspiracy theory. In a 2018 speech, he stated: “I think there are many people who would like to see the end of Christian Europe, and they believe that if they replace its cultural subsoil, if they bring in millions of people from new ethnic groups which are not rooted in Christian culture, then they will transform Europe according to their conception.”[221]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5982\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u5ba3\u626c\u4e86\u201c\u5927\u66ff\u4ee3\u201d\u9634\u8c0b\u8bba\u3002\u4ed6\u5728 2018 \u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u6f14\u8bb2\u4e2d\u8868\u793a\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u5e0c\u671b\u770b\u5230\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u7ec8\u7ed3\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u5b83\u7684\u6587\u5316\u5e95\u571f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f15\u8fdb\u6570\u767e\u4e07\u6765\u81ea\u975e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6587\u5316\u6839\u57fa\u7684\u65b0\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u6309\u7167\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6784\u60f3\u6539\u53d8\u6b27\u6d32\u3002\u201d[221]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    During a press conference in January 2019, Orb\u00e1n praised Brazil’s then president Jair Bolsonaro<\/a>, saying that currently “the most apt definition of modern Christian democracy<\/a> can be found in Brazil, not in Europe”.[222]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u5728 2019 \u5e74 1 \u6708\u7684\u65b0\u95fb\u53d1\u5e03\u4f1a\u4e0a\u79f0\u8d5e\u4e86\u5df4\u897f\u65f6\u4efb\u603b\u7edf\u96c5\u4f0a\u5c14\u00b7\u535a\u7d22\u7eb3\u7f57\uff0c\u79f0\u76ee\u524d\u201c\u73b0\u4ee3\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6c11\u4e3b\u6700\u6070\u5f53\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5df4\u897f\u627e\u5230\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u201d\u3002[222]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In support of Orb\u00e1n and his ideas, a think tank called the Danube Institute<\/a> was established in 2013, funded by the Batthy\u00e1ny Foundation, which in turn is “funded entirely by the Hungarian government”.[223]<\/a><\/sup> Batthy\u00e1ny “sponsors international conferences and three periodicals, all in English: European Conservative<\/em>, Hungarian Review<\/em>, and Hungarian Conservative<\/em>“. In 2020, the institute began hosting fellows<\/a>.[223]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4e3a\u4e86\u652f\u6301\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u53ca\u5176\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u7684\u667a\u5e93\u4e8e 2013 \u5e74\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u7531\u5df4\u63d0\u4e9a\u5c3c\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u8d44\u52a9\uff0c\u800c\u8be5\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u201c\u5b8c\u5168\u7531\u5308\u7259\u5229\u653f\u5e9c\u8d44\u52a9\u201d\u3002[223] \u5df4\u63d0\u4e9a\u5c3c\u201c\u8d5e\u52a9\u56fd\u9645\u4f1a\u8bae\u548c\u4e09\u4efd\u671f\u520a\uff0c\u5168\u90e8\u4e3a\u82f1\u6587\uff1a\u300a\u6b27\u6d32\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u300b\u3001\u300a\u5308\u7259\u5229\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b\u548c\u300a\u5308\u7259\u5229\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u300b\u30022020 \u5e74\uff0c\u8be5\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u5f00\u59cb\u63a5\u5f85\u7814\u7a76\u5458\u3002[223]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u5728\u7f8e\u56fd | In the United States<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Orb\u00e1n often attacked the administrations of presidents Barack Obama<\/a> and Joe Biden<\/a>, particularly for their supposed pro-immigration policies. Some analysts argue that Orban’s attacks on the US are largely political theater for his domestic voters.[20]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u7ecf\u5e38\u653b\u51fb\u5965\u5df4\u9a6c\u548c\u62dc\u767b\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u652f\u6301\u79fb\u6c11\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u5206\u6790\u4eba\u58eb\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u653b\u51fb\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4e3a\u56fd\u5185\u9009\u6c11\u8868\u6f14\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5267\u3002[20]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In January 2022, Donald Trump<\/a> endorsed Orb\u00e1n in the 2022 Hungarian parliamentary election<\/a>, saying in a statement that he “truly loves his Country and wants safety for his people”, and praising his hard-line immigration policies.[224]<\/a>[225]<\/a><\/sup> Donald Trump’s former chief strategist, Steve Bannon<\/a>, once called Orb\u00e1n “Trump before Trump”.[128]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112022 \u5e74 1 \u6708\uff0c\u5510\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u7279\u6717\u666e (Donald Trump) \u652f\u6301\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u53c2\u52a0 2022 \u5e74\u5308\u7259\u5229\u8bae\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u4e00\u4efd\u58f0\u660e\u4e2d\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u4ed6\u201c\u771f\u5fc3\u7231\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u5b89\u5168\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u79f0\u8d5e\u5176\u5f3a\u786c\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u653f\u7b56\u3002[224][225] \u5510\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u7279\u6717\u666e (Donald Trump) \u7684\u524d\u9996\u5e2d\u7b56\u7565\u5e08\u53f2\u8482\u592b\u00b7\u73ed\u519c (Steve Bannon) \u66fe\u79f0\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u4e3a\u201c\u7279\u6717\u666e\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u7279\u6717\u666e\u201d\u3002[128]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In August 2021, Tucker Carlson<\/a> hosted some episodes of his show, Tucker Carlson Tonight<\/a><\/em>, from Budapest, praising Orb\u00e1n as the one elected leader “on the face of the earth, … who publicly identifies as a Western-style conservative”. He also conducted a fifteen-minute interview with Orb\u00e1n, which was widely criticized for its fawning nature and lack of challenging questions.[223]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112021 \u5e74 8 \u6708\uff0c\u5854\u514b\u00b7\u5361\u5c14\u68ee\u5728\u5e03\u8fbe\u4f69\u65af\u4e3b\u6301\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u8282\u76ee\u300a\u5854\u514b\u00b7\u5361\u5c14\u68ee\u4eca\u591c\u300b\u7684\u51e0\u671f\u8282\u76ee\uff0c\u79f0\u8d5e\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u662f\u201c\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u552f\u4e00\u4e00\u4f4d\u2026\u2026\u516c\u5f00\u81ea\u79f0\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u5f0f\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u7684\u6c11\u9009\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u5bf9\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86 15 \u5206\u949f\u7684\u91c7\u8bbf\uff0c\u8be5\u91c7\u8bbf\u56e0\u5176\u963f\u8c00\u5949\u627f\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u548c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6311\u6218\u6027\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u5e7f\u6cdb\u6279\u8bc4\u3002[223]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In May 2022 the Conservative Political Action Conference<\/a>, the “flagship conference” of American conservatism,[207]<\/a><\/sup> held a satellite event in Budapest.[226]<\/a><\/sup> In Florida, a law regulating sex education<\/a> in schools, sometimes called the “Don\u2019t Say Gay” law<\/a>, resembles a similar Hungarian law passed in 2021 and was, according to governor Ron DeSantis’s<\/a> press secretary, inspired by it.[223]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112022 \u5e74 5 \u6708\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u201c\u65d7\u8230\u4f1a\u8bae\u201d\u4fdd\u5b88\u515a\u653f\u6cbb\u884c\u52a8\u4f1a\u8bae[207]\u5728\u5e03\u8fbe\u4f69\u65af\u4e3e\u884c\u4e86\u4e00\u573a\u536b\u661f\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002[226] \u5728\u4f5b\u7f57\u91cc\u8fbe\u5dde\uff0c\u4e00\u9879\u89c4\u8303\u5b66\u6821\u6027\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u4e0d\u8bf4\u540c\u6027\u604b\u201d\u6cd5\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e 2021 \u5e74\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u5308\u7259\u5229\u7c7b\u4f3c\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u636e\u5dde\u957f\u7f57\u6069\u00b7\u5fb7\u6851\u8482\u65af\u7684\u65b0\u95fb\u79d8\u4e66\u79f0\uff0c\u8be5\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u8be5\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u542f\u53d1\u3002[223]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In August 2022, Orb\u00e1n was the opening speaker at the Conservative Political Action Conference<\/a> (CPAC) in Dallas, Texas.[227]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112022 \u5e74 8 \u6708\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u5728\u5fb7\u514b\u8428\u65af\u5dde\u8fbe\u62c9\u65af\u4e3e\u884c\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\u515a\u653f\u6cbb\u884c\u52a8\u4f1a\u8bae (CPAC) \u4e0a\u62c5\u4efb\u5f00\u5e55\u53d1\u8a00\u4eba\u3002[227]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    6.1 \u56fd\u5185\u653f\u7b56 | Domestic policy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Viktor Orb\u00e1n’s domestic policy agenda has placed emphasis on cultural conservatism<\/a>, especially through pro-natalist<\/a> policies designed to encourage family formation and reduce immigration. Female university graduates who have (or adopt) children within two years of graduation receive partial or full forgiveness on their student loans<\/a>, including a full write-off of their student debt if they have three or more children.[228]<\/a>[229]<\/a><\/sup> Hungarian women who have four or more children are eligible for full income tax<\/a> exemption for life.[230]<\/a><\/sup> Married couples are eligible for low fixed-rate mortgages<\/a> on a house with additional financial support through family housing benefits, as well as subsidies for the purchase of seven-seat cars for families with three or more children and financial support for child care<\/a>.[231]<\/a><\/sup> In support of these policies, Orb\u00e1n stated in 2019 that “For the west, the answer is immigration. For every missing child there should be one coming in and then the numbers will be fine. But we do not need numbers. We need Hungarian children.”[232]<\/a><\/sup> The government has also tightened legal regulations on access to abortion<\/a>, including requiring pregnant women to listen to the heartbeat of the fetus<\/a> prior to an abortion being approved by a doctor.[233]<\/a><\/sup> The number of abortions procured in Hungary between 2010 and 2021 fell almost 50%, from 34 per hundred live births in 2010 to 23.7 per hundred in 2021.[234]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u7ef4\u514b\u6258\u00b7\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u7684\u56fd\u5185\u653f\u7b56\u8bae\u7a0b\u5f3a\u8c03\u6587\u5316\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u9f13\u52b1\u5bb6\u5ead\u7ec4\u5efa\u548c\u51cf\u5c11\u79fb\u6c11\u7684\u751f\u80b2\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u5973\u5927\u5b66\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\u5728\u6bd5\u4e1a\u4e24\u5e74\u5185\u751f\u80b2\uff08\u6216\u6536\u517b\uff09\u5b50\u5973\uff0c\u53ef\u83b7\u5f97\u90e8\u5206\u6216\u5168\u90e8\u5b66\u751f\u8d37\u6b3e\u51cf\u514d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5979\u4eec\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u6216\u4e09\u4e2a\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\uff0c\u5219\u53ef\u5168\u989d\u514d\u9664\u5b66\u751f\u8d37\u6b3e\u3002[228][229] \u6709\u56db\u4e2a\u6216\u56db\u4e2a\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u5308\u7259\u5229\u5987\u5973\u6709\u8d44\u683c\u7ec8\u8eab\u514d\u5f81\u6240\u5f97\u7a0e\u3002[230] \u5df2\u5a5a\u592b\u5987\u6709\u8d44\u683c\u83b7\u5f97\u4f4e\u56fa\u5b9a\u5229\u7387\u7684\u623f\u5c4b\u62b5\u62bc\u8d37\u6b3e\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u5bb6\u5ead\u4f4f\u623f\u798f\u5229\u83b7\u5f97\u989d\u5916\u7ecf\u6d4e\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e3a\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u6216\u4e09\u4e2a\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u8d2d\u4e70\u4e03\u5ea7\u6c7d\u8f66\u63d0\u4f9b\u8865\u8d34\u548c\u513f\u7ae5\u4fdd\u80b2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u652f\u6301\u3002[231]\u4e3a\u4e86\u652f\u6301\u8fd9\u4e9b\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u5728 2019 \u5e74\u8868\u793a\uff1a\u201c\u5bf9\u897f\u65b9\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u7b54\u6848\u5c31\u662f\u79fb\u6c11\u3002\u6bcf\u5931\u8e2a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b69\u5b50\uff0c\u5c31\u5e94\u8be5\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b69\u5b50\u8fdb\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u6570\u5b57\u5c31\u6ca1\u95ee\u9898\u4e86\u3002\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u6570\u5b57\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u5308\u7259\u5229\u513f\u7ae5\u3002\u201d[232] \u653f\u5e9c\u8fd8\u52a0\u5f3a\u4e86\u5815\u80ce\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8981\u6c42\u5b55\u5987\u5728\u533b\u751f\u6279\u51c6\u5815\u80ce\u4e4b\u524d\u542c\u80ce\u513f\u7684\u5fc3\u8df3\u3002[233] 2010 \u5e74\u81f3 2021 \u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u7684\u5815\u80ce\u6570\u91cf\u4e0b\u964d\u4e86\u8fd1 50%\uff0c\u4ece 2010 \u5e74\u6bcf 100 \u540d\u6d3b\u4ea7\u5a74\u513f 34 \u4f8b\u5815\u80ce\u4e0b\u964d\u5230 2021 \u5e74\u6bcf 100 \u540d\u6d3b\u4ea7\u5a74\u513f 23.7 \u4f8b\u5815\u80ce\u3002[234]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    As stated by The Guardian<\/a><\/em>, the “Hungarian government doubled family spending between 2010 and 2019”, intending to achieve “a lasting turn in demographic processes by 2030”. Orb\u00e1n has espoused an anti-immigration platform, and has also advocated for increased investment into “Family First”. Orb\u00e1n has disregarded the European Union’s attempts to promote integration as a key solution to population distribution problems in Europe. He has also supported investments into countering the country’s low birth rates. Orb\u00e1n has tapped into the “great replacement theory” which emulates a nativist<\/a> approach to rejecting foreign immigration out of fear of replacement by immigrants. He has stated that “If Europe is not going to be populated by Europeans in the future and we take this as given, then we are speaking about an exchange of populations, to replace the population of Europeans with others.” The Guardian<\/em> stated that “This year the Hungarian government introduced a 10 million forint<\/a> (\u00a327,000) interest-free loan for families, which does not have to be paid back if the couple has three children.”[235]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u636e\u300a\u536b\u62a5\u300b\u62a5\u9053\uff0c\u201c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u653f\u5e9c\u5728 2010 \u5e74\u81f3 2019 \u5e74\u95f4\u5c06\u5bb6\u5ead\u652f\u51fa\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u4e00\u500d\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u6253\u7b97\u5728\u201c2030 \u5e74\u5b9e\u73b0\u4eba\u53e3\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u6301\u4e45\u8f6c\u53d8\u201d\u3002\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u62e5\u62a4\u53cd\u79fb\u6c11\u7eb2\u9886\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3b\u5f20\u589e\u52a0\u5bf9\u201c\u5bb6\u5ead\u7b2c\u4e00\u201d\u7684\u6295\u8d44\u3002\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u65e0\u89c6\u6b27\u76df\u63a8\u52a8\u4e00\u4f53\u5316\u4f5c\u4e3a\u89e3\u51b3\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u53e3\u5206\u5e03\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5173\u952e\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u652f\u6301\u6295\u8d44\u4ee5\u5e94\u5bf9\u8be5\u56fd\u7684\u4f4e\u51fa\u751f\u7387\u3002\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u5229\u7528\u4e86\u201c\u5927\u66ff\u4ee3\u7406\u8bba\u201d\uff0c\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u6a21\u4eff\u4e86\u672c\u571f\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u62d2\u7edd\u5916\u56fd\u79fb\u6c11\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u62c5\u5fc3\u4f1a\u88ab\u79fb\u6c11\u53d6\u4ee3\u3002\u4ed6\u8868\u793a\uff1a\u201c\u5982\u679c\u672a\u6765\u6b27\u6d32\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7531\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u5c45\u4f4f\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u7406\u6240\u5f53\u7136\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u8c08\u8bba\u7684\u662f\u4eba\u53e3\u4ea4\u6362\uff0c\u7528\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u79cd\u53d6\u4ee3\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u3002\u201d \u300a\u536b\u62a5\u300b\u79f0\uff0c\u201c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u653f\u5e9c\u4eca\u5e74\u5411\u5bb6\u5ead\u63d0\u4f9b 1000 \u4e07\u798f\u6797\uff0827,000 \u82f1\u9551\uff09\u7684\u65e0\u606f\u8d37\u6b3e\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u592b\u5987\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u5b69\u5b50\uff0c\u5219\u65e0\u9700\u507f\u8fd8\u8fd9\u7b14\u8d37\u6b3e\u3002\u201d[235]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    His government’s economic approach has been referred to as “Orb\u00e1nomics<\/a>“.[236]<\/a><\/sup> Despite early concerns that these reforms would undermine investor confidence, economic growth has been strong with unemployment<\/a> “plummeting” between 2010 and 2021 and year-on-year GDP growth at 4 percent in 2021.[237]<\/a><\/sup> Progressive taxation<\/a> on income was abolished in 2015 and replaced with a flat rate<\/a> of 16% on gross income, and income taxes on those aged 25 years or younger was abolished entirely in 2021.[238]<\/a><\/sup> Hungary paid the last of its IMF<\/a> loan ahead of schedule in 2013, with the fund closing its Budapest office later that year.[239]<\/a><\/sup> Due to the economic impact of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine<\/a>, as well as the shocks of COVID-19 pandemic<\/a> and lockdowns<\/a>, Orb\u00e1n’s government has imposed windfall taxes<\/a> on banks, pharmaceutical companies, and energy companies in order to maintain a government-subsidized cap on utility bills (including gas, electricity, water, district heating, sewage, and garbage collection) which continues into 2023.[240]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4ed6\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u65b9\u9488\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u201d\u3002[236] \u5c3d\u7ba1\u65e9\u671f\u62c5\u5fc3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6539\u9769\u4f1a\u524a\u5f31\u6295\u8d44\u8005\u4fe1\u5fc3\uff0c\u4f46\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u4e00\u76f4\u5f3a\u52b2\uff0c\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\u5728 2010 \u5e74\u81f3 2021 \u5e74\u95f4\u201c\u76f4\u7ebf\u4e0b\u964d\u201d\uff0c2021 \u5e74 GDP \u540c\u6bd4\u589e\u957f 4%\u3002[237] 2015 \u5e74\uff0c\u7d2f\u8fdb\u6240\u5f97\u7a0e\u88ab\u5e9f\u9664\uff0c\u53d6\u800c\u4ee3\u4e4b\u7684\u662f 16% \u7684\u603b\u6536\u5165\u7edf\u4e00\u7a0e\u7387\uff0c2021 \u5e74\uff0c25 \u5c81\u200b\u200b\u6216\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4eba\u58eb\u7684\u6240\u5f97\u7a0e\u88ab\u5b8c\u5168\u5e9f\u9664\u3002[238] \u5308\u7259\u5229\u4e8e 2013 \u5e74\u63d0\u524d\u507f\u8fd8\u4e86\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u7b14 IMF \u8d37\u6b3e\uff0c\u8be5\u57fa\u91d1\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e8e\u5f53\u5e74\u665a\u4e9b\u65f6\u5019\u5173\u95ed\u4e86\u5176\u5e03\u8fbe\u4f69\u65af\u529e\u4e8b\u5904\u3002[239]\u7531\u4e8e\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5165\u4fb5\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u9020\u6210\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u65b0\u51a0\u75ab\u60c5\u548c\u5c01\u9501\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u51b2\u51fb\uff0c\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u94f6\u884c\u3001\u5236\u836f\u516c\u53f8\u548c\u80fd\u6e90\u516c\u53f8\u5f81\u6536\u4e86\u66b4\u5229\u7a0e\uff0c\u4ee5\u7ef4\u6301\u653f\u5e9c\u8865\u8d34\u7684\u516c\u7528\u4e8b\u4e1a\u8d39\u7528\u4e0a\u9650\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u7164\u6c14\u3001\u7535\u529b\u3001\u6c34\u3001\u533a\u57df\u4f9b\u70ed\u3001\u6c61\u6c34\u5904\u7406\u548c\u5783\u573e\u6536\u96c6\uff09\uff0c\u8be5\u4e0a\u9650\u5c06\u6301\u7eed\u5230 2023 \u5e74\u3002[240]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Orb\u00e1n’s government has encouraged and provided financial support for the establishment of conservative think-tanks and cultural institutions. The Mathias Corvinus Collegium<\/a> has purchased stakes in several European universities and has purchased the Modul University<\/a> in Vienna.[241]<\/a>[242]<\/a><\/sup> The thinktank’s Brussels branch opened in November 2022.[243]<\/a><\/sup> In 2021, Orb\u00e1n’s government passed a bill which privatized 11 Hungarian universities and subsequently were endowed billions of euros in assets from the state budget, as well as real estate and shares in large companies. The government has appointed conservatives to the supervisory boards of these universities.[244]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u653f\u5e9c\u9f13\u52b1\u5e76\u4e3a\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u667a\u5e93\u548c\u6587\u5316\u673a\u6784\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u63d0\u4f9b\u8d44\u91d1\u652f\u6301\u3002\u9a6c\u8482\u4e9a\u65af\u00b7\u8003\u6587\u52aa\u65af\u5b66\u9662\u8d2d\u4e70\u4e86\u51e0\u6240\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u80a1\u4efd\uff0c\u5e76\u6536\u8d2d\u4e86\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\u7684\u83ab\u675c\u5c14\u5927\u5b66\u3002[241][242] \u8be5\u667a\u5e93\u7684\u5e03\u9c81\u585e\u5c14\u5206\u652f\u673a\u6784\u4e8e 2022 \u5e74 11 \u6708\u5f00\u4e1a\u3002[243] 2021 \u5e74\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u653f\u5e9c\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u6cd5\u6848\uff0c\u5c06 11 \u6240\u5308\u7259\u5229\u5927\u5b66\u79c1\u6709\u5316\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u4ece\u56fd\u5bb6\u9884\u7b97\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u6570\u5341\u4ebf\u6b27\u5143\u7684\u8d44\u4ea7\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u623f\u5730\u4ea7\u548c\u5927\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u80a1\u4efd\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u5df2\u4efb\u547d\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u8fdb\u5165\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u76d1\u4e8b\u4f1a\u3002[244]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    As part of a drive to “re-Christianize<\/a>” the country, his government has privatised<\/a> many previously state-run schools<\/a> and enlisted Christian churches to provide education, introduced religion classes into the national education curriculum, and provided financial support to more Christian schools<\/a>.[245]<\/a><\/sup> The country’s kindergarten<\/a> curriculum was amended to promote “national identity, Christian cultural values, patriotism, attachment to homeland and family”.[237]<\/a><\/sup> Between 2010 and 2018, the number of Catholic schools<\/a> increased from 9.4 percent to 18 percent.[246]<\/a><\/sup> The government also created the Center for Fundamental Rights (Hungarian: Alapjogok\u00e9rt K\u00f6zpont<\/em>) in 2013 who describe their mission as “preserving national identity, sovereignty and Christian social traditions”.[237]<\/a><\/sup> In 2019 the government passed a law taking control of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences<\/a>.[247]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u91cd\u65b0\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5316\u201d\u56fd\u5bb6\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u5c06\u8bb8\u591a\u4ee5\u524d\u7531\u56fd\u8425\u5b66\u6821\u79c1\u6709\u5316\uff0c\u5e76\u62db\u52df\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6559\u5802\u63d0\u4f9b\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u5c06\u5b97\u6559\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7eb3\u5165\u56fd\u5bb6\u6559\u80b2\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u5e76\u5411\u66f4\u591a\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5b66\u6821\u63d0\u4f9b\u8d22\u653f\u652f\u6301\u3002[245] \u8be5\u56fd\u7684\u5e7c\u513f\u56ed\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4fee\u8ba2\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u201c\u6c11\u65cf\u8ba4\u540c\u3001\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6587\u5316\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u3001\u7231\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5bf9\u7956\u56fd\u548c\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u4f9d\u604b\u201d\u3002[237] 2010 \u5e74\u81f3 2018 \u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u4ece 9.4% \u589e\u52a0\u5230 18%\u3002[246] \u653f\u5e9c\u8fd8\u4e8e 2013 \u5e74\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff08\u5308\u7259\u5229\u8bed\uff1aAlapjogok\u00e9rt K\u00f6zpont\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u4f7f\u547d\u662f\u201c\u7ef4\u62a4\u6c11\u65cf\u8ba4\u540c\u3001\u4e3b\u6743\u548c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u793e\u4f1a\u4f20\u7edf\u201d\u3002[237] 2019 \u5e74\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u63a7\u5236\u4e86\u5308\u7259\u5229\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u3002[247]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    6.2 \u6c11\u4e3b\u5012\u9000\u548c\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49 | Democratic backsliding and authoritarianism<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Between 2010 and 2020, Hungary dropped 69 places in the Press Freedom Index<\/a>,[248]<\/a>[249]<\/a><\/sup> lost 11 places in the Democracy Index<\/a>,[250]<\/a>[251]<\/a><\/sup> and deteriorated 16 places in the Corruption Perceptions Index<\/a>.[252]<\/a>[253]<\/a><\/sup> In 2019 Freedom House<\/a> downgraded the country from “free” to “partly free”.[254]<\/a><\/sup> The V-Dem Democracy indices<\/a> rank Hungary in 2021 as 96th in its “electoral democracy index” that measures “whether elections were free and fair, as well as the prevalence of a free and independent media”, sitting between Benin<\/a> and Malaysia<\/a>.[255]<\/a><\/sup> Additionally, Freedom House<\/a>‘s Nations in Transit 2020<\/em> report reclassified Hungary from a democracy<\/a> to a transitional or hybrid regime<\/a>.[256]<\/a><\/sup> Furthermore, in 2022, the European Parliament<\/a> stated that “Hungary can no longer be considered a full democracy” and that the country has become an “electoral autocracy<\/a>“.[257]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112010 \u5e74\u81f3 2020 \u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u5728\u65b0\u95fb\u81ea\u7531\u6307\u6570\u4e2d\u4e0b\u964d\u4e86 69 \u4f4d[248][249]\uff0c\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u6307\u6570\u4e2d\u4e0b\u964d\u4e86 11 \u4f4d[250][251]\uff0c\u5728\u8150\u8d25\u611f\u77e5\u6307\u6570\u4e2d\u4e0b\u964d\u4e86 16 \u4f4d\u3002[252][253] 2019 \u5e74\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u5bb6\u5c06\u8be5\u56fd\u7684\u8bc4\u7ea7\u4ece\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u4e0b\u8c03\u4e3a\u201c\u90e8\u5206\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u3002[254] V-Dem \u6c11\u4e3b\u6307\u6570\u5c06\u5308\u7259\u5229\u5728 2021 \u5e74\u7684\u201c\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u6307\u6570\u201d\u4e2d\u6392\u5728\u7b2c 96 \u4f4d\uff0c\u8be5\u6307\u6570\u8861\u91cf\u201c\u9009\u4e3e\u662f\u5426\u81ea\u7531\u516c\u6b63\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u81ea\u7531\u72ec\u7acb\u5a92\u4f53\u7684\u666e\u53ca\u7a0b\u5ea6\u201d\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u8d1d\u5b81\u548c\u9a6c\u6765\u897f\u4e9a\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002[255] \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u5bb6\u7684\u300a2020 \u5e74\u56fd\u5bb6\u8f6c\u578b\u62a5\u544a\u300b\u5c06\u5308\u7259\u5229\u4ece\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u91cd\u65b0\u5f52\u7c7b\u4e3a\u8fc7\u6e21\u6216\u6df7\u5408\u653f\u4f53\u3002[256]\u6b64\u5916\uff0c2022 \u5e74\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u8bae\u4f1a\u8868\u793a\u201c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u4e0d\u518d\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\uff0c\u8be5\u56fd\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u9009\u4e3e\u4e13\u5236\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\u3002[257]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The late professor of economics at Harvard University<\/a>, J\u00e1nos Kornai<\/a>, described the evolution of the Hungarian state during Orb\u00e1n’s second premiership as having taken a “u-turn” away from the aim of becoming a market economy based on the rule of law and private ownership and instead beginning the “systematic destruction of the fundamental institutions of democracy”.[258]<\/a>:\u200a34\u201335\u200a<\/sup> In her 2015 article on Orb\u00e1n’s illiberal democracy, Abby Innes, associate professor of political economy at the London School of Economics<\/a> simply states that “Hungary can no longer be ranked a democratic country”.[259]<\/a>:\u200a95\u200a<\/sup> Former minister of education, B\u00e1lint Magyar<\/a>, has stated that elections in Hungary under Orb\u00e1n are undemocratic and “free but not fair”, due to gerrymandering<\/a>, large-scale control over the media<\/a>, and suspect funding for political campaigns.[260]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5df2\u6545\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u4e9a\u8bfa\u4ec0\u00b7\u79d1\u5c14\u5948 (J\u00e1nos Kornai) \u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u62c5\u4efb\u603b\u7406\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u201c\u53d1\u751f\u4e86 180 \u5ea6\u5927\u8f6c\u5f2f\u201d\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u6210\u4e3a\u57fa\u4e8e\u6cd5\u6cbb\u548c\u79c1\u6709\u5236\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5f00\u59cb\u201c\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u5730\u7834\u574f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5236\u5ea6\u201d\u3002[258]:\u200a34\u201335\u200a \u4f26\u6566\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u9662\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u526f\u6559\u6388\u827e\u6bd4\u00b7\u82f1\u5c3c\u65af (Abby Innes) \u5728 2015 \u5e74\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u975e\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\u3002[259]:\u200a95\u200a \u524d\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u957f\u5df4\u6797\u7279\u00b7\u9a6c\u624e\u5c14 (B\u00e1lint Magyar) \u8868\u793a\uff0c\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\u7684\u5308\u7259\u5229\u9009\u4e3e\u4e0d\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u4f46\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u201d\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u9009\u533a\u5212\u5206\u4e0d\u516c\u3001\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u63a7\u5236\u5a92\u4f53\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u653f\u6cbb\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\u6765\u6e90\u53ef\u7591\u3002[260]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In the April 2022 election, Orb\u00e1n’s Fidesz<\/a> party won 54% of the vote but 83% of the districts, due to gerrymandering, and “other tweaks” to Hungarian electoral rules.[223]<\/a><\/sup> According to American journalist and author Andrew Marantz<\/a>, Orb\u00e1n passed laws, amended the constitution and “patiently debilitated, delegitimatized, hollowed out” civic institutions such as courts, universities, and the apparatus necessary for free elections that are now controlled by Orb\u00e1n loyalists.[223]<\/a><\/sup> Domination of the public media by Orb\u00e1n prevents the public from hearing critics’ point of view. In 2022, Orb\u00e1n’s opponent was given just five minutes on the national television “to make his case to the voters”.[223]<\/a><\/sup> Private media outlets like the ATV<\/a> and RTL<\/a>, among others, offered playtime for opposition members. An example of the discreet, below-the-radar process of accumulating power by Orb\u00e1n and his party was the creation of a special police force that started as a small anti-terror unit. The unit grew and became more powerful “bit by bit in disparate clauses buried in unrelated laws”. Marantz cites Princeton professor of sociology Kim Lane Scheppele<\/a>, who contends the unit now has enough power to function “essentially” as Orb\u00e1n’s “secret police”.[223]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728 2022 \u5e74 4 \u6708\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u9009\u533a\u5212\u5206\u4e0d\u516c\u548c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u9009\u4e3e\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u201c\u5176\u4ed6\u8c03\u6574\u201d\uff0c\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u7684 Fidesz \u515a\u8d62\u5f97\u4e86 54% \u7684\u9009\u7968\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u8d62\u5f97\u4e86 83% \u7684\u9009\u533a\u3002[223] \u636e\u7f8e\u56fd\u8bb0\u8005\u517c\u4f5c\u5bb6\u5b89\u5fb7\u9c81\u00b7\u9a6c\u5170\u8328 (Andrew Marantz) \u79f0\uff0c\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u4fee\u6539\u4e86\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u5e76\u201c\u8010\u5fc3\u5730\u524a\u5f31\u3001\u975e\u6cd5\u5316\u3001\u638f\u7a7a\u201d\u4e86\u6cd5\u9662\u3001\u5927\u5b66\u7b49\u516c\u6c11\u673a\u6784\u4ee5\u53ca\u81ea\u7531\u9009\u4e3e\u6240\u9700\u7684\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u673a\u6784\u73b0\u5728\u7531\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u7684\u5fe0\u5b9e\u62e5\u62a4\u8005\u63a7\u5236\u3002[223] \u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u5bf9\u516c\u5171\u5a92\u4f53\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u4f7f\u516c\u4f17\u65e0\u6cd5\u542c\u53d6\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002 2022 \u5e74\uff0c\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u7684\u5bf9\u624b\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u7535\u89c6\u53f0\u4e0a\u53ea\u6709\u4e94\u5206\u949f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u201c\u5411\u9009\u6c11\u9648\u8ff0\u4ed6\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u201d\u3002[223] ATV \u548c RTL \u7b49\u79c1\u4eba\u5a92\u4f53\u4e3a\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u6210\u5458\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5a31\u4e50\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u53ca\u5176\u653f\u515a\u8c28\u614e\u3001\u4f4e\u8c03\u5730\u79ef\u7d2f\u6743\u529b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u652f\u7279\u522b\u8b66\u5bdf\u90e8\u961f\uff0c\u6700\u521d\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u652f\u5c0f\u578b\u53cd\u6050\u90e8\u961f\u3002\u8fd9\u652f\u90e8\u961f\u201c\u901a\u8fc7\u9690\u85cf\u5728\u65e0\u5173\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u6761\u6b3e\uff0c\u4e00\u70b9\u4e00\u70b9\u5730\u53d1\u5c55\u58ee\u5927\u201d\u3002\u9a6c\u5170\u5179\u63f4\u5f15\u666e\u6797\u65af\u987f\u5927\u5b66\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u91d1\u00b7\u83b1\u6069\u00b7\u8c22\u4f69\u52d2\u7684\u8bdd\u79f0\uff0c\u8fd9\u652f\u90e8\u961f\u73b0\u5728\u62e5\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u201c\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u201d\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u7684\u201c\u79d8\u5bc6\u8b66\u5bdf\u201d\u8fd0\u4f5c\u3002[223]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Hungarian political scientist Andr\u00e1s K\u00f6r\u00f6s\u00e9nyi<\/a>\u00a0[hu<\/a>], using Max Weber<\/a>‘s classification, argues that Orb\u00e1n’s rule cannot be described simply by the notions of authoritarianisation or illiberalism. He stresses out that the Orb\u00e1n regime can be characterised as plebiscitary<\/a> leadership democracy instead.[261]<\/a>[262]<\/a>[263]<\/a><\/sup> In addition, extensive research has been conducted to describe the idea of a “national, sovereign, bourgeois Hungary” stated as the goal of Orb\u00e1n’s rule, is in fact a “political product” of a post-communist mafia state<\/a> serving to obscure massive corruption and transfers of wealth to those with the right connections.[11]<\/a>[264]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5308\u7259\u5229\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u5bb6\u5b89\u5fb7\u62c9\u65af\u00b7\u79d1\u7f57\u585e\u5c3c\uff08Andr\u00e1s K\u00f6r\u00f6s\u00e9nyi\uff09\u91c7\u7528\u9a6c\u514b\u65af\u00b7\u97e6\u4f2f\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u6cd5\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u7528\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u6216\u975e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002\u4ed6\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u653f\u6743\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u5168\u6c11\u6295\u7968\u9886\u5bfc\u6c11\u4e3b\u3002[261][262][263] \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u201c\u6c11\u65cf\u3001\u4e3b\u6743\u3001\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u5308\u7259\u5229\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u540e\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u9ed1\u624b\u515a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u4ea7\u7269\u201d\uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u63a9\u76d6\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u8150\u8d25\u548c\u5411\u6709\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u4eba\u8f6c\u79fb\u8d22\u5bcc\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002[11][264]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    6.3 \u53cdLGBT\u653f\u7b56 | Anti-LGBT policies<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Since his election as prime minister in 2010, Orb\u00e1n has led initiatives and laws to hinder human rights of LGBT+ people<\/a>, regarding such rights as “not compatible with Christian values”.
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u81ea 2010 \u5e74\u5f53\u9009\u603b\u7406\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u4e00\u76f4\u7275\u5934\u5236\u5b9a\u4e3e\u63aa\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u963b\u788d LGBT+ \u4eba\u7fa4\u7684\u4eba\u6743\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6b64\u7c7b\u6743\u5229\u201c\u4e0e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In 2020, Orb\u00e1n’s government ended legal recognition of transgender people, receiving criticism both in Hungary and abroad.[265]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112020 \u5e74\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec8\u6b62\u4e86\u5bf9\u8de8\u6027\u522b\u8005\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u5308\u7259\u5229\u56fd\u5185\u5916\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u3002[265]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In 2021 his party proposed new legislation<\/a> to censor any “LGBT+ positive content” in movies, books or public advertisements and to severely restrict sex education in school forbidding any information thought to “encourage gender change or homosexuality”. The law has been likened to Russia’s restriction on “homosexual propaganda”<\/a>.[266]<\/a><\/sup> German Chancellor Angela Merkel<\/a> and European Commission President<\/a> Ursula von der Leyen<\/a> harshly criticized the law,[267]<\/a><\/sup> while a letter from sixteen EU leaders including Pedro S\u00e1nchez<\/a> and Mario Draghi<\/a> warned against “threats against fundamental rights and in particular the principle of non-discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation”.[268]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112021 \u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u653f\u515a\u63d0\u8bae\u5236\u5b9a\u65b0\u7acb\u6cd5\uff0c\u5ba1\u67e5\u7535\u5f71\u3001\u4e66\u7c4d\u6216\u516c\u5171\u5e7f\u544a\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u201cLGBT+ \u6b63\u9762\u5185\u5bb9\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e25\u683c\u9650\u5236\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u6027\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u7981\u6b62\u4efb\u4f55\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u9f13\u52b1\u6027\u522b\u6539\u53d8\u6216\u540c\u6027\u604b\u201d\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u8fd9\u9879\u6cd5\u5f8b\u88ab\u6bd4\u4f5c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5bf9\u201c\u540c\u6027\u604b\u5ba3\u4f20\u201d\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002[266] \u5fb7\u56fd\u603b\u7406\u5b89\u683c\u62c9\u00b7\u9ed8\u514b\u5c14\u548c\u6b27\u76df\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u4e4c\u5c14\u82cf\u62c9\u00b7\u51af\u5fb7\u83b1\u6069\u4e25\u5389\u6279\u8bc4\u4e86\u8fd9\u9879\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c[267] \u800c\u4f69\u5fb7\u7f57\u00b7\u6851\u5207\u65af\u548c\u9a6c\u91cc\u5965\u00b7\u5fb7\u62c9\u5409\u7b49 16 \u4f4d\u6b27\u76df\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u5728\u4fe1\u4e2d\u8b66\u544a\u4e0d\u8981\u201c\u5a01\u80c1\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4e0d\u56e0\u6027\u53d6\u5411\u800c\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u539f\u5219\u201d\u3002[268]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    His anti-LGBT+ positions came under more scrutiny after the revelation that one of the European deputies of his party, J\u00f3zsef Sz\u00e1jer<\/a>, had participated in a gay sex party in Brussels<\/a>, despite the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic<\/a> quarantine restrictions<\/a>.[269]<\/a>[270]<\/a>[271]<\/a><\/sup> Sz\u00e1jer was one of the major architects behind the 2011 Constitution of Hungary<\/a>. This new constitution has been criticized by Human Rights Watch<\/a> for being discriminatory towards the LGBT+ community.[272]<\/a>[273]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u5176\u653f\u515a\u7684\u4e00\u540d\u6b27\u6d32\u4ee3\u8868\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u7ecd\u8036\u5c14\uff08J\u00f3zsef Sz\u00e1jer\uff09\u4e0d\u987e\u65b0\u51a0\u80ba\u708e\u75ab\u60c5\u9694\u79bb\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u5e03\u9c81\u585e\u5c14\u7684\u4e00\u573a\u540c\u6027\u604b\u6d3e\u5bf9\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u53cd LGBT+ \u7acb\u573a\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u5ba1\u67e5\u3002[269][270][271] \u7ecd\u8036\u5c14\u662f 2011 \u5e74\u5308\u7259\u5229\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8d77\u8349\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4eba\u6743\u89c2\u5bdf\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6279\u8bc4\u8fd9\u90e8\u65b0\u5baa\u6cd5\u6b67\u89c6 LGBT+ \u7fa4\u4f53\u3002[272][273]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    To coincide with the parliamentary election in the spring of 2022, Orb\u00e1n announced a four-question referendum regarding LGBTQ issues in education<\/a>. It did not pass.[274]<\/a><\/sup> It came after complaints from the European Union<\/a> (EU) about anti-LGBTQ discriminatory laws.[275]<\/a><\/sup> Human rights groups condemned the referendum as anti-LGBT rhetoric<\/a> that supported discrimination.[276]<\/a>[277]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4e3a\u4e86\u914d\u5408 2022 \u5e74\u6625\u5b63\u7684\u8bae\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\uff0c\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u5ba3\u5e03\u5c31\u6559\u80b2\u9886\u57df\u7684 LGBTQ \u95ee\u9898\u4e3e\u884c\u4e00\u9879\u5305\u542b\u56db\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u516c\u6295\u3002\u8be5\u516c\u6295\u672a\u83b7\u901a\u8fc7\u3002[274] \u6b64\u524d\uff0c\u6b27\u76df (EU) \u66fe\u62b1\u6028\u53cd LGBTQ \u6b67\u89c6\u6027\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002[275] \u4eba\u6743\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8c34\u8d23\u516c\u6295\u662f\u652f\u6301\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u53cd LGBT \u8a00\u8bba\u3002[276][277]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    On July 22, 2023, in a speech he gave in Romania, Orb\u00e1n complained that the EU was conducting an “LGBTQ offensive”.[278]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112023 \u5e74 7 \u6708 22 \u65e5\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u5728\u7f57\u9a6c\u5c3c\u4e9a\u53d1\u8868\u6f14\u8bb2\u65f6\u62b1\u6028\u6b27\u76df\u6b63\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u201cLGBTQ \u653b\u52bf\u201d\u3002[278]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    6.3+1 \u6279\u8bc4\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u6280\u5de7 | Criticism and political techniques<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Orb\u00e1n’s critics have included domestic and foreign leaders (including former United States Secretary of State<\/a> Hillary Clinton<\/a>,[279]<\/a><\/sup> German Chancellor Angela Merkel,[280]<\/a><\/sup> and the Presidents of the European Commission<\/a> Jos\u00e9 Manuel Barroso,[281]<\/a><\/sup> and Jean-Claude Juncker<\/a>),[282]<\/a><\/sup> intergovernmental organizations, and non-governmental organizations. He has been accused of pursuing anti-democratic reforms; attacking the human rights of the LGBT community<\/a>; reducing the independence of Hungary’s press, judiciary and central bank; amending Hungary’s constitution to prevent amendments to Fidesz-backed legislation; and of cronyism<\/a> and nepotism<\/a>.[283]<\/a>[284]<\/a>[285]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\u5305\u62ec\u56fd\u5185\u5916\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u524d\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u5e0c\u62c9\u91cc\u00b7\u514b\u6797\u987f[279]\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u603b\u7406\u5b89\u683c\u62c9\u00b7\u9ed8\u514b\u5c14[280]\u3001\u6b27\u76df\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u82e5\u6cfd\u00b7\u66fc\u52aa\u57c3\u5c14\u00b7\u5df4\u7f57\u4f50[281]\u548c\u8ba9-\u514b\u6d1b\u5fb7\u00b7\u5bb9\u514b[282]\uff09\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u95f4\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u975e\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002\u4ed6\u88ab\u6307\u63a7\u63a8\u884c\u53cd\u6c11\u4e3b\u6539\u9769\uff1b\u653b\u51fb LGBT \u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u4eba\u6743\uff1b\u524a\u5f31\u5308\u7259\u5229\u65b0\u95fb\u754c\u3001\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u548c\u4e2d\u592e\u94f6\u884c\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\uff1b\u4fee\u6539\u5308\u7259\u5229\u5baa\u6cd5\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u5bf9\u9752\u6c11\u76df\u652f\u6301\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u4fee\u6539\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\u4efb\u4eba\u552f\u4eb2\u548c\u88d9\u5e26\u5173\u7cfb\u3002[283][284][285]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Orb\u00e1n was accused of pork barrel<\/a> politics for building Pancho Ar\u00e9na<\/a>, a 4,000-seat stadium in the village in which he grew up, Felcs\u00fat<\/a>, at a distance of some 6 metres (20\u00a0ft) from his country house.[286]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u88ab\u6307\u63a7\u8fdb\u884c\u653f\u6cbb\u5206\u80a5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u5728\u4ed6\u957f\u5927\u7684\u8d39\u5c14\u514b\u82cf\u7279\u6751\u5efa\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u5ea7\u53ef\u5bb9\u7eb3 4,000 \u4e2a\u5ea7\u4f4d\u7684\u6f58\u4e54\u7ade\u6280\u573a\uff0c\u8ddd\u79bb\u4ed6\u7684\u4e61\u95f4\u522b\u5885\u7ea6 6 \u7c73\uff0820\u00a0\u82f1\u5c3a\uff09\u3002[286]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    6.3+1.1 \u7ecf\u6d4e\u88d9\u5e26\u5173\u7cfb | Economic cronyism<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    In the book The Ark of Orb\u00e1n,<\/em> Attila Antal wrote that the Orb\u00e1n system of governance is characterized by the transformation of public money into private money, a system that has built a neo-feudal world of national capitalists, centered on the prime minister and his own family business interests. The largest share of national capitalists is the oligarchy “produced” by the system, such as Istv\u00e1n Tiborcz, who is closest to Viktor Orb\u00e1n, and L\u0151rinc M\u00e9sz\u00e1ros<\/a> and his family.[287]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u963f\u63d0\u62c9\u00b7\u5b89\u5854\u5c14\u5728\u300a\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u7684\u65b9\u821f\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff0c\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u662f\u5c06\u516c\u5171\u8d44\u91d1\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u79c1\u4eba\u8d44\u91d1\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u4f53\u7cfb\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee5\u603b\u7406\u53ca\u5176\u5bb6\u65cf\u5546\u4e1a\u5229\u76ca\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u65b0\u5c01\u5efa\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\u7684\u6700\u5927\u4efd\u989d\u662f\u8be5\u4f53\u7cfb\u201c\u751f\u4ea7\u201d\u7684\u5be1\u5934\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4e0e\u7ef4\u514b\u6258\u00b7\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u6700\u4eb2\u5bc6\u7684\u4f0a\u4ec0\u7279\u4e07\u00b7\u8482\u535a\u5c14\u8328\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6d1b\u6797\u8328\u00b7\u6885\u8428\u7f57\u65af\u53ca\u5176\u5bb6\u65cf\u3002[287]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    A 2016 opinion piece for The New York Times<\/a><\/em> by Kenneth Krushel called Orb\u00e1n’s political system a kleptocracy that wipes some of the country’s wealth partly into its own pockets and partly into the pockets of people close to it.[288]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u80af\u5c3c\u65af\u00b7\u514b\u9c81\u820d\u5c14 (Kenneth Krushel) \u5728 2016 \u5e74\u4e3a\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u64b0\u5199\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bc4\u8bba\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0c\u79f0\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u76d7\u8d3c\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u8d22\u5bcc\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u88c5\u5165\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u53e3\u888b\uff0c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u88c5\u5165\u4e0e\u5176\u5173\u7cfb\u5bc6\u5207\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u53e3\u888b\u3002[288]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    A 2017 Financial Times<\/a><\/em> article compared the Hungarian elite under Orb\u00e1n’s government to Russian oligarchs<\/a>. The article noted that they differ in that Hungary’s “Oligarchs” under Orb\u00e1n largely benefit from EU subsidies, unlike the Russian oligarchs. The article also mentioned the sudden increase in the personal wealth of Orb\u00e1n’s childhood friend, L\u0151rinc M\u00e9sz\u00e1ros<\/a>, thanks to winning state contracts.[289]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112017 \u5e74\u300a\u91d1\u878d\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u5c06\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u653f\u5e9c\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\u7684\u5308\u7259\u5229\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e0e\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5be1\u5934\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\u7684\u5308\u7259\u5229\u201c\u5be1\u5934\u201d\u4e3b\u8981\u53d7\u76ca\u4e8e\u6b27\u76df\u8865\u8d34\uff0c\u800c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5be1\u5934\u5219\u4e0d\u7136\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u8fd8\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u7684\u7ae5\u5e74\u597d\u53cb L\u0151rinc M\u00e9sz\u00e1ros \u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u8d22\u5bcc\u56e0\u8d62\u5f97\u56fd\u5bb6\u5408\u540c\u800c\u7a81\u7136\u589e\u52a0\u3002[289]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    A 2019 New York Times<\/em> investigation revealed how Orb\u00e1n leased plots of farm land to politically connected individuals and supporters of his and his party, thereby channeling disproportionate amounts of the EU’s agricultural subsidies<\/a> Hungary receives every year into the pockets of cronies.[290]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b 2019 \u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u8c03\u67e5\u63ed\u9732\u4e86\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u5982\u4f55\u5c06\u519c\u7530\u79df\u7ed9\u6709\u653f\u6cbb\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u548c\u4ed6\u6240\u5728\u653f\u515a\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5c06\u5308\u7259\u5229\u6bcf\u5e74\u6536\u5230\u7684\u6b27\u76df\u519c\u4e1a\u8865\u8d34\u7684\u5de8\u989d\u8d44\u91d1\u8f6c\u5165\u4eb2\u4fe1\u7684\u8170\u5305\u3002[290]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    6.3+1.2 \u53cd\u5bf9\u6b27\u6d32\u4e00\u4f53\u5316 | Opposition to European integration<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    Some opposition parties and critics also consider Orb\u00e1n an opponent of European integration. In 2000, opposition parties MSZP and SZDSZ and the left-wing press presented Orb\u00e1n’s comment that “there’s life outside the EU” as proof of his anti-Europeanism<\/a> and sympathies with the radical right<\/a>.[291]<\/a>[292]<\/a><\/sup> In the same press conference, Orb\u00e1n clarified that “It will not be a tragedy if we cannot join the EU in 2003. (…) But this is not what we are preparing for. We are trying to urge our integration [into the EU], because it may give a new push to the economy.”[293]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4e00\u4e9b\u53cd\u5bf9\u515a\u548c\u6279\u8bc4\u4eba\u58eb\u4e5f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u662f\u6b27\u6d32\u4e00\u4f53\u5316\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u8005\u30022000 \u5e74\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u515a MSZP \u548c SZDSZ \u4ee5\u53ca\u5de6\u7ffc\u5a92\u4f53\u5c06\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u7684\u201c\u6b27\u76df\u4e4b\u5916\u4e5f\u6709\u751f\u6d3b\u201d\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4ed6\u53cd\u6b27\u6d32\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u540c\u60c5\u6781\u53f3\u7ffc\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u3002[291][292] \u5728\u540c\u4e00\u573a\u65b0\u95fb\u53d1\u5e03\u4f1a\u4e0a\uff0c\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u6f84\u6e05\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728 2003 \u5e74\u52a0\u5165\u6b27\u76df\uff0c\u90a3\u5c06\u4e0d\u4f1a\u662f\u4e00\u573a\u60b2\u5267\u3002(\u2026) \u4f46\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u6b63\u5728\u51c6\u5907\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u6b63\u8bd5\u56fe\u63a8\u52a8\u6211\u4eec [\u52a0\u5165\u6b27\u76df] \u7684\u4e00\u4f53\u5316\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u7ed9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5e26\u6765\u65b0\u7684\u63a8\u52a8\u529b\u3002\u201d[293]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    6.3+1.3 \u79fb\u6c11\u5371\u673a | Migrant crisis<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    Hungarian-American business magnate and political activist George Soros<\/a> criticized Orb\u00e1n’s handling of the European migrant crisis in 2015, saying: “His plan treats the protection of national borders as the objective and the refugees as an obstacle. Our plan treats the protection of refugees as the objective and national borders as the obstacle.”[294]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5308\u7259\u5229\u88d4\u7f8e\u56fd\u5546\u754c\u5de8\u5934\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u6d3b\u52a8\u5bb6\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u7d22\u7f57\u65af\u6279\u8bc4\u4e86\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u5bf9 2015 \u5e74\u6b27\u6d32\u79fb\u6c11\u5371\u673a\u7684\u5904\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u4ed6\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u628a\u4fdd\u62a4\u56fd\u5bb6\u8fb9\u754c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u800c\u628a\u96be\u6c11\u89c6\u4e3a\u969c\u788d\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u628a\u4fdd\u62a4\u96be\u6c11\u4f5c\u4e3a\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u800c\u628a\u56fd\u5bb6\u8fb9\u754c\u89c6\u4e3a\u969c\u788d\u3002\u201d[294]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Orb\u00e1n has been criticized for engineering the 2015 European migrant crisis<\/a> for his own political gain. Specifically, he has been accused of mistreating migrants within Hungary and later sending many to Western Europe in an effort to stoke far-right sympathies in Western European countries.[295]<\/a>[296]<\/a><\/sup> During the crisis, Orb\u00e1n ordered fences be put up across the Hungarian borders with Serbia<\/a> and Croatia<\/a> and refused to comply with the European Union’s mandatory asylum quota.[297]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6709\u4eba\u6279\u8bc4\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u4e3a\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5229\u76ca\u800c\u7b56\u5212\u4e86 2015 \u5e74\u6b27\u6d32\u79fb\u6c11\u5371\u673a\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u88ab\u6307\u63a7\u5728\u5308\u7259\u5229\u5883\u5185\u8650\u5f85\u79fb\u6c11\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u53c8\u5c06\u8bb8\u591a\u79fb\u6c11\u9001\u5f80\u897f\u6b27\uff0c\u4ee5\u6fc0\u8d77\u897f\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u6781\u53f3\u7ffc\u7684\u540c\u60c5\u3002[295][296] \u5728\u5371\u673a\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u4e0b\u4ee4\u5728\u5308\u7259\u5229\u4e0e\u585e\u5c14\u7ef4\u4e9a\u548c\u514b\u7f57\u5730\u4e9a\u7684\u8fb9\u5883\u4e0a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u56f4\u680f\uff0c\u5e76\u62d2\u7edd\u9075\u5b88\u6b27\u76df\u7684\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u5e87\u62a4\u914d\u989d\u3002[297]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In 2015, The New York Times<\/em> acknowledged that Orb\u00e1n’s stance on migration is slowly becoming mainstream in European politics. Andrew Higgins interviewed Orb\u00e1n’s ardent critic, Gy\u00f6rgy Konr\u00e1d<\/a>, who said that Orb\u00e1n was right and Merkel<\/a> was wrong concerning the handling of the migrant crisis.[298]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112015 \u5e74\uff0c\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u5728\u79fb\u6c11\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u6b63\u9010\u6e10\u6210\u4e3a\u6b27\u6d32\u653f\u575b\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u3002\u5b89\u5fb7\u9c81\u00b7\u5e0c\u91d1\u65af\u91c7\u8bbf\u4e86\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u7684\u6fc0\u70c8\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u5eb7\u62c9\u5fb7\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u5728\u5904\u7406\u79fb\u6c11\u5371\u673a\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u662f\u5bf9\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u9ed8\u514b\u5c14\u662f\u9519\u7684\u3002[298] <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    6.3+1.4 \u53cd\u7d22\u7f57\u65af\u4e3b\u9898 | Anti-Soros theme<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    The Orb\u00e1n government began to attack George Soros<\/a> and his NGOs in early 2017, particularly for his support for more open immigration. In July 2017, the Israeli ambassador in Hungary joined Jewish groups and others in denouncing a billboard campaign backed by the government. Orb\u00e1n’s critics claimed it “evokes memories of the Nazi posters during the Second World War<\/a>“. The ambassador stated that the campaign “evokes sad memories but also sows hatred and fear”, an apparent reference to the Holocaust. Hours later, Israel’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs<\/a> issued a “clarification”, denouncing Soros, stating that he “continuously undermines Israel’s democratically elected governments” and funded organizations “that defame the Jewish state and seek to deny it the right to defend itself”. The clarification came a few days before an official visit to Hungary by Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.[299]<\/a><\/sup> The anti-Soros messages became key elements of the government’s communication and campaign since then, which, among others, also targeted the Central European University<\/a> (CEU).[300]<\/a>[301]<\/a>[302]<\/a>[303]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112017 \u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u653f\u5e9c\u5f00\u59cb\u653b\u51fb\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u7d22\u7f57\u65af\u53ca\u5176\u975e\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u652f\u6301\u66f4\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u653f\u7b56\u30022017 \u5e74 7 \u6708\uff0c\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u9a7b\u5308\u7259\u5229\u5927\u4f7f\u4e0e\u72b9\u592a\u56e2\u4f53\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e00\u8d77\u8c34\u8d23\u653f\u5e9c\u652f\u6301\u7684\u5e7f\u544a\u724c\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\u58f0\u79f0\uff0c\u8be5\u8fd0\u52a8\u201c\u5524\u8d77\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8c\u6218\u671f\u95f4\u7eb3\u7cb9\u6d77\u62a5\u7684\u56de\u5fc6\u201d\u3002\u5927\u4f7f\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u8be5\u8fd0\u52a8\u201c\u5524\u8d77\u4e86\u60b2\u4f24\u7684\u56de\u5fc6\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u64ad\u4e0b\u4e86\u4ec7\u6068\u548c\u6050\u60e7\u201d\uff0c\u663e\u7136\u662f\u6307\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u3002\u6570\u5c0f\u65f6\u540e\uff0c\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u53d1\u5e03\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u201c\u6f84\u6e05\u201d\uff0c\u8c34\u8d23\u7d22\u7f57\u65af\uff0c\u79f0\u4ed6\u201c\u4e0d\u65ad\u7834\u574f\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u7684\u6c11\u9009\u653f\u5e9c\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u8d44\u52a9\u201c\u8bfd\u8c24\u72b9\u592a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e76\u8bd5\u56fe\u5265\u593a\u5176\u81ea\u536b\u6743\u201d\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002\u8fd9\u4efd\u6f84\u6e05\u662f\u5728\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u603b\u7406\u672c\u96c5\u660e\u00b7\u5185\u5854\u5c3c\u4e9a\u80e1\u6b63\u5f0f\u8bbf\u95ee\u5308\u7259\u5229\u524d\u51e0\u5929\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u3002[299]\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u53cd\u7d22\u7f57\u65af\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u6210\u4e3a\u653f\u5e9c\u6c9f\u901a\u548c\u5ba3\u4f20\u7684\u5173\u952e\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u9488\u5bf9\u4e2d\u6b27\u5927\u5b66 (CEU)\u3002[300][301][302][303]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Journalist Andrew Marantz<\/a> argues that whether or not Soros was doing any actual harm to Hungary or conservative values, it was important to have a face to attack in a political campaign rather than abstract ideas like “globalism, multiculturalism, bureaucracy in Brussels”; and that this was a strategy explained to Orb\u00e1n by political consultant Arthur J. Finkelstein<\/a>.[223]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8bb0\u8005\u5b89\u5fb7\u9c81\u00b7\u9a6c\u5170\u8328\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u7d22\u7f57\u65af\u662f\u5426\u5bf9\u5308\u7259\u5229\u6216\u4fdd\u5b88\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u4efb\u4f55\u5b9e\u9645\u4f24\u5bb3\uff0c\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\uff0c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u8981\u6709\u653b\u51fb\u7684\u9762\u5b54\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u653b\u51fb\u201c\u5168\u7403\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u591a\u5143\u6587\u5316\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5e03\u9c81\u585e\u5c14\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7b49\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff1b\u8fd9\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u987e\u95ee\u4e9a\u745f\u00b7J\u00b7\u82ac\u514b\u5c14\u65af\u5766\u5411\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u3002[223]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    6.3+1.5 \u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u4e3b\u4e49\u6307\u63a7 | Accusations of antisemitism<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    Orb\u00e1n has been frequently accused of antisemitism<\/a>, particularly for promoting conspiracy theories<\/a> about the Jewish<\/a> philanthropist<\/a> George Soros<\/a>.[304]<\/a>[305]<\/a><\/sup> In 2022 he was condemned by the International Auschwitz Committee<\/a> for comments in which he criticised mixing<\/a> “with non-Europeans”. The Committee called on the EU to continue to distance itself from “Orb\u00e1n’s racist undertones and to make it clear to the world that a Mr. Orb\u00e1n has no future in Europe”.[306]<\/a><\/sup> Others have rejected the claim that he is antisemitic, arguing that his founding of the Holocaust Memorial Center<\/a> and Memorial Day for the Hungarian Victims of the Holocaust are evidence of this.[307]<\/a>[308]<\/a><\/sup> He has also been accused of rehabilitating antisemitic Hungarian historical figures and of exploiting antisemitism.[309]<\/a>[310]<\/a>[311]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u6307\u63a7\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u5ba3\u4f20\u6709\u5173\u72b9\u592a\u6148\u5584\u5bb6\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u7d22\u7f57\u65af\u7684\u9634\u8c0b\u8bba\u3002[304][305] 2022 \u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u56e0\u6279\u8bc4\u201c\u4e0e\u975e\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u201d\u6df7\u5c45\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u56fd\u9645\u5965\u65af\u7ef4\u8f9b\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u8c34\u8d23\u3002\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u547c\u5401\u6b27\u76df\u7ee7\u7eed\u4e0e\u201c\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8a00\u8f9e\u4fdd\u6301\u8ddd\u79bb\uff0c\u5e76\u5411\u4e16\u754c\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u5148\u751f\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u6ca1\u6709\u672a\u6765\u201d\u3002[306] \u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u5219\u5426\u8ba4\u4ed6\u662f\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u521b\u7acb\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7eaa\u5ff5\u4e2d\u5fc3\u548c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u7eaa\u5ff5\u65e5\u5c31\u662f\u8bc1\u636e\u3002[307][308] \u4ed6\u8fd8\u88ab\u6307\u63a7\u4e3a\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5308\u7259\u5229\u5386\u53f2\u4eba\u7269\u6062\u590d\u540d\u8a89\uff0c\u5e76\u5229\u7528\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002[309][310][311]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    6.3+1.6 \u6536\u590d\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u672c\u571f\u4e3b\u4e49 | Irredentism and nativism<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    Main article: Hungarian irredentism<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u5308\u7259\u5229\u6536\u590d\u4e3b\u4e49\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Orban’s policy positions have been reported to lean towards irredentism<\/a> and nativism<\/a>.[312]<\/a>[313]<\/a><\/sup> He has overseen the transfer of hundreds of millions of Hungarian taxpayer money for the preservation of Hungarian language<\/a> and monuments and institutions of the Hungarian diaspora<\/a>, particularly in Romania, irking the Romanian government.[314]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u636e\u62a5\u9053\uff0c\u5965\u5c14\u73ed\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u7acb\u573a\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u6536\u590d\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u672c\u571f\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002[312][313] \u4ed6\u76d1\u7763\u8f6c\u79fb\u4e86\u6570\u4ebf\u5308\u7259\u5229\u7eb3\u7a0e\u4eba\u7684\u94b1\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u4fdd\u62a4\u5308\u7259\u5229\u8bed\u8a00\u4ee5\u53ca\u5308\u7259\u5229\u4fa8\u6c11\u7684\u7eaa\u5ff5\u7891\u548c\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u7f57\u9a6c\u5c3c\u4e9a\uff0c\u8fd9\u8ba9\u7f57\u9a6c\u5c3c\u4e9a\u653f\u5e9c\u5f88\u607c\u706b\u3002[314]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    6.3+1.7 \u5bf9\u6df7\u8840\u7684\u8868\u6001 | Mixed-race statement<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    In a speech delivered to the 31st B\u00e1lv\u00e1nyos Free Summer University and Student Camp<\/a> in July 2022, Orb\u00e1n expressed views that were later described as “a pure Nazi<\/a> text” that was “worthy of Goebbels<\/a>” by one of his senior advisers, Zsuzsa Heged\u0171s<\/a>, in her letter of resignation.[17]<\/a>[315]<\/a><\/sup> In the speech, Orb\u00e1n stated that “Migration has split Europe in two \u2013 or I could say that it has split the West in two. One half is a world where European and non-European peoples live together. These countries are no longer nations: they are nothing more than a conglomeration of peoples” and “we are willing to mix with one another, but we do not want to become peoples of mixed-race”.[316]<\/a><\/sup> The speech drew condemnation from both the Romanian foreign ministry and other European leaders.[16]<\/a><\/sup> Two days later, in Wien, Orb\u00e1n made it clear, he was talking about cultures and not about race. Zsuzsa Heged\u00fcs later, in a letter to Orb\u00e1n expressed that she is proud of him, and he can count on her like he could in the past 20 years.[317]<\/a>[18]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112022 \u5e74 7 \u6708\uff0c\u5728\u7b2c 31 \u5c4a B\u00e1lv\u00e1nyos \u81ea\u7531\u6691\u671f\u5927\u5b66\u548c\u5b66\u751f\u8425\u53d1\u8868\u6f14\u8bb2\u65f6\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u540e\u6765\u88ab\u4ed6\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\u9ad8\u7ea7\u987e\u95ee Zsuzsa Heged\u0171s \u5728\u8f9e\u804c\u4fe1\u4e2d\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u201c\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u7eb3\u7cb9\u6587\u672c\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u582a\u6bd4\u6208\u57f9\u5c14\u201d\u3002[17][315] \u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u5728\u6f14\u8bb2\u4e2d\u8868\u793a\uff1a\u201c\u79fb\u6c11\u5c06\u6b27\u6d32\u4e00\u5206\u4e3a\u4e8c\u2014\u2014\u6216\u8005\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u5b83\u5c06\u897f\u65b9\u4e00\u5206\u4e3a\u4e8c\u3002\u4e00\u534a\u662f\u6b27\u6d32\u548c\u975e\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u540c\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\uff1a\u5b83\u4eec\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u4f53\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u613f\u610f\u76f8\u4e92\u878d\u5408\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u60f3\u6210\u4e3a\u6df7\u8840\u6c11\u65cf\u201d\u3002[316] \u8fd9\u6b21\u8bb2\u8bdd\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u7f57\u9a6c\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6b27\u6d32\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u7684\u8c34\u8d23\u3002[16] \u4e24\u5929\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\uff0c\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u660e\u786e\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u8c08\u8bba\u7684\u662f\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u79cd\u65cf\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u7956\u838e\u00b7\u8d6b\u683c\u675c\u65af\uff08Zsuzsa Heged\u00fcs\uff09\u5728\u7ed9\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u7684\u4e00\u5c01\u4fe1\u4e2d\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u5979\u4e3a\u4ed6\u611f\u5230\u9a84\u50b2\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ef\u4ee5\u50cf\u8fc7\u53bb 20 \u5e74\u4e00\u6837\u4fe1\u8d56\u5979\u3002[317][18]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Later that month, he touched on this criticism in a speech at the CPAC<\/a> opening in Dallas, saying that “a Christian politician cannot be racist” and calling his critics “simply idiots”.[318]<\/a>[226]<\/a>[319]<\/a><\/sup> He also attacked billionaire George Soros<\/a>, former United States President Barack Obama<\/a>, “globalists<\/a>“, and the United States’ Democratic Party<\/a>.[318]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5f53\u6708\u665a\u4e9b\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u8fbe\u62c9\u65af CPAC \u5f00\u5e55\u5f0f\u4e0a\u7684\u6f14\u8bb2\u4e2d\u8c08\u5230\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\u201c\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u4e0d\u80fd\u662f\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u79f0\u6279\u8bc4\u4ed6\u7684\u4eba\u201c\u7b80\u76f4\u662f\u767d\u75f4\u201d\u3002[318][226][319] \u4ed6\u8fd8\u653b\u51fb\u4ebf\u4e07\u5bcc\u7fc1\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u7d22\u7f57\u65af\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u524d\u603b\u7edf\u8d1d\u62c9\u514b\u00b7\u5965\u5df4\u9a6c\u3001\u201c\u5168\u7403\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u201d\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u3002[318]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    7. \u4e2a\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b | Personal life<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    \n
    \u56fe7-1\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    Orb\u00e1n married jurist Anik\u00f3 L\u00e9vai in 1986, they have five children.[320]<\/a><\/sup> Their eldest daughter, R\u00e1hel, is married to entrepreneur Istv\u00e1n Tiborcz<\/a>\u00a0[hu<\/a>], whose company, Elios, was accused of receiving unfair advantages when winning public tenders.[321]<\/a><\/sup> (see Elios case<\/a>\u00a0[hu<\/a>]) Orb\u00e1n’s son, G\u00e1sp\u00e1r<\/a>, is a retired footballer, who played for Ferenc Pusk\u00e1s Football Academy<\/a> in 2014.[322]<\/a>[better\u00a0source\u00a0needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup> G\u00e1sp\u00e1r is also one of the founders of a religious community called Felh\u00e1z.[323]<\/a><\/sup> Orb\u00e1n has three younger daughters (S\u00e1ra, R\u00f3za, Fl\u00f3ra) and three granddaughters (R\u00e1hel’s children Aliz and Anna Ad\u00e9l; S\u00e1ra’s daughter Johanna).[citation needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u57281986\u5e74\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b66\u8005\u5b89\u59ae\u79d1\u00b7\u83b1\u74e6\u4f0a\u7ed3\u5a5a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5171\u6709\u4e94\u4e2a\u5b69\u5b50\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u957f\u5973\u62c9\u6d77\u5c14\u5ac1\u7ed9\u4e86\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u4f0a\u65af\u7279\u4e07\u00b7\u8482\u535a\u5c14\u8328\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u516c\u53f8Elios\u88ab\u6307\u63a7\u5728\u8d62\u5f97\u516c\u5171\u62db\u6807\u65f6\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u3002\uff08\u53c2\u89c1Elios\u6848\uff09\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u52a0\u65af\u5e15\u5c14\u662f\u4e00\u540d\u9000\u5f79\u8db3\u7403\u8fd0\u52a8\u5458\uff0c\u66fe\u57282014\u5e74\u4e3a\u5f17\u4f26\u8328\u00b7\u666e\u65af\u5361\u4ec0\u8db3\u7403\u5b66\u9662\u6548\u529b\u3002\u52a0\u65af\u5e15\u5c14\u4e5f\u662f\u540d\u4e3aFelh\u00e1z\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u56e2\u4f53\u7684\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u8fd8\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u8f83\u5c0f\u7684\u5973\u513f\uff08\u8428\u62c9\u3001\u7f57\u624e\u3001\u5f17\u6d1b\u62c9\uff09\u548c\u4e09\u4e2a\u5b59\u5973\uff08\u62c9\u6d77\u5c14\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u963f\u5229\u5179\u548c\u5b89\u5a1c\u00b7\u963f\u5fb7\uff1b\u8428\u62c9\u7684\u5973\u513f\u4e54\u6c49\u5a1c\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Orb\u00e1n is a member of the Calvinist<\/a>-oriented Hungarian Reformed Church<\/a>, while his wife and their five children were raised Catholic<\/a>.[324]<\/a><\/sup> His son G\u00e1sp\u00e1r Orb\u00e1n converted in 2014 to the Faith Church<\/a>, a Pentecostal denomination, and is currently a minister. He has claimed to have heard from God and to have witnessed miraculous healings.[325]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u662f\u52a0\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bfc\u5411\u7684\u5308\u7259\u5229\u6539\u9769\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u7684\u59bb\u5b50\u548c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4e94\u4e2a\u5b69\u5b50\u5219\u662f\u5728\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u6210\u957f\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u52a0\u65af\u5e15\u5c14\u00b7\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u57282014\u5e74\u6539\u4fe1\u4e86\u4fe1\u4e49\u4f1a\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e94\u65ec\u8282\u6d3e\u7684\u6559\u6d3e\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u76ee\u524d\u662f\u4e00\u540d\u7267\u5e08\u3002\u4ed6\u58f0\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u66fe\u542c\u5230\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\uff0c\u5e76\u89c1\u8bc1\u4e86\u5947\u8ff9\u822c\u7684\u6cbb\u6108\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    7.1 \u5bf9\u8db3\u7403\u7684\u5174\u8da3 | Football interests<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Orb\u00e1n has played football from his early childhood. He was a professional player with FC Felcs\u00fat.[326]<\/a><\/sup> After ending his football career, he became one of the main financiers of the Hungarian football<\/a> and his hometown’s club, Felcs\u00fat FC, later renamed the Ferenc Pusk\u00e1s Football Academy.[327]<\/a>[328]<\/a><\/sup> He had a prominent role in the foundation of Pusk\u00e1s Akad\u00e9mia in Felcs\u00fat.[329]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u662f\u52a0\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bfc\u5411\u7684\u5308\u7259\u5229\u6539\u9769\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u7684\u59bb\u5b50\u548c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4e94\u4e2a\u5b69\u5b50\u5219\u662f\u5728\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u6210\u957f\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u52a0\u65af\u5e15\u5c14\u00b7\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u57282014\u5e74\u6539\u4fe1\u4e86\u4fe1\u4e49\u4f1a\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e94\u65ec\u8282\u6d3e\u7684\u6559\u6d3e\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u76ee\u524d\u662f\u4e00\u540d\u7267\u5e08\u3002\u4ed6\u58f0\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u66fe\u542c\u5230\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\uff0c\u5e76\u89c1\u8bc1\u4e86\u5947\u8ff9\u822c\u7684\u6cbb\u6108\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    He played an important role in establishing the annually organised international youth cup, the Pusk\u00e1s Cup<\/a>, at Pancho Ar\u00e9na<\/a>, which he also helped build,[330]<\/a>[289]<\/a><\/sup> in his hometown of Felcs\u00fat. His only son, G\u00e1sp\u00e1r, learned and trained there.[331]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4ed6\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u5bb6\u4e61Felcs\u00fat\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u6bcf\u5e74\u4e00\u5ea6\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u676f\u8d5b\u2014\u2014\u666e\u65af\u5361\u4ec0\u676f\u4e2d\u626e\u6f14\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u6bd4\u8d5b\u5728Pancho Ar\u00e9na\u4e3e\u884c\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u573a\u9986\u7684\u5efa\u8bbe\u4ed6\u4e5f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u72ec\u5b50\u52a0\u65af\u5e15\u5c14\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u8bad\u7ec3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Orb\u00e1n is said to watch as many as six games a day. His first trip abroad as prime minister in 1998 was to the World Cup final in Paris; according to inside sources, he has not missed a World Cup or Champions League final since.[326]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u636e\u8bf4\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u6bcf\u5929\u4f1a\u89c2\u770b\u591a\u81f3\u516d\u573a\u7684\u6bd4\u8d5b\u3002\u4ed6\u57281998\u5e74\u4f5c\u4e3a\u603b\u7406\u7684\u9996\u6b21\u56fd\u5916\u884c\u7a0b\u662f\u524d\u5f80\u5df4\u9ece\u89c2\u770b\u4e16\u754c\u676f\u51b3\u8d5b\uff1b\u6839\u636e\u5185\u90e8\u6d88\u606f\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u4ece\u90a3\u65f6\u8d77\u4ed6\u672a\u66fe\u9519\u8fc7\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u5c4a\u4e16\u754c\u676f\u6216\u6b27\u6d32\u51a0\u519b\u8054\u8d5b\u7684\u51b3\u8d5b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Then FIFA<\/a> President Sepp Blatter<\/a> visited the facilities at the Pusk\u00e1s Academy in 2009. Blatter, together with the widow of Ferenc Pusk\u00e1s, as well as Orb\u00e1n, founder of the academy, announced the creation of the new FIFA Pusk\u00e1s Award<\/a> during that visit.[332]<\/a><\/sup> He played the minor role of a footballer in the Hungarian family film Szeg\u00e9ny Dzsoni \u00e9s \u00c1rnika<\/em> (1983).[333]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u8db3\u8054\u4e3b\u5e2d\u585e\u666e\u00b7\u5e03\u62c9\u7279\u57282009\u5e74\u8bbf\u95ee\u4e86\u666e\u65af\u5361\u4ec0\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u8bbe\u65bd\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u6b21\u8bbf\u95ee\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5e03\u62c9\u7279\u4e0e\u5f17\u4f26\u8328\u00b7\u666e\u65af\u5361\u4ec0\u7684\u9057\u5b40\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u6b27\u5c14\u73ed\u4e00\u8d77\u5ba3\u5e03\u4e86\u65b0\u7684FIFA\u666e\u65af\u5361\u4ec0\u5956\u7684\u8bbe\u7acb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    8. \u83b7\u5956\u548c\u8363\u8a89 | Awards and honors<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    8.1 \u672c\u56fd | Domestic<\/h3>\n\n\n\n