{"id":4241,"date":"2024-09-23T15:57:25","date_gmt":"2024-09-23T07:57:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/?p=4241"},"modified":"2025-01-30T22:00:48","modified_gmt":"2025-01-30T14:00:48","slug":"peru-zhen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/2024\/09\/23\/peru-zhen\/","title":{"rendered":"\u79d8\u9c81 \/ Peru &#8211; \u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u8bcd\u6761\u878d\u5408"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">\u4e2d\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff08\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\uff09\uff1a<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a> <br>\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff08\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\uff09\uff1a<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a> <br>\u672c\u6587\u57fa\u4e8e\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u7684\u7ebf\u7d22\uff0c\u5e76\u8865\u5145\u90e8\u5206\u6765\u81ea\u4e2d\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u5728\u4e8c\u8005\u51b2\u7a81\u65f6\uff0c\u4ee5\u66f4\u665a\u66f4\u65b0\u8005\u4e3a\u51c6\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">\u8fbd\u89c2\u642c\u8fd0\u65f6\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u5408\u89c4\u5316\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u5176\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u4e0a\u4f20\u3002\u90e8\u5206\u6587\u5b57\u91c7\u7528<strong>\u6c49\u8bed\u62fc\u97f3<\/strong>\u65b9\u5f0f\u4ee3\u66ff\uff0c\u97f3\u8282\u540e\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u8868\u793a\u6c49\u8bed\u62fc\u97f3\u89c4\u5219\u4e2d\u7684\u58f0\u8c03\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">\u5173\u4e8e\u8fbd\u89c2\u7684\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u642c\u8fd0\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u5df2\u642c\u8fd0\u7684\u8bcd\u6761\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wikipedia-intro\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e86\u89e3\u66f4\u591a<\/a>\u3002\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\uff08Wikipedia\uff09\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7684\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u767e\u79d1\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u5230\u7acb\u573a\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u6765\u6e90\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8bf7\u5ba2\u89c2\u770b\u5f85\u3002\u6b63\u6587\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u8bd1\u8005\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">\u8fbd\u89c2\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4ec5\u4f9b\u53c2\u8003\u3002<strong>\u6587\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u542b\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\u94fe\u63a5\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<cite>\u8fbd\u89c2\u6240\u642c\u8fd0\u7684\u8bcd\u6761\u6587\u672c\u4e0e\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u4e00\u9053\u540c\u6837\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 4.0\u534f\u8bae\uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/zhuanlan.zhihu.com\/p\/653887754?utm_psn=1730141199812366337\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u8fbd\u89c2\u642c\u8fd0\u7684\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u5bf9\u7167\u7248\u672c<\/a>\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u7b26\u5408\u534f\u8bae\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u514d\u8d39\u4f7f\u7528\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5546\u7528\uff09\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u548c\u89c6\u9891\u53ef\u80fd\u9075\u5faa\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5171\u4eab\u534f\u8bae\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/zhuanlan.zhihu.com\/p\/666846485?utm_psn=1730141316690960386\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. \u6b63\u6587\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u4e13\u680f\uff09<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff08\u6982\u8ff0\u3001\u8bcd\u6e90\u3001\u5386\u53f2\uff09<a href=\"https:\/\/zhuanlan.zhihu.com\/p\/721603228\/\">\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\uff08\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u5730\u7406\uff09<a href=\"https:\/\/zhuanlan.zhihu.com\/p\/721657586\">\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\uff08\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u3001\u4eba\u53e3\u7edf\u8ba1\uff09<a href=\"https:\/\/zhuanlan.zhihu.com\/p\/721900055\">\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7b2c\u56db\u90e8\u5206\uff08\u6587\u5316\uff09<a href=\"https:\/\/zhuanlan.zhihu.com\/p\/721905609\">\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"See_also\">2. \u76f8\u5173\u8bcd\u6761 | See also<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"32\" height=\"21\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/cf\/Flag_of_Peru.svg\/48px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/cf\/Flag_of_Peru.svg\/64px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/cf\/Flag_of_Peru.svg\/32px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png\" alt=\"flag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Peru\">Peru portal<\/a>\u3010\u79d8\u9c81\u4e3b\u9898\u3011<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Outline_of_Peru\">Outline of Peru<\/a>\u3010\u79d8\u9c81\u6982\u51b5\u3011<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. \u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Citations\">3.1 \u5f15\u7528\u5217\u8868\uff08\u4e0e\u6587\u4e2d\u6807\u53f7\u5bf9\u5e94\uff09| Citations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-5\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.inei.gob.pe\/media\/MenuRecursivo\/publicaciones_digitales\/Est\/Lib1539\/libro.pdf\">&#8220;Per\u00fa: Perfil Sociodemogr\u00e1fico&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0(PDF).\u00a0<em>Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica<\/em>. p.\u00a0231.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200211135110\/https:\/\/www.inei.gob.pe\/media\/MenuRecursivo\/publicaciones_digitales\/Est\/Lib1539\/libro.pdf\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved\u00a027 September\u00a02018.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Draft_6-0\">Jump up to:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Draft_6-1\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Shugart, Matthew S\u00f8berg (September 2005).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080819200307\/http:\/\/dss.ucsd.edu\/~mshugart\/semi-presidentialism.pdf\">&#8220;Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0(PDF).\u00a0<em>Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies<\/em>. Archived from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/dss.ucsd.edu\/~mshugart\/semi-presidentialism.pdf\">the original<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0on 19 August 2008. Retrieved\u00a031 August\u00a02017.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Dual_7-0\">Jump up to:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Dual_7-1\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Matthew_S%C3%B8berg_Shugart\">Shugart, Matthew S\u00f8berg<\/a>\u00a0(December 2005).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.fp.8200087\">&#8220;Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>French Politics<\/em>.\u00a0<strong>3<\/strong>\u00a0(3): 323\u2013351.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.fp.8200087\">10.1057\/palgrave.fp.8200087<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1476-3427\">1476-3427<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OCLC_(identifier)\">OCLC<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/oclc\/6895745903\">6895745903<\/a>.\u00a0<q>Only in Latin America have all new democracies retained a pure presidential form, except for Peru (president-parliamentary) and Bolivia (assembly-independent).<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-8\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/peru\/#geography\">&#8220;Peru&#8221;<\/a>. Central Intelligence Agency. 27 February 2023.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210110072816\/https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/peru#geography\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved\u00a024 February\u00a02023\u00a0\u2013 via CIA.gov.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-9\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0United Nations.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/grapher\/un-population-projection-medium-variant?tab=table&amp;time=2023\">&#8220;Population, including UN projections, 2023&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230226040947\/https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/grapher\/un-population-projection-medium-variant?tab=table&amp;time=2023\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 26 February 2023. Retrieved\u00a025 February\u00a02023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-10\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0United Nations.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/grapher\/un-population-projection-medium-variant?tab=table&amp;time=2023\">&#8220;Population, including UN projections, 2023&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230226040947\/https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/grapher\/un-population-projection-medium-variant?tab=table&amp;time=2023\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 26 February 2023. Retrieved\u00a025 February\u00a02023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-IMFWEO.PE_11-0\">Jump up to:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-IMFWEO.PE_11-1\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-IMFWEO.PE_11-2\"><sup><em><strong>c<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-IMFWEO.PE_11-3\"><sup><em><strong>d<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Publications\/WEO\/weo-database\/2023\/October\/weo-report?c=293,&amp;s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&amp;sy=2020&amp;ey=2028&amp;ssm=0&amp;scsm=1&amp;scc=0&amp;ssd=1&amp;ssc=0&amp;sic=0&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1\">&#8220;World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Peru)&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Monetary_Fund\">International Monetary Fund<\/a>. 10 October 2023.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231029022041\/https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Publications\/WEO\/weo-database\/2023\/October\/weo-report?c=293,&amp;s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&amp;sy=2020&amp;ey=2028&amp;ssm=0&amp;scsm=1&amp;scc=0&amp;ssd=1&amp;ssc=0&amp;sic=0&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved\u00a012 October\u00a02023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-12\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SI.POV.GINI?locations=PE\">&#8220;Gini Index&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Bank\">World Bank<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240303115916\/https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SI.POV.GINI?locations=PE\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 3 March 2024. Retrieved\u00a012 March\u00a02024.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-UNHDR_13-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/system\/files\/documents\/global-report-document\/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf\">&#8220;Human Development Report 2023\/24&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0(PDF).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations_Development_Programme\">United Nations Development Programme<\/a>. 13 March 2024.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240313164319\/https:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/system\/files\/documents\/global-report-document\/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved\u00a013 March\u00a02024.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-14\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Quechua name used by government of Peru is\u00a0<em>Per\u00fa<\/em>\u00a0(see Quechua-language version of Peru Parliament\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.congreso.gob.pe\/_quechua\/index.htm\">website<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100730230845\/http:\/\/www.congreso.gob.pe\/_quechua\/index.htm\">Archived<\/a>\u00a030 July 2010 at the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine\">Wayback Machine<\/a>\u00a0and Quechua-language version of Peru Constitution\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110205010758\/http:\/\/www.congreso.gob.pe\/_quechua\/Constitucion.pdf\">but common Quechua name is\u00a0<em>Piruw<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-17\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20140622152015\/http:\/\/www.sernanp.gob.pe\/sernanp\/archivos\/imagenes\/vida\/Peru-%20Pais%20Megadiverso.pdf\">&#8220;Per\u00fa: Pa\u00eds megadiverso&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0[Peru: Megadiverse country]\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0(in Spanish). Servicio Nacional de \u00c1reas Naturales Protegidas. Archived from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sernanp.gob.pe\/sernanp\/archivos\/imagenes\/vida\/Peru-%20Pais%20Megadiverso.pdf\">the original<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0on 22 June 2014.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-18\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Wilmer Angel, Aguilar Pereda (2019).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dspace.unitru.edu.pe\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/b4664398-8f69-4d88-b426-c04edaa8cc8d\/content\">&#8220;Establecimiento y organizaci\u00f3n del virreinato del Per\u00fa&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Universidad_Nacional_de_Trujillo\">Universidad Nacional de Trujillo<\/a><\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240319041111\/https:\/\/dspace.unitru.edu.pe\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/b4664398-8f69-4d88-b426-c04edaa8cc8d\/content\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 19 March 2024. Retrieved\u00a019 March\u00a02024.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-:5_19-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Back, Michele; Zavala, Virginia (2018).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe\/bnp\/recursos\/2\/html\/Racismo-y-lenguaje\/286\/\"><em>Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Per\u00fa<\/em><\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Routledge\">Routledge<\/a>. pp.\u00a0286\u2013291.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210804105110\/https:\/\/repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe\/bnp\/recursos\/2\/html\/Racismo-y-lenguaje\/286\/\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved\u00a04 August\u00a02021.\u00a0<q>At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called\u00a0<em>El cuaderno verde<\/em>. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself.\u00a0<em>El cuaderno verde<\/em>\u00a0was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Alfredo_20-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Alfredo Schulte-Bockholt (2006). &#8220;Chapter 5: Elites, Cocaine, and Power in Colombia and Peru&#8221;.\u00a0<em>The politics of organized crime and the organized crime of politics: a study in criminal power<\/em>. Lexington Books. pp.\u00a0114\u2013118.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-7391-1358-5\"><bdi>978-0-7391-1358-5<\/bdi><\/a>.\u00a0<q>important members of the officer corps, particularly within the army, had been contemplating a military coup and the establishment of an authoritarian regime, or a so-called directed democracy. The project was known as &#8216;Plan Verde&#8217;, the Green Plan. &#8230; Fujimori essentially adopted the Green Plan and the military became a partner in the regime. &#8230; The self-coup, of April 5, 1992, dissolved the Congress and the country&#8217;s constitution and allowed for the implementation of the most important components of the Green Plan<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Villalba-2022_21-0\">Jump up to:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Villalba-2022_21-1\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Villalba-2022_21-2\"><sup><em><strong>c<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Villalba-2022_21-3\"><sup><em><strong>d<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Villalba, Fernando Vel\u00e1squez (2022).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590%2F3710906%2F2022\">&#8220;A Totalidade Neoliberal-Fujimorista: Estigmatiza\u00e7\u00e3o e Colonialidade No Peru Contempor\u00e2neo&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Revista Brasileira de Ci\u00eancias Sociais<\/em>.\u00a0<strong>37<\/strong>\u00a0(109): e3710906.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590%2F3710906%2F2022\">10.1590\/3710906\/2022<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0102-6909\">0102-6909<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\">S2CID<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:251877338\">251877338<\/a>.\u00a0<q>terruqueo, ou seja, a constru\u00e7\u00e3o artificial, racista e conveniente de um inimigo sociopol\u00edtico para deslegitimar formas de protesto social<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-PROFE922_22-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Asensio, Ra\u00fal; Camacho, Gabriela; Gonz\u00e1lez, Natalia; Grompone, Romeo; Pajuelo Teves, Ram\u00f3n; Pe\u00f1a Jimenez, Omayra; Moscoso, Macarena; V\u00e1squez, Yerel; Sosa Villagarcia, Paolo (August 2021).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/fondoeditorial.iep.org.pe\/producto\/el-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2\/\"><em>El Profe: C\u00f3mo Pedro Castillo se convirti\u00f3 en presidente del Per\u00fa y qu\u00e9 pasar\u00e1 a continuaci\u00f3n<\/em><\/a>\u00a0(in Spanish) (1\u00a0ed.).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lima,_Peru\">Lima, Peru<\/a>:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Institute_of_Peruvian_Studies&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">Institute of Peruvian Studies<\/a>. p.\u00a092.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-612-326-084-2\"><bdi>978-612-326-084-2<\/bdi><\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20221105081352\/https:\/\/fondoeditorial.iep.org.pe\/producto\/el-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2\/\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 5 November 2022. Retrieved\u00a017 November\u00a02021.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Banda-2023_23-0\">Jump up to:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Banda-2023_23-1\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Banda-2023_23-2\"><sup><em><strong>c<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Banda-2023_23-3\"><sup><em><strong>d<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Banda, Gonzalo (12 January 2023).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.americasquarterly.org\/article\/at-peru-protests-epicenter-rage-and-a-sense-of-betrayal\/\">&#8220;At Peru Protests&#8217; Epicenter, Rage\u2014And a Sense of Betrayal&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Americas_Quarterly\">Americas Quarterly<\/a><\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230112203739\/https:\/\/www.americasquarterly.org\/article\/at-peru-protests-epicenter-rage-and-a-sense-of-betrayal\/\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved\u00a015 January\u00a02023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-24\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0David E. Castro Garro.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180424072625\/http:\/\/biocanperu.minam.gob.pe\/ciisbPeru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/2-MD-AQP-Biotecnologia-moderna-y-bioseg.pdf\">&#8220;M\u00f3dulo de capacitaci\u00f3n en recursos gen\u00e9ticos y bioseguridad&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0[Training module on genetic resources and biosafety]\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0(in Spanish).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ministry_of_Environment_(Peru)\">Ministerio de Ambiente de la Rep\u00fablica de Per\u00fa<\/a>. Archived from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/biocanperu.minam.gob.pe\/ciisbPeru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/2-MD-AQP-Biotecnologia-moderna-y-bioseg.pdf\">the original<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0on 24 April 2018.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-25\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/freedomhouse.org\/sites\/default\/files\/FH_FIW_2017_Report_Final.pdf\">&#8220;Freedom in the World 2017 \u2013 Populists and Autocrats: The Dual Threat to Global Democracy&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170727054703\/https:\/\/freedomhouse.org\/sites\/default\/files\/FH_FIW_2017_Report_Final.pdf\">Archived<\/a>\u00a027 July 2017 at the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine\">Wayback Machine<\/a>\u00a0by\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Freedom_House\">Freedom House<\/a>, 31 January 2017<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-26\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0McKercher, B. J. C. (2012).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=EtCoAgAAQBAJ\"><em>Routledge Handbook of Diplomacy and Statecraft<\/em><\/a>. Routledge.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9781136664366\"><bdi>9781136664366<\/bdi><\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210417043716\/https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=EtCoAgAAQBAJ\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved\u00a030 May\u00a02020.\u00a0<q>a Middle Power like Peru lack the diplomatic and other resources&#8230;<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-27\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Porras Barrenechea, Ra\u00fal.\u00a0<em>El nombre del Per\u00fa<\/em>. Lima: Talleres Gr\u00e1ficos P.L. Villanueva, 1968, p. 83.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-28\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Ra\u00fal Porras Barrenechea,\u00a0<em>El nombre del Per\u00fa<\/em>, p. 84.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-29\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Ra\u00fal Porras Barrenechea,\u00a0<em>El nombre del Per\u00fa<\/em>, p. 86.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-30\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Vega, Garcilasco,\u00a0<em>Commentarios Reales de los Incas<\/em>, Editorial Mantaro, Lima, ed. 1998. pp. 14\u201315. First published in Lisbon in 1609.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-31\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Ra\u00fal Porras Barrenechea,\u00a0<em>El nombre del Per\u00fa<\/em>, p. 87.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-32\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Article I of the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constitution_of_Peru\">Constitution of Peru<\/a>\u00a0(1979)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-33\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Dillehay, Tom D. (2017).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=GIIlDwAAQBAJ\"><em>Where the Land Meets the Sea<\/em><\/a>. University of Texas Press. p.\u00a04.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9781477311493\"><bdi>9781477311493<\/bdi><\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200317022348\/https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Where_the_Land_Meets_the_Sea\/GIIlDwAAQBAJ\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved\u00a030 December\u00a02019.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Mayer_34-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Mayer, Enrique (2002).\u00a0<em>The articulated peasant: household economies in the Andes<\/em>. Boulder: Westview,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/081333716X\">081333716X<\/a>, pp. 47\u201368<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Haas_35-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Haas, Jonathan; Creamer, Winifred; Ruiz, Alvaro (2004).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/doc\/93993434\/HAAS-Et-Al-2004-Dating-the-Late-Archaic-Occupation-of-the-Norte-Chico-Region-in-Peru\">&#8220;Dating the Late Archaic occupation of the Norte Chico region in Peru&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Nature<\/em>.\u00a0<strong>432<\/strong>\u00a0(7020): 1020\u20131023.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2004Natur.432.1020H\">2004Natur.432.1020H<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnature03146\">10.1038\/nature03146<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\">PMID<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/15616561\">15616561<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\">S2CID<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:4426545\">4426545<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160306150703\/https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/doc\/93993434\/HAAS-Et-Al-2004-Dating-the-Late-Archaic-Occupation-of-the-Norte-Chico-Region-in-Peru\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved\u00a010 September\u00a02017.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-36\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Cordy-Collins, Alana (1992). &#8220;Archaism or Tradition?: The Decapitation Theme in Cupisnique and Moche Iconography&#8221;.\u00a0<em>Latin American Antiquity<\/em>.\u00a0<strong>3<\/strong>\u00a0(3): 206\u2013220.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307%2F971715\">10.2307\/971715<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JSTOR_(identifier)\">JSTOR<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/971715\">971715<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\">S2CID<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:56406255\">56406255<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-37\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160508102511\/https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/330\">&#8220;Chavin (Archaeological Site)&#8221;<\/a>. UNESCO. Archived from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/330\">the original<\/a>\u00a0on 8 May 2016. Retrieved\u00a027 July\u00a02014.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-38\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Beck, Roger B.; Black, Linda; Krieger, Larry S.; Naylor, Phillip C.; Shabaka, Dahia Ibo (1999).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/mcdougallittellw00beck\"><em>World History: Patterns of Interaction<\/em><\/a>. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-395-87274-X\"><bdi>0-395-87274-X<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Keatinge2_39-0\">Jump up to:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Keatinge2_39-1\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Keatinge, Richard W.; Conrad, Geoffrey W. (1983). &#8220;Imperialist expansion in Peruvian prehistory: Chimu administration of a conquered territory&#8221;.\u00a0<em>Journal of Field Archaeology<\/em>.\u00a0<strong>10<\/strong>\u00a0(3): 255\u2013283.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179%2F009346983791504246\">10.1179\/009346983791504246<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Blom,_Deborah_E_2004_40-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Blom, Deborah E.; Janusek, John W. (2004). &#8220;Making Place: Humans as Dedications in Tiwanaku&#8221;.\u00a0<em>World Archaeology<\/em>.\u00a0<strong>36<\/strong>: 123\u2013141.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080%2F0043824042000192623\">10.1080\/0043824042000192623<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\">S2CID<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:154741300\">154741300<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-41\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/countrystudies.us\/peru\/2.htm\">Pre-Inca Cultures<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161103012150\/http:\/\/countrystudies.us\/peru\/2.htm\">Archived<\/a>\u00a03 November 2016 at the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine\">Wayback Machine<\/a>. countrystudies.us.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Altroy_42-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0D&#8217;Altroy, Terence (2002).\u00a0<em>The Incas<\/em>. Malden: Blackwell,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/1405116765\">1405116765<\/a>, pp. 2\u20133.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-isbn0-521-31896-3_43-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Demarest, Arthur Andrew; Conrad, Geoffrey W. (1984).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=IqecX148zLsC&amp;pg=PA57\"><em>Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism<\/em><\/a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.\u00a057\u201359.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-521-31896-3\"><bdi>0-521-31896-3<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-44\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Peru\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/countrystudies.us\/peru\/3.htm\">The Incas<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161103012145\/http:\/\/countrystudies.us\/peru\/3.htm\">Archived<\/a>\u00a03 November 2016 at the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine\">Wayback Machine<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-45\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Torero Fern\u00e1ndez de C\u00f3rdoba, Alfredo. (1970) &#8220;Ling\u00fc\u00edstica e historia de la Sociedad Andina&#8221;, Anales Cient\u00edficos de la Universidad Agraria, VIII, 3\u20134, p\u00e1gs. 249\u2013251. Lima: UNALM.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-46\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120120164828\/http:\/\/www.allempires.com\/article\/index.php?q=inca\">&#8220;The Inca \u2013 All Empires&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>www.allempires.com<\/em>. Archived from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.allempires.com\/article\/index.php?q=inca\">the original<\/a>\u00a0on 20 January 2012.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-47\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20091110041802\/http:\/\/www.nflc.org\/Reach\/7ca\/enCAInca.htm\">&#8220;The Inca&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0at the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine\">Wayback Machine<\/a>\u00a0(archived 10 November 2009)\u00a0<em>The National Foreign Language Center at the University of Maryland.<\/em>\u00a029 May 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2014.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-48\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Lavall\u00e9, Bernard (2004),\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/ifea\/936\">&#8220;7 El fin de Atahualpa&#8221;<\/a>,\u00a0<em>Francisco Pizarro\u00a0: Biograf\u00eda de una conquista<\/em>, Travaux de l&#8217;IFEA (in Spanish), Lima: Institut fran\u00e7ais d\u2019\u00e9tudes andines, pp.\u00a0123\u2013139,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-2-8218-2650-2\"><bdi>978-2-8218-2650-2<\/bdi><\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240319053716\/https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/ifea\/936\">archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 19 March 2024, retrieved\u00a019 March\u00a02024<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-49\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532\">&#8220;Battle of Cajamarca | Summary | Britannica&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>www.britannica.com<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210204140859\/https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved\u00a019 March\u00a02024.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-50\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Lovell, W. George (1992). &#8220;&#8216;Heavy Shadows and Black Night&#8217;: Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America&#8221;.\u00a0<em>Annals of the Association of American Geographers<\/em>.\u00a0<strong>82<\/strong>\u00a0(3): 426\u2013443.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x\">10.1111\/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JSTOR_(identifier)\">JSTOR<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2563354\">2563354<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Bakewell_51-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Bakewell, Peter (1984).\u00a0<em>Miners of the Red Mountain: Indian labor in Potosi 1545\u20131650<\/em>. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0826307698\">0826307698<\/a>, p. 181.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Suarez_52-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Su\u00e1rez, Margarita (2001).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20130510035907\/http:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Desaf%C3%ADos_transatl%C3%A1nticos.html?id=gzWGAAAAIAAJ\"><em>Desaf\u00edos transatl\u00e1nticos<\/em><\/a>\u00a0(in Spanish). Lima: FCE\/IFEA\/PUCP. pp.\u00a0252\u2013253.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9789972832079\"><bdi>9789972832079<\/bdi><\/a>. Archived from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=gzWGAAAAIAAJ\">the original<\/a>\u00a0on 10 May 2013.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-53\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Schottenhammer, Angela (2019).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/44625493\">&#8220;Connecting China with the Pacific World?&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Orientierungen. Zeitschrift zur Kultur Asiens<\/em>: 144.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0936-4099\">0936-4099<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210527045556\/https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/44625493\/Connecting_China_with_the_Pacific_World\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved\u00a027 May\u00a02021.\u00a0<q>The wreck excavation could prove that European style jewelry was being made in the Philippines. Some 56 intact storage jars were discovered. Investigations revealed that they had come from kilns in South China, Cochin China (Vietnam), and Siam (Thailand), and one was of Spanish design. The archaeology of the Nuestra Se\u00f1ora de la Concepci\u00f3n, consequently, also provides us with intriguing new insights into the trans-Pacific trade connection and the commodities involved. Each time a galleon arrived at Acapulco, a market, la feria, was organized. This attracted all kinds of people such as Indian peddlers, Mexican and Peruvian merchants, soldiers, the king&#8217;s officials, and friars, as well as a few Chinese and some Filipinos. From Acapulco, the goods were transported into the hinterlands, into Mexico City, and various other places, including Peru. The Peruvian port at that time was Callao and the Ciudad de los Reyes, that is Lima, the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Generally speaking, much of what was not sold (rezagos) directly in Acapulco was redirected towards Peru. Peruvian ships, mainly loaded with silver, mercury, cacao from Guayaquil, and Peruvian wines, sailed to ports along the Mexican and Guatemalan coasts, returning with Asian goods and leftover cargo from the galleon ships. Besides Callao and Guayaquil, Paita was also frequently a port of call.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-54\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.zamboanga.com\/html\/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm\">&#8220;Second book of the second part of the Conquests of the Filipinas Islands, and chronicle of the religious of our Father, St. Augustine&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Zamboanga City History<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210228083013\/https:\/\/www.zamboanga.com\/html\/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved\u00a018 February\u00a02021.\u00a0<q>He (Governor Don Sebast\u00edan Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reenforcement of soldiers, many of them from Per\u00fa, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-55\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Russell Bourne,\u00a0<em>Gods of War, Gods of Peace<\/em>\u00a0(New York: Harcourt Books, 2002), 7\u20139.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-56\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Kathryn Burns,\u00a0<em>Colonial Habits<\/em>\u00a0(Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1999), 15\u201340.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-discover-peru.org_57-0\">Jump up to:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-discover-peru.org_57-1\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Conquest and Colony of Peru.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.discover-peru.org\/conquest-and-colony-of-peru\/\">&#8220;Conquest and Colony of Peru&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>discover-peru.org<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160818164503\/http:\/\/www.discover-peru.org\/conquest-and-colony-of-peru\/\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 18 August 2016. Retrieved\u00a028 July\u00a02014.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Andrien_58-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Andrien, Kenneth (1985).\u00a0<em>Crisis and decline: the Viceroyalty of Peru in the seventeenth century<\/em>. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/1597403237\">1597403237<\/a>, pp. 200\u2013202.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Burkholder_59-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Burkholder, Mark (1977).\u00a0<em>From impotence to authority: the Spanish Crown and the American audiencias, 1687\u20131808<\/em>. Columbia: University of Missouri Press,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0826202195\">0826202195<\/a>, pp. 83\u201387.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Phelan_60-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scarlett_O%27Phelan_Godoy\">O&#8217;Phelan, Scarlett<\/a>\u00a0(1985).\u00a0<em>Rebellions and revolts in eighteenth century Peru and Upper Peru<\/em>. Cologne: B\u00f6hlau,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9783412010850\">9783412010850<\/a>, p. 276.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-61\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161103011538\/http:\/\/countrystudies.us\/peru\/\">&#8220;Peru&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>countrystudies.us<\/em>. Archived from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/countrystudies.us\/peru\/\">the original<\/a>\u00a0on 3 November 2016. Retrieved\u00a027 July\u00a02014.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-62\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Tupac-Amaru-II\">&#8220;T\u00fapac Amaru II&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190603132731\/https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Tupac-Amaru-II\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 3 June 2019. Retrieved\u00a010 July\u00a02018.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-63\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Scheina, 2003,\u00a0<em>Latin America&#8217;s Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791\u20131899<\/em>, p. 58.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-64\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Gootenberg (1991) p. 12.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-65\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Discover Peru (Peru cultural society).\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.discover-peru.org\/peru-history-independence\/\">War of Independence<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161021143330\/http:\/\/www.discover-peru.org\/peru-history-independence\/\">Archived<\/a>\u00a021 October 2016 at the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine\">Wayback Machine<\/a>. Retrieved 28 July 2014<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-66\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Gootenberg (1993) pp. 5\u20136.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-67\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Gootenberg (1993) p. 9.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-68\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Klar\u00e9n, Peter (2000).\u00a0<em>Peru: society and nationhood in the Andes<\/em>. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 262\u2013276,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0195069285\">0195069285<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-69\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/obituaries\/2022\/07\/16\/morales-burmudez-peru-dies\/\">&#8220;Francisco Morales Bermudez, ex-Peruvian military ruler, dies at 100&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Washington Post<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0190-8286\">0190-8286<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220716221253\/https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/obituaries\/2022\/07\/16\/morales-burmudez-peru-dies\/\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 16 July 2022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-70\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Brands, Hal (15 September 2010). &#8220;The United States and the Peruvian Challenge, 1968\u20131975&#8221;.\u00a0<em>Diplomacy &amp; Statecraft<\/em>.\u00a0<strong>21<\/strong>\u00a0(3).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taylor_%26_Francis\">Taylor &amp; Francis<\/a>: 471\u2013490.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080%2F09592296.2010.508418\">10.1080\/09592296.2010.508418<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\">S2CID<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:154119414\">154119414<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-COHA-2010_71-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.coha.org\/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people\/\">&#8220;Welcome, Mr. Peruvian President: Why Alan Garc\u00eda is no hero to his people&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Council_on_Hemispheric_Affairs\">Council on Hemispheric Affairs<\/a><\/em>. 2 June 2010.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190418150551\/http:\/\/www.coha.org\/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people\/\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved\u00a018 April\u00a02019.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Leonard-2013_72-0\">Jump up to:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Leonard-2013_72-1\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Leonard, Thomas M. (2013).\u00a0<em>Encyclopedia of the Developing World<\/em>. Taylor and Francis. p.\u00a0685.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9781135205157\"><bdi>9781135205157<\/bdi><\/a>.\u00a0<q>The inflation rate in 1990 was 7,650%&#8230;.President Fujimori immediately implemented a program of severe austerity and privatization programs. The economic shock therapy hit the poor the hardest, but brought inflation down to 139% in 1991 and 57% in 1992.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-ECLAC-1992_73-0\">Jump up to:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-ECLAC-1992_73-1\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=RTMDEAAAQBAJ\"><em>Economic Survey of Latin America and the Caribbean 1992<\/em><\/a>. ECLAC. 31 December 1992. p.\u00a031.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9789210601191\"><bdi>9789210601191<\/bdi><\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230427210129\/https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=RTMDEAAAQBAJ\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 27 April 2023. Retrieved\u00a019 March\u00a02023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-74\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Luis Rossell, Historias gr\u00e1ficas de la violencia en el Per\u00fa, 1980\u20131984, 2008<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Rospigliosi-1996a_75-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Rospigliosi, Fernando (1996).\u00a0<em>Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepci\u00f3n de la amenaza subversiva como una motivaci\u00f3n golpista<\/em>. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. pp.\u00a046\u201347.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-CANbio_76-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Gaussens, Pierre (2020).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7202%2F1073797ar\">&#8220;The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Canadian_Journal_of_Bioethics\">Canadian Journal of Bioethics<\/a><\/em>.\u00a0<strong>3<\/strong>\u00a0(3): 180+.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7202%2F1073797ar\">10.7202\/1073797ar<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\">S2CID<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:234586692\">234586692<\/a>.\u00a0<q>a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the &#8216;Green Plan&#8217;, whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Burt-1998_77-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Burt, Jo-Marie (September\u2013October 1998). &#8220;Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru&#8221;.\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NACLA\">NACLA Report on the Americas<\/a><\/em>.\u00a0<strong>32<\/strong>\u00a0(2).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taylor_%26_Francis\">Taylor &amp; Francis<\/a>: 35\u201341.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080%2F10714839.1998.11725657\">10.1080\/10714839.1998.11725657<\/a>.\u00a0<q>the military&#8217;s growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru&#8217;s civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the &#8220;Plan Verde,&#8221; outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Alfredo3_78-0\">Jump up to:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Alfredo3_78-1\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Alfredo3_78-2\"><sup><em><strong>c<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Alfredo Schulte-Bockholt (2006). &#8220;Chapter 5: Elites, Cocaine, and Power in Colombia and Peru&#8221;.\u00a0<em>The politics of organized crime and the organized crime of politics: a study in criminal power<\/em>. Lexington Books. pp.\u00a0114\u2013118.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-7391-1358-5\"><bdi>978-0-7391-1358-5<\/bdi><\/a>.\u00a0<q>important members of the officer corps, particularly within the army, had been contemplating a military coup and the establishment of an authoritarian regime, or a so-called directed democracy. The project was known as &#8216;Plan Verde&#8217;, the Green Plan. &#8230; Fujimori essentially adopted the &#8216;Plan Verde,&#8217; and the military became a partner in the regime. &#8230; The autogolpe, or self-coup, of April 5, 1992, dissolved the Congress and the country&#8217;s constitution and allowed for the implementation of the most important components of the &#8216;Plan Verde.&#8217;<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Rospigliosi-1996b_79-0\">Jump up to:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Rospigliosi-1996b_79-1\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Rospigliosi, Fernando (1996).\u00a0<em>Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepci\u00f3n de la amenaza subversiva como una motivaci\u00f3n golpista<\/em>. Lima, Peru: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. pp.\u00a028\u201340.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Avil%C3%A9s-2009_80-0\">Jump up to:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Avil%C3%A9s-2009_80-1\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Avil\u00e9s, William (Spring 2009). &#8220;Despite Insurgency: Reducing Military Prerogatives in Colombia and Peru&#8221;.\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Latin_American_Politics_and_Society\">Latin American Politics and Society<\/a><\/em>.\u00a0<strong>51<\/strong>\u00a0(1).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cambridge_University_Press\">Cambridge University Press<\/a>: 57\u201385.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1548-2456.2009.00040.x\">10.1111\/j.1548-2456.2009.00040.x<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\">S2CID<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:154153310\">154153310<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Pee-2018_81-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Pee, Robert (2018).\u00a0<em>The Reagan Administration, the Cold War, and the Transition to Democracy Promotion<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palgrave_Macmillan\">Palgrave Macmillan<\/a>. pp.\u00a0178\u2013180.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-3319963815\"><bdi>978-3319963815<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-NYTfeb_82-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Nash, Nathaniel C. (24 February 1991).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1991\/02\/24\/weekinreview\/the-world-fujimori-in-the-time-of-cholera.html\">&#8220;The World; Fujimori In the Time Of Cholera&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_New_York_Times\">The New York Times<\/a><\/em>. p.\u00a0Section 4, Page 2.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210831021341\/https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1991\/02\/24\/weekinreview\/the-world-fujimori-in-the-time-of-cholera.html\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved\u00a05 August\u00a02021.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Mitrovic-2021_83-0\">Jump up to:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Mitrovic-2021_83-1\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Mitrovic, Mijail (30 December 2021).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8716181\">&#8220;At the fabric of history: Peru&#8217;s political struggle under (and against) the pandemic&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dialectical_Anthropology\">Dialectical Anthropology<\/a><\/em>.\u00a0<strong>45<\/strong>\u00a0(4): 431\u2013446.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs10624-021-09634-5\">10.1007\/s10624-021-09634-5<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_(identifier)\">PMC<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8716181\">8716181<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\">PMID<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34980936\">34980936<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-LAgolpe1_84-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Cameron, Maxwell A. (June 1998). &#8220;Latin American Autogolpes: Dangerous Undertows in the Third Wave of Democratisation&#8221;.\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Third_World_Quarterly\">Third World Quarterly<\/a><\/em>.\u00a0<strong>19<\/strong>\u00a0(2).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taylor_%26_Francis\">Taylor &amp; Francis<\/a>: 228.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080%2F01436599814433\">10.1080\/01436599814433<\/a>.\u00a0<q>the outlines for Peru&#8217;s presidential coup were first developed within the armed forces before the 1990 election. This Plan Verde was shown to President Fujimorti after the 1990 election before his inauguration. Thus, the president was able to prepare for an eventual self-coup during the first two years of his administration<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Oiga-1993_85-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/310286817\/El-Plan-Verde\">&#8220;El &#8220;Plan Verde&#8221; Historia de una traici\u00f3n&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Oiga<\/em>.\u00a0<strong>647<\/strong>. 12 July 1993.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20211008233742\/https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/310286817\/El-Plan-Verde\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved\u00a08 January\u00a02022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-86\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Black, Jan (2018).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355\"><em>Latin America Its Problems and Its Promise: A Multidisciplinary Introduction<\/em><\/a>. Taylor and Francis. p.\u00a0355.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9780429974694\"><bdi>9780429974694<\/bdi><\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230427210130\/https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 27 April 2023. Retrieved\u00a019 March\u00a02023.\u00a0<q>In September 1992, a small, elite squad within Peru&#8217;s antiterrorist police (established under Garcia) captured the Shining Path leader, Abimael Guzman. Within the next few weeks, using information in Guzman&#8217;s hideout, police arrested more than 1,000 suspected guerillas. During the next few years, the Shining Path was decimated.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-CANbio2_87-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Gaussens, Pierre (2020).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7202%2F1073797ar\">&#8220;The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Canadian_Journal_of_Bioethics\">Canadian Journal of Bioethics<\/a><\/em>.\u00a0<strong>3<\/strong>\u00a0(3): 180+.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7202%2F1073797ar\">10.7202\/1073797ar<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\">S2CID<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:234586692\">234586692<\/a>.\u00a0<q>a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the &#8216;Green Plan&#8217;, whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Back-2018_88-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Back, Michele; Zavala, Virginia (2018).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe\/bnp\/recursos\/2\/html\/Racismo-y-lenguaje\/286\/\"><em>Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Per\u00fa<\/em><\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Routledge\">Routledge<\/a>. pp.\u00a0286\u2013291.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210804105110\/https:\/\/repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe\/bnp\/recursos\/2\/html\/Racismo-y-lenguaje\/286\/\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved\u00a04 August\u00a02021.\u00a0<q>At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called\u00a0<em>El cuaderno verde<\/em>. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself.\u00a0<em>El cuaderno verde<\/em>\u00a0was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. &#8230; It was a program that resulted in the forced sterilization of Quechua-speaking women belonging to rural Andean communities. This is an example of &#8216;ethnic cleansing&#8217; justified by the state, which claimed that a properly controlled birth rate would improve the distribution of national resources and thus reduce poverty levels. &#8230; The Peruvian state decided to control the bodies of &#8216;culturally backward&#8217; women, since they were considered a source of poverty and the seeds of subversive groups<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-The_Economist-2007_89-0\">Jump up to:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-The_Economist-2007_89-1\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080410185845\/http:\/\/www.economist.com\/research\/backgrounders\/displaybackgrounder.cfm?bg=709221\">&#8220;Peru&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>The Economist<\/em>. 17 October 2007. Archived from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.economist.com\/research\/backgrounders\/displaybackgrounder.cfm?bg=709221\">the original<\/a>\u00a0on 10 April 2008.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-90\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0White, Gavin David (2009).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171015013756\/http:\/\/www.fmreview.org\/protracted\/white.html\">&#8220;Displacement, decentralisation and reparation in post-conflict Peru&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Forced Migration Review<\/em>. Archived from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.fmreview.org\/protracted\/white.html\">the original<\/a>\u00a0on 15 October 2017. Retrieved\u00a02 July\u00a02017.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Z%C3%A1rate-2016_91-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Ortiz de Z\u00e1rate, Roberto (6 June 2016).\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/america_del_sur\/peru\/keiko_fujimori_higuchi\">&#8220;Keiko Fujimori Higuchi&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barcelona_Centre_for_International_Affairs\">Barcelona Centre for International Affairs<\/a><\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20221209060543\/https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/america_del_sur\/peru\/keiko_fujimori_higuchi\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved\u00a021 February\u00a02021.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Fujimori-2004_92-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/americas\/3673082.stm\">&#8220;Fujimori &#8216;to run for presidency'&#8221;<\/a>. BBC. 20 September 2004.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160303033526\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/americas\/3673082.stm\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved\u00a013 February\u00a02016.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Forero-2006_93-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Forero, Juan (9 April 2006).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2006\/04\/09\/world\/americas\/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html\">&#8220;Fujimori&#8217;s Daughter Polishes Her Jailed Father&#8217;s Image on the Road to Congress in Peru&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_New_York_Times\">The New York Times<\/a><\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0362-4331\">0362-4331<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201004070946\/https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2006\/04\/09\/world\/americas\/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 4 October 2020. Retrieved\u00a03 June\u00a02021.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-94\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/bondsNews\/idUSN0746237820090407\">&#8220;Peru&#8217;s Fujimori sentenced to 25 years prison&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reuters\">Reuters<\/a><\/em>. 7 April 2009.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090412001459\/https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/bondsNews\/idUSN0746237820090407\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 12 April 2009. Retrieved\u00a010 July\u00a02018.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Flannery-2017_95-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Flannery, Nathaniel Parish.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/nathanielparishflannery\/2017\/03\/30\/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017\/\">&#8220;Political Risk Analysis: How Will Peru&#8217;s Economy Perform In 2017?&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forbes\">Forbes<\/a><\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20221209053245\/https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/nathanielparishflannery\/2017\/03\/30\/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017\/\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved\u00a09 December\u00a02022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Marcelino-2021_96-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.giga-hamburg.de\/en\/publications\/giga-focus\/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america\">&#8220;The Political Limits of Presidential Impeachment: Lessons from Latin America&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/German_Institute_for_Global_and_Area_Studies\">German Institute for Global and Area Studies<\/a><\/em>. 2021.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20221209053253\/https:\/\/www.giga-hamburg.de\/en\/publications\/giga-focus\/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved\u00a09 December\u00a02022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-97\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-latin-america-32129407\">&#8220;Peru&#8217;s Prime Minister Ana Jara deposed over spy row&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>BBC<\/em>. BBC News. 31 March 2015.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170820050009\/http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-latin-america-32129407\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved\u00a019 August\u00a02017.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-PROFE92_98-0\">Jump up to:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-PROFE92_98-1\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Asensio, Ra\u00fal; Camacho, Gabriela; Gonz\u00e1lez, Natalia; Grompone, Romeo; Pajuelo Teves, Ram\u00f3n; Pe\u00f1a Jimenez, Omayra; Moscoso, Macarena; V\u00e1squez, Yerel; Sosa Villagarcia, Paolo (2021).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/fondoeditorial.iep.org.pe\/producto\/el-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2\/\"><em>El Profe: C\u00f3mo Pedro Castillo se convirti\u00f3 en presidente del Per\u00fa y qu\u00e9 pasar\u00e1 a continuaci\u00f3n<\/em><\/a>\u00a0(in Spanish) (1\u00a0ed.).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lima,_Peru\">Lima, Peru<\/a>:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Institute_of_Peruvian_Studies&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">Institute of Peruvian Studies<\/a>. p.\u00a092.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-612-326-084-2\"><bdi>978-612-326-084-2<\/bdi><\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20221105081352\/https:\/\/fondoeditorial.iep.org.pe\/producto\/el-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2\/\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 5 November 2022. Retrieved\u00a017 November\u00a02021.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Taj-2021_99-0\">Jump up to:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Taj-2021_99-1\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Taj, Mitra (7 December 2021).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/685a5a7d-4531-4242-9074-badd59254349\">&#8220;&#8216;Too many mistakes&#8217;: Peru&#8217;s president threatened with impeachment after shaky start&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Financial_Times\">Financial Times<\/a><\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ghostarchive.org\/archive\/20221210\/https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/685a5a7d-4531-4242-9074-badd59254349\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved\u00a013 December\u00a02021.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Reuters-2021_100-0\">Jump up to:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Reuters-2021_100-1\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/americas\/perus-keiko-fujimori-backs-long-shot-effort-impeach-president-castillo-2021-11-19\/\">&#8220;Peru&#8217;s Keiko Fujimori backs long-shot effort to impeach President Castillo&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reuters\">Reuters<\/a><\/em>. 19 November 2021.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20211129191635\/https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/americas\/perus-keiko-fujimori-backs-long-shot-effort-impeach-president-castillo-2021-11-19\/\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved\u00a013 December\u00a02021.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Tegel-2021_101-0\">Jump up to:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Tegel-2021_101-1\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Tegel, Simeon (15 October 2021).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2021\/10\/15\/peru-president-pedro-castillo-left-extremism-impeachment\/\">&#8220;Can Pedro Castillo Save His Presidency?&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Foreign_Policy\">Foreign Policy<\/a><\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20211015221103\/https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2021\/10\/15\/peru-president-pedro-castillo-left-extremism-impeachment\/\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved\u00a013 December\u00a02021.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Tegel-2018_102-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Tegel, Simeon (12 August 2018).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/the_americas\/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change\/2018\/08\/11\/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html\">&#8220;Corruption scandals have ensnared 3 Peruvian presidents. Now the whole political system could change&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Washington_Post\">The Washington Post<\/a><\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201109035248\/https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/gdpr-consent\/?next_url=https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/the_americas\/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change\/2018\/08\/11\/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved\u00a017 August\u00a02018.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-103\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.usnews.com\/news\/world\/articles\/2018-04-15\/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating\">&#8220;Peru&#8217;s Vizcarra Begins Presidency With 57 Pct Approval Rating&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/U.S._News_%26_World_Report\">U.S. News &amp; World Report<\/a><\/em>. 15 April 2018.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180416073907\/https:\/\/www.usnews.com\/news\/world\/articles\/2018-04-15\/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 16 April 2018. Retrieved\u00a016 April\u00a02018.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-104\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-latin-america-54872826\">&#8220;Peruvian Congress votes to impeach President Mart\u00edn Vizcarra&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>BBC News<\/em>. 10 November 2020.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210828224411\/https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-latin-america-54872826\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved\u00a017 August\u00a02021.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-105\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-latin-america-54953546\">&#8220;Peru&#8217;s President Merino resigns after deadly crackdown on protesters&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>BBC News<\/em>. 16 November 2020.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20211003014756\/https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-latin-america-54953546\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved\u00a017 August\u00a02021.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-106\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-latin-america-54967831\">&#8220;Francisco Sagasti sworn in as interim Peruvian leader&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>BBC News<\/em>. 18 November 2020.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201116223056\/https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-latin-america-54967831\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved\u00a017 August\u00a02021.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-107\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-latin-america-57897402\">&#8220;Pedro Castillo declared president-elect of Peru&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>BBC News<\/em>. 20 July 2021.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210813223041\/https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-latin-america-57897402\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved\u00a017 August\u00a02021.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-108\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president\/a-58672989\">&#8220;Peru: Pedro Castillo sworn in as president&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>DW.com<\/em>. 28 July 2021.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210813235157\/https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president\/a-58672989\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved\u00a017 August\u00a02021.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-109\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thejakartapost.com\/academia\/2021\/07\/27\/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html\">&#8220;The bicentennial of Peru&#8217;s independence: A historic opportunity&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>The Jakarta Post<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220120152550\/https:\/\/www.thejakartapost.com\/academia\/2021\/07\/27\/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved\u00a020 January\u00a02022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-110\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2022-12-07\/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote\">&#8220;Peru&#8217;s President Accused of Coup After Move to Dissolve Congress&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Bloomberg.com<\/em>. 7 December 2022.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20221208084351\/https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2022-12-07\/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved\u00a08 December\u00a02022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-111\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-latin-america-63895505\">&#8220;Peru&#8217;s President Pedro Castillo replaced by Dina Boluarte after impeachment&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>BBC News<\/em>. 7 December 2022.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20221208191334\/https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-latin-america-63895505\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved\u00a08 December\u00a02022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-112\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2022\/dec\/07\/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup\">&#8220;Peru president removed from office and charged with &#8216;rebellion&#8217; after alleged coup attempt&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>The Guardian<\/em>. 8 December 2022.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20221207211159\/https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2022\/dec\/07\/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved\u00a08 December\u00a02022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Patriau-2023_113-0\">Jump up to:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Patriau-2023_113-1\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/larepublica.pe\/politica\/actualidad\/2023\/01\/02\/pedro-castillo-daniel-encinas-dina-boluarte-ha-hecho-una-coalicion-con-fuerzas-que-no-ganaron-la-eleccion-golpe-de-estado-fuerzas-armadas-adelanto-de-elecciones\/\">&#8220;Daniel Encinas: &#8220;Dina Boluarte ha hecho una coalici\u00f3n con fuerzas que no ganaron la elecci\u00f3n&#8221;&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/La_Rep%C3%BAblica_(Peru)\">La Republica<\/a><\/em>\u00a0(in Spanish). 2 January 2023.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230116172824\/https:\/\/larepublica.pe\/politica\/actualidad\/2023\/01\/02\/pedro-castillo-daniel-encinas-dina-boluarte-ha-hecho-una-coalicion-con-fuerzas-que-no-ganaron-la-eleccion-golpe-de-estado-fuerzas-armadas-adelanto-de-elecciones\/\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved\u00a012 January\u00a02023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-La_Republica-2023_114-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/larepublica.pe\/politica\/2023\/01\/03\/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp\/\">&#8220;Per\u00fa Libre presentar\u00e1 moci\u00f3n de interpelaci\u00f3n contra ministro del Interior&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/La_Rep%C3%BAblica_(Peru)\">La Republica<\/a><\/em>\u00a0(in Spanish). 4 January 2023.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230112005354\/https:\/\/larepublica.pe\/politica\/2023\/01\/03\/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp\/\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved\u00a012 January\u00a02023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-115\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/globaledge.msu.edu\/countries\/peru\/government\">&#8220;Peru: Government&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>globaledge.msu.edu<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200715053213\/https:\/\/globaledge.msu.edu\/countries\/peru\/government\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved\u00a011 March\u00a02020.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-116\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Andrade, Guilherme Trivellato (21 April 2017).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dash.harvard.edu\/handle\/1\/38811936\"><em>From Promise to Delivery: Organizing the Government of Peru to Improve Public Health Outcomes<\/em><\/a>\u00a0(Thesis).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200717030051\/https:\/\/dash.harvard.edu\/handle\/1\/38811936\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved\u00a02 April\u00a02020.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-117\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Fernandini, Patrick Wieland; Sousa, Ronnie Farfan (2015).\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/resrep02240.5\">&#8220;Overview of the different levels of government&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>The Distribution of Powers and Responsibilities Affecting Forests, Land Use, and Redd+ Across Levels and Sectors in Peru<\/em>: 1\u201312.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200726205333\/https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/resrep02240.5\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved\u00a02 April\u00a02020.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-118\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Serra, Diego (30 August 2019).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.elgaronline.com\/view\/edcoll\/9781788978637\/9781788978637.00016.xml\">&#8220;Defending bicameralism and equalising powers: The case of Peru&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Constitutional Reform of National Legislatures<\/em>. pp.\u00a0142\u2013162.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4337%2F9781788978644.00016\">10.4337\/9781788978644.00016<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9781788978644\"><bdi>9781788978644<\/bdi><\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\">S2CID<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:203215051\">203215051<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200715053427\/https:\/\/www.elgaronline.com\/view\/edcoll\/9781788978637\/9781788978637.00016.xml\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved\u00a02 April\u00a02020.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-119\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<em>Constituci\u00f3n Pol\u00edtica del Per\u00fa<\/em>, Article No. 112.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-120\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<em>Constituci\u00f3n Pol\u00edtica del Per\u00fa<\/em>, Article No. 122.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-121\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Hildebrancht, Martha (2003).\u00a0<em>El Habla Culta (o lo que debiera serlo)<\/em>. Lima. p.\u00a037.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-122\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Tegel, Simeon.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/the_americas\/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president\/2019\/10\/01\/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html\">&#8220;Peru&#8217;s president dissolved Congress. Then Congress suspended the president&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Washington Post<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200221011812\/https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/the_americas\/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president\/2019\/10\/01\/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved\u00a02 April\u00a02020.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-123\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<em>Constituci\u00f3n Pol\u00edtica del Per\u00fa<\/em>, Article No. 90.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-124\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<em>Constituci\u00f3n Pol\u00edtica del Per\u00fa<\/em>, Articles No. 107\u2013108.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-125\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<em>Constituci\u00f3n Pol\u00edtica del Per\u00fa<\/em>, Article No. 146.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-126\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Clark, Jeffrey.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070813232240\/http:\/\/www.humanrightsfirst.org\/pubs\/descriptions\/perubuilding.htm\"><em>Building on quicksand<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved 24 July 2007.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-127\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www2.congreso.gob.pe\/sicr\/RelatAgenda\/reglamento.nsf\/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b\/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument\">&#8220;Reglamento del Congreso de la Republica&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>www2.congreso.gob.pe<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200715051433\/http:\/\/www2.congreso.gob.pe\/sicr\/RelatAgenda\/reglamento.nsf\/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b\/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved\u00a011 March\u00a02020.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-128\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Lee, Sang Hoon; Magallanes, Jos\u00e9 Manuel; Porter, Mason A. (1 March 2017).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/comnet\/article\/5\/1\/127\/2909061\">&#8220;Time-dependent community structure in legislation cosponsorship networks in the Congress of the Republic of Peru&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Journal of Complex Networks<\/em>.\u00a0<strong>5<\/strong>\u00a0(1): 127\u2013144.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ArXiv_(identifier)\">arXiv<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1510.01002\">1510.01002<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fcomnet%2Fcnw004\">10.1093\/comnet\/cnw004<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/2051-1310\">2051-1310<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\">S2CID<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:15837465\">15837465<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210224155028\/https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/comnet\/article\/5\/1\/127\/2909061\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved\u00a02 April\u00a02020.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-129\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-latin-america-43492421\">&#8220;Under fire Peru president resigns&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>BBC News<\/em>. 22 March 2018.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200304170729\/https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-latin-america-43492421\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved\u00a011 March\u00a02020.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Romero-2023a_130-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Romero, C\u00e9sar (28 February 2023).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/larepublica.pe\/politica\/congreso\/2023\/02\/24\/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472\">&#8220;Tribunal Constitucional falla a favor del Congreso, que tendr\u00e1 un poder absoluto y sin control judicial&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/La_Rep%C3%BAblica_(Peru)\">La Rep\u00fablica<\/a><\/em>\u00a0(in Spanish).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230316090853\/https:\/\/larepublica.pe\/politica\/congreso\/2023\/02\/24\/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved\u00a02 March\u00a02023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Romero-2023b_131-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Romero, C\u00e9sar (25 February 2023).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/larepublica.pe\/politica\/judiciales\/2023\/02\/25\/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875\">&#8220;El Tribunal Constitucional est\u00e1 destruyendo el r\u00e9gimen democr\u00e1tico del pa\u00eds&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/La_Rep%C3%BAblica_(Peru)\">La Rep\u00fablica<\/a><\/em>\u00a0(in Spanish).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230225202050\/https:\/\/larepublica.pe\/politica\/judiciales\/2023\/02\/25\/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 25 February 2023. Retrieved\u00a02 March\u00a02023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-132\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Brennan, Jason; Hill, Lisa (2014).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116\"><em>Compulsory Voting: For and Against<\/em><\/a>. Cambridge University Press.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-107-04151-6\"><bdi>978-1-107-04151-6<\/bdi><\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200809202530\/https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved\u00a030 May\u00a02020.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-133\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<em>Constituci\u00f3n Pol\u00edtica del Per\u00fa<\/em>, Article No. 31.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-134\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/pdba.georgetown.edu\/ElecSys\/Peru\/peru.html\">&#8220;Peru: Sistemas Electorales \/ Electoral Systems&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>pdba.georgetown.edu<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200109100950\/http:\/\/pdba.georgetown.edu\/ElecSys\/Peru\/peru.html\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 9 January 2020. Retrieved\u00a02 April\u00a02020.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-135\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0(in Spanish)\u00a0Congreso de la Rep\u00fablica del Per\u00fa,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.congreso.gob.pe\/organizacion\/grupos.asp\"><em>Grupos Parlamentarios<\/em><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20071229061528\/http:\/\/www.congreso.gob.pe\/organizacion\/grupos.asp\">Archived<\/a>\u00a029 December 2007 at the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine\">Wayback Machine<\/a>. Retrieved 27 August 2011.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-136\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.fitchratings.com\/research\/sovereigns\/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021\">&#8220;Elections Show Fissures in Peru&#8217;s Political Institutions&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Finch Ratings<\/em>. 14 April 2021.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210607090449\/https:\/\/www.fitchratings.com\/research\/sovereigns\/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved\u00a019 July\u00a02021.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-137\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Aquino, Marco (20 July 2021).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/americas\/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19\/\">&#8220;Peru socialist Castillo confirmed president after lengthy battle over results&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Reuters<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210720182728\/https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/americas\/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19\/\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved\u00a03 November\u00a02021.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-138\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theweek.in\/news\/world\/2020\/11\/17\/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html\">&#8220;The curious case of Peru&#8217;s persistent president-to-prison politics&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>The Week<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20211122082750\/https:\/\/www.theweek.in\/news\/world\/2020\/11\/17\/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved\u00a022 November\u00a02021.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-139\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1\">&#8220;Peru&#8217;s presidential lineup: graft probes, suicide and impeachment&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Reuters<\/em>. 15 November 2020.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20211122082749\/https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved\u00a022 November\u00a02021.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Dennis-2017_140-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Dennis, Claire (23 August 2017).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/insightcrime.org\/news\/analysis\/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal\/\">&#8220;Another Top Peru Politician Embroiled in Odebrecht Scandal&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/InSight_Crime\">InSight Crime<\/a><\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20221215040557\/https:\/\/insightcrime.org\/news\/analysis\/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal\/\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved\u00a015 December\u00a02022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-IDL-2022_141-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.idl-reporteros.pe\/el-misterio-del-harakiri\/\">&#8220;El misterio del harakiri | IDL Reporteros&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IDL_Reporteros\">IDL Reporteros<\/a><\/em>. 11 December 2022.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230128100315\/https:\/\/www.idl-reporteros.pe\/el-misterio-del-harakiri\/\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved\u00a015 December\u00a02022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-142\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Pozo D\u00edaz, Hildebrando Castro (August 2008).\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www2.congreso.gob.pe\/sicr\/cendocbib\/con_uibd.nsf\/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB\/$FILE\/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf\">&#8220;Existen regiones en nuestro pais&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0(PDF).\u00a0<em>Congreso de la Republica de Peru<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200324180534\/http:\/\/www2.congreso.gob.pe\/sicr\/cendocbib\/con_uibd.nsf\/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB\/$FILE\/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved\u00a02 April\u00a02020.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-144\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<em>Ley N\u00b0 27867, Ley Org\u00e1nica de Gobiernos Regionales<\/em>, Article No. 11.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-145\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gob.pe\/estado\/gobiernos-regionales\">&#8220;Gobierno del Per\u00fa&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>www.gob.pe<\/em>\u00a0(in Spanish).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200619102427\/https:\/\/www.gob.pe\/estado\/gobiernos-regionales\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 19 June 2020. Retrieved\u00a012 March\u00a02020.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-146\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Dickovick, J. Tyler (1 January 2007).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/publius\/article\/37\/1\/1\/1940139\">&#8220;Municipalization as Central Government Strategy: Central-Regional\u2013Local Politics in Peru, Brazil, and South Africa&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Publius: The Journal of Federalism<\/em>.\u00a0<strong>37<\/strong>\u00a0(1): 1\u201325.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fpublius%2Fpjl012\">10.1093\/publius\/pjl012<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0048-5950\">0048-5950<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210417061905\/https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/publius\/article\/37\/1\/1\/1940139\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved\u00a02 April\u00a02020.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-147\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<em>Ley N\u00b0 27867, Ley Org\u00e1nica de Gobiernos Regionales<\/em>, Article No. 10.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-148\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Sch\u00f6nw\u00e4lder, Gerd (2002).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1\"><em>Linking Civil Society and the State: Urban Popular Movements, the Left, and Local Government in Peru, 1980\u20131992<\/em><\/a>. Penn State Press.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-271-02379-3\"><bdi>978-0-271-02379-3<\/bdi><\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210417061233\/https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved\u00a018 November\u00a02020.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-149\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<em>Ley N\u00b0 27867, Ley Org\u00e1nica de Gobiernos Regionales<\/em>, Article No. 66.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-150\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Monika Huber; Wolfgang Kaiser (February 2013).\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.dandc.eu\/en\/article\/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation\">&#8220;Mixed Feelings&#8221;<\/a>. dandc.eu.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180707042639\/https:\/\/www.dandc.eu\/en\/article\/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved\u00a08 May\u00a02013.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-151\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Pique, Ricardo (1 May 2019).\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0047272719300064\">&#8220;Higher pay, worse outcomes? The impact of mayoral wages on local government quality in Peru&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Journal of Public Economics<\/em>.\u00a0<strong>173<\/strong>: 1\u201320.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jpubeco.2019.01.005\">10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2019.01.005<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0047-2727\">0047-2727<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\">S2CID<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:14763370\">14763370<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210716090526\/https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0047272719300064\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved\u00a02 April\u00a02020.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-152\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Costa, Eduardo Ferrero (1987). &#8220;Peruvian Foreign Policy: Current Trends, Constraints and Opportunities&#8221;.\u00a0<em>Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs<\/em>.\u00a0<strong>29<\/strong>\u00a0(2): 55\u201378.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307%2F166073\">10.2307\/166073<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0022-1937\">0022-1937<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JSTOR_(identifier)\">JSTOR<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/166073\">166073<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-John_153-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0St John, Ronald Bruce (1992).\u00a0<em>The foreign policy of Peru<\/em>. Boulder: Lynne Rienner,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/1555873049\">1555873049<\/a>, pp. 223\u2013224.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-154\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Lincoln, Jennie K.; Ferris, Elizabeth G. (2019).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&amp;pg=PT150\"><em>The Dynamics Of Latin American Foreign Policies: Challenges For The 1980s<\/em><\/a>. Routledge.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-000-31605-6\"><bdi>978-1-000-31605-6<\/bdi><\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210417061236\/https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&amp;pg=PT150\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved\u00a018 November\u00a02020.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-155\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Blanco-Jim\u00e9nez, M., Parra-Irineo, G., Gonz\u00e1lez-Gonz\u00e1lez, N. and Tavizon-Salazar, A. (30 May 2019). &#8220;Pacific Alliance: Political, Economic, and Commercial Implications&#8221;.\u00a0<em>Regional Integration in Latin America<\/em>. Vol.\u00a01. pp.\u00a01\u201312.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108%2F978-1-78973-159-020191001\">10.1108\/978-1-78973-159-020191001<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-78973-160-6\"><bdi>978-1-78973-160-6<\/bdi><\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\">S2CID<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:181395804\">181395804<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-156\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Alonso Mor\u00e1n de Roma\u00f1a (25 January 2018).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.lse.ac.uk\/latamcaribbean\/2018\/01\/25\/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership\/\">&#8220;Productivity provides the key to Peru&#8217;s bid for OECD membership&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>LSE Latin America and Caribbean<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200329020937\/https:\/\/blogs.lse.ac.uk\/latamcaribbean\/2018\/01\/25\/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership\/\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved\u00a029 March\u00a02020.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-157\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/andina.pe\/ingles\/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx\">&#8220;Peru&#8217;s OECD member status bid likely to succeed&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>andina.pe<\/em>\u00a0(in Spanish). 2 July 2014.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200329020940\/https:\/\/andina.pe\/ingles\/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved\u00a029 March\u00a02020.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-158\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.indianjournals.com\/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&amp;volume=7&amp;issue=1and2&amp;article=004\">&#8220;The treaties of free trade (FTA) and exports of aggro-industrial products in Peru&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Socrates<\/em>.\u00a0<strong>7<\/strong>\u00a0(1 and 2). 2019.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/2347-2146\">2347-2146<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200218030837\/https:\/\/www.indianjournals.com\/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&amp;volume=7&amp;issue=1and2&amp;article=004\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved\u00a02 April\u00a02020.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-159\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Shaffer, Gregory; Winters, L. Alan (April 2017).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017%2FS1474745616000550\">&#8220;FTA Law in WTO Dispute Settlement: Peru\u2013Additional Duty and the Fragmentation of Trade Law&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>World Trade Review<\/em>.\u00a0<strong>16<\/strong>\u00a0(2): 303\u2013326.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017%2FS1474745616000550\">10.1017\/S1474745616000550<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1474-7456\">1474-7456<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-160\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0BBC News (4 November 2005),\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/americas\/4405402.stm\"><em>Peru\u2013Chile border row escalates<\/em><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090115142819\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/americas\/4405402.stm\">Archived<\/a>\u00a015 January 2009 at the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine\">Wayback Machine<\/a>. Retrieved 16 May 2007.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-161\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Global Affairs Canada-Affaires Mondiales Canada (29 August 2019).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.international.gc.ca\/world-monde\/international_relations-relations_internationales\/latin_america-amerique_latine\/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng\">&#8220;Lima Group statement&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>GAC<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200329060108\/https:\/\/www.international.gc.ca\/world-monde\/international_relations-relations_internationales\/latin_america-amerique_latine\/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved\u00a029 March\u00a02020.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-162\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.economicsandpeace.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/GPI-2024-web.pdf\">&#8220;2024 Global Peace Index&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0(PDF).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-163\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/rpp.pe\/mundo\/latinoamerica\/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135\">&#8220;R\u00e1nking ubica al Per\u00fa como la cuarta Fuerza Armada m\u00e1s poderosa de Latinoam\u00e9rica&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>RPP<\/em>\u00a0(in Spanish). 29 July 2017.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200717012037\/https:\/\/rpp.pe\/mundo\/latinoamerica\/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved\u00a031 March\u00a02020.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Williams_1972_43%E2%80%9360_164-0\">Jump up to:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Williams_1972_43%E2%80%9360_164-1\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Williams, James L. (1972). &#8220;Revolution from Within: Changing Military Perspectives in Peru&#8221;.\u00a0<em>Naval War College Review<\/em>.\u00a0<strong>25<\/strong>\u00a0(2): 43\u201360.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0028-1484\">0028-1484<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JSTOR_(identifier)\">JSTOR<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/44639763\">44639763<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-165\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Ministerio de Defensa,\u00a0<em>Libro Blanco de la Defensa Nacional<\/em>. Ministerio de Defensa, 2005, 90.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-166\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<em>Ley N\u00b0 27178, Ley del Servicio Militar<\/em>, Articles No. 29, 42 and 45.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-167\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0V\u00e1squez, George L. (1994). &#8220;The Peruvian Army in War and Peace: 1980\u20131992&#8221;.\u00a0<em>Journal of Third World Studies<\/em>.\u00a0<strong>11<\/strong>\u00a0(2): 100\u2013116.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/8755-3449\">8755-3449<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JSTOR_(identifier)\">JSTOR<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/45197485\">45197485<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-168\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Weber, Cynthia (1990). &#8220;Representing Debt: Peruvian Presidents Belaunde&#8217;s and Garcia&#8217;s Reading\/Writing of Peruvian Debt&#8221;.\u00a0<em>International Studies Quarterly<\/em>.\u00a0<strong>34<\/strong>\u00a0(3): 353\u2013365.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307%2F2600575\">10.2307\/2600575<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0020-8833\">0020-8833<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JSTOR_(identifier)\">JSTOR<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2600575\">2600575<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-169\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE\">&#8220;Military expenditure (% of GDP) \u2013 Peru | Data&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>data.worldbank.org<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200715175900\/https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved\u00a031 March\u00a02020.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-170\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A\">&#8220;Peru calls up 10,000 army reserves to enforce quarantine&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Reuters<\/em>. 1 April 2020.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200406070507\/https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved\u00a02 April\u00a02020.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-171\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Chaboo, C.S. &amp; A. Catenazzi. 2015. Beetles (Coleoptera) of Peru: A survey of the Families. Biogeography. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 88(02):140\u2013143.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-172\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Andes Handbook,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.andeshandbook.cl\/eng\/default.asp?main=cerro.asp?codigo=54\"><em>Huascar\u00e1n<\/em><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161008051103\/http:\/\/www.andeshandbook.cl\/eng\/default.asp?main=cerro.asp%3Fcodigo%3D54\">Archived<\/a>\u00a08 October 2016 at the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine\">Wayback Machine<\/a>. 2 June 2002.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-173\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Instituto de Estudios Hist\u00f3rico\u2013Mar\u00edtimos del Per\u00fa,\u00a0<em>El Per\u00fa y sus recursos: Atlas geogr\u00e1fico y econ\u00f3mico<\/em>, p. 16.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-174\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Instituto de Estudios Hist\u00f3rico\u2013Mar\u00edtimos del Per\u00fa,\u00a0<em>El Per\u00fa y sus recursos: Atlas geogr\u00e1fico y econ\u00f3mico<\/em>, p. 31.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-175\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica,\u00a0<em>Per\u00fa: Compendio Estad\u00edstico 2005<\/em>, p. 21.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-176\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Grove, Matthew J; Baker, Paul A; Cross, Scott L; Rigsby, Catherine A; Seltzer, Geoffrey O (2003). &#8220;Application of Strontium Isotopes to Understanding the Hydrology and Paleohydrology of the Altiplano, Bolivia-Peru&#8221;.\u00a0<em>Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology<\/em>.\u00a0<strong>194<\/strong>\u00a0(1\u20133): 281\u2013297.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2003PPP...194..281G\">2003PPP&#8230;194..281G<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0031-0182%2803%2900282-7\">10.1016\/S0031-0182(03)00282-7<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-177\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Oficina nacional de evaluaci\u00f3n de recursos naturales (previous INRENA).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070625070846\/http:\/\/www.inrena.gob.pe\/irh\/inv_nac_lagunas_represas\/inv_nac_lag_rep.pdf\">&#8220;Inventario nacional de lagunas y represamientos&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0(PDF).\u00a0<em>INRENA<\/em>. Archived from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.inrena.gob.pe\/irh\/inv_nac_lagunas_represas\/inv_nac_lag_rep.pdf\">the original<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0on 25 June 2007. Retrieved\u00a03 March\u00a02008.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-178\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Instituto de Estudios Hist\u00f3rico\u2013Mar\u00edtimos del Per\u00fa,\u00a0<em>El Per\u00fa y sus recursos: Atlas geogr\u00e1fico y econ\u00f3mico<\/em>, pp. 24\u201325.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-179\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Instituto de Estudios Hist\u00f3rico\u2013Mar\u00edtimos del Per\u00fa,\u00a0<em>El Per\u00fa y sus recursos: Atlas geogr\u00e1fico y econ\u00f3mico<\/em>, pp. 25\u201326.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-180\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Instituto de Estudios Hist\u00f3rico\u2013Mar\u00edtimos del Per\u00fa,\u00a0<em>El Per\u00fa y sus recursos: Atlas geogr\u00e1fico y econ\u00f3mico<\/em>, pp. 26\u201327.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-181\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica,\u00a0<em>Per\u00fa: Compendio Estad\u00edstico 2005<\/em>, p. 50.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-182\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.peruwildlife.info\/\">&#8220;Peru Wildlife: Portal for information about wildlife and ecotourism in Peru&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>www.peruwildlife.info<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080517123112\/http:\/\/www.peruwildlife.info\/\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved\u00a028 November\u00a02016.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-183\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Ortega, H., Hidalgo, M., Correa, E., Espino, J., Chocano, L., Trevejo, G., &#8230; &amp; Quispe, R. (2012). Lista anotada de los peces de aguas continentales del Peru. Estado actual del conocimiento, distribuci\u00f3n, usos y aspectos de conservaci\u00f3n. Lima, Per\u00fa: Ministerio del Ambiente<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-selectlatam_184-0\">Jump up to:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-selectlatam_184-1\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100226200532\/http:\/\/www.selectlatinamerica.co.uk\/destinations\/peru\/wildlife\">&#8220;Peru: Wildlife&#8221;<\/a>. Select Latin America. Archived from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.selectlatinamerica.co.uk\/destinations\/peru\/wildlife\">the original<\/a>\u00a0on 26 February 2010. Retrieved\u00a016 September\u00a02009.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-185\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Chaboo, C.S. 2015. Beetles (Coleoptera) of Peru: A survey of the Families. Part I. Overview. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 88(02):135\u2013139.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-186\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Dillon, Michael O.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sacha.org\/solanaceae\/lomas_solanaceae.pdf\">&#8220;The solanaceae of the lomas formations of coastal Peru and Chile&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0(PDF).\u00a0<em>sacha.org<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070713202506\/http:\/\/www.sacha.org\/Solanaceae\/Lomas_Solanaceae.pdf\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0from the original on 13 July 2007. Retrieved\u00a028 November\u00a02016.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-FLII-Supplementary_187-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Grantham, H. S.; et\u00a0al. (2020).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7723057\">&#8220;Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity \u2013 Supplementary Material&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Nature Communications<\/em>.\u00a0<strong>11<\/strong>\u00a0(1): 5978.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2020NatCo..11.5978G\">2020NatCo..11.5978G<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-19493-3\">10.1038\/s41467-020-19493-3<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/2041-1723\">2041-1723<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_(identifier)\">PMC<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7723057\">7723057<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\">PMID<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33293507\">33293507<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-cia_188-0\">Jump up to:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-cia_188-1\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/peru\/\">Peru<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210123014649\/https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/peru\/\">Archived<\/a>\u00a023 January 2021 at the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine\">Wayback Machine<\/a>\u00a0. CIA, The World Factbook<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-WBdata_189-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0The World Bank,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/country\/peru\"><em>Data by country: Peru<\/em><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161108042430\/http:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/country\/peru\">Archived<\/a>\u00a08 November 2016 at the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine\">Wayback Machine<\/a>. Retrieved on 1 October 2011.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-190\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0BBC (31 July 2012),\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/americas\/country_profiles\/1224656.stm\"><em>Peru country profile<\/em><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161105050541\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/americas\/country_profiles\/1224656.stm\">Archived<\/a>\u00a05 November 2016 at the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine\">Wayback Machine<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-UNDP_191-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/PER\">&#8220;Peru&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Human Development Reports<\/em>. United Nations. 2016.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171228165331\/http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/PER\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 28 December 2017. Retrieved\u00a07 January\u00a02018.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-192\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Thorp, p. 4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-193\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Thorp, p. 321.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-194\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/peru\/overview\">&#8220;Overview&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171229034557\/http:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/peru\/overview\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 29 December 2017. Retrieved\u00a02 January\u00a02018.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-195\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/country\/PER\/index.htm?pn=2\">&#8220;Peru and the IMF&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Monetary_Fund\">International Monetary Fund<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20140703022454\/http:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/country\/PER\/index.htm?pn=2\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved\u00a027 July\u00a02014.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-196\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Montero, Juan Carlos P\u00e9rez (1 March 2023).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/finanzasdigital.com\/2023\/03\/peru-registro-una-inflacion-de-043\/\">&#8220;Per\u00fa registr\u00f3 una inflaci\u00f3n de 0,43% en febrero de 2023&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Finanzas Digital<\/em>\u00a0(in Spanish).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230304003635\/https:\/\/finanzasdigital.com\/2023\/03\/peru-registro-una-inflacion-de-043\/\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 4 March 2023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-197\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Thorp, pp. 318\u2013319.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Sheahan_198-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Sheahan, John (1999).\u00a0<em>Searching for a better society: the Peruvian economy from 1950<\/em>. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press. p.\u00a0157.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0271018720\"><bdi>0271018720<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-199\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a02006 figures.\u00a0(in Spanish)\u00a0Banco Central de Reserva,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bcrp.gob.pe\/publicaciones\/memoria-anual\/memoria-2006.html\"><em>Memoria 2006<\/em><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160909090819\/http:\/\/www.bcrp.gob.pe\/publicaciones\/memoria-anual\/memoria-2006.html\">Archived<\/a>\u00a09 September 2016 at the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine\">Wayback Machine<\/a>, p. 204. Retrieved 27 December 2010.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-200\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0(in Spanish)\u00a0Banco Central de Reserva,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bcrp.gob.pe\/publicaciones\/memoria-anual\/memoria-2006.html\"><em>Memoria 2006<\/em><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160909090819\/http:\/\/www.bcrp.gob.pe\/publicaciones\/memoria-anual\/memoria-2006.html\">Archived<\/a>\u00a09 September 2016 at the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine\">Wayback Machine<\/a>, pp. 15, 203. Retrieved 27 December 2010.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-201\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Office of the U.S. Trade Representative,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110501000640\/http:\/\/ustraderep.gov\/Document_Library\/Press_Releases\/2006\/April\/United_States_Peru_Sign_Trade_Promotion_Agreement.html\"><em>United States and Peru Sign Trade Promotion Agreement<\/em><\/a>, 12 April 2006. Retrieved 27 December 2010.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-202\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a02006 figures.\u00a0(in Spanish)\u00a0Banco Central de Reserva,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bcrp.gob.pe\/publicaciones\/memoria-anual\/memoria-2006.html\"><em>Memoria 2006<\/em><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160909090819\/http:\/\/www.bcrp.gob.pe\/publicaciones\/memoria-anual\/memoria-2006.html\">Archived<\/a>\u00a09 September 2016 at the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine\">Wayback Machine<\/a>, pp. 60\u201361. Retrieved 27 December 2010.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-203\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Dutta, Soumitra; Lanvin, Bruno; Wunsch-Vincent, Sacha; Le\u00f3n, Lorena Rivera; World Intellectual Property Organization (28 May 2024).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wipo.int\/global_innovation_index\/en\/2023\/index.html\"><em>Global Innovation Index 2023<\/em><\/a>. World Intellectual Property Organization.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34667%2Ftind.46596\">10.34667\/tind.46596<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-92-805-3432-0\"><bdi>978-92-805-3432-0<\/bdi><\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231022042128\/https:\/\/www.wipo.int\/global_innovation_index\/en\/2023\/index.html\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved\u00a029 October\u00a02023.\u00a0<code>{{<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_book\">cite book<\/a>}}<\/code>:\u00a0<code>|website=<\/code>\u00a0ignored (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored\">help<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-204\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.inei.gob.pe\/media\/MenuRecursivo\/publicaciones_digitales\/Est\/Lib1764\/cap04.pdf\">&#8220;Cap\u00edtulo 4 La Informalidad y la Fuerza de Trabajo&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0(PDF).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230324023357\/https:\/\/www.inei.gob.pe\/media\/MenuRecursivo\/publicaciones_digitales\/Est\/Lib1764\/cap04.pdf\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved\u00a04 March\u00a02023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-pemining_205-0\">Jump up to:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-pemining_205-1\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.comexperu.org.pe\/articulo\/produccion-cuprifera-aumento-un-127-en-2023-y-el-peru-se-mantiene-como-el-segundo-mayor-productor-de-cobre-del-mundo\">&#8220;PRODUCCI\u00d3N CUPR\u00cdFERA AUMENT\u00d3 UN 12.7% EN 2023 Y EL PER\u00da SE MANTIENE COMO EL SEGUNDO MAYOR PRODUCTOR DE COBRE DEL MUNDO&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Sociedad de Comercio Exterior del Per\u00fa<\/em>\u00a0(in Spanish). Retrieved\u00a013 August\u00a02024.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-206\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/periodicals\/mcs2021\/mcs2021-copper.pdf\">&#8220;Copper&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0(PDF).\u00a0<em>Mineral Commodity Summaries<\/em>. USGS. January 2021.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ghostarchive.org\/archive\/20221009\/https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/periodicals\/mcs2021\/mcs2021-copper.pdf\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0from the original on 9 October 2022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-207\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/periodicals\/mcs2021\/mcs2021-silver.pdf\">&#8220;Silver&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0(PDF).\u00a0<em>Mineral Commodity Summaries<\/em>. USGS. January 2021.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210515082301\/https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/periodicals\/mcs2021\/mcs2021-silver.pdf\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0from the original on 15 May 2021.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-208\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/periodicals\/mcs2021\/mcs2021-zinc.pdf\">&#8220;Zinc&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0(PDF).\u00a0<em>Mineral Commodity Summaries<\/em>. USGS. January 2021.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ghostarchive.org\/archive\/20221009\/https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/periodicals\/mcs2021\/mcs2021-zinc.pdf\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0from the original on 9 October 2022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-209\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/periodicals\/mcs2021\/mcs2021-gold.pdf\">&#8220;Gold&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0(PDF).\u00a0<em>Mineral Commodity Summaries<\/em>. USGS. January 2021.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ghostarchive.org\/archive\/20221009\/https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/periodicals\/mcs2021\/mcs2021-gold.pdf\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0from the original on 9 October 2022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-210\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/periodicals\/mcs2021\/mcs2021-lead.pdf\">&#8220;Lead&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0(PDF).\u00a0<em>Mineral Commodity Summaries<\/em>. USGS. January 2021.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210515091715\/https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/periodicals\/mcs2021\/mcs2021-lead.pdf\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0from the original on 15 May 2021.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-211\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/periodicals\/mcs2021\/mcs2021-tin.pdf\">&#8220;Tin&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0(PDF).\u00a0<em>Mineral Commodity Summaries<\/em>. USGS. January 2021.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210813153917\/https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/periodicals\/mcs2021\/mcs2021-tin.pdf\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0from the original on 13 August 2021.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-212\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/periodicals\/mcs2021\/mcs2021-boron.pdf\">USGS Boron Production Statistics<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210718104325\/https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/periodicals\/mcs2021\/mcs2021-boron.pdf\">Archived<\/a>\u00a018 July 2021 at the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine\">Wayback Machine<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-213\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/periodicals\/mcs2021\/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf\">USGS Molybdenum Production Statistics<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ghostarchive.org\/archive\/20221009\/https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/periodicals\/mcs2021\/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf\">Archived<\/a>\u00a09 October 2022 at Ghost Archive (PDF)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-214\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/diplomatique.org.br\/duas-opcoes-direita-ou-direita\/\">&#8220;Duas op\u00e7\u00f5es: direita ou direita \u2013 Le Monde Diplomatique&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>diplomatique.org.br<\/em>. 6 June 2016.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220712021704\/https:\/\/diplomatique.org.br\/duas-opcoes-direita-ou-direita\/\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved\u00a012 July\u00a02022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-215\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bcrp.gob.pe\/docs\/Publicaciones\/Memoria\/1990\/Memoria-BCRP-1990-2.pdf\">&#8220;II. SECTOR EXTERNO&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0(PDF).\u00a0<em>bcrp.gob.pe<\/em>\u00a0(in Spanish). 31 December 1990. p.\u00a032. Retrieved\u00a013 August\u00a02024.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-216\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.fao.org\/faostat\/es\/#data\/QCL\/\">&#8220;Agriculture in Peru, by FAO&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201016050347\/http:\/\/www.fao.org\/faostat\/es\/#data\/QCL\/\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 16 October 2020. Retrieved\u00a012 July\u00a02022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Atalayar_217-0\">Jump up to:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Atalayar_217-1\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/food-crisis-deepens-peru-more-half-population-lacks-enough-eat\">&#8220;Food crisis deepens in Peru, more than half of the population lacks enough to eat&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Atalayar<\/em>. December 2022.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230304003439\/https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/food-crisis-deepens-peru-more-half-population-lacks-enough-eat\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 4 March 2023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Chaparro-2023_218-0\">Jump up to:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Chaparro-2023_218-1\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/en\/international\/article\/2023\/01\/22\/in-peru-half-the-population-lacks-food-security_6012540_4.html\">&#8220;In Peru, half the population lacks food security&#8221;<\/a>. 22 January 2023.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230304004054\/https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/en\/international\/article\/2023\/01\/22\/in-peru-half-the-population-lacks-food-security_6012540_4.html\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 4 March 2023. Retrieved\u00a04 March\u00a02023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-219\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true\">&#8220;Manufacturing, value added (current US$) | Data&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>data.worldbank.org<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200107135049\/https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 7 January 2020. Retrieved\u00a012 July\u00a02022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-220\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br\/geral\/noticia\/2016\/07\/peru-prepara-industria-pesqueira-para-enfrentar-mudanca-climatica-6567755.html\">&#8220;Peru prepara ind\u00fastria pesqueira para enfrentar mudan\u00e7a clim\u00e1tica&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>GZH<\/em>. 12 July 2016.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220712035258\/https:\/\/gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br\/geral\/noticia\/2016\/07\/peru-prepara-industria-pesqueira-para-enfrentar-mudanca-climatica-6567755.html\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved\u00a012 July\u00a02022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-221\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gob.pe\/institucion\/mtc\/informes-publicaciones\/344790-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-vial\">&#8220;Estad\u00edstica \u2013 Infraestructura de Transportes \u2013 Infraestructura Vial&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>www.gob.pe<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220326024359\/https:\/\/www.gob.pe\/institucion\/mtc\/informes-publicaciones\/344790-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-vial\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 26 March 2022. Retrieved\u00a012 July\u00a02022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-222\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cip.org.pe\/publicaciones\/2018\/vision-de-desarrollo-de-la-infraestructura-vial.pdf\">&#8220;Visi\u00f3n de desarrolo de la infraestructura vial&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0(PDF).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220717052534\/https:\/\/www.cip.org.pe\/publicaciones\/2018\/vision-de-desarrollo-de-la-infraestructura-vial.pdf\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0from the original on 17 July 2022. Retrieved\u00a012 July\u00a02022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-223\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gob.pe\/institucion\/mtc\/informes-publicaciones\/344794-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-ferroviaria\">&#8220;Estad\u00edstica \u2013 Infraestructura de Transportes \u2013 Infraestructura Ferroviaria&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>www.gob.pe<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20221022021352\/https:\/\/www.gob.pe\/institucion\/mtc\/informes-publicaciones\/344794-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-ferroviaria\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved\u00a012 July\u00a02022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-224\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Andrade, Artur Luiz (29 October 2018).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.panrotas.com.br\/aviacao\/aeroportos\/2018\/10\/brasil-tem-9-dos-maiores-aeroportos-da-america-latina_159919.html\">&#8220;Brasil tem 9 dos maiores aeroportos da Am\u00e9rica Latina&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Portal PANROTAS<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210111125631\/https:\/\/www.panrotas.com.br\/aviacao\/aeroportos\/2018\/10\/brasil-tem-9-dos-maiores-aeroportos-da-america-latina_159919.html\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved\u00a012 July\u00a02022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-225\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cepal.org\/sites\/default\/files\/news\/files\/actividad_portuaria_2018.pdf\">&#8220;actividad portuaria de Am\u00e9rica Latina y el Caribe 2018&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0(PDF).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210114132759\/https:\/\/www.cepal.org\/sites\/default\/files\/news\/files\/actividad_portuaria_2018.pdf\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved\u00a012 July\u00a02022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-226\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/news\/world\/china-peru-chancay-port-rcna124564\">&#8220;With Peru port project, China gains a foothold in America&#8217;s backyard&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>NBC News<\/em>. 15 November 2023.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240509224633\/https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/news\/world\/china-peru-chancay-port-rcna124564\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 9 May 2024. Retrieved\u00a09 May\u00a02024.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-227\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/peru-chancay-china-port-construction-d13e8e8fe19289a6ab97628f708bc671\">&#8220;Chinese-backed port project in Peru to be the &#8216;gateway from South America to Asia,&#8217; official says&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>AP News<\/em>. 23 August 2023.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240516224301\/https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/peru-chancay-china-port-construction-d13e8e8fe19289a6ab97628f708bc671\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 16 May 2024. Retrieved\u00a010 May\u00a02024.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-228\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ceicdata.com\/en\/indicator\/peru\/electricity-production\">&#8220;Peru Electricity Production, 1978 \u2013 2023 | CEIC Data&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>www.ceicdata.com<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230126153442\/https:\/\/www.ceicdata.com\/en\/indicator\/peru\/electricity-production\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 26 January 2023. Retrieved\u00a026 January\u00a02023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-229\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.irena.org\/-\/media\/Files\/IRENA\/Agency\/Publication\/2022\/Apr\/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf\">&#8220;Renewable Capacity Statistics 2022&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0(PDF).\u00a0<em>IRENA<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ghostarchive.org\/archive\/20221009\/https:\/\/www.irena.org\/-\/media\/Files\/IRENA\/Agency\/Publication\/2022\/Apr\/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved\u00a019 May\u00a02022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-230\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/workforcealliance\/countries\/per\/en\/\">&#8220;WHO | Peru&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>WHO<\/em>. Retrieved\u00a025 April\u00a02020.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-231\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/iris.paho.org\/bitstream\/handle\/10665.2\/34329\/CoreIndicators2017_eng.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y\">&#8220;Core Indicators, Health Situation in the America&#8217;s&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0(PDF).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230601200823\/https:\/\/iris.paho.org\/bitstream\/handle\/10665.2\/34329\/CoreIndicators2017_eng.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved\u00a09 May\u00a02024.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-232\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.inei.gob.pe\/media\/MenuRecursivo\/publicaciones_digitales\/Est\/Lib1539\/libro.pdf\">&#8220;Perfil Sociodemografico&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0(PDF).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200211135110\/https:\/\/www.inei.gob.pe\/media\/MenuRecursivo\/publicaciones_digitales\/Est\/Lib1539\/libro.pdf\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved\u00a027 September\u00a02018.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-INEI_est_233-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.inei.gob.pe\/prensa\/noticias\/el-peru-tiene-una-poblacion-de-31-millones-488-mil-625-habitantes-9196\/\">&#8220;El Per\u00fa tiene una poblaci\u00f3n de 31 millones 488 mil 625 habitantes&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0[Peru has a population of 31 million 488 thousand 625 inhabitants].\u00a0<em>www.inei.gob.pe<\/em>\u00a0(in Spanish). INEI. 11 July 2016.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170202214123\/https:\/\/www.inei.gob.pe\/prensa\/noticias\/el-peru-tiene-una-poblacion-de-31-millones-488-mil-625-habitantes-9196\/\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved\u00a07 January\u00a02018.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-234\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica,\u00a0<em>Per\u00fa: Estimaciones y Proyecciones de Poblaci\u00f3n, 1950\u20132050<\/em>, pp. 37\u201338, 40.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-235\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.perutelegraph.com\/news\/peru-living-lifestyle\/first-results-of-the-peruvian-population-census-conducted-last-year\">&#8220;First results of the Peruvian population census conducted last year&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>The Peru Telegraph<\/em>. 26 June 2018.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180710194519\/https:\/\/www.perutelegraph.com\/news\/peru-living-lifestyle\/first-results-of-the-peruvian-population-census-conducted-last-year\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 10 July 2018. Retrieved\u00a010 July\u00a02018.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-236\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.inei.gob.pe\/media\/MenuRecursivo\/publicaciones_digitales\/Est\/Lib1539\/libro.pdf\">&#8220;Per\u00fa: Perfil Sociodemogr\u00e1fico&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0(PDF).\u00a0<em>Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica<\/em>. p.\u00a016.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200211135110\/https:\/\/www.inei.gob.pe\/media\/MenuRecursivo\/publicaciones_digitales\/Est\/Lib1539\/libro.pdf\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved\u00a027 September\u00a02018.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-237\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica,\u00a0<em>Perfil sociodemogr\u00e1fico del Per\u00fa<\/em>, p. 24.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-238\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160305101828\/http:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/news\/world\/story\/2012-01-31\/isolated-peru-tribe\/52903966\/1\">Isolated Peru tribe threatened by outsiders<\/a>. USAToday.com. 31 January 2012<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-239\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=PE&amp;year_high_desc=true\">&#8220;Life expectancy at birth, total (years) | Data&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>data.worldbank.org<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180826005113\/https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=PE&amp;year_high_desc=true\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved\u00a025 August\u00a02018.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-240\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.www.gob.pe\/uploads\/document\/file\/6616587\/5751291-situacion-de-la-poblacion-peruana-2024-una-mirada-de-la-diversidad-etnica.pdf\">&#8220;&#8221;Situaci\u00f3n de la Poblaci\u00f3n Peruana, 2024. Una mirada de la diversidad \u00e9tnica&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0(PDF).\u00a0<em>Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica<\/em>. p.\u00a020. Retrieved\u00a03 August\u00a02024.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-241\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.inei.gob.pe\/media\/MenuRecursivo\/publicaciones_digitales\/Est\/Lib1539\/libro.pdf\">&#8220;2017 Peruvian census&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0(PDF).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-242\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Cook, Noble David (1982)\u00a0<em>Demographic collapse: Indian Peru, 1520\u20131620<\/em>. Cambridge University Press. p. 114.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0521239958\">0521239958<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-q32pL_243-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.inei.gob.pe\/media\/MenuRecursivo\/publicaciones_digitales\/Est\/Lib1539\/libro.pdf\">&#8220;Per\u00fa: Perfil Sociodemogr\u00e1fico&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0(PDF).\u00a0<em>Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica<\/em>. p.\u00a0214.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200211135110\/https:\/\/www.inei.gob.pe\/media\/MenuRecursivo\/publicaciones_digitales\/Est\/Lib1539\/libro.pdf\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved\u00a027 September\u00a02018.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-244\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0V\u00e1zquez, Mario (1970) &#8220;Immigration and mestizaje in nineteenth-century Peru&#8221;, pp. 79\u201381 in\u00a0<em>Race and class in Latin America<\/em>. Columbia Univ. Press.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-231-03295-1\">0-231-03295-1<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-245\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0&#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/8384853.stm\">Peru apologises for abuse of African-origin citizens<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180719114642\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/8384853.stm\">Archived<\/a>\u00a019 July 2018 at the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine\">Wayback Machine<\/a>&#8220;. BBC News. 29 November 2009<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-246\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0M\u00f6rner, Magnus (1967),\u00a0<em>Race mixture in the history of Latin America<\/em>, p.\u00a0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-247\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.index.hr\/vijesti\/clanak\/peru-izabrao-predsjednicu-peruanskohrvatskog-prijateljstva\/2587838.aspx\">&#8220;Peru izabrao predsjednicu peruansko-hrvatskog prijateljstva&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>www.index.hr<\/em>\u00a0(in Croatian). Retrieved\u00a021 September\u00a02024.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-248\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190614190654\/https:\/\/gestion.pe\/mundo\/miles-venezolanos-ingresan-peru-vigencia-requisito-visa-humanitaria-270196\">&#8220;Miles de venezolanos ingresan a Per\u00fa antes que entre en vigencia requisito de visa humanitaria | Mundo | Gestion&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>web.archive.org<\/em>. 14 June 2019. Retrieved\u00a023 September\u00a02024.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-249\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.inei.gob.pe\/media\/MenuRecursivo\/publicaciones_digitales\/Est\/Lib1539\/libro.pdf\">&#8220;Per\u00fa: Perfil Sociodemogr\u00e1fico&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0(PDF).\u00a0<em>Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica<\/em>. p.\u00a0198.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200211135110\/https:\/\/www.inei.gob.pe\/media\/MenuRecursivo\/publicaciones_digitales\/Est\/Lib1539\/libro.pdf\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved\u00a027 September\u00a02018.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Loaiza-2016_250-0\">Jump up to:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Loaiza-2016_250-1\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0(in Spanish)\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.resonancias.org\/content\/read\/355\/\">Resonancias.org<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161007040234\/http:\/\/www.resonancias.org\/content\/read\/355\/\">Archived<\/a>\u00a07 October 2016 at the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine\">Wayback Machine<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 Aboriginal languages of Peru<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-251\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0World University Ranking 2023, Times Higher Education,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.times\/\">https:\/\/www.times<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220127230006\/https:\/\/times\/\">Archived<\/a>\u00a027 January 2022 at the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine\">Wayback Machine<\/a>\u00a0highereducation.com > world-ranking<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-252\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/es.statista.com\/grafico\/28553\/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica\/\">&#8220;Catholicism and evangelism: the two most common religions in Latin America&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Statista<\/em>. 26 October 2022.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20221119004809\/https:\/\/es.statista.com\/grafico\/28553\/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica\/\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 19 November 2022. Retrieved\u00a018 November\u00a02022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-253\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica,\u00a0<em>Perfil sociodemogr\u00e1fico del Per\u00fa<\/em>, p. 93.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-254\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<em>Constituci\u00f3n Pol\u00edtica del Per\u00fa<\/em>, Article No. 17.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-255\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/busquedas.elperuano.com.pe\/normaslegales\/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5\/\">&#8220;Decreto Supremo que aprueba el Reglamento de la Ley N\u00b0 29735, Ley que regula el uso, preservaci\u00f3n, desarrollo, recuperaci\u00f3n, fomento y difusi\u00f3n de las lenguas originarias del Per\u00fa, Decreto Supremo N\u00b0 004-2016-MC&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171029100122\/http:\/\/busquedas.elperuano.com.pe\/normaslegales\/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5\/\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 29 October 2017. Retrieved\u00a010 July\u00a02017.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-256\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/art.thewalters.org\/detail\/79394\/textile-doll\/\">&#8220;Textile Doll&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Walters_Art_Museum\">Walters Art Museum<\/a>\u00a0site<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230604043027\/https:\/\/art.thewalters.org\/detail\/79394\/textile-doll\/\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 4 June 2023. Retrieved\u00a03 August\u00a02023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Belaunde_257-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Belaunde, V\u00edctor Andr\u00e9s (1983).\u00a0<em>Peruanidad<\/em>. Lima: BCR, p. 472.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-258\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Bailey, pp. 72\u201374.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-259\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Bailey, p. 263.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Lucie_260-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Lucie-Smith, Edward (1993).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/latinamericanart00luci\"><em>Latin American art of the 20th century<\/em><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160820094958\/https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/latinamericanart00luci\">Archived<\/a>\u00a020 August 2016 at the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine\">Wayback Machine<\/a>. London: Thames and Hudson,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0500203563\">0500203563<\/a>, pp. 76\u201377, 145\u2013146.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Bayon_261-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Bay\u00f3n, Dami\u00e1n (1998). &#8220;Art, c. 1920\u2013c. 1980&#8221;. In: Leslie Bethell (ed.),\u00a0<em>A cultural history of Latin America<\/em>. Cambridge: University of Cambridge,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0521626269\">0521626269<\/a>, pp.\u00a0425\u2013428.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-262\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Martin, &#8220;Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820\u20131870&#8221;, pp. 37\u201339.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-263\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Martin, &#8220;Narrative since c. 1920&#8221;, pp. 151\u2013152.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-264\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Martin, &#8220;Narrative since c. 1920&#8221;, pp. 178\u2013179.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-265\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Martin, &#8220;Narrative since c. 1920&#8221;, pp. 186\u2013188.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-266\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/guide.michelin.com\/sg\/features\/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine\/news\">&#8220;7 Things You Need to Know about Peruvian Cuisine&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>MICHELIN Guide<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190204122212\/https:\/\/guide.michelin.com\/sg\/features\/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine\/news\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 4 February 2019. Retrieved\u00a04 February\u00a02019.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-267\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Custer, pp. 17\u201322.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-268\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Custer, pp. 25\u201338.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-269\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Romero, Ra\u00fal (1999). &#8220;Andean Peru&#8221;. In: John Schechter (ed.),\u00a0<em>Music in Latin American culture: regional tradition<\/em>. New York: Schirmer Books, pp.\u00a0385\u2013386.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Olsen_270-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Olsen, Dale (2002).\u00a0<em>Music of El Dorado: the ethnomusicology of ancient South American cultures<\/em>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0813029201\">0813029201<\/a>, pp. 17\u201322.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-Turino_271-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomas_Turino\">Turino, Thomas<\/a>\u00a0(1993). &#8220;Charango&#8221;. In: Stanley Sadie (ed.),\u00a0<em>The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments<\/em>. New York: MacMillan Press Limited, vol. I,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0333378784\">0333378784<\/a>, p.\u00a0340.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru#cite_ref-272\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Romero, Ra\u00fal (1985). &#8220;La m\u00fasica tradicional y popular&#8221;. In: Patronato Popular y Porvenir,\u00a0<em>La m\u00fasica en el Per\u00fa<\/em>. Lima: Industrial Gr\u00e1fica, pp.\u00a0pp. 243\u2013245, 261\u2013265.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Bibliography\">3.2 \u6765\u6e90\u6587\u732e | Bibliography<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-list\">\n<li>Bailey, Gauvin Alexander.\u00a0<em>Art of colonial Latin America<\/em>. London: Phaidon, 2005.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0714841579\">0714841579<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070324043856\/http:\/\/www.tc.gob.pe\/legconperu\/constitucion.html\"><em>Constituci\u00f3n Pol\u00edtica del Per\u00fa<\/em><\/a>. 29 December 1993.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Custer, Tony.\u00a0<em>The Art of Peruvian Cuisine<\/em>. Lima: Ediciones Ganesha, 2003.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9972920305\">9972920305<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gonzalo_Garland\">Garland, Gonzalo<\/a>. &#8220;Per\u00fa Siglo XXI&#8221;, series of 11 working papers describing sectorial long-term forecasts, Grade, Lima, Peru, 1986\u20131987.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Garland, Gonzalo. Peru in the 21st Century: Challenges and Possibilities in\u00a0<em>Futures: the Journal of Forecasting, Planning, and Policy<\/em>, Volume 22, No. 4, Butterworth-Heinemann, London, England, May 1990.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gootenberg, Paul. (1991)\u00a0<em>Between silver and guano: commercial policy and the state in postindependence Peru<\/em>. Princeton: Princeton University Press.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0691023425\">0691023425<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gootenberg, Paul. (1993)\u00a0<em>Imagining development: economic ideas in Peru&#8217;s &#8220;fictitious prosperity&#8221; of Guano, 1840\u20131880<\/em>. Berkeley: University of California Press.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0520082907\">0520082907<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Higgins, James (editor).\u00a0<em>The Emancipation of Peru: British Eyewitness Accounts<\/em>, 2014. Online at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/sites.google.com\/site\/jhemanperu\">jhemanperu<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200421153751\/https:\/\/sites.google.com\/site\/jhemanperu\">Archived<\/a>\u00a021 April 2020 at the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine\">Wayback Machine<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Instituto de Estudios Hist\u00f3rico\u2013Mar\u00edtimos del Per\u00fa.\u00a0<em>El Per\u00fa y sus recursos: Atlas geogr\u00e1fico y econ\u00f3mico<\/em>. Lima: Auge, 1996.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070307225725\/http:\/\/www.inei.gob.pe\/biblioineipub\/bancopub\/Est\/Lib0638\/Libro.pdf\">&#8220;<em>Per\u00fa: Compendio Estad\u00edstico 2005<\/em>&#8220;<\/a>\u00a0(PDF). Archived from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.inei.gob.pe\/biblioineipub\/bancopub\/Est\/Lib0638\/Libro.pdf\">the original<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0on 7 March 2007.\u00a0(8.31\u00a0MB). Lima: INEI, 2005.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica.\u00a0<em>Perfil sociodemogr\u00e1fico del Per\u00fa<\/em>. Lima: INEI, 2008.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica.\u00a0<em>Per\u00fa: Estimaciones y Proyecciones de Poblaci\u00f3n, 1950\u20132050<\/em>. Lima: INEI, 2001.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070614010900\/http:\/\/www.ccffaa.mil.pe\/INFORMACION\/Ley27178_Ley__ServicioMilitar.doc\"><em>Ley N\u00b0 27178, Ley del Servicio Militar<\/em><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DOC_(computing)\"><\/a><small><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DOC_(computing)\">DOC<\/a><\/small>. 28 September 1999.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ley N\u00b0 27867,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070702195833\/http:\/\/www.pmde.gob.pe\/taller\/Compilacion%20normativa\/DESCENTRALIZACI%C3%93N\/LEY%20N%C2%BA%2027867_LEY%20ORG%C3%81NICA%20DE%20GOBIERNOS%20LOCALES.pdf\"><em>Ley Ley Org\u00e1nica de Gobiernos Regionales<\/em><\/a>. 16 November 2002.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Martin, Gerald. &#8220;Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820\u20131870&#8221;. In: Leslie Bethell (ed.),\u00a0<em>A cultural history of Latin America<\/em>. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1998, pp.\u00a03\u201345.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Martin, Gerald. &#8220;Narrative since c. 1920&#8221;. In: Leslie Bethell (ed.),\u00a0<em>A cultural history of Latin America<\/em>. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1998, pp.\u00a0133\u2013225.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Porras Barrenechea, Ra\u00fal.\u00a0<em>El nombre del Per\u00fa<\/em>. Lima: Talleres Gr\u00e1ficos P.L. Villanueva, 1968.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Scheina, Robert (2003),\u00a0<em>Latin America&#8217;s Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791\u20131899<\/em>, Brassey&#8217;s,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-57488-450-0\"><bdi>978-1-57488-450-0<\/bdi><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thorp, Rosemary, and Geoffrey Bertram.\u00a0<em>Peru 1890\u20131977: growth and policy in an open economy<\/em>. New York: Columbia University Press, 1978.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0231034334\">0231034334<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. \u4e2d\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.1 \u5f15\u7528\u5217\u8868\uff08\u4e0e\u6587\u4e2d\u6807\u53f7\u5bf9\u5e94\uff09<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/library\/publications\/the-world-factbook\/geos\/pe.html\">Ethnic groups of Per\u00fa<\/a>. CIA Factbook.\u00a0[2013-10-30]. \uff08\u539f\u59cb\u5185\u5bb9<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160101123048\/https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/library\/publications\/the-world-factbook\/geos\/pe.html\">\u5b58\u6863<\/a>\u4e8e2016-01-01\uff09.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-imf2_2-0\">\u8df3\u8f6c\u5230\uff1a<sup><strong>2.0<\/strong><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-imf2_2-1\"><sup><strong>2.1<\/strong><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-imf2_2-2\"><sup><strong>2.2<\/strong><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-imf2_2-3\"><sup><strong>2.3<\/strong><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220625080214\/https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Publications\/WEO\/weo-database\/2022\/April\/weo-report?c=293,&amp;s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&amp;sy=2020&amp;ey=2027&amp;ssm=0&amp;scsm=1&amp;scc=0&amp;ssd=1&amp;ssc=0&amp;sic=0&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1\">Peru<\/a>. World Economic Outlook Database.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Monetary_Fund\">International Monetary Fund (IMF)<\/a>. April 2022\u00a0[2022-06-25]. \uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Publications\/WEO\/weo-database\/2022\/April\/weo-report?c=293,&amp;s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&amp;sy=2020&amp;ey=2027&amp;ssm=0&amp;scsm=1&amp;scc=0&amp;ssd=1&amp;ssc=0&amp;sic=0&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1\">\u539f\u59cb\u5185\u5bb9<\/a>\u5b58\u6863\u4e8e2022-06-25\uff09\u00a0<strong>\uff08\u82f1\u8bed\uff09<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-wb-gini_3-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SI.POV.GINI\/\">Gini Index<\/a>. World Bank.\u00a0[2015-11-21]. \uff08\u539f\u59cb\u5185\u5bb9<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181226070802\/https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SI.POV.GINI\/%20\">\u5b58\u6863<\/a>\u4e8e2018-12-26\uff09.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-4\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/sites\/default\/files\/hdr2019.pdf\">Human Development Report 2019<\/a>\u00a0(PDF). UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME.\u00a0[2019-12-22]. \uff08\u539f\u59cb\u5185\u5bb9<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200118163828\/http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/sites\/default\/files\/hdr2019.pdf\">\u5b58\u6863<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u4e8e2020-01-18\uff09.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-5\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Ra\u00fal Porras Barrenechea,\u00a0<em>El nombre del Per\u00fa<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c83\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-6\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Ra\u00fal Porras Barrenechea,\u00a0<em>El nombre del Per\u00fa<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c84\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-7\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Ra\u00fal Porras Barrenechea,\u00a0<em>El nombre del Per\u00fa<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c86\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-8\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Ra\u00fal Porras Barrenechea,\u00a0<em>El nombre del Per\u00fa<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c87\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-9\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Tom Dillehay et al, &#8220;The first settlers&#8221;\uff0c\u7b2c20\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-10\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Jonathan Haas et al, &#8220;Dating the Late Archaic occupation of the Norte Chico region in Peru&#8221;\uff0c\u7b2c1021\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-11\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Terence D&#8217;Altroy,\u00a0<em>The Incas<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c2\uff0d3\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-12\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Enrique Mayer,\u00a0<em>The articulated peasant<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c47\uff0d68\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-13\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<em>Recopilaci\u00f3n de leyes de los Reynos de las Indias<\/em>, vol. II\uff0c\u7b2c12\uff0d13\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-14\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Peter Bakewell,\u00a0<em>Miners of the Red Mountain<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c181\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-15\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Margarita Su\u00e1rez,\u00a0<em>Desaf\u00edos transatl\u00e1nticos<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c252\uff0d253\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-16\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Kenneth Andrien,\u00a0<em>Crisis and decline<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c200\uff0d202\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-17\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Mark Burkholder,\u00a0<em>From impotence to authority<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c83\uff0d87\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-18\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Scarlett O&#8217;Phelan,\u00a0<em>Rebellions and revolts in eighteenth century Peru and Upper Peru<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c276\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-19\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Timothy Anna,\u00a0<em>The fall of the royal government in Peru<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c237\uff0d238\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-20\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Charles Walker,\u00a0<em>Smoldering ashes<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c124\uff0d125\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-21\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Paul Gootenberg,\u00a0<em>Between silver and guano<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c12\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-22\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Paul Gootenberg,\u00a0<em>Imagining development<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c5\uff0d6\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-23\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Paul Gootenberg,\u00a0<em>Imagining development<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c9\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-24\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Ulrich M\u00fccke,\u00a0<em>Political culture in nineteenth-century Peru<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c193\uff0d194\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-25\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Peter Klar\u00e9n,\u00a0<em>Peru<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c262\uff0d276\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-26\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0David Palmer,\u00a0<em>Peru: the authoritarian tradition<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c93\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-27\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0George Philip,\u00a0<em>The rise and fall of the Peruvian military radicals<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c163\uff0d165\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-28\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Daniel Schydlowsky and Juan Julio Wicht, &#8220;Anatomy of an economic failure&#8221;\uff0c\u7b2c106\uff0d107\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-29\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Peter Klar\u00e9n,\u00a0<em>Peru<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c406\uff0d407\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-30\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/americas\/1031752.stm\">&#8220;Fujimori: Decline and fall&#8221;<\/a>. BBC News. 2000-11-20\u00a0[2007-07-21]. \uff08\u539f\u59cb\u5185\u5bb9<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180116141604\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/americas\/1031752.stm\">\u5b58\u6863<\/a>\u4e8e2018-01-16\uff09.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-31\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<em>Constituci\u00f3n Pol\u00edtica del Per\u00fa<\/em>, Article N\u00b0 112.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-32\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<em>Constituci\u00f3n Pol\u00edtica del Per\u00fa<\/em>, Article N\u00b0 122.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-33\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<em>Constituci\u00f3n Pol\u00edtica del Per\u00fa<\/em>, Article N\u00b0 90.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-34\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<em>Constituci\u00f3n Pol\u00edtica del Per\u00fa<\/em>, Articles N\u00b0 107\u2013108.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-35\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<em>Constituci\u00f3n Pol\u00edtica del Per\u00fa<\/em>, Articles N\u00b0 146.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-36\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Jeffrey Clark.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070813232240\/http:\/\/www.humanrightsfirst.org\/pubs\/descriptions\/perubuilding.htm\">Building on quicksand<\/a>. humanrightsfirst.org. 2000\u5e744\u6708\u00a0[2007-07-24]. \uff08<a href=\"http:\/\/www.humanrightsfirst.org\/pubs\/descriptions\/perubuilding.htm\">\u539f\u59cb\u5185\u5bb9<\/a>\u5b58\u6863\u4e8e2007-08-13\uff09.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-37\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Constituci\u00f3n Pol\u00edtica del Per\u00fa de 1993.\u00a0<q>Art\u00edculo 131\u00ba<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-38\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Constituci\u00f3n Pol\u00edtica del Per\u00fa de 1993.\u00a0<q>Art\u00edculo 132\u00ba<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-39\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Constituci\u00f3n Pol\u00edtica del Per\u00fa de 1993.\u00a0<q>Art\u00edculo 133\u00ba<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-40\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Constituci\u00f3n Pol\u00edtica del Per\u00fa de 1993.\u00a0<q>Art\u00edculo 130\u00ba<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-41\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Constituci\u00f3n Pol\u00edtica del Per\u00fa de 1993.\u00a0<q>Art\u00edculo 134\u00ba<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-42\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<em>Constituci\u00f3n Pol\u00edtica del Per\u00fa<\/em>, Article N\u00b0 31.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-43\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0\u8d75\u6656.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/news.xinhuanet.com\/newscenter\/2006-06\/22\/content_4732134.htm\">\u52a0\u897f\u4e9a\u6b63\u5f0f\u5f53\u9009\u79d8\u9c81\u603b\u7edf<\/a>. \u65b0\u534e\u7f51. 2006-06-22\u00a0[2008-02-09]. \uff08\u539f\u59cb\u5185\u5bb9<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20140218212948\/http:\/\/news.xinhuanet.com\/newscenter\/2006-06\/22\/content_4732134.htm\">\u5b58\u6863<\/a>\u4e8e2014-02-18\uff09.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-44\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20071229061528\/http:\/\/www.congreso.gob.pe\/organizacion\/grupos.asp\">Grupos Parlamentarios<\/a>. Congreso de la Rep\u00fablica del Per\u00fa.\u00a0[2008-01-05]. \uff08<a href=\"http:\/\/www.congreso.gob.pe\/organizacion\/grupos.asp\">\u539f\u59cb\u5185\u5bb9<\/a>\u5b58\u6863\u4e8e2007-12-29\uff09.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-45\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Ronald Bruce St John,\u00a0<em>The foreign policy of Peru<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c223\uff0d224\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-46\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/americas\/4405402.stm\">Peru\u2013Chile border row escalates<\/a>. BBC News. 2005-11-04\u00a0[2007-05-16]. \uff08\u539f\u59cb\u5185\u5bb9<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090115142819\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/americas\/4405402.stm\">\u5b58\u6863<\/a>\u4e8e2009-01-15\uff09.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-47\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Ministerio de Defensa,\u00a0<em>Libro Blanco de la Defensa Nacional<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c90\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-48\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<em>Ley N\u00b0 27178, Ley del Servicio Militar<\/em>, Articles N\u00b0 29, 42 and 45.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-49\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<em>Ley N\u00b0 27867, Ley Org\u00e1nica de Gobiernos Regionales<\/em>, Article N\u00b0 11.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-50\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<em>Ley N\u00b0 27867, Ley Org\u00e1nica de Gobiernos Regionales<\/em>, Article N\u00b0 10.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-51\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<em>Ley N\u00b0 27867, Ley Org\u00e1nica de Gobiernos Regionales<\/em>, Article N\u00b0 66.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-52\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161008051103\/http:\/\/www.andeshandbook.cl\/eng\/default.asp?main=cerro.asp%3Fcodigo%3D54\">Huascar\u00e1n<\/a>. AndesHandbook.\u00a0[2007-08-12]. \uff08<a href=\"http:\/\/www.andeshandbook.cl\/eng\/default.asp?main=cerro.asp?codigo=54\">\u539f\u59cb\u5185\u5bb9<\/a>\u5b58\u6863\u4e8e2016-10-08\uff09.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-53\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Instituto de Estudios Hist\u00f3rico\u2013Mar\u00edtimos del Per\u00fa,\u00a0<em>El Per\u00fa y sus recursos: Atlas geogr\u00e1fico y econ\u00f3mico<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c16\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-54\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Instituto de Estudios Hist\u00f3rico\u2013Mar\u00edtimos del Per\u00fa,\u00a0<em>El Per\u00fa y sus recursos: Atlas geogr\u00e1fico y econ\u00f3mico<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c31\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-55\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica,\u00a0<em>Per\u00fa: Compendio Estad\u00edstico 2005<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c21\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-56\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Instituto de Estudios Hist\u00f3rico\u2013Mar\u00edtimos del Per\u00fa,\u00a0<em>El Per\u00fa y sus recursos: Atlas geogr\u00e1fico y econ\u00f3mico<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c24\uff0d25\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-57\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Instituto de Estudios Hist\u00f3rico\u2013Mar\u00edtimos del Per\u00fa,\u00a0<em>El Per\u00fa y sus recursos: Atlas geogr\u00e1fico y econ\u00f3mico<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c25\uff0d26\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-58\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Instituto de Estudios Hist\u00f3rico\u2013Mar\u00edtimos del Per\u00fa,\u00a0<em>El Per\u00fa y sus recursos: Atlas geogr\u00e1fico y econ\u00f3mico<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c26\uff0d27\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-59\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica,\u00a0<em>Per\u00fa: Compendio Estad\u00edstico 2005<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c50\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-60\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.history-magazine.com\/potato.html\">The Impact of the Potato: Jeff Chapman relates the story of history\u2019s most important vegetable.<\/a>. History Magazine.\u00a0[2014-04-06]. \uff08\u539f\u59cb\u5185\u5bb9<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20000511090854\/http:\/\/www.history-magazine.com\/potato.html\">\u5b58\u6863<\/a>\u4e8e2000-05-11\uff09.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-%E9%A6%AC%E9%88%B4%E8%96%AF%E4%B9%8B%E4%B9%A1_61-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0\u8d75\u51ef\uff0c\u9648\u5a01\u534e\uff0c\u51af\u4fca\u626c.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/news.xinhuanet.com\/world\/2008-11\/17\/content_10371916.htm\">\u201c\u99ac\u9234\u85af\u4e4b\u4e61\u201d\u79d8\u9c81\u7684\u99ac\u9234\u85af\u60c5\u7ed3<\/a>. \u65b0\u534e\u7f51. 2008-11-17\u00a0[2014-04-06]. \uff08\u539f\u59cb\u5185\u5bb9<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120614223652\/http:\/\/news.xinhuanet.com\/world\/2008-11\/17\/content_10371916.htm\">\u5b58\u6863<\/a>\u4e8e2012-06-14\uff09.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-62\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0\u8463\u535a (\u7f16).\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/world.huanqiu.com\/roll\/2008-10\/255602.html\">\u4e16\u754c\u201c\u99ac\u9234\u85af\u4e4b\u4e61\u201d\u79d8\u9c81\u99ac\u9234\u85af\u6709\u4e0d\u5c11\u602a\u540d<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%8E%AF%E7%90%83%E6%97%B6%E6%8A%A5\">\u73af\u7403\u65f6\u62a5<\/a>. 2008-10-18\u00a0[2014-04-06]. \uff08\u539f\u59cb\u5185\u5bb9<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20140202133140\/http:\/\/world.huanqiu.com\/roll\/2008-10\/255602.html\">\u5b58\u6863<\/a>\u4e8e2014-02-02\uff09.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-63\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/e-nw.shac.gov.cn\/wmfw\/hwzc\/hygl\/200801\/t20080128_222577.htm\">\u4e0a\u6d77\u5e02\u519c\u4e1a\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a<\/a>.\u00a0[2014-04-06]. \uff08\u539f\u59cb\u5185\u5bb9<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20140203031153\/http:\/\/e-nw.shac.gov.cn\/wmfw\/hwzc\/hygl\/200801\/t20080128_222577.htm\">\u5b58\u6863<\/a>\u4e8e2014-02-03\uff09.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-64\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/americas\/7231148.stm\">Peru&#8217;s potato passion goes global<\/a>\u00a0\uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20140519211857\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/americas\/7231148.stm\">\u9875\u9762\u5b58\u6863\u5907\u4efd<\/a>\uff0c\u5b58\u4e8e<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86\">\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u6863\u6848\u9986<\/a>\uff09 By Dan Collyns BBC News, Ayacucho, Peru<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-65\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0United Nations Development Programme,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.undp.org\/publications\/hdr2010\/en\/HDR_2010_EN_Table1.pdf\"><em>Human Development Report 2010<\/em><\/a>PDFRetrieved November 5, 2010.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-66\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica,\u00a0<em>Evoluci\u00f3n de la Pobreza en el Per\u00fa al 2010<\/em>, p. 38.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-67\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Rosemary Thorp and Geoffrey Bertram,\u00a0<em>Peru 1890\u20131977<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c4\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-68\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Rosemary Thorp and Geoffrey Bertram,\u00a0<em>Peru 1890\u20131977<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c321\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-69\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Rosemary Thorp and Geoffrey Bertram,\u00a0<em>Peru 1890\u20131977<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c318\uff0d319\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-70\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0John Sheahan,\u00a0<em>Searching for a better society<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c157\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-71\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070320054424\/http:\/\/www.bcrp.gob.pe\/bcr\/dmdocuments\/Estadistica\/Cuadros\/Anuales\/ACuadro_06.xls\">Producto bruto interno por sectores productivos 1951\u20132006<\/a>. \u79d8\u9c81\u4e2d\u592e\u50a8\u5907\u94f6\u884c.\u00a0[2007-05-15]. \uff08<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bcrp.gob.pe\/bcr\/dmdocuments\/Estadistica\/Cuadros\/Anuales\/ACuadro_06.xls\">\u539f\u59cb\u5185\u5bb9<\/a>\u5b58\u6863\u4e8e2007-03-20\uff09.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-72\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a02006\u6570\u636e\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081217150526\/http:\/\/www.bcrp.gob.pe\/bcr\/Memoria-Anual\/Memoria-2006.html\">\u300aMemoria 2006\u300b\u7b2c204\u9875<\/a>. \u79d8\u9c81\u4e2d\u592e\u50a8\u5907\u94f6\u884c.\u00a0[2007-06-25]. \uff08<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bcrp.gob.pe\/bcr\/Memoria-Anual\/Memoria-2006.html\">\u539f\u59cb\u5185\u5bb9<\/a>\u5b58\u6863\u4e8e2008-12-17\uff09.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-73\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081217150526\/http:\/\/www.bcrp.gob.pe\/bcr\/Memoria-Anual\/Memoria-2006.html\">\u300aMemoria 2006\u300b\u7b2c15\u53ca203\u9875<\/a>. \u79d8\u9c81\u4e2d\u592e\u50a8\u5907\u94f6\u884c.\u00a0[2007-06-25]. \uff08<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bcrp.gob.pe\/bcr\/Memoria-Anual\/Memoria-2006.html\">\u539f\u59cb\u5185\u5bb9<\/a>\u5b58\u6863\u4e8e2008-12-17\uff09.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-74\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090506201318\/http:\/\/ustr.gov\/Document_Library\/Press_Releases\/2006\/April\/United_States_Peru_Sign_Trade_Promotion_Agreement.html\">United States and Peru Sign Trade Promotion Agreement<\/a>. Office of the U.S. Trade Representative. 2006-04-04\u00a0[2007-05-15]. \uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/ustr.gov\/Document_Library\/Press_Releases\/2006\/April\/United_States_Peru_Sign_Trade_Promotion_Agreement.html\">\u539f\u59cb\u5185\u5bb9<\/a>\u5b58\u6863\u4e8e2009-05-06\uff09.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-75\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a02006\u5e74\u6570\u636e\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081217150526\/http:\/\/www.bcrp.gob.pe\/bcr\/Memoria-Anual\/Memoria-2006.html\">\u300aMemoria 2006\u300b\u7b2c60\u9875<\/a>. \u79d8\u9c81\u4e2d\u592e\u50a8\u5907\u94f6\u884c.\u00a0[2007-07-31]. \uff08<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bcrp.gob.pe\/bcr\/Memoria-Anual\/Memoria-2006.html\">\u539f\u59cb\u5185\u5bb9<\/a>\u5b58\u6863\u4e8e2008-12-17\uff09.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-ethnicity2017_76-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.inei.gob.pe\/media\/MenuRecursivo\/publicaciones_digitales\/Est\/Lib1539\/libro.pdf\">Per\u00fa: Perfil Sociodemogr\u00e1fico<\/a>\u00a0(PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica: 214.\u00a0[2020-05-19]. \uff08\u539f\u59cb\u5185\u5bb9<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200211135110\/https:\/\/www.inei.gob.pe\/media\/MenuRecursivo\/publicaciones_digitales\/Est\/Lib1539\/libro.pdf\">\u5b58\u6863<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u4e8e2020-02-11\uff09.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-77\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.un.org\/esa\/population\/publications\/wpp2006\/WPP2006_Highlights_rev.pdf\">\u300a2006\u5e74\u4e16\u754c\u4eba\u53e3\u5c55\u671b\u300b\u7b2c44\uff0d48\u9875<\/a>\u00a0(PDF). \u8054\u5408\u56fd.\u00a0[2007-07-29]. \uff08\u539f\u59cb\u5185\u5bb9<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180710113323\/https:\/\/www.un.org\/esa\/population\/publications\/wpp2006\/WPP2006_Highlights_rev.pdf\">\u5b58\u6863<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u4e8e2018-07-10\uff09.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-78\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica,\u00a0<em>Per\u00fa: Estimaciones y Proyecciones de Poblaci\u00f3n, 1950\u20132050<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c37\uff0d38\u300140\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-79\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica,\u00a0<em>Per\u00fa: Estimaciones y Proyecciones de Poblaci\u00f3n, 1950\u20132050<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c45\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-80\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.inei.gob.pe\/biblioineipub\/bancopub\/Est\/Lib0018\/cap31002.htm\">Migraciones Internas en el Per\u00fa<\/a>. Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica.\u00a0[2007-05-15]. \uff08\u539f\u59cb\u5185\u5bb9<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120627072242\/http:\/\/www.inei.gob.pe\/biblioineipub\/bancopub\/Est\/Lib0018\/cap31002.htm\">\u5b58\u6863<\/a>\u4e8e2012-06-27\uff09.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-81\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Noble David Cook,\u00a0<em>Demographic collapse: Indian Peru, 1520\u20131620<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c114\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-82\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Elizabeth Orlow.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20071102074155\/http:\/\/www.millersville.edu\/~columbus\/papers\/orlow-e.html\">Silent Killers of the New World<\/a>. millersville.edu.\u00a0[2008-02-10]. \uff08<a href=\"http:\/\/www.millersville.edu\/~columbus\/papers\/orlow-e.html\">\u539f\u59cb\u5185\u5bb9<\/a>\u5b58\u6863\u4e8e2007-11-02\uff09.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-83\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Mario V\u00e1zquez, &#8220;Immigration and mestizaje in nineteenth-century Peru&#8221;\uff0c\u7b2c79\uff0d81\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-84\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Magnus M\u00f6rner,\u00a0<em>Race mixture in the history of Latin America<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c131\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-85\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%95%86%E6%A5%AD%E9%9B%BB%E5%8F%B0\">\u5546\u4e1a\u7535\u53f0<\/a>\u65b0\u95fb\u62a5\u5bfc\uff0c2008\u5e7411\u6708\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-86\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.inei.gob.pe\/biblioineipub\/bancopub\/Est\/Lib0007\/CAP0209.HTM\">Perfil sociodemogr\u00e1fico del Per\u00fa<\/a>. Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica.\u00a0[2007-05-15]. \uff08\u539f\u59cb\u5185\u5bb9<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070501061047\/http:\/\/www.inei.gob.pe\/biblioineipub\/bancopub\/Est\/Lib0007\/CAP0209.HTM\">\u5b58\u6863<\/a>\u4e8e2007-05-01\uff09.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-87\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.inei.gob.pe\/biblioineipub\/bancopub\/Est\/Lib0007\/ANX-PER\/PERU-02.htm\">Perfil sociodemogr\u00e1fico del Per\u00fa<\/a>. Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica.\u00a0[2007-05-15]. \uff08\u539f\u59cb\u5185\u5bb9<a href=\"https:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/6F2ldnzgm?url=http:\/\/www.inei.gob.pe\/biblioineipub\/bancopub\/Est\/Lib0007\/ANX-PER\/PERU-02.htm\">\u5b58\u6863<\/a>\u4e8e2013-03-11\uff09.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-88\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070629161500\/http:\/\/www.huascaran.edu.pe\/web\/visitante\/comunidad\/articulos2007\/analfabetismo\">El analfabetismo en cifras<\/a>. Portal Educativo Huascar\u00e1n.\u00a0[2007-05-15]. \uff08<a href=\"http:\/\/www.huascaran.edu.pe\/web\/visitante\/comunidad\/articulos2007\/analfabetismo\">\u539f\u59cb\u5185\u5bb9<\/a>\u5b58\u6863\u4e8e2007-06-29\uff09.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-89\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<em>Constituci\u00f3n Pol\u00edtica del Per\u00fa<\/em>, Article N\u00b0 17.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E9%83%A8_90-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/news.xinhuanet.com\/ziliao\/2002-06\/23\/content_453174_5.htm\">\u79d8\u9b6f\u6982\u6cc1<\/a>.\u00a0[2015-10-27]. \uff08\u539f\u59cb\u5185\u5bb9<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120608023941\/http:\/\/news.xinhuanet.com\/ziliao\/2002-06\/23\/content_453174_5.htm\">\u5b58\u6863<\/a>\u4e8e2012-06-08\uff09.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-91\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0V\u00edctor Andr\u00e9s Belaunde,\u00a0<em>Peruanidad<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c472\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-92\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Gauvin Alexander Bailey,\u00a0<em>Art of colonial Latin America<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c72\uff0d74\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-93\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Gauvin Alexander Bailey,\u00a0<em>Art of colonial Latin America<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c263\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-94\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Edward Lucie-Smith,\u00a0<em>Latin American art of the 20th century<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c76\uff0d77\u3001145\uff0d146\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-95\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Dami\u00e1n Bay\u00f3n, &#8220;Art, c. 1920\u2013c. 1980&#8243;\uff0c\u7b2c425\uff0d428\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-96\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Gerald Martin, &#8220;Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820\u20131870&#8243;\uff0c\u7b2c37\uff0d39\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-97\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Gerald Martin, &#8220;Narrative since c. 1920&#8243;\uff0c\u7b2c151\uff0d152\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-98\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Gerald Martin, &#8220;Narrative since c. 1920&#8243;\uff0c\u7b2c178\uff0d179\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-99\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Jaime Concha, &#8220;Poetry, c. 1920\u20131950&#8243;\uff0c\u7b2c250\uff0d253\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-100\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Gerald Martin, &#8220;Narrative since c. 1920&#8243;\uff0c\u7b2c186\uff0d188\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-101\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Tony Custer,\u00a0<em>The Art of Peruvian Cuisine<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c17\uff0d22\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-102\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Tony Custer,\u00a0<em>The Art of Peruvian Cuisine<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c25\uff0d38\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-103\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070521194017\/http:\/\/www.peruvianembassy.us\/all-about-peru-the-culture-peruvian-gastronomy.php\">The Peruvian Gastronomy<\/a>. \u7f8e\u56fd\u9a7b\u79d8\u9c81\u5927\u4f7f\u9986.\u00a0[2007-05-15]. \uff08<a href=\"http:\/\/www.peruvianembassy.us\/all-about-peru-the-culture-peruvian-gastronomy.php\">\u539f\u59cb\u5185\u5bb9<\/a>\u5b58\u6863\u4e8e2007-05-21\uff09.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-104\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Ra\u00fal Romero, &#8220;Andean Peru&#8221;\uff0c\u7b2c385\uff0d386\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-105\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Dale Olsen,\u00a0<em>Music of El Dorado<\/em>\uff0c\u7b2c17\uff0d22\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-106\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Thomas Turino, &#8220;Charango&#8221;\uff0c\u7b2c340\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-107\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Ra\u00fal Romero, &#8220;La m\u00fasica tradicional y popular&#8221;\uff0c\u7b2c263\uff0d265\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-108\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Ra\u00fal Romero, &#8220;La m\u00fasica tradicional y popular&#8221;\uff0c\u7b2c243\uff0d245\u3001261\uff0d263\u9875<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81#cite_ref-109\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/news.163.com\/13\/1206\/14\/9FDU6CCO00014JB5.html\">\u79d8\u9c81\u8349\u7ef3\u6865\u5165\u9009\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u975e\u9057\u540d\u5f55<\/a>. \u7f51\u6613\u65b0\u95fb.\u00a0[2013-12-06]. \uff08\u539f\u59cb\u5185\u5bb9<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20131212060158\/http:\/\/news.163.com\/13\/1206\/14\/9FDU6CCO00014JB5.html\">\u5b58\u6863<\/a>\u4e8e2013-12-12\uff09.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"\u5ef6\u4f38\u9605\u8bfb\">3.2 \u6765\u6e90\u6587\u732e\uff1a\u5ef6\u4f38\u9605\u8bfb\u4e0e\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q419\">\u5728\u7ef4\u57fa\u6570\u636e\u7f16\u8f91<\/a>]<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"15\" height=\"16\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4c\/Wikisource-logo.svg\/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4c\/Wikisource-logo.svg\/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4c\/Wikisource-logo.svg\/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png\" alt=\"\u7ef4\u57fa\u6587\u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u6587\u672c\uff1a\">\u00a0\u300a<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikisource.org\/wiki\/%E6%B8%85%E5%8F%B2%E7%A8%BF\/%E5%8D%B7160#%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81\">\u6e05\u53f2\u7a3f\/\u5377160<\/a>\u300b\uff0c\u51fa\u81ea<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%B6%99%E7%88%BE%E5%B7%BD\">\u8d75\u5c14\u5dfd<\/a>\u300a<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%B8%85%E5%8F%B2%E7%A8%BF\">\u6e05\u53f2\u7a3f<\/a>\u300b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u56fd\u540d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\">Porras Barrenechea, Ra\u00fal.\u00a0<em>El nombre del Per\u00fa<\/em>. Lima: Talleres Gr\u00e1ficos P.L. Villanueva, 1968.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5386\u53f2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-list\">\n<li>Andrien, Kenneth.\u00a0<em>Crisis and decline: the Viceroyalty of Peru in the seventeenth century<\/em>. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1985.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Anna, Timothy.\u00a0<em>The fall of the royal government in Peru<\/em>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1979.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bakewell, Peter.\u00a0<em>Miners of the Red Mountain: Indian labor in Potosi 1545\u20131650<\/em>. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1984.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>BBC News.\u00a0<em><a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/americas\/1031752.stm\">Fujimori: Decline and fall<\/a>\u00a0\uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180116141604\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/americas\/1031752.stm\">\u9875\u9762\u5b58\u6863\u5907\u4efd<\/a>\uff0c\u5b58\u4e8e<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86\">\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u6863\u6848\u9986<\/a>\uff09<\/em>. November 20, 2000.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Burkholder, Mark.\u00a0<em>From impotence to authority: the Spanish Crown and the American audiencias, 1687\u20131808<\/em>. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1977.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>D&#8217;Altroy, Terence.\u00a0<em>The Incas<\/em>. Malden: Blackwell, 2002.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dillehay, Tom, Duccio Bonavia and Peter Kaulicke. &#8220;The first settlers&#8221;. In Helaine Silverman\uff08ed.\uff09,<em>Andean archaeology<\/em>. Malden: Blackwell, 2004, pp.\u00a016\u201334.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gootenberg, Paul.\u00a0<em>Between silver and guano: commercial policy and the state in postindependence Peru<\/em>. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gootenberg, Paul.\u00a0<em>Imagining development: economic ideas in Peru&#8217;s &#8220;fictitious prosperity&#8221; of Guano, 1840\u20131880<\/em>. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Haas, Jonathan, Winifred Creamer and Alvaro Ruiz. &#8220;Dating the Late Archaic occupation of the Norte Chico region in Peru&#8221;.\u00a0<em>Nature<\/em>\u00a0432: 1020\u20131023 (December 23, 2004).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Klar\u00e9n, Peter.\u00a0<em>Peru: society and nationhood in the Andes<\/em>. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mayer, Enrique.\u00a0<em>The articulated peasant: household economies in the Andes<\/em>. Boulder: Westview, 2002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>M\u00fccke, Ulrich.\u00a0<em>Political culture in nineteenth-century Peru<\/em>. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2004.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>O&#8217;Phelan, Scarlett.\u00a0<em>Rebellions and revolts in eighteenth century Peru and Upper Peru<\/em>. Cologne: B\u00f6hlau, 1985.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Palmer, David.\u00a0<em>Peru: the authoritarian tradition<\/em>. New York: Praeger, 1980.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Philip, George.\u00a0<em>The rise and fall of the Peruvian military radicals<\/em>. London: University of London, 1978.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Recopilaci\u00f3n de leyes de los Reynos de las Indias<\/em>. Madrid: Cultura Hisp\u00e1nica, 1973<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Schydlowsky, Daniel and Juan Julio Wicht. &#8220;Anatomy of an economic failure&#8221;. In Cynthia McClintock and Abraham Lowenthal\uff08ed.\uff09,<em>The Peruvian experiment reconsidered<\/em>. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983, pp.\u00a094\u2013143.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Su\u00e1rez, Margarita.\u00a0<em>Desaf\u00edos transatl\u00e1nticos<\/em>. Lima: FCE\/IFEA\/PUCP, 2001.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Economist.\u00a0<em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.economist.com\/research\/backgrounders\/displayBackgrounder.cfm?bg=709221\">Peru<\/a>\u00a0\uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080410185845\/http:\/\/www.economist.com\/research\/backgrounders\/displayBackgrounder.cfm?bg=709221\">\u9875\u9762\u5b58\u6863\u5907\u4efd<\/a>\uff0c\u5b58\u4e8e<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86\">\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u6863\u6848\u9986<\/a>\uff09<\/em>. June 12, 2007.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Walker, Charles.\u00a0<em>Smoldering ashes: Cuzco and the creation of Republican Peru, 1780\u20131840<\/em>. Durham: Duke University Press, 1999.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u653f\u6cbb<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-list\">\n<li>BBC News.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/americas\/4405402.stm\"><em>Peru\u2013Chile border row escalates<\/em><\/a>\u00a0\uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090115142819\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/americas\/4405402.stm\">\u9875\u9762\u5b58\u6863\u5907\u4efd<\/a>\uff0c\u5b58\u4e8e<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86\">\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u6863\u6848\u9986<\/a>\uff09. 2005-11-04.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Clark, Jeffrey.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070813232240\/http:\/\/www.humanrightsfirst.org\/pubs\/descriptions\/perubuilding.htm\"><em>Building on quicksand: the collapse of the World Bank&#8217;s judicial reform project in Peru<\/em><\/a>. New York: Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, 2000.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Congreso de la Rep\u00fablica del Per\u00fa.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20071229061528\/http:\/\/www.congreso.gob.pe\/organizacion\/grupos.asp\"><em>Grupos Parlamentarios<\/em><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070324043856\/http:\/\/www.tc.gob.pe\/legconperu\/constitucion.html\"><em>Constituci\u00f3n Pol\u00edtica del Per\u00fa<\/em><\/a>. December 29, 1993.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ccffaa.mil.pe\/INFORMACION\/Ley27178_Ley__ServicioMilitar.doc\"><em>Ley N\u00b0 27178, Ley del Servicio Militar<\/em><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DOC_(computing)\"><\/a><small><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DOC_(computing)\">DOC<\/a><\/small>. 1999-09-28.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ministerio de Defensa.\u00a0<em>Libro Blanco de la Defensa Nacional<\/em>. Lima: Ministerio de Defensa, 2005<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Oficina Nacional de Procesos Electorales.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.onpe.gob.pe\/elecciones2006\/elec2006.php\"><em>Elecciones 2006<\/em><\/a>\u00a0\uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080212224605\/http:\/\/www.onpe.gob.pe\/elecciones2006\/elec2006.php\">\u9875\u9762\u5b58\u6863\u5907\u4efd<\/a>\uff0c\u5b58\u4e8e<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86\">\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u6863\u6848\u9986<\/a>\uff09.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>St John, Ronald Bruce.\u00a0<em>The foreign policy of Peru<\/em>. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1992.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5b97\u6559<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.pmde.gob.pe\/taller\/Compilacion%20normativa\/DESCENTRALIZACI%C3%93N\/LEY%20N%C2%BA%2027867_LEY%20ORG%C3%81NICA%20DE%20GOBIERNOS%20LOCALES.pdf\"><em>Ley N\u00b0 27867, Ley Org\u00e1nica de Gobiernos Regionales<\/em><\/a>PDF\u00a0(305\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kibibyte\">KiB<\/a>). November 16, 2002.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5730\u7406<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-list\">\n<li>AndesHandbook.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.andeshandbook.cl\/eng\/default.asp?main=cerro.asp?codigo=54\"><em>Huascar\u00e1n<\/em><\/a>\u00a0\uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161008051103\/http:\/\/www.andeshandbook.cl\/eng\/default.asp?main=cerro.asp%3Fcodigo%3D54\">\u9875\u9762\u5b58\u6863\u5907\u4efd<\/a>\uff0c\u5b58\u4e8e<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86\">\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u6863\u6848\u9986<\/a>\uff09. June 2, 2002.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Instituto de Estudios Hist\u00f3rico\u2013Mar\u00edtimos del Per\u00fa.\u00a0<em>El Per\u00fa y sus recursos: Atlas geogr\u00e1fico y econ\u00f3mico<\/em>. Lima: Auge, 1996.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.inei.gob.pe\/biblioineipub\/bancopub\/Est\/Lib0638\/Libro.pdf\"><em>Per\u00fa: Compendio Estad\u00edstico 2005<\/em><\/a>PDF\u00a0(8.31\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mebibyte\">MiB<\/a>). Lima: INEI, 2005.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7ecf\u6d4e<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-list\">\n<li>Banco Central de Reserva.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bcrp.gob.pe\/bcr\/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=501&amp;Itemid=500\"><em>Cuadros Anuales Hist\u00f3ricos<\/em><\/a>\u00a0\uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20071120203935\/http:\/\/www.bcrp.gob.pe\/bcr\/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=501&amp;Itemid=500\">\u9875\u9762\u5b58\u6863\u5907\u4efd<\/a>\uff0c\u5b58\u4e8e<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86\">\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u6863\u6848\u9986<\/a>\uff09.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Banco Central de Reserva.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081217150526\/http:\/\/www.bcrp.gob.pe\/bcr\/Memoria-Anual\/Memoria-2006.html\"><em>Memoria 2006<\/em><\/a>. Lima: BCR, 2007.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica.\u00a0<em>Condiciones de Vida en el Per\u00fa: Evoluci\u00f3n 1997\u20132004<\/em>. Lima: INEI, 2006.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>International Monetary Fund.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/imf.org\/external\/pubs\/ft\/weo\/2007\/01\/data\/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&amp;ey=2006&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=%2C&amp;br=1&amp;pr1.x=20&amp;pr1.y=14&amp;c=512%2C941%2C914%2C446%2C612%2C666%2C614%2C668%2C311%2C672%2C213%2C946%2C911%2C137%2C193%2C962%2C122%2C674%2C912%2C676%2C313%2C548%2C419%2C556%2C513%2C678%2C316%2C181%2C913%2C682%2C124%2C684%2C339%2C273%2C638%2C921%2C514%2C948%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C522%2C692%2C622%2C694%2C156%2C142%2C624%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C283%2C228%2C853%2C924%2C288%2C233%2C293%2C632%2C566%2C636%2C964%2C634%2C182%2C238%2C453%2C662%2C968%2C960%2C922%2C423%2C714%2C935%2C862%2C128%2C716%2C611%2C456%2C321%2C722%2C243%2C965%2C248%2C718%2C469%2C724%2C253%2C576%2C642%2C936%2C643%2C961%2C939%2C813%2C644%2C199%2C819%2C184%2C172%2C524%2C132%2C361%2C646%2C362%2C648%2C364%2C915%2C732%2C134%2C366%2C652%2C734%2C174%2C144%2C328%2C146%2C258%2C463%2C656%2C528%2C654%2C923%2C336%2C738%2C263%2C578%2C268%2C537%2C532%2C742%2C944%2C866%2C176%2C369%2C534%2C744%2C536%2C186%2C429%2C925%2C178%2C746%2C436%2C926%2C136%2C466%2C343%2C112%2C158%2C111%2C439%2C298%2C916%2C927%2C664%2C846%2C826%2C299%2C542%2C582%2C443%2C474%2C917%2C754%2C544%2C698&amp;s=NGDPDPC&amp;grp=0&amp;a=\">Countries<\/a>\u00a0\uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110520090744\/http:\/\/imf.org\/external\/pubs\/ft\/weo\/2007\/01\/data\/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&amp;ey=2006&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=%2C&amp;br=1&amp;pr1.x=20&amp;pr1.y=14&amp;c=512%2C941%2C914%2C446%2C612%2C666%2C614%2C668%2C311%2C672%2C213%2C946%2C911%2C137%2C193%2C962%2C122%2C674%2C912%2C676%2C313%2C548%2C419%2C556%2C513%2C678%2C316%2C181%2C913%2C682%2C124%2C684%2C339%2C273%2C638%2C921%2C514%2C948%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C522%2C692%2C622%2C694%2C156%2C142%2C624%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C283%2C228%2C853%2C924%2C288%2C233%2C293%2C632%2C566%2C636%2C964%2C634%2C182%2C238%2C453%2C662%2C968%2C960%2C922%2C423%2C714%2C935%2C862%2C128%2C716%2C611%2C456%2C321%2C722%2C243%2C965%2C248%2C718%2C469%2C724%2C253%2C576%2C642%2C936%2C643%2C961%2C939%2C813%2C644%2C199%2C819%2C184%2C172%2C524%2C132%2C361%2C646%2C362%2C648%2C364%2C915%2C732%2C134%2C366%2C652%2C734%2C174%2C144%2C328%2C146%2C258%2C463%2C656%2C528%2C654%2C923%2C336%2C738%2C263%2C578%2C268%2C537%2C532%2C742%2C944%2C866%2C176%2C369%2C534%2C744%2C536%2C186%2C429%2C925%2C178%2C746%2C436%2C926%2C136%2C466%2C343%2C112%2C158%2C111%2C439%2C298%2C916%2C927%2C664%2C846%2C826%2C299%2C542%2C582%2C443%2C474%2C917%2C754%2C544%2C698&amp;s=NGDPDPC&amp;grp=0&amp;a=\">\u9875\u9762\u5b58\u6863\u5907\u4efd<\/a>\uff0c\u5b58\u4e8e<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86\">\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u6863\u6848\u9986<\/a>\uff09. April 2007.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Office of the U.S. Trade Representative.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090506201318\/http:\/\/ustr.gov\/Document_Library\/Press_Releases\/2006\/April\/United_States_Peru_Sign_Trade_Promotion_Agreement.html\"><em>United States and Peru Sign Trade Promotion Agreement<\/em><\/a>. April 4, 2006.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sheahan, John.\u00a0<em>Searching for a better society: the Peruvian economy from 1950<\/em>. University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thorp, Rosemary and Geoffrey Bertram.\u00a0<em>Peru 1890\u20131977: growth and policy in an open economy<\/em>. New York: Columbia University Press, 1978.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>United Nations Development Programme,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/reports\/global\/hdr2007-2008\/\"><em>Human Development Report 2007\/2008<\/em><\/a>\u00a0\uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180331120356\/http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/reports\/global\/hdr2007-2008\/\">\u9875\u9762\u5b58\u6863\u5907\u4efd<\/a>\uff0c\u5b58\u4e8e<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86\">\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u6863\u6848\u9986<\/a>\uff09. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4eba\u53e3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cook, Noble David.\u00a0<em>Demographic collapse: Indian Peru, 1520\u20131620<\/em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica.\u00a0<em>Per\u00fa: Estimaciones y Proyecciones de Poblaci\u00f3n, 1950\u20132050<\/em>. Lima: INEI, 2001.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.inei.gob.pe\/biblioineipub\/bancopub\/Est\/Lib0018\/n00.htm\"><em>Migraciones Internas en el Per\u00fa<\/em><\/a>\u00a0\uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080125115822\/http:\/\/www.inei.gob.pe\/biblioineipub\/bancopub\/Est\/Lib0018\/n00.htm\">\u9875\u9762\u5b58\u6863\u5907\u4efd<\/a>\uff0c\u5b58\u4e8e<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86\">\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u6863\u6848\u9986<\/a>\uff09. Lima: INEI, 1995.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.inei.gob.pe\/biblioineipub\/bancopub\/Est\/Lib0007\/2600.HTM\"><em>Perfil sociodemogr\u00e1fico del Per\u00fa<\/em><\/a>\u00a0\uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080201120134\/http:\/\/www.inei.gob.pe\/biblioineipub\/bancopub\/Est\/Lib0007\/2600.HTM\">\u9875\u9762\u5b58\u6863\u5907\u4efd<\/a>\uff0c\u5b58\u4e8e<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86\">\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u6863\u6848\u9986<\/a>\uff09. Lima: INEI, 1994.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>M\u00f6rner, Magnus.\u00a0<em>Race mixture in the history of Latin America<\/em>. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1967.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Portal Educativo Huascar\u00e1n.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070629161500\/http:\/\/www.huascaran.edu.pe\/web\/visitante\/comunidad\/articulos2007\/analfabetismo\"><em>El analfabetismo en cifras<\/em><\/a>. April 3, 2007.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>United Nations.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.un.org\/esa\/population\/publications\/wpp2006\/WPP2006_Highlights_rev.pdf\"><em>World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision. Highlights<\/em><\/a>PDF\u00a0(2.74\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mebibyte\">MiB<\/a>). New York: United Nations, 2007.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>V\u00e1zquez, Mario. &#8220;Immigration and mestizaje in nineteenth-century Peru&#8221;. In: Magnus M\u00f6rner,\u00a0<em>Race and class in Latin America<\/em>. New York: Columbia University Press, 1970, pp.\u00a073\u201395.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6587\u5316<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-list\">\n<li>Bailey, Gauvin Alexander.\u00a0<em>Art of colonial Latin America<\/em>. London: Phaidon, 2005.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bay\u00f3n, Dami\u00e1n. &#8220;Art, c. 1920\u2013c. 1980&#8221;. In: Leslie Bethell\uff08ed.\uff09,<em>A cultural history of Latin America<\/em>. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1998, pp.\u00a0393\u2013454.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Belaunde, V\u00edctor Andr\u00e9s.\u00a0<em>Peruanidad<\/em>. Lima: BCR, 1983.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Concha, Jaime. &#8220;Poetry, c. 1920\u20131950&#8221;. In: Leslie Bethell\uff08ed.\uff09,<em>A cultural history of Latin America<\/em>. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1998, pp.\u00a0227\u2013260.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Custer, Tony.\u00a0<em>The Art of Peruvian Cuisine<\/em>. Lima: Ediciones Ganesha, 2003.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Embassy of Peru in the United States.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070821121421\/http:\/\/www.peruvianembassy.us\/all-about-peru-the-culture-peruvian-gastronomy.php\"><em>The Peruvian Gastronomy<\/em><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lucie-Smith, Edward.\u00a0<em>Latin American art of the 20th century<\/em>. London: Thames and Hudson, 1993.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Martin, Gerald. &#8220;Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820\u20131870&#8221;. In: Leslie Bethell\uff08ed.\uff09,<em>A cultural history of Latin America<\/em>. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1998, pp.\u00a03\u201345.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Martin, Gerald. &#8220;Narrative since c. 1920&#8221;. In: Leslie Bethell\uff08ed.\uff09,<em>A cultural history of Latin America<\/em>. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1998, pp.\u00a0133\u2013225.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Olsen, Dale.\u00a0<em>Music of El Dorado: the ethnomusicology of ancient South American cultures<\/em>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Romero, Ra\u00fal. &#8220;La m\u00fasica tradicional y popular&#8221;. In: Patronato Popular y Porvenir,\u00a0<em>La m\u00fasica en el Per\u00fa<\/em>. Lima: Industrial Gr\u00e1fica, 1985, pp.\u00a0215\u2013283.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Romero, Ra\u00fal. &#8220;Andean Peru&#8221;. In: John Schechter\uff08ed.\uff09,<em>Music in Latin American culture: regional tradition<\/em>. New York: Schirmer Books, 1999, pp.\u00a0383\u2013423.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Turino, Thomas. &#8220;Charango&#8221;. In: Stanley Sadie\uff08ed.\uff09,<em>The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments<\/em>. New York: MacMillan Press Limited, 1993, vol. I, p.\u00a0340.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Further_reading\">5. \u5ef6\u4f38\u9605\u8bfb | Further reading<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\">Akers, Charles Edmond;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_Edmundson\">Edmundson, George<\/a>\u00a0(1911).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikisource.org\/wiki\/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica\/Peru\">&#8220;Peru&#8221;\u00a0<\/a>.\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition\">Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica<\/a><\/em>. Vol.\u00a021 (11th\u00a0ed.). pp.\u00a0264\u2013278.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Economy<\/strong>\u3010\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-list\">\n<li>(in Spanish)\u00a0Banco Central de Reserva.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bcrp.gob.pe\/estadisticas\/cuadros-anuales-historicos.html\"><em>Cuadros Anuales Hist\u00f3ricos<\/em><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110501045724\/http:\/\/www.bcrp.gob.pe\/estadisticas\/cuadros-anuales-historicos.html\">Archived<\/a>\u00a01 May 2011 at the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine\">Wayback Machine<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>(in Spanish)\u00a0Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica.\u00a0<em>Per\u00fa: Perfil de la pobreza por departamentos, 2004\u20132008<\/em>. Lima: INEI, 2009.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Concha, Jaime. &#8220;Poetry, c. 1920\u20131950&#8221;. In: Leslie Bethell (ed.),\u00a0<em>A cultural history of Latin America<\/em>. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1998, pp.\u00a0227\u2013260.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"External_links\">6. \u5916\u90e8\u94fe\u63a5 | External links<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Peru<\/strong> at Wikipedia&#8217;s\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects\">sister projects<\/a> \/ <strong>\u79d8\u9c81<\/strong>\u5728\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u7684<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%AA%92%E4%BD%93%E5%A7%8A%E5%A6%B9%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE\">\u59ca\u59b9\u9879\u76ee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-list\">\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"27\" height=\"27\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/0\/06\/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg\/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/0\/06\/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg\/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/0\/06\/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg\/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png\" alt=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Special:Search\/Peru\">Definitions<\/a>\u00a0from Wiktionary \/ \u7ef4\u57fa\u8bcd\u5178\u4e0a\u7684<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Special:Search\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81\">\u5b57\u8bcd\u89e3\u91ca<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"20\" height=\"27\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/4\/4a\/Commons-logo.svg\/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/4\/4a\/Commons-logo.svg\/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/4\/4a\/Commons-logo.svg\/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png\" alt=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Peru\">Media<\/a>\u00a0from Commons \/ \u7ef4\u57fa\u5171\u4eab\u8d44\u6e90\u4e0a\u7684<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Peru\">\u591a\u5a92\u4f53\u8d44\u6e90<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"27\" height=\"15\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/24\/Wikinews-logo.svg\/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/24\/Wikinews-logo.svg\/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/24\/Wikinews-logo.svg\/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png\" alt=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikinews.org\/wiki\/Category:Peru\">News<\/a>\u00a0from Wikinews \/ \u7ef4\u57fa\u65b0\u95fb\u4e0a\u7684<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikinews.org\/wiki\/Category:%E7%A7%98%E9%AD%AF\">\u65b0\u95fb<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"23\" height=\"27\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/fa\/Wikiquote-logo.svg\/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/fa\/Wikiquote-logo.svg\/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/fa\/Wikiquote-logo.svg\/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png\" alt=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikiquote.org\/wiki\/Peru\">Quotations<\/a>\u00a0from Wikiquote \/ \u7ef4\u57fa\u8bed\u5f55\u4e0a\u7684<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikiquote.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%AD%AF\">\u540d\u8a00<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"26\" height=\"27\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4c\/Wikisource-logo.svg\/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4c\/Wikisource-logo.svg\/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4c\/Wikisource-logo.svg\/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png\" alt=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Special:Search\/Peru\">Texts<\/a>\u00a0from Wikisource \/ \u7ef4\u57fa\u6587\u5e93\u4e0a\u7684<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Special:Search\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81\">\u539f\u59cb\u6587\u732e<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"27\" height=\"27\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/fa\/Wikibooks-logo.svg\/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/fa\/Wikibooks-logo.svg\/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/fa\/Wikibooks-logo.svg\/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png\" alt=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikibooks.org\/wiki\/Special:Search\/Peru\">Textbooks<\/a>\u00a0from Wikibooks \/ \u7ef4\u57fa\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u4e0a\u7684<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikibooks.org\/wiki\/Special:Search\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81\">\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u548c\u624b\u518c<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"27\" height=\"22\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0b\/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg\/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0b\/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg\/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0b\/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg\/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png\" alt=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikiversity.org\/wiki\/Special:Search\/Peru\">Resources<\/a>\u00a0from Wikiversity \/ <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"27\" height=\"22\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0b\/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg\/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0b\/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg\/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0b\/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg\/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png\" alt=\"\">\u7ef4\u57fa\u5b66\u9662\u4e0a\u7684<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikiversity.org\/wiki\/Special:Search\/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81\">\u5b66\u4e60\u8d44\u6e90<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u7ef4\u57fa\u6570\u636e\u4e0a\u7684<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q419\">\u6570\u636e\u9879<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>__________________________________________________________________<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/americas\/country_profiles\/1224656.stm\">Country Profile<\/a>\u00a0from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BBC_News\">BBC News<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/peru\/\">Peru<\/a>.\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_World_Factbook\">The World Factbook<\/a><\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_Intelligence_Agency\">Central Intelligence Agency<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/wits.worldbank.org\/CountryProfile\/Country\/PER\/Year\/2012\/Summary\">World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Peru<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.perulinks.com\/pages\/english\/\">PeruLinks<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081015034906\/http:\/\/www.perulinks.com\/pages\/english\/\">Archived<\/a>\u00a015 October 2008 at the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine\">Wayback Machine<\/a>\u00a0web directory<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f3\/Gnome-globe.svg\/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f3\/Gnome-globe.svg\/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f3\/Gnome-globe.svg\/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png\" alt=\"\">\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Atlas_of_Peru\">Wikimedia Atlas of Peru<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg\"><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikivoyage.org\/wiki\/Peru#Q419\">Peru<\/a>\u00a0travel guide from Wikivoyage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>(in Spanish)\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.peru.gob.pe\/\">Web portal<\/a>\u00a0of the Peruvian Government<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b0\/Openstreetmap_logo.svg\/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b0\/Openstreetmap_logo.svg\/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b0\/Openstreetmap_logo.svg\/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png\" alt=\"\">\u00a0Geographic data related to\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/relation\/288247\">Peru<\/a>\u00a0at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OpenStreetMap\">OpenStreetMap<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u653f\u5e9c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\uff08\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u6587\uff09<\/strong> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.peru.gob.pe\/\">\u79d8\u9c81\u653f\u5e9c\u95e8\u6237\u7f51\u7ad9<\/a> \uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081026072325\/http:\/\/www.peru.gob.pe\/\">\u9875\u9762\u5b58\u6863\u5907\u4efd<\/a>\uff0c\u5b58\u4e8e<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86\">\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u6863\u6848\u9986<\/a>\uff09<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\uff08\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u6587\uff09<\/strong> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.peru.gob.pe\/gobierno\/list_instituciones_alfabetico.asp\">\u79d8\u9c81\u653f\u5e9c\u7f51\u7ad9\u76ee\u5f55<\/a> \uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080208064407\/http:\/\/www.peru.gob.pe\/gobierno\/list_instituciones_alfabetico.asp\">\u9875\u9762\u5b58\u6863\u5907\u4efd<\/a>\uff0c\u5b58\u4e8e<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86\">\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u6863\u6848\u9986<\/a>\uff09<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5176\u4ed6<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\uff08\u4e2d\u6587\uff09<\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/dd\/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg\/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/dd\/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg\/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/dd\/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg\/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png\" alt=\"\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%AF%BC%E6%B8%B8\">\u7ef4\u57fa\u5bfc\u6e38<\/a>\u4e0a<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikivoyage.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%98%E9%AD%AF\">\u6709\u5173\u79d8\u9c81\u7684\u65c5\u884c\u6307\u5357<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\uff08\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u6587\uff09<\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/dd\/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg\/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/dd\/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg\/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/dd\/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg\/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png\" alt=\"\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%AF%BC%E6%B8%B8\">\u7ef4\u57fa\u5bfc\u6e38<\/a>\u4e0a<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikivoyage.org\/wiki\/es:Per%C3%BA\">\u6709\u5173\u79d8\u9c81\u7684\u65c5\u884c\u6307\u5357<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\uff08\u82f1\u6587\uff09<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E5%BC%8F%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95\">\u5f00\u653e\u76ee\u5f55\u9879\u76ee<\/a>\u4e2d\u7684\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/curlie.org\/Regional\/South_America\/Peru\/\">\u79d8\u9c81<\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\uff08\u82f1\u6587\uff09<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wikimedia-logo.svg\"><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Atlas_of_Peru\">\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u7684\u79d8\u9c81\u5730\u56fe\u96c6<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gnome-globe.svg\"><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u4e2d\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff08\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\uff09\uff1a\u8bf7\u70b9 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[61,80],"tags":[155,101],"class_list":["post-4241","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-cent-and-south-americas","category-political-entity-country-or-region","tag-155","tag-101"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4241","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4241"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4241\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4241"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4241"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4241"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}