{"id":438,"date":"2023-08-02T16:25:18","date_gmt":"2023-08-02T08:25:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/?p=438"},"modified":"2024-08-23T14:48:09","modified_gmt":"2024-08-23T06:48:09","slug":"airbus-zhen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/2023\/08\/02\/airbus-zhen\/","title":{"rendered":"\u7a7a\u4e2d\u5ba2\u8f66 \/ Airbus – \u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u878d\u5408"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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\u4e2d\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff08\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\uff09\uff1a\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a>
\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff08\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\uff09\uff1a\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a>
\u8fbd\u89c2\u642c\u8fd0\u65f6\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u5408\u89c4\u5316\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u5176\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u4e0a\u4f20\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u6587\u57fa\u4e8e\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u7684\u7ebf\u7d22\uff0c\u5e76\u8865\u5145\u90e8\u5206\u6765\u81ea\u4e2d\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u5728\u4e8c\u8005\u51b2\u7a81\u65f6\uff0c\u4ee5\u66f4\u665a\u66f4\u65b0\u8005\u4e3a\u51c6\uff09\u3002\u8fbd\u89c2\u642c\u8fd0\u65f6\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u5408\u89c4\u5316\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u5176\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u4e0a\u4f20\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\uff08Wikipedia\uff09\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7684\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u767e\u79d1\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u5230\u7acb\u573a\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u6765\u6e90\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8bf7\u5ba2\u89c2\u770b\u5f85\u3002\u6b63\u6587\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u8bd1\u8005\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fbd\u89c2\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4ec5\u4f9b\u53c2\u8003\u3002\u6587\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u542b\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\u94fe\u63a5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fbd\u89c2\u6240\u642c\u8fd0\u7684\u8bcd\u6761\u6587\u672c\u4e0e\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u4e00\u9053\u540c\u6837\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 4.0\u534f\u8bae\uff08\u8fbd\u89c2\u642c\u8fd0\u7684\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u5bf9\u7167\u7248\u672c<\/a>\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u7b26\u5408\u534f\u8bae\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u514d\u8d39\u4f7f\u7528\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5546\u7528\uff09\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u548c\u89c6\u9891\u53ef\u80fd\u9075\u5faa\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5171\u4eab\u534f\u8bae\u3002\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a><\/p>\n\u5c01\u9762\u56fe\u7247\uff1aThe new logo of Airbus SE<\/a> in 2017.\uff08\u7a7a\u4e2d\u5ba2\u8f66\u516c\u53f82017\u5e74\u7684\u65b0\u6807\u5fd7\u3002\uff09
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

1. \u6b63\u6587<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1.1 \u4e3b\u4f53\u90e8\u5206\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u4e13\u680f\uff09<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.2 \u6b63\u6587\u4e0d\u4fbf\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u90e8\u5206<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u6b63\u65879. \u4e89\u8bae | Controversies<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

9.1 \u653f\u5e9c\u5b50\u516c\u53f8 | Government subsidies<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

Boeing has continually protested over “launch aid” and other forms of government aid to Airbus, while Airbus has argued that Boeing receives illegal subsidies through military and research contracts and tax breaks.[88]<\/a>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6ce2\u97f3\u516c\u53f8\u4e00\u76f4\u5bf9”\u542f\u52a8\u63f4\u52a9”\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u63f4\u52a9\u7a7a\u5ba2\u63d0\u51fa\u6297\u8bae\uff0c\u800c\u7a7a\u5ba2\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6ce2\u97f3\u901a\u8fc7\u519b\u4e8b\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u5408\u540c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7a0e\u6536\u51cf\u514d\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u975e\u6cd5\u8865\u8d34\u3002[88]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In July 2004, former Boeing CEO Harry Stonecipher<\/a> accused Airbus of abusing a 1992 bilateral EU-US agreement providing for disciplines for large civil aircraft support from governments. Airbus is given reimbursable launch investment (RLI), called “launch aid” by the US, from European governments, with the money being paid back with interest plus indefinite royalties, but only if the aircraft is a commercial success.[89]<\/a> Airbus contends that this system is fully compliant with the 1992 agreement and WTO<\/a> rules. The agreement allows up to 33% of the programme cost to be met through government loans, which are to be fully repaid within 17 years with interest and royalties. These loans are held at a minimum interest rate equal to the cost of government borrowing plus 0.25%, which would be below market rates available to Airbus without government support.[90]<\/a> Airbus claims that since the signature of the EU-US agreement in 1992, it has repaid European governments more than U.S.$6.7 billion and that this is 40% more than it has received.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112004\u5e747\u6708\uff0c\u6ce2\u97f3\u516c\u53f8\u524d\u9996\u5e2d\u6267\u884c\u5b98\u54c8\u91cc\u00b7\u65af\u901a\u585e\u5f17\u6307\u63a7\u7a7a\u5ba2\u6ee5\u75281992\u5e74\u6b27\u76df\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u53cc\u8fb9\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u8be5\u534f\u8bae\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u5927\u578b\u6c11\u7528\u98de\u673a\u653f\u5e9c\u652f\u6301\u7684\u7eaa\u5f8b\u3002\u7a7a\u5ba2\u4ece\u6b27\u6d32\u653f\u5e9c\u83b7\u5f97\u53ef\u507f\u8fd8\u7684\u542f\u52a8\u6295\u8d44\uff08RLI\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u542f\u52a8\u63f4\u52a9\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d44\u91d1\u5c06\u5728\u52a0\u4e0a\u5229\u606f\u548c\u65e0\u9650\u671f\u7279\u8bb8\u6743\u4f7f\u7528\u8d39\u540e\u507f\u8fd8\uff0c\u4f46\u524d\u63d0\u662f\u98de\u673a\u662f\u5546\u4e1a\u6210\u529f\u3002[89] \u7a7a\u5ba2\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8be5\u7cfb\u7edf\u5b8c\u5168\u7b26\u54081992\u5e74\u7684\u534f\u8bae\u548c\u4e16\u8d38\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u8be5\u534f\u8bae\u5141\u8bb8\u6700\u591a33%\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u6210\u672c\u901a\u8fc7\u653f\u5e9c\u8d37\u6b3e\u6765\u6ee1\u8db3\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d37\u6b3e\u5c06\u572817\u5e74\u5185\u4ee5\u5229\u606f\u548c\u7279\u8bb8\u6743\u4f7f\u7528\u8d39\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5168\u989d\u507f\u8fd8\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d37\u6b3e\u7684\u6700\u4f4e\u5229\u7387\u7b49\u4e8e\u653f\u5e9c\u501f\u6b3e\u6210\u672c\u52a00.25%\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f4e\u4e8e\u7a7a\u5ba2\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u653f\u5e9c\u652f\u6301\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u5229\u7387\u3002[90] \u7a7a\u5ba2\u58f0\u79f0\u81ea1992\u5e74\u7b7e\u7f72\u6b27\u76df-\u7f8e\u56fd\u534f\u8bae\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5b83\u5df2\u5411\u6b27\u6d32\u653f\u5e9c\u507f\u8fd8\u4e86\u8d85\u8fc767\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u6b3e\u9879\uff0c\u8fd9\u6bd4\u5b83\u6536\u5230\u7684\u6b3e\u9879\u591a\u51fa40%\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Airbus argues that the military contracts awarded to Boeing, the second largest U.S. defence contractor, are in effect a form of subsidy, such as the controversy surrounding the Boeing KC-767<\/a> military contracting arrangements. The significant U.S. government support of technology development via NASA<\/a> also provides significant support to Boeing, as do the large tax breaks offered to Boeing, which some people claim are in violation of the 1992 agreement and WTO<\/a> rules. In its recent products such as the 787<\/a>, Boeing has also been offered direct financial support from local and state governments.[91]<\/a>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u7a7a\u4e2d\u5ba2\u8f66\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5411\u6ce2\u97f3\u516c\u53f8\u9881\u53d1\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u5408\u540c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8865\u8d34\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u56f4\u7ed5\u6ce2\u97f3KC-767\u519b\u4e8b\u5408\u540c\u5b89\u6392\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u4e89\u8bae\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u901a\u8fc7NASA\u5bf9\u6280\u672f\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u652f\u6301\u4e5f\u5bf9\u6ce2\u97f3\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6ce2\u97f3\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u7a0e\u6536\u4f18\u60e0\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u58f0\u79f0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7a0e\u6536\u4f18\u60e0\u8fdd\u53cd\u4e861992\u5e74\u7684\u534f\u8bae\u548c\u4e16\u8d38\u7ec4\u7ec7\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u5728\u6ce2\u97f3\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u5982787\u98de\u673a\u4e2d\uff0c\u6ce2\u97f3\u8fd8\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u6765\u81ea\u5730\u65b9\u548c\u5dde\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u8d22\u653f\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In January 2005 the European Union and United States trade representatives, Peter Mandelson<\/a> and Robert Zoellick<\/a> respectively, agreed to talks aimed at resolving the increasing tensions.[92]<\/a>[93]<\/a> These talks were not successful with the dispute becoming more acrimonious rather than approaching a settlement.[94]<\/a>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112005\u5e741\u6708\uff0c\u6b27\u76df\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u4ee3\u8868\u5f7c\u5f97\u00b7\u66fc\u5fb7\u5c14\u68ee\u548c\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u4f50\u5229\u514b\u5206\u522b\u540c\u610f\u8fdb\u884c\u65e8\u5728\u89e3\u51b3\u65e5\u76ca\u7d27\u5f20\u5c40\u52bf\u7684\u8c08\u5224\u3002 [92] [93]\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8c08\u5224\u6ca1\u6709\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u4e89\u7aef\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u6fc0\u70c8\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u63a5\u8fd1\u89e3\u51b3\u3002 [94]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

WTO ruled in August 2010 and in May 2011 that Airbus had received improper government subsidies through loans with below market rates from several European countries.[95]<\/a> In a separate ruling in February 2011, WTO found that Boeing had received local and federal aid in violation of WTO rules.[96]<\/a>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4e16\u8d38\u7ec4\u7ec7\u57282010\u5e748\u6708\u548c2011\u5e745\u6708\u88c1\u5b9a\uff0c\u7a7a\u5ba2\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u6765\u81ea\u51e0\u4e2a\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4e0d\u6b63\u5f53\u653f\u5e9c\u8865\u8d34\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u4ee5\u4f4e\u4e8e\u5e02\u573a\u5229\u7387\u7684\u8d37\u6b3e\u5f62\u5f0f\u5411\u7a7a\u5ba2\u63d0\u4f9b\u8865\u8d34\u3002 [95]\u57282011\u5e742\u6708\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u9879\u88c1\u51b3\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e16\u8d38\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53d1\u73b0\u6ce2\u97f3\u516c\u53f8\u8fdd\u53cd\u4e86\u4e16\u8d38\u7ec4\u7ec7\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u5730\u65b9\u548c\u8054\u90a6\u63f4\u52a9\u3002 [96]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9.2 \u96c6\u675f\u70b8\u5f39\u6307\u63a7 | Cluster bomb allegation<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

In 2005 the Government Pension Fund of Norway<\/a> recommended the exclusion of several companies producing cluster bombs<\/a> or components. EADS and its sister company EADS Finance BV were among them, arguing that EADS manufactures “key components for cluster bombs”.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112005\u5e74\uff0c\u632a\u5a01\u653f\u5e9c\u517b\u8001\u57fa\u91d1\u5efa\u8bae\u6392\u9664\u51e0\u5bb6\u751f\u4ea7\u96c6\u675f\u70b8\u5f39\u6216\u5176\u7ec4\u4ef6\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u5c31\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u822a\u7a7a\u9632\u52a1\u4e0e\u822a\u5929\u516c\u53f8\uff08EADS\uff09\u53ca\u5176\u59ca\u59b9\u516c\u53f8EADS Finance BV\uff0c\u7406\u7531\u662fEADS\u5236\u9020\u4e86\u201c\u96c6\u675f\u70b8\u5f39\u7684\u5173\u952e\u90e8\u4ef6\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The criticism was centred around TDA, a joint venture between EADS and Thales S.A. TDA produced the mortar<\/a> ammunition PR Cargo, which can be considered cluster ammunition, however this definition has since been successfully battled by EADS.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6279\u8bc4\u4e3b\u8981\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728TDA\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u662fEADS\u548cThales S.A.\u7684\u5408\u8d44\u4f01\u4e1a\u3002TDA\u751f\u4ea7\u7684PR Cargo\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8feb\u51fb\u70ae\u5f39\u836f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u96c6\u675f\u5f39\u836f\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9a\u4e49\u540e\u6765\u88abEADS\u6210\u529f\u5730\u53cd\u9a73\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

EADS and its subsidiaries are now regarded as fulfilling all the conditions of the Ottawa Treaty<\/a>. According to the new point of view,[by whom?<\/em><\/a>] no product of EADS or its subsidiaries<\/a> falls into the category of antipersonnel mines<\/a> as defined by the Ottawa Treaty (“landmines<\/a> under the Ottawa Treaty”). In April 2006, the fund declared that the basis for excluding EADS from investments related to the production of cluster munitions<\/a> is no longer valid, however its shareholding of MBDA means the fund still excludes EADS due to its indirect involvement in nuclear weapons<\/a> production.[97]<\/a>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u73b0\u5728\uff0cEADS\u53ca\u5176\u5b50\u516c\u53f8\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e86\u300a\u6e25\u592a\u534e\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u6839\u636e\u65b0\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c[\u7531\u8c01\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff1f]EADS\u6216\u5176\u5b50\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4ea7\u54c1\u90fd\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u300a\u6e25\u592a\u534e\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u6240\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u6740\u4f24\u4eba\u5458\u5730\u96f7\u7c7b\u522b\uff08”\u300a\u6e25\u592a\u534e\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u4e0b\u7684\u5730\u96f7”\uff09\u30022006\u5e744\u6708\uff0c\u8be5\u57fa\u91d1\u5ba3\u5e03\uff0c\u6392\u9664EADS\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e0e\u96c6\u675f\u5f39\u836f\u751f\u4ea7\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6295\u8d44\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0d\u518d\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u5176\u95f4\u63a5\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e86\u6838\u6b66\u5668\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\uff0c\u8be5\u57fa\u91d1\u4ecd\u7136\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u5bf9MBDA\u7684\u6301\u80a1\u800c\u6392\u9664\u4e86EADS\u3002[97]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9.3 \u5185\u5e55\u4ea4\u6613\u8c03\u67e5 | Insider trading investigation<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

On 2 June 2006 co-CEO No\u00ebl Forgeard and Airbus CEO Gustav Humbert<\/a> resigned following the controversy caused by the June 2006 announcement that deliveries of the A380 would be delayed by a further six months. Forgeard was one of a number of executives including Jean-Paul Gut<\/a> who exercised stock options<\/a> in November 2005 and March 2006. He and twenty-one other executives are[when?<\/em><\/a>] under investigation as to whether they knew about the delays in the Airbus A380 project which caused a 26\u2009% fall in EADS shares when publicised. The French government’s actions were also under investigation; The state-owned bank Caisse des D\u00e9pots et Consignations (CDC) bought part of Lagard\u00e8re’s 7.5\u2009% stake in EADS in April 2006, allowing that latter to partially escape the June 2006 losses.[98]<\/a>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112006\u5e746\u67082\u65e5\uff0c\u57282006\u5e746\u6708\u5ba3\u5e03\u7684A380\u98de\u673a\u4ea4\u4ed8\u5c06\u518d\u5ef6\u8fdf\u516d\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u6d88\u606f\u5f15\u53d1\u4e89\u8bae\u540e\uff0c\u7a7a\u4e2d\u5ba2\u8f66\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u8054\u5408\u9996\u5e2d\u6267\u884c\u5b98No\u00ebl Forgeard\u548c\u9996\u5e2d\u6267\u884c\u5b98Gustav Humbert\u8f9e\u804c\u3002Forgeard\u662f\u5305\u62ecJean-Paul Gut\u5728\u5185\u7684\u4e00\u6279\u4e8e2005\u5e7411\u6708\u548c2006\u5e743\u6708\u884c\u4f7f\u80a1\u7968\u671f\u6743\u7684\u9ad8\u7ba1\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4ed6\u548c\u53e6\u591621\u540d\u9ad8\u7ba1\u56e0\u6d89\u5acc\u662f\u5426\u77e5\u9053A380\u9879\u76ee\u5ef6\u671f\u800c\u88ab\u8c03\u67e5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6d88\u606f\u516c\u5e03\u540e\uff0cEADS\u80a1\u4ef7\u4e0b\u8dcc\u4e8626%\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u4e5f\u5728\u8c03\u67e5\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff1b\u56fd\u6709\u94f6\u884cCaisse des D\u00e9pots et Consignations\uff08CDC\uff09\u4e8e2006\u5e744\u6708\u8d2d\u4e70\u4e86\u62c9\u52a0\u5fb7\u5c14\u5728EADS\u76847.5%\u80a1\u4efd\uff0c\u4f7f\u540e\u8005\u90e8\u5206\u907f\u514d\u4e862006\u5e746\u6708\u7684\u635f\u5931\u3002[98]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9.4 \u8d3f\u8d42\u6307\u63a7 | Bribery allegations<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

9.4.1 \u5357\u975e | South Africa<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2003 Tony Yengeni<\/a>, former chief whip<\/a> of South Africa’s African National Congress<\/a>, was convicted of fraud worth around US$5 billion relating to an arms deal with South Africa, in which Airbus (formerly EADS) were major players.[99]<\/a> It was claimed that Airbus had admitted that it had “rendered assistance” to around thirty senior officials, including defence force chief General Siphiwe Nyanda<\/a>, to obtain luxury vehicles.[100]<\/a> In March 2003, South Africa withdrew all charges of bribery against the former head of EADS South Africa,[101]<\/a> and in September 2004, the prosecutor’s office dismissed the bribery charges against Yengeni.[citation needed<\/em><\/a>]
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112003\u5e74\uff0c\u5357\u975e\u975e\u6d32\u4eba\u56fd\u6c11\u5927\u4f1a\u524d\u9996\u5e2d\u515a\u97adTony Yengeni\u56e0\u6d89\u53ca\u4e0e\u5357\u975e\u7684\u4e00\u8d77\u4ef7\u503c\u7ea650\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u519b\u706b\u4ea4\u6613\u6b3a\u8bc8\u6848\u88ab\u5b9a\u7f6a\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u8d77\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u7a7a\u4e2d\u5ba2\u8f66\u516c\u53f8\uff08\u524d\u6b27\u6d32\u822a\u7a7a\u9632\u52a1\u548c\u822a\u5929\u516c\u53f8\uff09\u662f\u4e3b\u8981\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u3002[99]\u636e\u79f0\uff0c\u7a7a\u4e2d\u5ba2\u8f66\u516c\u53f8\u627f\u8ba4\u66fe\u5411\u5927\u7ea630\u540d\u9ad8\u7ea7\u5b98\u5458\u63d0\u4f9b\u201c\u534f\u52a9\u201d\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u56fd\u9632\u90e8\u957f\u897f\u83f2\u97e6\u00b7\u5c3c\u4e9a\u8fbe\u5c06\u519b\uff0c\u4ee5\u83b7\u53d6\u8c6a\u534e\u8f66\u8f86\u3002[100]2003\u5e743\u6708\uff0c\u5357\u975e\u64a4\u56de\u4e86\u5bf9\u524d\u6b27\u6d32\u822a\u7a7a\u9632\u52a1\u548c\u822a\u5929\u516c\u53f8\u5357\u975e\u5206\u516c\u53f8\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8d3f\u8d42\u6307\u63a7\uff0c[101]2004\u5e749\u6708\uff0c\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\u9a73\u56de\u4e86\u5bf9Yengeni\u7684\u8d3f\u8d42\u6307\u63a7\u3002[102]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9.4.2 \u6c99\u7279 | Saudi Arabia<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In August 2012 the UK’s Serious Fraud Office<\/a> opened a criminal investigation into an EADS subsidiary, GPT Special Project Management Ltd, regarding bribery allegations made by GPT’s former programme director, Ian Foxley. Foxley alleged that luxury cars were bought for senior Saudis, and that millions of pounds sterling<\/a> were paid to mysterious Cayman Islands<\/a> companies, possibly to secure a \u00a32 billion contract to renew the Saudi Arabian National Guard<\/a>‘s military telecommunications network.[102]<\/a> Foxley’s allegations were supported by two other GPT employees.[103]<\/a> The later agreement between Airbus and the SFO on 31 January 2020 excluded the settlement of this case.[104]<\/a>
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9.4.3 \u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u8c03\u67e5 | British and French investigations<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The French National Financial Prosecutor’s Office<\/a> (PNF), the UK Serious Fraud Office<\/a> (SFO) and the US Department of Justice (DoJ) had been jointly investigating irregularities in Airbus marketing practices since 2016, in particular the activities of agents Saudi Arabia, Kazakhstan, the Philippines, Indonesia and Austria,\u3010\u6ce8\u3011 but also China, the United Arab Emirates, South Korea, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, Kuwait, Turkey, Russia, Mexico, Brazil, Vietnam, India, Colombia and Nepal.[104]<\/a>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6cd5\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u91d1\u878d\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\uff08PNF\uff09\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u4e25\u91cd\u6b3a\u8bc8\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\uff08SFO\uff09\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\uff08DoJ\uff09\u81ea2016\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u8054\u5408\u8c03\u67e5\u7a7a\u5ba2\u8425\u9500\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u8fdd\u89c4\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u6c99\u7279\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u3001\u54c8\u8428\u514b\u65af\u5766\u3001\u83f2\u5f8b\u5bbe\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u5c3c\u897f\u4e9a\u548c\u5965\u5730\u5229\u7b49\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4ee3\u7406\u5546\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u3010\u6ce8\u3011\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u4e2d\u56fd\u3001\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8054\u5408\u914b\u957f\u56fd\u3001\u97e9\u56fd\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u3001\u6c99\u7279\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u3001\u53f0\u6e7e\u3001\u79d1\u5a01\u7279\u3001\u571f\u8033\u5176\u3001\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u3001\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u3001\u5df4\u897f\u3001\u8d8a\u5357\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u3001\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u548c\u5c3c\u6cca\u5c14\u3002[104]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

\u3010\u6ce8\u3011”The reports identified problematic transactions in the sale of civil aircraft in several countries, including Saudi Arabia, Kazakhstan, the Philippines, Indonesia and Austria. This list is far from exhaustive”[105] <\/p>\n\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011”\u62a5\u544a\u6307\u51fa\u5728\u5305\u62ec\u6c99\u7279\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u3001\u54c8\u8428\u514b\u65af\u5766\u3001\u83f2\u5f8b\u5bbe\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u5c3c\u897f\u4e9a\u548c\u5965\u5730\u5229\u7b49\u591a\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6c11\u7528\u98de\u673a\u9500\u552e\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u95ee\u9898\u4ea4\u6613\u3002\u6b64\u6e05\u5355\u5e76\u975e\u8be6\u5c3d\u65e0\u9057\u3002”<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

In July 2016, SFO opened a criminal investigation into “suspicions of fraud, bribes and corruption” after Airbus informed British authorities of a failure to disclose the role played by some intermediaries facilitating the sale of aircraft. Airbus was required to provide this information in order to benefit from export credits, which the British, French and German governments had suspended. In March 2017, the PNF subsequently opened a preliminary investigation into “suspicions of fraud and corruption in civil aviation activities” in cooperation with the SFO.[104]<\/a>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112016\u5e747\u6708\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4e25\u91cd\u6b3a\u8bc8\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\uff08SFO\uff09\u5728\u7a7a\u5ba2\u5411\u82f1\u56fd\u5f53\u5c40\u901a\u62a5\u672a\u80fd\u62ab\u9732\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e2d\u4ecb\u673a\u6784\u5728\u98de\u673a\u9500\u552e\u4e2d\u6240\u626e\u6f14\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u540e\uff0c\u5bf9\u201c\u6b3a\u8bc8\u3001\u8d3f\u8d42\u548c\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u5acc\u7591\u201d\u5c55\u5f00\u4e86\u5211\u4e8b\u8c03\u67e5\u3002\u7a7a\u5ba2\u9700\u8981\u63d0\u4f9b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fe1\u606f\u624d\u80fd\u4eab\u53d7\u51fa\u53e3\u4fe1\u8d37\uff0c\u800c\u82f1\u56fd\u3001\u6cd5\u56fd\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5df2\u6682\u505c\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fe1\u8d37\u30022017\u5e743\u6708\uff0c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u56fd\u5bb6\u91d1\u878d\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\uff08PNF\uff09\u968f\u540e\u4e0eSFO\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u5bf9\u201c\u6c11\u7528\u822a\u7a7a\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e2d\u7684\u6b3a\u8bc8\u548c\u8150\u8d25\u5acc\u7591\u201d\u5c55\u5f00\u4e86\u521d\u6b65\u8c03\u67e5\u3002[104]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The allegations included that from 2012 onwards Airbus was responsible for recruiting and remunerating intermediaries to influence the award of civil and military contracts. Payments worth hundreds of millions of euros in alleged secret commissions were made and numerous sales including in Saudi Arabia<\/a>, Kazakhstan<\/a>, Philippines<\/a>, Indonesia<\/a>, Austria<\/a>, China<\/a> and Mauritius<\/a> were under suspicion of bribery.[105]<\/a>[verification needed<\/em><\/a>][106]<\/a>
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The investigation focussed on the Airbus, Strategy and Marketing Organization (SMO), the department responsible for negotiating sales contracts and which, La Tribune reported as having “a network and an incredible influence around the world.” Directed successively by Jean-Paul Gut<\/a> and Marwan Lahoud<\/a>, the SMO was dissolved in 2016 under the new executive director, Thomas Enders, as part of a \u201cclean hands\u201d operation.[107]<\/a>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8c03\u67e5\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u662f\u7a7a\u5ba2\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u6218\u7565\u548c\u8425\u9500\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff08SMO\uff09\uff0c\u8be5\u90e8\u95e8\u8d1f\u8d23\u8c08\u5224\u9500\u552e\u5408\u540c\uff0c\u636e\u300a\u8bba\u575b\u62a5\u300b\u62a5\u9053\uff0c\u8be5\u90e8\u95e8\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u62e5\u6709\u201c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f51\u7edc\u548c\u4ee4\u4eba\u96be\u4ee5\u7f6e\u4fe1\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u201d\u3002SMO\u5148\u540e\u7531\u8ba9-\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u53e4\u7279\u548c\u9a6c\u5c14\u4e07\u00b7\u62c9\u80e1\u5fb7\u9886\u5bfc\uff0c2016\u5e74\u5728\u65b0\u6267\u884c\u8463\u4e8b\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u6069\u5fb7\u65af\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\u89e3\u6563\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u5e72\u51c0\u4e4b\u624b\u201d\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002[107]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2014, in a case referred to as the Kazakhgate affair, a search at Airbus Helicopters<\/a> by French authorities found emails confirming that Airbus had agreed in principle to pay \u20ac12 million in bribes to the Prime Minister of Kazakhstan to facilitate the sale of helicopters. Officers from the Central Anti-Corruption Office (OCLCIFF) then searched the home of Marwan Lahoud<\/a> on 8 February 2016.\u3010\u6ce81\u3011 This revealed that two Turkish intermediaries had claimed payment of commissions due in connection with the sale of 160 aircraft to China valued at US$10 billion. A message by Lahoud suggested that the commissions could reach US$250 million. The SMO was to conceal these commissions as false invoices for a fictitious Caspian pipeline project.\u3010\u6ce82\u3011
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u57282014\u5e74\uff0c\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u54c8\u8428\u514b\u65af\u5766\u95e8\u201d\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5f53\u5c40\u5bf9\u7a7a\u4e2d\u5ba2\u8f66\u76f4\u5347\u673a\u516c\u53f8\u8fdb\u884c\u641c\u67e5\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u786e\u8ba4\u7a7a\u4e2d\u5ba2\u8f66\u5df2\u540c\u610f\u652f\u4ed81200\u4e07\u6b27\u5143\u8d3f\u8d42\u54c8\u8428\u514b\u65af\u5766\u603b\u7406\u4ee5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u76f4\u5347\u673a\u9500\u552e\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u90ae\u4ef6\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u4e2d\u592e\u53cd\u8150\u8d25\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\uff08OCLCIFF\uff09\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u4e8e2016\u5e742\u67088\u65e5\u641c\u67e5\u4e86\u9a6c\u5c14\u4e07\u00b7\u62c9\u80e1\u5fb7\u7684\u4f4f\u6240\u3002\u8fd9\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u4e24\u540d\u571f\u8033\u5176\u4e2d\u4ecb\u58f0\u79f0\u5df2\u6536\u5230\u4e0e\u5411\u4e2d\u56fd\u51fa\u552e\u4ef7\u503c100\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\u7684160\u67b6\u98de\u673a\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4f63\u91d1\u3002\u62c9\u80e1\u5fb7\u7684\u4e00\u6761\u4fe1\u606f\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f63\u91d1\u53ef\u80fd\u8fbe\u52302.5\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\u3002SMO\u5c06\u628a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f63\u91d1\u4f5c\u4e3a\u865a\u5047\u91cc\u6d77\u7ba1\u9053\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u865a\u5047\u53d1\u7968\u6765\u9690\u7792\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u6ce81\uff1a”In February 2016, French police officers from the Central Anti-Corruption Office searched the homes of both Lahoud, Airbus’s former second-in-command”[105]<\/a> <\/p>\n\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112016\u5e742\u6708\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4e2d\u592e\u53cd\u8150\u8d25\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\u7684\u8b66\u5bdf\u641c\u67e5\u4e86\u62c9\u80e1\u5fb7\u548c\u7a7a\u4e2d\u5ba2\u8f66\u516c\u53f8\u524d\u7b2c\u4e8c\u53f7\u4eba\u7269\u7684\u4f4f\u6240\u3002<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

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\u6ce82\uff1a”They revealed, too, the tricks the SMO used to hide the alleged commissions on the sale of 34 Airbuses to Turkey, thanks to false invoices in relation to a fictitious pipeline project in the Caspian Sea”[105]<\/a> <\/p>\n\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd8\u900f\u9732\uff0cSMO\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f0e\u4fe9\u6765\u63a9\u76d6\u5411\u571f\u8033\u5176\u51fa\u552e34\u67b6\u7a7a\u5ba2\u98de\u673a\u7684\u6240\u8c13\u4f63\u91d1\uff0c\u8fd9\u8981\u5f52\u529f\u4e8e\u4e0e\u91cc\u6d77\u865a\u6784\u7ba1\u9053\u9879\u76ee\u6709\u5173\u7684\u865a\u5047\u53d1\u7968\u3002<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

In January 2020, French, British and American courts validated three agreements between Airbus and the PNF,[108]<\/a> the UK SFO,[104]<\/a>[109]<\/a> and the US DoJ.[110]<\/a>[111]<\/a> Airbus recognised the charges and agreed to pay fines of \u20ac3.6 billion in France, \u20ac984 million in the United Kingdom and \u20ac526 million in the United States. The penalties were the highest ever issued by the French and British bodies.[112]<\/a>[113]<\/a>[114]<\/a>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112020\u5e741\u6708\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u6cd5\u9662\u786e\u8ba4\u4e86\u7a7a\u4e2d\u5ba2\u8f66\u516c\u53f8\u4e0ePNF\u3001\u82f1\u56fdSFO\u548c\u7f8e\u56fdDoJ\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e09\u9879\u534f\u8bae\u3002[108] \u7a7a\u4e2d\u5ba2\u8f66\u627f\u8ba4\u6307\u63a7\u5e76\u540c\u610f\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u652f\u4ed836\u4ebf\u6b27\u5143\u7684\u7f5a\u6b3e\uff0c\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u652f\u4ed89.84\u4ebf\u6b27\u5143\uff0c\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u652f\u4ed85.26\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7f5a\u6b3e\u662f\u6cd5\u56fd\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u673a\u6784\u6709\u53f2\u4ee5\u6765\u5f00\u51fa\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u7f5a\u6b3e\u3002[112][113][114]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

These settlements close the prosecution of Airbus regarding the Kazakhstan case but not allegations of misconduct in Saudi Arabia, China and Turkey, which Airbus denies.[115]<\/a> Airbus managers may still be pursued as private individuals.\u3010\u6ce8\u3011
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8fd9\u4e9b\u548c\u89e3\u534f\u8bae\u7ed3\u675f\u4e86\u7a7a\u5ba2\u516c\u53f8\u5173\u4e8e\u54c8\u8428\u514b\u65af\u5766\u6848\u4ef6\u7684\u8d77\u8bc9\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u672a\u6d89\u53ca\u6c99\u7279\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u571f\u8033\u5176\u7684\u4e0d\u5f53\u884c\u4e3a\u6307\u63a7\uff0c\u7a7a\u5ba2\u516c\u53f8\u5426\u8ba4\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6307\u63a7\u3002[115] \u7a7a\u5ba2\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\u5458\u53ef\u80fd\u4ecd\u4f1a\u4ee5\u4e2a\u4eba\u8eab\u4efd\u88ab\u8ffd\u7a76\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u3010\u6ce8\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u3010\u6ce8\u3011”The Agreement does not provide any protection against prosecution of any natural ‘ persons”[104]<\/a><\/p>\n\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8be5\u534f\u5b9a\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u4f9b\u4efb\u4f55\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u4f7f\u4efb\u4f55\u81ea\u7136\u4eba\u514d\u4e8e\u88ab\u8d77\u8bc9[104]\u3002<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

2. \u53c2\u89c1 see also\uff08\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u8bcd\u6761\uff09<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\"\"Companies portal<\/a>\uff08\u516c\u53f8\u4e3b\u9898\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"Aviation portal<\/a>\uff08\u822a\u7a7a\u4e3b\u9898\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Union portal<\/a>\uff08\u6b27\u6d32\u8054\u76df\u4e3b\u9898\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"flag\"France portal<\/a>\uff08\u6cd5\u56fd\u4e3b\u9898\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"flag\"Germany portal<\/a>\uff08\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e3b\u9898\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"flag\"United Kingdom portal<\/a>\uff08\u82f1\u56fd\u4e3b\u9898\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"flag\"Spain portal<\/a>\uff08\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u4e3b\u9898\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"flag\"Netherlands portal<\/a>\uff08\u8377\u5170\u4e3b\u9898\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Engineering portal<\/a>\uff08\u5de5\u7a0b\u4e3b\u9898\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n