{"id":4348,"date":"2024-10-11T18:12:28","date_gmt":"2024-10-11T10:12:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/?p=4348"},"modified":"2025-01-30T21:56:11","modified_gmt":"2025-01-30T13:56:11","slug":"middle-class-zhen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/2024\/10\/11\/middle-class-zhen\/","title":{"rendered":"\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7 \/ Middle class &#8211; \u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u8bcd\u6761\u878d\u5408\uff0c\u7531\u8fbd\u89c2\u642c\u8fd0\u3001\u7ffb\u8bd1\u3001\u6574\u5408"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">\u4e2d\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff08\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\uff09\uff1a<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%B8%AD%E7%94%A2%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a> <br>\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff08\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\uff09\uff1a<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a> <br>\u672c\u6587\u57fa\u4e8e\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u7684\u7ebf\u7d22\uff0c\u5e76\u8865\u5145\u90e8\u5206\u6765\u81ea\u4e2d\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u5728\u4e8c\u8005\u51b2\u7a81\u65f6\uff0c\u4ee5\u66f4\u665a\u66f4\u65b0\u8005\u4e3a\u51c6\uff09\u3002 \u8fbd\u89c2\u642c\u8fd0\u65f6\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u5408\u89c4\u5316\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u5176\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u4e0a\u4f20\u3002\u90e8\u5206\u6587\u5b57\u91c7\u7528<strong>\u6c49\u8bed\u62fc\u97f3<\/strong>\u65b9\u5f0f\u4ee3\u66ff\uff0c\u97f3\u8282\u540e\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u8868\u793a\u6c49\u8bed\u62fc\u97f3\u89c4\u5219\u4e2d\u7684\u58f0\u8c03\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">\u5173\u4e8e\u8fbd\u89c2\u7684\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u642c\u8fd0\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u5df2\u642c\u8fd0\u7684\u8bcd\u6761\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wikipedia-intro\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wikipedia-intro\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e86\u89e3\u66f4\u591a<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\uff08Wikipedia\uff09\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7684\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u767e\u79d1\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u5230\u7acb\u573a\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u6765\u6e90\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8bf7\u5ba2\u89c2\u770b\u5f85\u3002\u6b63\u6587\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u8bd1\u8005\u89c2\u70b9\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">\u8fbd\u89c2\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4ec5\u4f9b\u53c2\u8003\u3002<strong>\u6587\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u542b\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\u94fe\u63a5\u3002<\/strong> <\/p>\n<cite>\u8fbd\u89c2\u6240\u642c\u8fd0\u7684\u8bcd\u6761\u6587\u672c\u4e0e\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u4e00\u9053\u540c\u6837\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 4.0\u534f\u8bae\uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/zhuanlan.zhihu.com\/p\/653887754?utm_psn=1730141199812366337\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u8fbd\u89c2\u642c\u8fd0\u7684\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u5bf9\u7167\u7248\u672c<\/a>\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u7b26\u5408\u534f\u8bae\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u514d\u8d39\u4f7f\u7528\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5546\u7528\uff09\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u548c\u89c6\u9891\u53ef\u80fd\u9075\u5faa\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5171\u4eab\u534f\u8bae\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/zhuanlan.zhihu.com\/p\/666846485?utm_psn=1730141316690960386\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. \u6b63\u6587\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u4e13\u680f\uff09<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/zhuanlan.zhihu.com\/p\/936106405\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/zhuanlan.zhihu.com\/p\/936106405\/\">\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"See_also\">2. \u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u8bcd\u6761 | See also<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Social_sciences.svg\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Society\">Society portal<\/a>\u3010\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u9898\u3011<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Politics\">Politics portal<\/a>\u3010\u653f\u6cbb\u4e3b\u9898\u3011<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Emblem-money.svg\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Economics\">Economics portal<\/a>\u3010\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e3b\u9898\u3011<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/African-American_middle_class\">African-American middle class<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 Social class in the United States<br>\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u975e\u6d32\u88d4\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u2014\u2014\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u9636\u5c42<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_class_system\">British class system<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 Social structure of British society<br>\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u82f1\u56fd\u9636\u7ea7\u5236\u5ea6\u2014\u2014\u82f1\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Classlessness\">Classlessness<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 Society in which no one is born into a social class<br>\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u65e0\u9636\u7ea7\u793e\u4f1a\u2014\u2014\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u5929\u751f\u5c31\u5c5e\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u793e\u4f1a<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cultural_determinism\">Cultural determinism<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 Concept in social science<br>\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6587\u5316\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u2014\u2014\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Lonely_Crowd\">The Lonely Crowd<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 1950 book by David Riesman<br>\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u300a\u5b64\u72ec\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\u300b\u2014\u2014\u5927\u536b\u00b7\u91cc\u65af\u66fc1950\u5e74\u7684\u8457\u4f5c<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lower_middle_class\">Lower middle class<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 Social class which is a sub-division of the greater middle class<br>\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4e0b\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u2014\u2014\u5e7f\u4e49\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b50\u9636\u5c42<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lower_social_class\">Lower class<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 Hierarchical stratification of societies<br>\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4e0b\u5c42\u9636\u7ea7\u2014\u2014\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5c42\u7ea7\u5206\u5316<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle-class_squeeze\">Middle-class squeeze<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 Decline in middle-class real wages and increase in economic inequality<br>\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u56f0\u5883\u2014\u2014\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u5b9e\u9645\u5de5\u8d44\u4e0b\u964d\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u52a0\u5267<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Occupational_prestige\">Occupational prestige<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 Public perception of an individual&#8217;s job<br>\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u804c\u4e1a\u58f0\u671b\u2014\u2014\u516c\u4f17\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4f53\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u770b\u6cd5<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One-third_hypothesis\">One-third hypothesis<\/a><br>\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u5047\u8bf4<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Status_paradox#Status_paradox_of_migration\">Status paradox#Status paradox of migration<\/a><br>\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5730\u4f4d\u6096\u8bba#\u79fb\u6c11\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u6096\u8bba<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Upper_middle_class\">Upper middle class<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 Social class<br>\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4e0a\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u2014\u2014\u793e\u4f1a\u9636\u5c42<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%B0%8F%E8%B5%84%E4%BA%A7%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7\">\u5c0f\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%9B%9B%E4%BB%94%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9\">\u56db\u4ed4\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF\">\u9999\u6e2f<\/a>\u7528\u8bed\uff09 <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/M%E5%9E%8B%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83\">M\u578b\u793e\u4f1a<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"References\">3. \u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e | References<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-1\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0L\u00f3pez &amp; Weinstein, A. Ricardo &amp; Barbara (2012).\u00a0<em>The making of the middle class: toward a transnational history<\/em>. North Carolina, US.: Duke University Press. pp.\u00a03\u20134.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9780822394815\"><bdi>9780822394815<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-:1_2-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Tarkhnishvili, Anna &amp; Levan (2013).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/globaljournals.org\/GJHSS_Volume13\/3-Middle-Class-Definition-Role-and-Development.pdf\">&#8220;Middle Class: Definition, Role and Development&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0(PDF).\u00a0<em>Global Journal of Human Social Science, Sociology &amp; Culture<\/em>.\u00a0<strong>13<\/strong>: 2.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220123195854\/https:\/\/globaljournals.org\/GJHSS_Volume13\/3-Middle-Class-Definition-Role-and-Development.pdf\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0from the original on 2022-01-23. Retrieved\u00a02022-03-19\u00a0\u2013 via Global Journals.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-3\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/money.cnn.com\/infographic\/economy\/what-is-middle-class-anyway\/index.html\">&#8220;What is middle class, anyway?&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200706165032\/https:\/\/money.cnn.com\/infographic\/economy\/what-is-middle-class-anyway\/index.html\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 2020-07-06. Retrieved\u00a02020-08-03.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-4\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Baizidi, Rahim (17 July 2019). &#8220;Paradoxical class: paradox of interest and political conservatism in middle class&#8221;.\u00a0<em>Asian Journal of Political Science<\/em>.\u00a0<strong>27<\/strong>\u00a0(3): 272\u2013285.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080%2F02185377.2019.1642772\">10.1080\/02185377.2019.1642772<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0218-5377\">0218-5377<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\">S2CID<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:199308683\">199308683<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-5\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Parker, John (12 February 2009).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090215182252\/http:\/\/www.economist.com\/specialreports\/displayStory.cfm?story_id=13063298&amp;source=hptextfeature\">&#8220;Special report: Burgeoning bourgeoisie&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>The Economist<\/em>. Archived from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.economist.com\/special-report\/2009\/02\/14\/burgeoning-bourgeoisie\">the original<\/a>\u00a0on 15 February 2009. Retrieved\u00a04 September\u00a02023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-:0_6-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.oed.com\/view\/Entry\/118147?redirectedFrom=middle%20class\">&#8220;Home\u00a0: Oxford English Dictionary&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>oed.com<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150924070941\/http:\/\/www.oed.com\/view\/Entry\/118147?redirectedFrom=middle%20class\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved\u00a02012-05-19.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-Bradshaw1745_7-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0James Bradshaw (1745).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=AJdbAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA4\"><em>scheme to prevent the running of Irish wools to France: and Irish woollen goods to foreign countries. By prohibiting the importation of Spanish wools into Ireland &#8230; Humbly offered to the consideration of Parliament. By a Merchant of London<\/em><\/a>. printed for J. Smith, and G. Faulkner. pp.\u00a04\u20135. Retrieved\u00a018 May\u00a02012.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-8\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Hunt, Margaret R. (1996).\u00a0<em>The Middling Sort\u00a0: Commerce, Gender, and the Family in England, 1680\u20131780<\/em>. University California Press.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-520-20260-0\"><bdi>0-520-20260-0<\/bdi><\/a>.\u00a0<q>To be one of &#8220;the middling sort&#8221; in urban England in the late seventeenth or eighteenth century was to live a life tied, one way or another, to the world of commerce.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-9\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0E.N. Williams, &#8220;Our Merchants Are Princes&#8221;: The English Middle Classes In The Eighteenth Century&#8221;\u00a0<em>History Today<\/em>\u00a0(Aug 1962) Vol. 12 Issue 8, pp. 548-557.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-10\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Engels, Friedrich (1892).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/marx\/works\/1880\/soc-utop\/int-hist.htm\"><em>1892 Introduction to &#8220;Socialism: Utopian and Scientific&#8221;<\/em><\/a>. Marxists Internet Archive: Marxists Internet Archive.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220409141652\/https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/marx\/works\/1880\/soc-utop\/int-hist.htm\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 2022-04-09. Retrieved\u00a02018-06-09.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-11\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges_Lefebvre\">Georges Lefebvre<\/a>, La R\u00e9volution Fran\u00e7aise, 1951 1957<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-12\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Marx, Karl; Engels, Friedrich (1848).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/marx\/works\/1848\/communist-manifesto\/index.htm\"><em>Manifesto of the Communist Party<\/em><\/a>. Marxists Internet Archive: Marxists Internet Archive.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090902090238\/http:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/marx\/works\/1848\/communist-manifesto\/index.htm\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 2009-09-02. Retrieved\u00a02018-06-09.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-13\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/sru.soc.surrey.ac.uk\/SRU9.html\">&#8220;Social Research Update 9: Official Social Classifications in the UK&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>sru.soc.surrey.ac.uk<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210318031148\/https:\/\/sru.soc.surrey.ac.uk\/SRU9.html\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 18 March 2021. Retrieved\u00a029 November\u00a02020.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-14\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Williams, &#8220;Our Merchants Are Princes&#8221;: The English Middle Classes In The Eighteenth Century&#8221;\u00a0<em>History Today<\/em>\u00a0(Aug 1962), Vol. 12 Issue 8, pp. 548-557.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-15\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/now\/politics\/middleclassoverview.html\">&#8220;Who is the Middle Class?&#8221;<\/a>. PBS. 25 June 2004.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210202131443\/https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/now\/politics\/middleclassoverview.html\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved\u00a019 April\u00a02011.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-16\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/ipsos.co.uk\/researchpublications\/researcharchive\/160\/Survey-on-Class.aspx\">&#8220;Survey on Class&#8221;<\/a>. Ipsos MORI. 19 March 2008.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110818155405\/http:\/\/ipsos.co.uk\/researchpublications\/researcharchive\/160\/Survey-on-Class.aspx\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 18 August 2011. Retrieved\u00a018 April\u00a02011.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-17\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/ipsos.co.uk\/researchpublications\/researcharchive\/poll.aspx?oItemId=2404&amp;view=wide\">&#8220;Perceptions of Social Class (trends)&#8221;<\/a>. Ipsos MORI. 19 March 2008.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110818160452\/http:\/\/ipsos.co.uk\/researchpublications\/researcharchive\/poll.aspx?oItemId=2404&amp;view=wide\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 18 August 2011. Retrieved\u00a018 April\u00a02011.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-18\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/roomfordebate\/2010\/12\/22\/what-does-middle-class-mean-today\/who-should-be-the-judge-of-middle-class\">&#8220;Room for Debate: Who Should Be the Judge of Middle Class?&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>The New York Times<\/em>. 23 December 2010.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170118143017\/http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/roomfordebate\/2010\/12\/22\/what-does-middle-class-mean-today\/who-should-be-the-judge-of-middle-class\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved\u00a04 March\u00a02017.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-19\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Butler, Patrick (29 June 2016).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/society\/2016\/jun\/29\/most-brits-regard-themselves-as-working-class-survey-finds\">&#8220;Most People Today Regard Themselves as Working Class&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201101120742\/https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/society\/2016\/jun\/29\/most-brits-regard-themselves-as-working-class-survey-finds\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved\u00a05 October\u00a02020.<br>Alternative link for same study:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ox.ac.uk\/news\/2016-06-30-most-people-britain-today-regard-themselves-working-class\">Oxford University News: Most People in Britain Today Regard Themselves as Working Class<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201022012018\/https:\/\/www.ox.ac.uk\/news\/2016-06-30-most-people-britain-today-regard-themselves-working-class\">Archived<\/a>\u00a02020-10-22 at the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine\">Wayback Machine<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-20\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/social\/under-pressure-the-squeezed-middle-class-689afed1-en.htm\"><em>Under Pressure: The Squeezed Middle Class<\/em><\/a>, 2019-05-01, retrieved\u00a02023-12-05<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-clb_21-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Communist League Britain, Marxism and Class: Some definitions. undated.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.mltranslations.org\/Britain\/Marxclass.htm\">http:\/\/www.mltranslations.org\/Britain\/Marxclass.htm<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20091101082339\/http:\/\/www.mltranslations.org\/Britain\/Marxclass.htm\">Archived<\/a>\u00a02009-11-01 at the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine\">Wayback Machine<\/a>\u00a0at \u00a7The &#8216;Middle Class&#8217;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-22\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Lenin, V. I. (25 February 1907).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/lenin\/works\/1907\/feb\/25.htm\">&#8220;The Bolsheviks and the Petty Bourgeoisie&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Marxists Internet Archive<\/em>. Novy Luch.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180612141555\/https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/lenin\/works\/1907\/feb\/25.htm\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved\u00a08 June\u00a02018.\u00a0<q>In particular, the, peasantry, who in Russia constitute eight- or nine-tenths of the petty bourgeoisie, are struggling primarily for land.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-23\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Lenin, V.I. (9\u201310 October 1917).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/lenin\/works\/1917\/oct\/09.htm\">&#8220;The Tasks of the Revolution&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Marxists Internet Archive<\/em>. Rabochy Put.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180715175529\/https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/lenin\/works\/1917\/oct\/09.htm\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved\u00a08 June\u00a02018.\u00a0<q>Russia is a country of the petty bourgeoisie, by far the greater part of the population belonging to this class.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0Lewis Corey, &#8220;American Class Relations&#8221;,\u00a0<em>Marxist Quarterly,<\/em>\u00a0vol. 1 no. 2 (January\u2013March 1937), p. 141.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-Ehrenreich_25-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Stewart Clegg, Paul Boreham, Geoff Dow;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/classpoliticseco0000cleg\"><em>Class, politics, and the economy<\/em><\/a>. Routledge. 1986. p.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/classpoliticseco0000cleg\/page\/158\">158<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-7102-0452-3\"><bdi>978-0-7102-0452-3<\/bdi><\/a>. Retrieved\u00a04 October\u00a02009.\u00a0<q>Professional\/Managerial Class.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-26\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Philip Green,\u00a0Green, Philip (1985).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=DZJI9IXbLZwC&amp;q=Professional%2FManagerial%20Class&amp;pg=PA14\"><em>Retrieving democracy: in search of civic equality Rowman &amp; Littlefield<\/em><\/a>. Rowman &amp; Littlefield.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-8476-7405-3\"><bdi>978-0-8476-7405-3<\/bdi><\/a>. Retrieved\u00a04 October\u00a02009.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-27\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=urStiXomlVsC&amp;q=Professional%2FManagerial%20Class&amp;pg=PA41\"><em>Hidden Technocrats: The New Class and New Capitalism<\/em><\/a>. Transaction Publishers. 1991.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-56000-787-6\"><bdi>978-1-56000-787-6<\/bdi><\/a>. Retrieved\u00a04 October\u00a02009.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-28\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Walker, Pat (1979).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=-LPgx62t86gC&amp;q=Professional%2FManagerial%20Class&amp;pg=PA5\"><em>Between labor and capital \u2013 Google Books<\/em><\/a>. South End Press.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-89608-037-9\"><bdi>978-0-89608-037-9<\/bdi><\/a>. Retrieved\u00a04 October\u00a02009.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-29\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=TOtOkos1LP8C&amp;q=Professional%20Managerial%20Class&amp;pg=PA469\"><em>The general theory of &#8230; \u2013 Google Books<\/em><\/a>. 1998.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-521-59006-8\"><bdi>978-0-521-59006-8<\/bdi><\/a>. Retrieved\u00a04 October\u00a02009.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-30\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Gail Paradise Kelly, Sheila Slaughter;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=V-CKcuRAu8EC&amp;q=Professional%20Managerial%20Class%20salary&amp;pg=PA254\"><em>Women&#8217;s higher education in comparative perspective<\/em><\/a>. Springer. 1990.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-7923-0800-3\"><bdi>978-0-7923-0800-3<\/bdi><\/a>. Retrieved\u00a04 October\u00a02009.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-31\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Piketty, Thomas (2014).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/isbn_9780674430006\/page\/243\"><em>Capital in the Twenty-First Century<\/em><\/a>. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/isbn_9780674430006\/page\/243\">243<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-674-43000-6\"><bdi>978-0-674-43000-6<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-32\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Parker, John (12 February 2009).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.economist.com\/specialreports\/displayStory.cfm?story_id=13063298&amp;source=hptextfeature\">&#8220;Special report: Burgeoning bourgeoisie&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>The Economist<\/em>\u00a0(published 13 February 2009).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090215182252\/http:\/\/www.economist.com\/specialreports\/displayStory.cfm?story_id=13063298&amp;source=hptextfeature\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 15 February 2009. Retrieved\u00a013 December\u00a02009.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-The_middle-class_hype_33-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.dandc.eu\/en\/article\/it-doubtful-whether-middle-classes-developing-countries-are-driving-progress\">&#8220;It is doubtful, whether &#8220;middle classes&#8221; in developing countries are driving progress&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>D+C<\/em>. 6 February 2015.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150306190011\/http:\/\/www.dandc.eu\/en\/article\/it-doubtful-whether-middle-classes-developing-countries-are-driving-progress\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 2015-03-06. Retrieved\u00a02015-02-28.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-34\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Gilbert, D. (2002) The American Class Structure: In An Age of Growing Inequality. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth; Thompson, W. &amp; Hickey, J. (2005).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-35\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Society in Focus. Boston, MA: Pearson, Allyn &amp; Bacon; Beeghley, L. (2004).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-36\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0The Structure of Social Stratification in the United States. Boston, MA: Pearson, Allyn &amp; Bacon.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-37\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Kharas, Homi (January 2010).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170310040152\/http:\/\/www.oecd.org\/social\/poverty\/44457738.pdf\">&#8220;The Emerging Middle Class in Developing Countries&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0(PDF).\u00a0<em>oecd.org<\/em>. Archived from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.oecd.org\/dataoecd\/12\/52\/44457738.pdf\">the original<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0on 10 March 2017.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-38\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/timesofindia.indiatimes.com\/world\/china\/Chinas-middle-class-10-times-larger-than-that-in-India\/articleshow\/44816063.cms\">&#8220;China&#8217;s &#8220;middle class&#8221; 10 times larger than that in India&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>The Times of India<\/em>. 14 October 2014.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150308211636\/http:\/\/timesofindia.indiatimes.com\/world\/china\/Chinas-middle-class-10-times-larger-than-that-in-India\/articleshow\/44816063.cms\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 2015-03-08. Retrieved\u00a02015-04-04.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-39\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pewglobal.org\/interactives\/global-population-by-income\/\">&#8220;World Population by Income&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Pew Research Center&#8217;s Global Attitudes Project<\/em>. 8 July 2015.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150905225432\/http:\/\/www.pewglobal.org\/interactives\/global-population-by-income\/\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved\u00a06 September\u00a02015.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-40\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Partington, Richard (10 April 2019).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2019\/apr\/10\/millennials-squeezed-middle-class-oecd-uk-income\">&#8220;Millennials being squeezed out of middle class, says OECD&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Guardian\">The Guardian<\/a><\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190501220343\/https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2019\/apr\/10\/millennials-squeezed-middle-class-oecd-uk-income\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved\u00a02 May\u00a02019.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-41\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Crabb, Mary W. (2010). &#8220;Governing the middle-class family in urban China: educational reform and questions of choice&#8221;.\u00a0<em>Economy and Society<\/em>.\u00a0<strong>39<\/strong>\u00a0(3): 385\u2013402.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080%2F03085147.2010.486216\">10.1080\/03085147.2010.486216<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0308-5147\">0308-5147<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\">S2CID<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:144365982\">144365982<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-chinamiddle_42-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/chinapower.csis.org\/china-middle-class\/\">&#8220;How well-off is China&#8217;s middle class?&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>chinapower.csis.org<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20211030101433\/https:\/\/chinapower.csis.org\/china-middle-class\/\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 2021-10-30. Retrieved\u00a02019-08-10.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-43\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Goodman, David.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.csmonitor.com\/Commentary\/Global-Viewpoint\/2013\/1022\/Why-China-s-middle-class-supports-the-Communist-Party\">&#8220;Why China&#8217;s middle class supports the Communist Party&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>The Christian Science Monitor<\/em>. Tribune Content Agency. Retrieved\u00a0September 11,\u00a02023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-44\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Stevens, William K. (August 14, 1983).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1983\/08\/14\/weekinreview\/india-s-growing-middle-income-group-emerges-as-a-class.html\">&#8220;India&#8217;s Growing Middle-Income Group Emerges As a Class&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>The New York Times<\/em>. p.\u00a0E3. Retrieved\u00a0September 12,\u00a02023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-45\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Consumerism in World History The Global Transformation of Desire By Peter N. Stearns, Professor of History and Provost Peter N Stearns, 2001, p. 129.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.economist.com\/briefing\/2018\/01\/11\/indias-missing-middle-class\">&#8220;India&#8217;s missing middle class&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>The Economist<\/em>. 11 January 2018.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190810213840\/https:\/\/www.economist.com\/briefing\/2018\/01\/11\/indias-missing-middle-class\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 10 August 2019. Retrieved\u00a010 August\u00a02019.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-epw_47-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Krishnan, Sandhya; Hatekar, Neeraj (3 June 2017).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.epw.in\/journal\/2017\/22\/special-articles\/rise-new-middle-class-india-and-its-changing-structure.html\">&#8220;Rise of the New Middle Class in India and Its Changing Structure&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Economic and Political Weekly<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190810213849\/https:\/\/www.epw.in\/journal\/2017\/22\/special-articles\/rise-new-middle-class-india-and-its-changing-structure.html\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 10 August 2019. Retrieved\u00a010 August\u00a02019.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-48\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.howwemadeitinafrica.com\/making-sense-of-africas-middle-class\/43318\/\">&#8220;Making sense of Africa&#8217;s middle class&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>howwemadeitinafrica.com<\/em>. 12 September 2014.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150924031651\/http:\/\/www.howwemadeitinafrica.com\/making-sense-of-africas-middle-class\/43318\/\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved\u00a020 August\u00a02015.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-49\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.htxt.co.za\/2015\/08\/03\/how-south-africas-middle-class-makes-use-of-technology\/\">&#8220;How South Africa&#8217;s middle class makes use of technology \u2013 htxt.africa&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>htxt.africa<\/em>. 3 August 2015.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150815140740\/http:\/\/www.htxt.co.za\/2015\/08\/03\/how-south-africas-middle-class-makes-use-of-technology\/\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 15 August 2015. Retrieved\u00a020 August\u00a02015.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-50\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/irr.org.za\/reports-and-publications\/media-releases\/black-middle-class-has-expanded-quickly-but-may-now-slow-2013-new-irr-report\/view\">&#8220;Black middle class has expanded quickly but may now slow \u2013 new IRR report&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>irr.org.za<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150927200054\/http:\/\/irr.org.za\/reports-and-publications\/media-releases\/black-middle-class-has-expanded-quickly-but-may-now-slow-2013-new-irr-report\/view\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 2015-09-27. Retrieved\u00a02015-08-20.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-51\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/general\/43187\/sa-middle-class-getting-poorer\/\">&#8220;SA middle class getting poorer&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>BusinessTech<\/em>. 29 July 2013.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161029043057\/http:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/general\/43187\/sa-middle-class-getting-poorer\/\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 29 October 2016. Retrieved\u00a015 October\u00a02015.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-52\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.economist.com\/news\/middle-east-and-africa\/21676774-africans-are-mainly-rich-or-poor-not-middle-class-should-worry\">&#8220;Few and far between&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>The Economist<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0013-0613\">0013-0613<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20151031133718\/http:\/\/www.economist.com\/news\/middle-east-and-africa\/21676774-africans-are-mainly-rich-or-poor-not-middle-class-should-worry\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 31 October 2015. Retrieved\u00a031 October\u00a02015.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-die-gdi.de_53-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Brandi, Clara; B\u00fcge, Max (2014).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.die-gdi.de\/uploads\/media\/DP_35.2014.pdf\"><em>A Cartography of the New Middle Classes in Developing and Emerging Countries<\/em><\/a>\u00a0(Discussion Paper). Bonn: German Development Institute.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-3-88985-661-6\"><bdi>978-3-88985-661-6<\/bdi><\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1860-0441\">1860-0441<\/a>. 35\/2014.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150226033051\/http:\/\/www.die-gdi.de\/uploads\/media\/DP_35.2014.pdf\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0from the original on 2015-02-26. Retrieved\u00a02015-08-25.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-54\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Social Change in Latin America Today: Its Implications for United States Policy By Richard N. Adams, John P. Gillin, Allan R. Holmberg, Oscar Lewis, Richard W. Patch, and Charles Wagley, with an Introduction by Lyman Bryson. (New York: Published for the Council on Foreign Relations by Harper &amp; Brothers, 1960, p. 25.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-55\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0The Farm Index, August 1964, p. 19.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-56\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0O livro no Brasil sua hist\u00f3ria By Laurence Hallewell, 2005, p. 715.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-57\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Area Handbook for Brazil By Thomas E. Weil, American University (Washington, D.C.). Foreign Area Studies, 1975, p. 186.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-58\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=_zEDEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=economic+survey+Brazil+1969+middle+class+employed&amp;pg=PA388\">Economic Survey of Latin America 1969 By United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (author), 1969, P.388<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-59\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Manufacturing Miracles Paths of Industrialization in Latin America and East Asia 2014, p. 196.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-60\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Area Handbook for Mexico By Thomas E. Weil, 1975, P.116-117<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-61\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.economist.com\/blogs\/freeexchange\/2014\/06\/latin-america-s-middle-class\">&#8220;Latin America&#8217;s middle class&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>The Economist<\/em>. 27 June 2014.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170701154337\/http:\/\/www.economist.com\/blogs\/freeexchange\/2014\/06\/latin-america-s-middle-class\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved\u00a013 July\u00a02017.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-62\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Meas 2008 crisis.<sup>[<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include\">full citation needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-63\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.rgs.ru\/media\/CSR\/Middle%20class%202012.pdf\">&#8220;Middle class in Russia is 15% of the whole population&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0(PDF). Rosgosstrakh Strategic Research Centre.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150415064333\/http:\/\/www.rgs.ru\/media\/CSR\/Middle%20class%202012.pdf\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0from the original on 2015-04-15. Retrieved\u00a02013-08-19.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_class#cite_ref-64\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/uk.news.yahoo.com\/russian-middle-class-slowly-stirred-action-economic-crisis-113259261--finance.html#onDeBDC\">&#8220;Russian middle class slowly stirred to action by economic crisis&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Yahoo News UK<\/em>. 10 April 2015.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150417203737\/https:\/\/uk.news.yahoo.com\/russian-middle-class-slowly-stirred-action-economic-crisis-113259261--finance.html#onDeBDC\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on 17 April 2015. Retrieved\u00a011 April\u00a02015.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\">4. \u4e2d\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%B8%AD%E7%94%A2%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A#cite_ref-1\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Shimelse Ali, Uri Dadush.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.voxeu.org\/article\/new-measure-global-middle-class\">A new measure of the global middle class<\/a>. 2 Jun 2012\u00a0[2012-07-03]. \uff08\u539f\u59cb\u5185\u5bb9<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120722202231\/http:\/\/www.voxeu.org\/article\/new-measure-global-middle-class\">\u5b58\u6863<\/a>\u4e8e2012-07-22\uff09.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%B8%AD%E7%94%A2%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A#cite_ref-2\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/info.china.alibaba.com\/news\/detail\/v1-d5456189.html\">\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u95e8\u69db:\u5e74\u6536\u51656\u4e07<\/a>. \u963f\u91cc\u5df4\u5df4\u7f51. 2005-02-13\u00a0[2007-01-12]. \uff08\u539f\u59cb\u5185\u5bb9<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070311183050\/http:\/\/info.china.alibaba.com\/news\/detail\/v1-d5456189.html\/\">\u5b58\u6863<\/a>\u4e8e2007-03-11\uff09.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%B8%AD%E7%94%A2%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A#cite_ref-3\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080607045955\/http:\/\/www.people.com.cn\/GB\/jingji\/1037\/3132404.html\">\u5bb6\u5ead\u5e74\u6536\u51656\u4e07\uff0d50\u4e07 \u4e2d\u56fd\u9996\u4e2a\u4e2d\u4ea7\u6807\u51c6\u906d\u8d28\u7591<\/a>. \u4eba\u6c11\u7f51.\u00a0[2009-04-14]. \uff08<a href=\"http:\/\/www.people.com.cn\/GB\/jingji\/1037\/3132404.html\">\u539f\u59cb\u5185\u5bb9<\/a>\u5b58\u6863\u4e8e2008-06-07\uff09.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%B8%AD%E7%94%A2%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A#cite_ref-4\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/epaper.bjnews.com.cn\/html\/2013-03\/29\/content_421237.htm?div=-1\">\u62a5\u544a\u79f0\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u9678\u201c\u9ad8\u7ea7\u767d\u9886\u201d\u8d85\u4e03\u6210\u5e0c\u671b\u5b50\u5973\u7559\u5b66\u6d77\u5916<\/a>. \u65b0\u4eac\u62a5. 2013-03-29\u00a0[2013-03-29]. \uff08\u539f\u59cb\u5185\u5bb9<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20130407163121\/http:\/\/epaper.bjnews.com.cn\/html\/2013-03\/29\/content_421237.htm?div=-1\">\u5b58\u6863<\/a>\u4e8e2013-04-07\uff09.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%B8%AD%E7%94%A2%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A#cite_ref-5\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/hk.news.yahoo.com\/070222\/12\/226ho.html\">\u4e2d\u7522\u5411\u4e0b\u6d41\u8ca7\u5bcc\u6108\u898b\u61f8\u6b8a \u5b78\u8005\u6307\u5448M\u5f62\u793e\u6703 \u7d71\u8a08\u8655\u505a\u5c08\u984c\u7814\u7a76<\/a>. \u660e\u62a5. 2007-02-23\u00a0[2019-05-04]. \uff08\u539f\u59cb\u5185\u5bb9<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070224120232\/http:\/\/hk.news.yahoo.com\/070222\/12\/226ho.html\">\u5b58\u6863<\/a>\u4e8e2007-02-24\uff09.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%B8%AD%E7%94%A2%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A#cite_ref-6\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/hk.news.yahoo.com\/%E6%9B%BE%E4%BF%8A%E8%8F%AF%E5%90%A6%E8%AA%8D%E5%8D%94%E5%8A%A9-%E4%B8%AD%E7%94%A2-%E4%B8%8D%E5%8A%9B-032200236.html\">\u66fe\u4fca\u83ef\u5426\u8a8d\u5354\u52a9\u300c\u4e2d\u7522\u300d\u4e0d\u529b<\/a>. \u661f\u5c9b\u65e5\u62a5.\u00a0[05-03-2013]. \uff08\u539f\u59cb\u5185\u5bb9<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20130303060939\/http:\/\/hk.news.yahoo.com\/%E6%9B%BE%E4%BF%8A%E8%8F%AF%E5%90%A6%E8%AA%8D%E5%8D%94%E5%8A%A9-%E4%B8%AD%E7%94%A2-%E4%B8%8D%E5%8A%9B-032200236.html\">\u5b58\u6863<\/a>\u4e8e2013-03-03\uff09.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%B8%AD%E7%94%A2%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A#cite_ref-7\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.today\/20130428160050\/http:\/\/hk.news.yahoo.com\/%E6%9B%BE%E4%BF%8A%E8%8F%AF-%E4%B8%AD%E7%94%A2%E9%9D%9E%E7%94%A8%E6%94%B6%E5%85%A5%E8%A8%AD%E9%99%90-010211057.html\">\u66fe\u4fca\u83ef\uff1a\u4e2d\u7522\u975e\u7528\u6536\u5165\u8a2d\u9650<\/a>. \u660e\u62a5.\u00a0[05-03-2013]. \uff08<a href=\"http:\/\/hk.news.yahoo.com\/%E6%9B%BE%E4%BF%8A%E8%8F%AF-%E4%B8%AD%E7%94%A2%E9%9D%9E%E7%94%A8%E6%94%B6%E5%85%A5%E8%A8%AD%E9%99%90-010211057.html\">\u539f\u59cb\u5185\u5bb9<\/a>\u5b58\u6863\u4e8e2013-04-28\uff09.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Further_reading\">5. \u5ef6\u4f38\u9605\u8bfb | Further reading<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-list\">\n<li>Balzer, Harley D., ed.\u00a0<em>Russia&#8217;s Missing Middle Class: The Professions in Russian History<\/em>\u00a0(M.E. Sharpe, 1996).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Banerjee, Abhijit V. and Esther Duflo (December 2007).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090525093400\/http:\/\/econ-www.mit.edu\/files\/3107\"><em>What is middle class about the middle classes around the world?<\/em><\/a>. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Economics. p.\u00a050. Archived from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/econ-www.mit.edu\/files\/3107\">the original<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0on 25 May 2009. Retrieved\u00a09 May\u00a02009.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Blackbourn, David, and Richard J. Evans, eds.\u00a0<em>The German Bourgeoisie: Essays on the Social History of the German Middle Class from the Late Eighteenth to the Early Twentieth Century<\/em>\u00a0(1991).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cashell, Brian W.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20071030122805\/http:\/\/opencrs.cdt.org\/rpts\/RS22627_20070320.pdf\"><em>Who Are the &#8220;Middle Class&#8221;?<\/em><\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Congressional_Research_Service\">CRS<\/a>\u00a0Report for the Congress, 20 March 2007<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dejung, Christof, David Motadel, and J\u00fcrgen Osterhammel, eds.\u00a0<em>The Global Bourgeoisie: The Rise of the Middle Classes in the Age of Empire<\/em>\u00a0(2019) scholarly essays covering major countries and region s in 19th century\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Global-Bourgeoisie-Middle-Classes-Empire\/dp\/0691177341\/\">excerpt<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220521155411\/https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Global-Bourgeoisie-Middle-Classes-Empire\/dp\/0691177341\">Archived<\/a>\u00a02022-05-21 at the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine\">Wayback Machine<\/a>\u00a0also\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/action\/doAdvancedSearch?q0=%22The+Global+Bourgeoisie%22&amp;f0=ti&amp;c1=AND&amp;q1=&amp;f1=all&amp;c2=AND&amp;q2=&amp;f2=all&amp;c3=AND&amp;q3=&amp;f3=all&amp;c4=AND&amp;q4=&amp;f4=all&amp;c5=AND&amp;q5=&amp;f5=all&amp;c6=AND&amp;q6=&amp;f6=all&amp;acc=off&amp;bk=on&amp;la=&amp;sd=&amp;ed=&amp;pt=&amp;isbn=&amp;group=none\">chapters online<\/a>\u00a0(<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210310004042\/https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/action\/doAdvancedSearch?q0=%22The+Global+Bourgeoisie%22&amp;f0=ti&amp;c1=AND&amp;q1=&amp;f1=all&amp;c2=AND&amp;q2=&amp;f2=all&amp;c3=AND&amp;q3=&amp;f3=all&amp;c4=AND&amp;q4=&amp;f4=all&amp;c5=AND&amp;q5=&amp;f5=all&amp;c6=AND&amp;q6=&amp;f6=all&amp;acc=off&amp;bk=on&amp;la=&amp;sd=&amp;ed=&amp;pt=&amp;isbn=&amp;group=none\">Archived<\/a>\u00a02021-03-10 at the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine\">Wayback Machine<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Jones, Larry Eugene. &#8220;&#8216;The Dying Middle&#8217;: Weimar Germany and the Fragmentation of Bourgeois Politics.&#8221;\u00a0<em>Central European History<\/em>\u00a05.1 (1972): 23\u201354.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kocka, J\u00fcrgen. &#8220;The Middle Classes in Europe,&#8221;\u00a0<em>Journal of Modern History<\/em>\u00a067#4 (1995): 783\u2013806. doi.org\/10.1086\/245228.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2124755\">online<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210310154049\/https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2124755\">Archived<\/a>\u00a02021-03-10 at the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine\">Wayback Machine<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kocka, J\u00fcrgen, and J. Allan Mitchell, eds.\u00a0<em>Bourgeois Society in 19th Century Europe\u00a0<\/em>(1992)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lebovics, Herman.\u00a0<em>Social Conservatism and the Middle Class in Germany, 1914\u20131933<\/em>\u00a0(Princeton UP, 2015).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>L\u00f3pez, A. Ricardo, and Barbara Weinstein, eds.\u00a0<em>The Making of the Middle Class: Toward a Transnational History<\/em>\u00a0(Duke University Press, 2012) 446 pp. scholarly essays<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>McKibbin, Ross.\u00a0<em>Classes and Cultures: England 1918\u20131951<\/em>\u00a0(2000) pp 44\u2013105.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mills, C. Wright,\u00a0<em>White Collar: The American Middle Classes<\/em>\u00a0(1951).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pilbeam, Pamela.\u00a0<em>The Middle Classes in Europe, 1789\u20131914: France, Germany, Italy, and Russia<\/em>\u00a0(1990)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Wells, Jonathan Daniel. &#8220;The Southern Middle Class,&#8221;\u00a0<em>Journal of Southern History,<\/em>\u00a0Volume: 75#3 2009. pp 651+.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Williams, E. N. &#8220;Our Merchants Are Princes&#8221;: The English Middle Classes In The Eighteenth Century&#8221;.\u00a0<em>History Today<\/em>\u00a0(Aug 1962), Vol. 12 Issue 8, pp. 548-557.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"External_links\">6. \u5916\u90e8\u94fe\u63a5 | External links<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-list\">\n<li>Fry, Richard; Kochhar, Rakesh (11 May 2016).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2016\/05\/11\/are-you-in-the-american-middle-class\/\">&#8220;Are you in the American middle class? Find out with our income calculator&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Pew Research Center<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/pm\/content\/2006\/s1636594.htm\">Beazley reaches out to &#8216;middle Australia&#8217;<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>NOW on PBS:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/now\/shows\/405\/index.html\">&#8220;Middle Class Insecurity&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0Are politicians listening to middle-class families on the edge of economic collapse?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pewglobal.org\/files\/2015\/07\/Global-Middle-Class-Report_FINAL_7-8-15.pdf\">Contains estimates on the size of the middle class in various countries<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=QEQrBQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=latin+america+middle+class+size+2014&amp;pg=PA84\">Contains estimates on the size of the middle class in Latin America and other countries<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/ecdpm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/DP167-Africas-Middle-Class-Plenty-Extreme-Poverty-October-2014.pdf\">Contains Contains estimates on the size of the middle class in Africa, based on various definitions<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u4e2d\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff08\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\uff09\uff1a\u8bf7\u70b9 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[138],"tags":[155,101],"class_list":["post-4348","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-class-and-stratum","tag-155","tag-101"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4348","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4348"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4348\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4348"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4348"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4348"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}