{"id":4431,"date":"2024-10-16T10:55:13","date_gmt":"2024-10-16T02:55:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/?p=4431"},"modified":"2025-01-30T21:53:58","modified_gmt":"2025-01-30T13:53:58","slug":"beat-generation-zhen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/2024\/10\/16\/beat-generation-zhen\/","title":{"rendered":"\u57ae\u6389\u7684\u4e00\u4ee3 \/ Beat Generation &#8211; \u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u8bcd\u6761\u878d\u5408"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">\u4e2d\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff08\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\uff09\uff1a<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%9E%AE%E6%8E%89%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a> <br>\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff08\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\uff09\uff1a<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a> <br>\u672c\u6587\u57fa\u4e8e\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u7684\u7ebf\u7d22\uff0c\u5e76\u8865\u5145\u90e8\u5206\u6765\u81ea\u4e2d\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u5728\u4e8c\u8005\u51b2\u7a81\u65f6\uff0c\u4ee5\u66f4\u665a\u66f4\u65b0\u8005\u4e3a\u51c6\uff09\u3002 \u8fbd\u89c2\u642c\u8fd0\u65f6\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u5408\u89c4\u5316\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u5176\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u4e0a\u4f20\u3002\u90e8\u5206\u6587\u5b57\u91c7\u7528<strong>\u6c49\u8bed\u62fc\u97f3<\/strong>\u65b9\u5f0f\u4ee3\u66ff\uff0c\u97f3\u8282\u540e\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u8868\u793a\u6c49\u8bed\u62fc\u97f3\u89c4\u5219\u4e2d\u7684\u58f0\u8c03\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">\u5173\u4e8e\u8fbd\u89c2\u7684\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u642c\u8fd0\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u5df2\u642c\u8fd0\u7684\u8bcd\u6761\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wikipedia-intro\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wikipedia-intro\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e86\u89e3\u66f4\u591a<\/a>\u3002\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\uff08Wikipedia\uff09\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7684\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u767e\u79d1\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u5230\u7acb\u573a\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u6765\u6e90\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8bf7\u5ba2\u89c2\u770b\u5f85\u3002\u6b63\u6587\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u8bd1\u8005\u89c2\u70b9\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">\u8fbd\u89c2\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4ec5\u4f9b\u53c2\u8003\u3002<strong>\u6587\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u542b\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\u94fe\u63a5\u3002<\/strong> <\/p>\n<cite>\u8fbd\u89c2\u6240\u642c\u8fd0\u7684\u8bcd\u6761\u6587\u672c\u4e0e\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u4e00\u9053\u540c\u6837\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 4.0\u534f\u8bae\uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/zhuanlan.zhihu.com\/p\/653887754?utm_psn=1730141199812366337\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u8fbd\u89c2\u642c\u8fd0\u7684\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u5bf9\u7167\u7248\u672c<\/a>\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u7b26\u5408\u534f\u8bae\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u514d\u8d39\u4f7f\u7528\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5546\u7528\uff09\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u548c\u89c6\u9891\u53ef\u80fd\u9075\u5faa\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5171\u4eab\u534f\u8bae\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/zhuanlan.zhihu.com\/p\/666846485?utm_psn=1730141316690960386\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. \u6b63\u6587\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u4e13\u680f\uff09<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff08\u6982\u8ff0\u3001\u8bcd\u6e90\u3001\u7b80\u53f2\u3001\u91cd\u8981\u5730\u70b9\u3001\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\uff09<a href=\"https:\/\/zhuanlan.zhihu.com\/p\/1317777539\/\">\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\uff08\u5269\u4f59\u90e8\u5206\uff09<a href=\"https:\/\/zhuanlan.zhihu.com\/p\/1338683598\">\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"\u53c2\u89c1\">2. \u53c2\u89c1\uff08\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u8bcd\u6761\uff09| See also<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Y%E4%B8%96%E4%BB%A3\">Y\u4e16\u4ee3<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6\">\u7f8e\u56fd\u6587\u5b66<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97%E5%B0%BC%E6%B2%BB%E6%9D%91\">\u683c\u6797\u5c3c\u6cbb\u6751<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%8A%A0%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%A5%88%E5%BE%B7\">\u52a0\u91cc\u00b7\u65af\u5948\u5fb7<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%90%8E%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89\">\u540e\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%90%8E%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6\">\u540e\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3b\u4e49\u6587\u5b66<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%82%91%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%87%B1%E9%AD%AF%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%8B\">\u6770\u514b\u00b7\u51ef\u9c81\u4e9a\u514b<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%88%8A%E9%87%91%E5%B1%B1\">\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%88%B5%E5%A3%AB%E6%A8%82\">\u7235\u58eb\u4e50<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%AC%89%E7%9A%AE%E5%A3%AB\">\u5b09\u76ae\u58eb<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%84%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9\">\u65e0\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%9F%8F%E6%B4%9B%E8%8C%B2\">\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u67cf\u6d1b\u5179<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%89%BE%E4%BC%A6%C2%B7%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1\">\u827e\u4f26\u00b7\u91d1\u65af\u5821<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%88%B5%E5%A3%AB%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3\">\u7235\u58eb\u65f6\u4ee3<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%92%86%E5%93%AE%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3\">\u5486\u54ee\u7684\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%BF%B7%E6%83%98%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3\">\u8ff7\u60d8\u7684\u4e00\u4ee3<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%96%AF%E8%BF%AA%E4%BA%9A%E5%AD%A3\">\u65af\u8fea\u4e9a\u5b63<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beatnik\">Beatnik<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Scene\">Beat Scene<\/a><\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beatdom\"><em>Beatdom<\/em>\u00a0Literary Journal<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Beat_Studies_Network_(EBSN)\">European Beat Studies Network (EBSN)<\/a><\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Literary_Kicks\">Literary Kicks<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Francisco_Oracle\">San Francisco Oracle<\/a><\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leonard_Cohen\">Leonard Cohen<\/a>, Canadian Beat Generation poet &amp; songwriter<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christopher_Felver\">Christopher Felver<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Silent_Generation\">Silent Generation<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Generation_gap\">Generation gap<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"References\">3. \u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e | References<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.1 \u5f15\u7528\u5217\u8868\uff08\u4e0e\u6587\u4e2d\u6807\u53f7\u5bf9\u5e94\uff09<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-1\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Evans, Mike,\u00a0<em>The Beats: from Kerouac to Kesey\u00a0: an illustrated journey through the Beat Generation<\/em>, Running Press, Introduction<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-2\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.online-literature.com\/periods\/beat.php\">The Beat Generation \u2013 Literature Periods &amp; Movements.<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-3\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Charters, Ann (2001).\u00a0<em>Beat Down to Your Soul: What was the Beat Generation?<\/em>. Penguin Books.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0141001518\"><bdi>0141001518<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-Charters92toc_4-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Charters (1992)\u00a0<em>The Portable Beat Reader<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-Ann_Charters_2001_5-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Ann Charters,\u00a0<em>introduction<\/em>, to\u00a0<em>Beat Down to Your Soul<\/em>, Penguin Books (2001)\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-14100-151-7\">978-0-14100-151-7<\/a>\u00a0p. xix &#8220;[&#8230;] the conclusion of the obscenity trial in San Francisco against Lawrence Ferlinghetti for publishing Ginsberg&#8217;s\u00a0<em>Howl and Other Poems<\/em>\u00a0[&#8230;] in which Judge\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Clayton_W._Horn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">Clayton W. Horn<\/a>\u00a0concluded for the defendant that &#8216;Howl&#8217; had what he called &#8216;redeeming social content.'&#8221;, p. xxxiii &#8220;After the successful\u00a0<em>Howl<\/em>\u00a0trial, outspoken and subversive literary magazines sprung up like wild mushrooms throughout the United States.&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-Ted_Morgan_1988._p_347_6-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Ted Morgan,\u00a0<em>Literary Outlaw<\/em>, New York: Avon, 1988. p. 347, trade paper edition\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-380-70882-5\">0-380-70882-5<\/a>: &#8220;The ruling on\u00a0<em>Naked Lunch<\/em>\u00a0in effect marked the end of literary censorship in the United States.&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-britannica_7-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/EBchecked\/topic\/57467\/Beat-movement\">&#8220;Beat movement (American literary and social movement) \u2013 Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica&#8221;<\/a>. britannica.com. Retrieved\u00a0November 30,\u00a02014.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-8\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0&#8220;<em>Beat to his socks<\/em>, which was once the black&#8217;s most total and despairing image of poverty, was transformed into a thing called the Beat Generation&#8230;&#8221; James Baldwin, &#8220;If Black English Isn&#8217;t a Language, Then Tell Me, What is it?,&#8221;\u00a0<em>The New York Times<\/em>, July 29, 1979.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-9\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0&#8220;The word &#8216;beat&#8217; was primarily in use after World War II by jazz musicians and hustlers as a slang term meaning down and out, or poor and exhausted. The jazz musician Mezz Mezzrow combined it with other words, like &#8216;dead beat&#8217; &#8230;&#8221; Ann Charters,\u00a0<em>The Portable Beat reader<\/em>, 1992,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-670-83885-3\">0-670-83885-3<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-670-83885-1\">978-0-670-83885-1<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-10\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0&#8220;Hebert Huncke picked up the word [beat] from his show business friends on the Near North Side of Chicago, and in the fall of 1945 he introduced the word to William Burroughs, Allen Ginsberg, and Jack Kerouac.&#8221;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steven_Watson_(author)\">Steven Watson<\/a>, &#8220;The Birth of the Beat Generation&#8221; (1995), p. 3,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-375-70153-2\">0-375-70153-2<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-11\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0The exuberance is much stronger in the published\u00a0<em>On the Road<\/em>, than in its manuscript (in scroll-form). Luc Sante: &#8220;In the scroll the use of the word &#8220;holy&#8221; must be 80 percent less than in the novel, and psalmodic references to the author&#8217;s unique generation are down by at least two-thirds; uses of the word &#8220;beat&#8221;, for that matter, clearly favor the exhausted over the beatific.&#8221;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2007\/08\/19\/books\/review\/Sante2-t-1.html\"><em>New York Times Book Review<\/em><\/a>, August 19, 2007.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-12\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Beard, Rick, and Leslie Berlowitz. 1993.\u00a0<em>Greenwich Village: Culture and Counterculture<\/em>. New Brunswick, N.J. Published for the Museum of the City of New York by Rutgers University Press. 167.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-13\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0&#8220;In this essay &#8220;Beat&#8221; includes those American poets considered avant-garde or anti-academic from c. 1955 \u2013 1965.&#8221;, Lee Hudson, &#8220;Poetics in Performance: The Beat Generation&#8221; collected in\u00a0<em>Studies in interpretation, Volume 2<\/em>, ed Esther M. Doyle, Virginia Hastings Floyd, 1977, Rodopi,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/90-6203-070-X\">90-6203-070-X<\/a>, 9789062030705, p. 59.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-14\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0&#8220;&#8230; resistance is bound to occur in bringing into the academy such anti-academic writers as the Beats.&#8221;, Nancy McCampbell Grace, Ronna Johnson,\u00a0<em>Breaking the rule of cool: interviewing and reading women beat writers<\/em>, 2004, Univ. Press of Mississippi,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/1-57806-654-9\">1-57806-654-9<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-57806-654-4\">978-1-57806-654-4<\/a>, p. x.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-15\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0&#8220;The Black Mountain school originated at the sometime Black Mountain College of Asheville, North Carolina, in the 1950s and gave rise to an anti-academic academy that was the center of attraction for many of the disaffiliated writers of the period, including many who were known in other contexts as the Beats or the Beat generation and the San Francisco school.&#8221; Steven R. Serafin, Alfred Bendixen,\u00a0<em>The Continuum Encyclopedia of American Literature<\/em>, 2005, Continuum International Publishing Group,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-8264-1777-9\">0-8264-1777-9<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-8264-1777-0\">978-0-8264-1777-0<\/a>, p. 901.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-16\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Genter, Robert (2004).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/25115190\">&#8220;&#8221;I&#8217;m Not His Father&#8221;: Lionel Trilling, Allen Ginsberg, and the Contours of Literary Modernism&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>College Literature<\/em>.\u00a0<strong>31<\/strong>\u00a0(2): 22\u201352.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353%2Flit.2004.0019\">10.1353\/lit.2004.0019<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JSTOR_(identifier)\">JSTOR<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/25115190\">25115190<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\">S2CID<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:171033733\">171033733<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-17\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/c250.columbia.edu\/c250_forum\/question_of_the_week\/archive_6.html\">&#8220;Curious About Columbia?&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>c250.columbia.edu<\/em>. Retrieved\u00a0August 17,\u00a02022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-18\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Morgan,\u00a0<em>Literary Outlaw<\/em>\u00a0(1988), pp. 163\u2013165.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-19\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Morgan,\u00a0<em>Literary Outlaw<\/em>\u00a0(1988), pp 205\u20136.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-20\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0McDarrah, Fred W., and Gloria S. McDarrah. 1996.\u00a0<em>Beat Generation: Glory Days in Greenwich Village<\/em>. New York: Schirmer Books.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0Beard and Berlowitz. 1993.\u00a0<em>Greenwich Village<\/em>. &#8220;The Beat Generation in the Village.&#8221; 165\u2013198.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-22\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Beard and Berlowitz. 1993.\u00a0<em>Greenwich Village<\/em>. &#8220;The Beat Generation in the Village.&#8221; 170.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-23\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Beard and Berlowitz. 1993.\u00a0<em>Greenwich Village<\/em>. &#8220;The Beat Generation in the Village.&#8221; 178.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-Austin_Statesman_24-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0&#8220;Beat Party Nominates Anti-Presidential Choice&#8221;. July 21, 1960.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-Amarillo_Globe_Times_25-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0&#8220;Anti-Presidential Nominee Named on 5th Beat Ballot&#8221;. July 21, 1960.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-26\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Jonah Raskin, American Scream:\u00a0<em>Allen Ginsberg&#8217;s &#8220;Howl&#8221; and the Making of the Beat Generation<\/em>: &#8220;Wally Hedrick, a painter and veteran of the Korean War, approached Ginsberg in the summer of 1955 and asked him to organize a poetry reading at the Six Gallery&#8230; At first, Ginsberg refused. But once he&#8217;d written a rough draft of\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Howl_(poem)\">Howl<\/a><\/em>, he changed his &#8216;fucking mind,&#8217; as he put it.&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-27\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Wills, David S. (October 7, 2015).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.beatdom.com\/sixty-years-after-the-six-gallery-reading\/\">&#8220;Sixty Years After the Six Gallery Reading&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Beatdom<\/em>. Retrieved\u00a0June 10,\u00a02024.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-28\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Ginsberg, Allen.\u00a0<em>Howl.<\/em>\u00a01986 critical edition edited by Barry Miles,\u00a0<em>Original Draft Facsimile, Transcript &amp; Variant Versions, Fully Annotated by Author, with Contemporaneous Correspondence, Account of First Public Reading, Legal Skirmishes, Precursor Texts &amp; Bibliography<\/em>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-06-092611-2\">0-06-092611-2<\/a>\u00a0(pbk.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-29\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0McClure, Michael.\u00a0<em>Scratching the Beat Surface: Essays on New Vision from Blake to Kerouac.<\/em>\u00a0Penguin, 1994.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-14-023252-4\">0-14-023252-4<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-30\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Smith, Mike (November 7, 2013).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/alibi.com\/art\/adaptation-and-the-environmental-beat-poet-activist-gary-snyder-lands-in-albuquerque\/\">&#8220;Adaptation And The Environmental Beat: Poet-Activist Gary Snyder Lands In Albuquerque | Weekly Alibi&#8221;<\/a>. Retrieved\u00a0June 10,\u00a02024.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-31\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Bradley J. Stiles,\u00a0<em>Emerson&#8217;s contemporaries and Kerouac&#8217;s crowd: a problem of self-location<\/em>, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2003,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-8386-3960-7\">0-8386-3960-7<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-8386-3960-3\">978-0-8386-3960-3<\/a>, p. 87: &#8220;Although Kerouac did not introduce Eastern religion into American culture, his writings were instrumental in popularizing Buddhism among mainstream intellectuals.&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-blogspot_32-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/pacificnwseasons.blogspot.com\/2008\/09\/kayak-camping-on-ross-lake-paddling-in.html\">&#8220;Pacific Northwest Seasons: Ross Lake: Paddling in the Path of Beat Poets&#8221;<\/a>. pacificnwseasons.blogspot.com. September 22, 2008. Retrieved\u00a0November 30,\u00a02014.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-reed_33-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.reed.edu\/reed_magazine\/winter2008\/features\/the_beats\/\">&#8220;Reed Magazine: When the Beats Came Back (1\/6)&#8221;<\/a>. reed.edu. Retrieved\u00a0November 30,\u00a02014.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-reed2_34-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/cdm.reed.edu\/cdm4\/results.php?CISOROOT=%2Freedhisttxt&amp;CISOOP1=exact&amp;CISOFIELD1=theme&amp;CISOBOX1=Calligraphy&amp;CISOSORT=centeb%7Cf&amp;CISOSTART=1,21\">&#8220;Reed Digital Collections\u00a0: Search Results&#8221;<\/a>. cdm.reed.edu. Retrieved\u00a0November 30,\u00a02014.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-35\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Knight, Brenda,\u00a0<em>Women of the Beat Generation: The Writers, Artists, and Muses at the Heart of a Revolution<\/em>, 978-1573241380, Conari Press, 1998.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^ Kakutani, Michiko (November 10, 2008).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2008\/11\/11\/books\/11kaku.html\">&#8220;A Jack Kerouac-William S. Burroughs Collaboration: &#8216;And the Hippos Were Boiled in Their Tanks'&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>The New York Times<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0362-4331\">0362-4331<\/a>. Retrieved\u00a0September 12,\u00a02017.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-37\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0*<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120328094817\/http:\/\/www.ake.hacettepe.edu.tr\/Install\/JASTFiles\/jast27.pdf\">&#8220;Archived copy&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0(PDF). Archived from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ake.hacettepe.edu.tr\/Install\/JASTFiles\/jast27.pdf\">the original<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0on March 28, 2012. Retrieved\u00a02011-10-10.\u00a0TV interview 1982 poets\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hedwig_Gorski\">Hedwig Gorski<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Robert_Creeley\">Robert Creeley<\/a>\u00a0discuss Beats. Special Robert Creeley issue, Turkey.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-38\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/blues.gr\/profiles\/blogs\/an-interview-with-hedwig-gorski-a-performance-poet-and-avant\">[1]<\/a>\u00a0Interview 2013 by Greece Blues site Michalis Limnios BLUES @ GREECE.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-39\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Morgan, Bill (2011).\u00a0<em>The Type Writer Is Holy: The Complete, Uncensored History of the Beat Generation<\/em>. Berkeley, CA: Counterpoint.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0Prothero, Stephen (1991). &#8220;On the Holy Road: The Beat Movement as Spiritual Protest&#8221;.\u00a0<em>The Harvard Theological Review<\/em>.\u00a0<strong>84<\/strong>\u00a0(2): 205\u2013222.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017%2FS0017816000008166\">10.1017\/S0017816000008166<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\">S2CID<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:162913767\">162913767<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-41\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Hemmer, Kurt, ed. (2007).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/encyclopediabeat00hemm\"><em>Encyclopedia of Beat Literature<\/em><\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Facts_On_File,_Inc.\">Facts On File, Inc.<\/a>\u00a0p.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/encyclopediabeat00hemm\/page\/n123\">111<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-8160-4297-5\"><bdi>978-0-8160-4297-5<\/bdi><\/a>.\u00a0<q>These early books, too, are windows into the poet&#8217;s efforts to find a place for his homosexual identity in the repressive pre-Stonewall United States.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-42\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Hemmer, Kurt, ed. (2007).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/encyclopediabeat00hemm\"><em>Encyclopedia of Beat Literature<\/em><\/a>. Facts On File, Inc. p.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/encyclopediabeat00hemm\/page\/n44\">32<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-8160-4297-5\"><bdi>978-0-8160-4297-5<\/bdi><\/a>.\u00a0<q>And then, before the end of the decade, Burroughs had gone\u2014leaving cold-war America to escape his criminalization as a homosexual and drug addict, to begin 25 years of expatriation.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-blogspot2_43-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20131106174932\/http:\/\/notsogentlereader.blogspot.com\/2009\/07\/hetero-and-homo-social-relationships-in.html\">&#8220;Hetero- and Homo-Social Relationships in Jack Kerouac&#8217;s On the Road&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Not-So-Gentle Reader blog<\/em>. July 23, 2009. Archived from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/notsogentlereader.blogspot.com\/2009\/07\/hetero-and-homo-social-relationships-in.html\">the original<\/a>\u00a0on November 6, 2013. Retrieved\u00a0November 30,\u00a02014.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-44\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Lundberg, John (October 16, 2011).\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/john-lundberg\/drugs-literature-poetry_b_1011124.html\">&#8220;The Great Drug-Induced Poems&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Huffington Post<\/em>. Retrieved\u00a0September 12,\u00a02017.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-45\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Allen Ginsberg,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=7jEwBwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=allen+ginsberg+lsd+every+man+woman+child&amp;pg=PT219\"><em>The Essential Ginsberg<\/em><\/a>, Penguin UK, 2015.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-46\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.beatdom.com\/substance-use\/\">&#8220;Substance Use&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Beatdom<\/em>. September 14, 2010. Retrieved\u00a0September 12,\u00a02017.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-47\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0McClure, Michael.\u00a0<em>Scratching the Beat Surface<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-48\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0&#8220;Throughout these interviews [in\u00a0<em>Spontaneous Mind<\/em>] Ginsberg returns to his high praise of William Blake and Walt Whitman. Ginsberg obviously loves Blake the visionary and Whitman the democratic sensualist, and indeed Ginsberg&#8217;s literary personality can be construed as a union of these forces.&#8221; Edmund White,\u00a0<em>Arts and letters<\/em>\u00a0(2004), p. 104,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/1-57344-195-3\">1-57344-195-3<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-57344-195-7\">978-1-57344-195-7<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-49\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0&#8220;Ginsberg&#8217;s intense relationship with Blake can be traced to a seemingly mystical experience he had during the summer of 1948.&#8221;\u00a0<em>ibid<\/em>, p. 104.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-50\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Ted Morgan,\u00a0<em>Literary Outlaw<\/em>\u00a0(1988), p.36-37 of trade paper edition, &#8220;When Billy [William Burroughs] was thirteen, he came across a book that would have an enormous impact on his life and work. Written by someone calling himself Jack Black,\u00a0<em>You Can&#8217;t Win<\/em>\u00a0was the memoir of a professional thief and drug addict.&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-51\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0According to William Lawlor: &#8220;Andr\u00e9 Breton, the founder of surrealism and Joans&#8217;s [<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sic\">sic<\/a><\/em>] mentor and friend, famously called Joans the &#8216;only Afro-American surrealist&#8217; (qtd. by James Miller in _Dictionary of Literary Biography_ 16: 268)&#8221;, p. 159,\u00a0<em>Beat culture: lifestyles, icons, and impact<\/em>, ABC-CLIO, 2005,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/1-85109-400-8\">1-85109-400-8<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-85109-400-4\">978-1-85109-400-4<\/a>. Ted Joans said, &#8220;The late Andr\u00e9 Breton the founder of surrealism said that I was the only Afro-American surrealist and welcomed me to the exclusive surrealist group in Paris&#8221;, p. 102,\u00a0<em>For Malcolm: poems on the life and the death of Malcolm X<\/em>, Dudley Randall and Margaret G. Burroughs, eds, Broadside Press, Detroit, 1967. There is some question about how familiar Breton was with Afro-American literature: &#8220;If it is true that the late Andr\u00e9 Breton, a founder of the surrealist movement, considered Ted Joans the only Afro-American surrealist, he had not read Kaufman; at any rate, Breton had much to learn about Afro-American poetry.&#8221; Bernard W. Bell, &#8220;The Debt to Black Music&#8221;,\u00a0<em>Black World\/Negro Digest<\/em>\u00a0March 1973, p. 86.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-52\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Allen Ginsberg commented: &#8220;His interest in techniques of surreal composition notoriously antedates mine and surpasses my practice &#8230; I authoritatively declare Lamantia an American original, soothsayer even as Poe, genius in the language of Whitman, native companion and teacher to myself.&#8221; Allen Ginsberg, Bill Morgan,\u00a0<em>Deliberate Prose: Selected Essays 1952\u20131995<\/em>, p. 442, &#8220;Philip Lamantia, Lamantia As Forerunner&#8221;, HarperCollins, 2001,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9780060930813\">9780060930813<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-Miles,_Ginsberg_53-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Miles (2001)\u00a0<em>Ginsberg<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-54\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0&#8220;In &#8216;Author&#8217;s Introduction,&#8217; which is included in\u00a0<em>Lonesome Traveler<\/em>\u00a0(1960), Kerouac &#8230; goes on to mention Jack London, William Saroyan, and Ernest Hemingway as early influences and mentions Thomas Wolfe as a subsequent influence.&#8221; William Lawlor,\u00a0<em>Beat culture: lifestyles, icons, and impact<\/em>, 2005,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/1-85109-400-8\">1-85109-400-8<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-85109-400-4\">978-1-85109-400-4<\/a>\u00a0p. 153. &#8220;And if one considers The Legend of Dulouz, one must acknowledge the influence of Marcel Proust. Like Proust, Kerouac makes his powerful memory the source of much of his writing and again like Proust, Kerouac envisions his life&#8217;s literary output as one great book.&#8221; Lawlor, p. 154.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-55\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Garton-Gundling, Kyle.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201226061806\/https:\/\/www.thefreelibrary.com\/Beat+Buddhism+and+American+freedom.-a0492538902\">&#8220;Beat Buddhism and American freedom&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>thefreelibrary.com<\/em>. Johns Hopkins University Press. Archived from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thefreelibrary.com\/Beat+Buddhism+and+American+freedom.-a0492538902\">the original<\/a>\u00a0on December 26, 2020. Retrieved\u00a0May 11,\u00a02019.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-56\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Ginsberg, Allen\u00a0<em>A Definition of the Beat Generation,<\/em>\u00a0from\u00a0<em>Friction, 1<\/em>\u00a0(Winter 1982), revised for\u00a0<em>Beat Culture and the New America: 1950\u20131965<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-57\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Herb Caen (February 6, 1997).\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sfgate.com\/cgi-bin\/article.cgi?file=\/c\/a\/1997\/02\/06\/MN18715.DTL\">&#8220;Pocketful of Notes&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Francisco_Chronicle\">San Francisco Chronicle<\/a><\/em>. sfgate.com. Retrieved\u00a0January 30,\u00a02010.\u00a0&#8220;&#8230;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Look_(American_magazine)\">Look<\/a><\/em>\u00a0magazine, preparing a picture spread on S.F.&#8217;s Beat Generation (oh, no, not AGAIN!), hosted a party in a No. Beach house for 50 Beatniks, and by the time word got around the sour grapevine, over 250 bearded cats and kits were on hand, slopping up Mike Cowles&#8217; free booze. They&#8217;re only Beat, know, when it comes to work\u00a0&#8230;&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-58\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0William T. Lawlor (ed.),\u00a0<em>Beat Culture: Lifestyles, Icons and Impact,<\/em>\u00a0p. 309.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-59\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Arthur and Kit Knight (ed.),\u00a0<em>The Beat Vision,<\/em>\u00a0New York: Paragon House, 1987, p. 281.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-60\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Ginsberg,\u00a0<em>Howl: Original Draft Facsimile<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-61\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0&#8220;Tracing his definition of the term\u00a0<em>Beat<\/em>\u00a0to the fulfillments offered by\u00a0<em>beatitude<\/em>, Kerouac scorned sensationalistic phrases like &#8216;Beat mutiny&#8217; and &#8216;Beat insurrection,&#8217; which were being repeated\u00a0<em>ad nauseam<\/em>\u00a0in media accounts. &#8216;Being a Catholic,&#8217; he told conservative journalist William F. Buckley, Jr. in a late-sixties television appearance, &#8216;I believe in order, tenderness, and piety,'&#8221; David Sterritt,\u00a0<em>Screening the Beats: media culture and the Beat sensibility<\/em>, 2004, p. 25,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-8093-2563-2\">0-8093-2563-2<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-8093-2563-4\">978-0-8093-2563-4<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-62\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ed_Sanders\">Ed Sanders<\/a>\u00a0said in an interview in the film\u00a0<em>The Source<\/em>\u00a0(1999) (at the 1hr 17secs point) that he observed the change immediately after the 1967\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_Be-In\">Human Be-In<\/a>\u00a0event: &#8220;And right after the Be-In all of a sudden you were no longer a beatnik, you were a hippie.&#8221; Similar remarks by Sanders: an interview with Jessa Piaia in\u00a0<em>SQUAWK Magazine<\/em>, Issue #55, commented: &#8220;I&#8217;ve begun Tales of Beatnik Glory, Volume 3. Set in the Hippie era, it defines that delicate time when reporters no longer called us &#8216;Beatnik,&#8217; but started to call us &#8216;Hippie.'&#8221;,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.angelfire.com\/music\/squawk\/eds2.html\">https:\/\/www.angelfire.com\/music\/squawk\/eds2.html<\/a>; &#8220;There was a big article January of 1966, on page one of the Cleveland Plain Dealer, under the heading &#8216;Beatnik Leader Wants Marijuana.&#8217; It was just before &#8220;hippie&#8221; replaced &#8216;Beatnik.'&#8221; Ed Sanders, Larry Smith, Ingrid Swanberg,\u00a0<em>D.A. Levy &amp; the mimeograph revolution<\/em>\u00a0(2007).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-63\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Gore Vidal quotes Ginsberg speaking of Kerouac: &#8220;&#8216;You know around 1968, when we were all protesting the Vietnam War, Jack wrote me that the war was just an excuse for &#8216;you Jews to be spiteful again.'&#8221; Gore Vidal,\u00a0<em>Palimpsest: A Memoir<\/em>, 1995,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-679-44038-0\">0-679-44038-0<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-64\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0For example, see the meaning of &#8220;cool&#8221; as explained in the Del Close, John Brant spoken word album\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/How_to_Speak_Hip\">How to Speak Hip<\/a>\u00a0from 1959.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-65\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Allen Ginsberg comments on this in the film &#8220;The Source&#8221; (1999); Gary Snyder discusses the issue in a 1974 interview, collected in\u00a0<em>The Beat Vision<\/em>\u00a0(1987), Paragon House.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-913729-40-X\">0-913729-40-X<\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-913729-41-8\">0-913729-41-8<\/a>\u00a0(pbk), edited by Arthur Winfield Knight: &#8220;&#8230; the next key point was Castro taking over Cuba. The apolitical quality of Beat&#8217;s thought changed with that. It sparked quite a discussion and quite a dialogue; many people had been basic pacifists with considerable disillusion with Marxian revolutionary rhetoric. At the time of Castro&#8217;s victory, it had to be rethought again. Here was a revolution that had used violence and that was a good thing. Many people abandoned the pacifist position at that time or at least began to give more thought to it. In any case, many people began to look to politics again as having possibilities. From that follows, at least on some levels, the beginning of civil rights activism, which leads through our one whole chain of events: the Movement.<br><br>We had little confidence in our power to make any long-range or significant changes. That\u00a0<em>was<\/em>\u00a0the 50s, you see. It seemed that bleak. So our choices seemed entirely personal existential lifetime choices that there was no guarantee that we would have any audience, or anybody would listen to us; but it was a moral decision, a moral poetic decision. Then Castro changed things, then Martin Luther King changed things &#8230;&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-66\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Pynchon, Thomas.\u00a0<em>Slow Learner.<\/em>\u00a0Vintage Classics, 2007.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-09-953251-4\">0-09-953251-4<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-67\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0&#8220;Sterling also identifies [in\u00a0<em>Mirroshades<\/em>\u00a0(1986)] postmodernist authors Thomas Pynchon and William S. Burroughs as forerunners of cyberpunk.&#8221; Keith Booker, Anne-Marie Thomas,\u00a0<em>The Science Fiction Handbook<\/em>, 2009, p. 111,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/1-4051-6205-8\">1-4051-6205-8<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-4051-6205-0\">978-1-4051-6205-0<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-68\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0&#8220;&#8230; it should hardly be surprising that to discover that the work of William S Burroughs had a profound impact on both punk music and cyberpunk science fiction.&#8221; Larry McCaffery,\u00a0<em>Storming the reality studio: a casebook of cyberpunk and postmodern science fiction<\/em>, 1991, p. 305.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-69\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0&#8220;Cyberpunk writers acknowledge their literary debt to Burroughs and Pynchon, as well as to New Wave writers from the 1960s and 1970s such as J. G. Ballard and Samuel Delany.&#8221;, Jenny Wolmark,\u00a0<em>Aliens and others: science fiction, feminism, and postmodernism<\/em>, 1994,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-87745-447-7\">0-87745-447-7<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-87745-447-2\">978-0-87745-447-2<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-70\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0&#8220;(LeRoi Jones) &#8230; is best known as a major cultural leader, one of the African American writers who galvanized a second Black Renaissance, the Black Arts Movement of the 1960s &#8230;&#8221; \u2013 page xi, &#8220;Preface&#8221;, Komozi Woodard,\u00a0<em>A nation within a nation: Amiri Baraka (LeRoi Jones) and Black power politics<\/em>\u00a0(1999, UNC Press),\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-8078-4761-5\">0-8078-4761-5<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-8078-4761-9\">978-0-8078-4761-9<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-71\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Williams, Saul.\u00a0<em>Said the Shotgun to the Head.<\/em>\u00a0MTV, 2003, p.184,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-7434-7079-6\">0-7434-7079-6<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-72\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0&#8220;During the eighties, Ginsberg used his position as director of the writing department at Naropa, introduced his classes to the wide range of literature of the Beat Generation. Many of his students became poets and educators and are grouped under an entirely new category that has been labeled Postbeat Poets.&#8221; Bill Morgan, William Morgan,\u00a0<em>The Typewriter Is Holy: The Complete, Uncensored History of the Beat Generation<\/em>, 2010, p. 245,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/1-4165-9242-3\">1-4165-9242-3<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-4165-9242-6\">978-1-4165-9242-6<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-73\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0&#8220;&#8230; the name Beatles comes from &#8216;Beat&#8217; &#8230;&#8221; Regina Weinreich,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1996\/01\/11\/style\/11iht-bookthu.t.html?pagewanted=1\">&#8220;Books: The Birth of the Beat Generation&#8221;<\/a>,\u00a0<em>The Sunday New York Times Book Review<\/em>, January 11, 1996; a review of Steven Watson&#8217;s\u00a0<em>THE BIRTH OF THE BEAT GENERATION: Visionaries, Rebels, and Hipsters 1944\u20131960<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-74\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Ellis Amburn describes a telephone conversation with Jack Kerouac: &#8220;John Lennon subsequently contacted Kerouac, revealing that the band&#8217;s name was derived from &#8216;Beat.&#8217; &#8216;He was sorry he hadn&#8217;t come to see me when they played Queens,&#8217; Kerouac said, referring to the Beatles Shea Stadium concert in 1965.&#8221; Amburn, Ellis,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=bN0PJn6VCNIC&amp;q=Lennon\"><em>Subterranean Kerouac: The Hidden Life of Jack Kerouac<\/em><\/a>, p. 342,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-312-20677-1\">0-312-20677-1<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-75\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Weidman, Rich (2015).\u00a0<em>The Beat Generation FAQ: All That&#8217;s Left to Know About the Angelheaded Hipsters<\/em>. Backbeat Books.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-76\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Wills, D. &#8220;Father &amp; Son: Allen Ginsberg and Bob Dylan,&#8221; in Wills, D. (ed.),\u00a0<em>Beatdom Vol. 1<\/em>\u00a0(Mauling Press: Dundee, 2007), pp. 90\u201393<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-77\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Wills, David S. (July 28, 2007).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.beatdom.com\/allen-ginsberg-and-bob-dylan\/\">&#8220;Allen Ginsberg and Bob Dylan&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Beatdom<\/em>. Retrieved\u00a0June 10,\u00a02024.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-78\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0&#8221; As Ray Manzarek recalls when Morrison was studying at UCLA: &#8216;He certainly had a substantial investment in books. They filled an entire wall of his apartment. His reading was very eclectic. It was typical of the early- to mid-sixties hipster student. [&#8230;] And lots of Beatniks. We wanted to _be_ beatniks. But we were too young. We came a little too late, but we were worshippers of the Beat Generation. All the Beat writers filled Morrison&#8217;s shelves [&#8230;]&#8217; (Manzarek 1999, 77)&#8221; Sheila Whiteley,\u00a0<em>Too much too young: popular music, age and gender<\/em>\u00a0(2005, Routledge)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-79\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Bennett, Graham (2014).\u00a0<em>Soft Machine: Out-Bloody-Rageous<\/em>. Syzygy. p.\u00a070.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9-7-8-90-822792-0-7\"><bdi>9-7-8-90-822792-0-7<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-80\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.pennyblackmusic.co.uk\/MagSitePages\/Article\/3091\/Tom-Waits-The-Pursuit-of-the-Beats\">&#8220;Tom Waits \u2013 The Pursuit of the Beats&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>www.pennyblackmusic.co.uk<\/em>. Retrieved\u00a0September 12,\u00a02017.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-81\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Holden, Stephen (May 19, 1980).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/docview\/427202678\">&#8220;Sounds Around Town&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_York_Times\">New York Times<\/a><\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ProQuest_(identifier)\">ProQuest<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/search.proquest.com\/docview\/427202678\">427202678<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-82\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Greg Cahill (November 24\u201330, 2004).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bohemian.com\/northbay\/mark-sandman\/Content?oid=2179959\">&#8220;Mark Sandman&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>North Bay Bohemian<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-83\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.discogs.com\/Aztec-Two-Step-Aztec-Two-Step\/release\/2343866\">&#8220;Aztec Two-Step&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Discogs\">Discogs<\/a>. 1972. Retrieved\u00a0May 30,\u00a02015.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-84\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Bono comments approvingly on the Burroughs cut up method: &#8220;That&#8217;s what the Burroughs cut up method is all about. You cut up the past to find the future.&#8221; As quoted by John Geiger in\u00a0<em>Nothing is true \u2013 everything is permitted: the life of Brion Gysin<\/em>, p. 273, attributed to John Waters,\u00a0<em>Race of the Angels: The Genesis of U2<\/em>\u00a0(London, Fourth Estate, 1994),\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/1-85702-210-6\">1-85702-210-6<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1857022100\">978-1857022100<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-85\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0&#8220;&#8230; author WILLIAM S. BURROUGHS, 84, whose nihilistic novels have influenced U2 front man BONO &#8230; &#8220;, Martha Pickerill,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20101027125303\/http:\/\/www.time.com\/time\/magazine\/article\/0,9171,986451,00.html\"><em>Time<\/em><\/a>, June 2, 1997.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-86\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0&#8220;The next video,\u00a0<em>Last Night on Earth<\/em>\u00a0was shot in Kansas City, with beat author William S. Burroughs making a cameo.&#8221; p. 96 David Kootnikoff,\u00a0<em>U2: A Musical Biography<\/em>\u00a0(2010)\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-313-36523-7\">0-313-36523-7<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-313-36523-2\">978-0-313-36523-2<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-87\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Browning, Boo (July 29, 1982).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/lifestyle\/1982\/07\/29\/homage-to-the-gurus-of-beat\/e11eccef-a822-4ebf-94a3-397d7439e6c8\/\">&#8220;Homage to the Gurus of Beat&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>The Washington Post<\/em>. Retrieved\u00a0February 22,\u00a02021.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-88\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Palmer, Robert (July 14, 1982).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1982\/07\/14\/arts\/the-pop-life-013588.html\">&#8220;The Pop Life&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>The New York Times<\/em>. Retrieved\u00a0February 22,\u00a02021.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-89\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Collected in\u00a0<em>The Norman Podhoretz Reader<\/em>\u00a0by Norman Podhoretz, Thomas L. Jeffers, Paul Johnson. Free Press, 2007.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-4165-6830-8\">978-1-4165-6830-8<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-90\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0In:\u00a0<em>Spontaneous Mind<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-91\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Ginsberg, Allen,\u00a0<em>Spontaneous Mind: Selected Interviews, 1958\u20131996,<\/em>\u00a0p. 5,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-06-093082-9\">0-06-093082-9<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-Knight,_Arthur_Winfield_1987_92-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Knight, Arthur Winfield. Ed.\u00a0<em>The Beat Vision<\/em>\u00a0(1987), Paragon House.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-913729-40-X\">0-913729-40-X<\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-913729-41-8\">0-913729-41-8<\/a>\u00a0(pbk).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-Charters01_93-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Charters (2001)\u00a0<em>Beat Down to Your Soul<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-94\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Martinez, Manuel Luis (2003).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=PetNsyuGKAMC\"><em>Countering the Counterculture: Rereading Postwar American Dissent from Jack Kerouac to Tom\u00e1s Rivera<\/em><\/a>. University of Wisconsin Press. p.\u00a052.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9780299192839\"><bdi>9780299192839<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-95\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Lerner, Richard and Lewis MacAdams, directors &#8220;What Ever Happened to Kerouac?&#8221; (1985).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beat_Generation#cite_ref-96\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Burns, Glen\u00a0<em>Great Poets Howl: A Study of Allen Ginsberg&#8217;s Poetry, 1943\u20131955<\/em>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/3-8204-7761-6\">3-8204-7761-6<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Sources\">3.2 \u6765\u6e90\u6587\u732e | Sources<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ann_Charters\">Charters, Ann<\/a>\u00a0(ed.) (1992)\u00a0<em>The Portable Beat Reader<\/em>. Penguin Books.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-670-83885-3\">0-670-83885-3<\/a>\u00a0(hc);\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-14-015102-8\">0-14-015102-8<\/a>\u00a0(pbk). The\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/us.penguingroup.com\/nf\/Book\/BookDisplay\/0,,9780142437537,00.html?sym=TAB\">table of contents is online<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081222171406\/http:\/\/us.penguingroup.com\/nf\/Book\/BookDisplay\/0,,9780142437537,00.html?sym=TAB\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0December 22, 2008, at the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine\">Wayback Machine<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ann_Charters\">Charters, Ann<\/a>\u00a0(ed.) (2001)\u00a0<em>Beat Down to Your Soul: What Was the Beat Generation?<\/em>\u00a0NY: Penguin, 2001.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-14-100151-8\">0-14-100151-8<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Knight, Arthur Winfield. Ed.\u00a0<em>The Beat Vision<\/em>\u00a0(1987) Paragon House.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-913729-40-X\">0-913729-40-X<\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-913729-41-8\">0-913729-41-8<\/a>\u00a0(pbk)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Knight, Brenda.\u00a0<em>Women of the Beat Generation: The Writers, Artists, and Muses at the Heart of a Revolution<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/1-57324-138-5\">1-57324-138-5<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>McClure, Michael.\u00a0<em>Scratching the Beat Surface: Essays on New Vision from Blake to Kerouac<\/em>. Penguin, 1994.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-14-023252-4\">0-14-023252-4<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Miles, Barry (2001).\u00a0<em>Ginsberg: A Biography<\/em>. London: Virgin Publishing Ltd., paperback, 628 pages,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-7535-0486-3\">0-7535-0486-3<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ted_Morgan_(writer)\">Morgan, Ted<\/a>\u00a0(1983)\u00a0<em>Literary Outlaw The Life and Times of William S. Burroughs.<\/em>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-380-70882-5\">0-380-70882-5<\/a>, first printing, trade paperback edition Avon, NY, NY<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Phillips, Lisa.\u00a0<em>Beat Culture and the New America 1950\u20131965<\/em>\u00a0was published by the Whitney Museum of American Art in accordance with an exhibition in 1995\/1996.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-87427-098-7\">0-87427-098-7<\/a>\u00a0softcover.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/2-08-013613-5\">2-08-013613-5<\/a>\u00a0hardcover (Flammarion)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Raskin, Jonah.\u00a0<em>American Scream: Allen Ginsberg&#8217;s &#8220;Howl&#8221; and the Making of the Beat Generation<\/em>. University of California Press, 2004.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-520-24015-4\">0-520-24015-4<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Starer, Jacqueline. Les \u00e9crivains de la Beat Generation \u00e9ditions d&#8217;\u00e9carts Dol de Bretagne France. 1SBN 978-2-919121-02-1<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Weidner, Chad.\u00a0<em>The Green Ghost: William Burroughs and the Ecological Mind<\/em>. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2016. 1SBN 978-0809334865<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\">4. \u4e2d\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"\u4e66\u7c4d\">4.1 \u4e66\u7c4d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u6cf0\u5fb7\u00b7\u6469\u6839\u8457\uff0c\u300a\u6587\u5b66\u56da\u5f92\uff1a\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u535a\u7f57\u65af\u7684\u751f\u5e73\u4e0e\u65f6\u4ee3\u300b\uff0c\uff081983\uff09\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90\/0380708825\">ISBN 0-380-70882-5<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5e03\u5170\u8fbe\u00b7\u8010\u7279\u8457\uff0c\u300a\u201c\u57ae\u6389\u7684\u4e00\u4ee3\u201d\u4e2d\u7684\u5973\u6027\uff1a\u53d8\u9769\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u4f5c\u5bb6\u3001\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u548c\u97f3\u4e50\u5bb6\u300b\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90\/1573241385\">ISBN 1-57324-138-5<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5b89\u00b7\u67e5\u5c14\u7279\u65af\u8457\uff0c\u300a\u201c\u57ae\u6389\u6d3e\u201d\u53e3\u888b\u4e66\u300b\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90\/0670838853\">ISBN 0-670-83885-3<\/a>\u00a0(hc); ISBN 0-14-01.5102-8 (pbk).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u963f\u745f\u00b7\u6e29\u83f2\u5c14\u5fb7\u00b7\u8010\u7279\u8457\uff0c\u300a\u201c\u57ae\u6389\u6d3e\u201d\u5e7b\u5f71\u300b\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90\/091372940X\">ISBN 0-913729-40-X<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u300a\u201c\u57ae\u6389\u6d3e\u201d\u6587\u5316\u4e0e1950\u5e74\uff0d1965\u5e74\u7684\u65b0\u7f8e\u56fd\u300b\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90\/0874270987\">ISBN 0-87427-098-7<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u827e\u5fb7\u00b7\u6851\u5fb7\u65af\u8457\uff0c\u300a\u62ab\u5934\u65cf\u7684\u8363\u8000\u300b\uff081990\u5e74\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7248\uff09\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90\/0806511729\">ISBN 0-80651-172-9<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"\u7535\u5f71\">4.2 \u7535\u5f71<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u6770\u514b\u00b7\u514b\u9c81\u4e9a\u514b\u7f16\u5267\uff0c\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u5f17\u5170\u514b\u3001\u963f\u5c14\u5f17\u83b1\u5fb7\u00b7\u83b1\u65af\u5229\u5bfc\u6f14\uff0c\u300a\u62d4\u51fa\u96cf\u83ca\u300b\uff0c1958\u5e74<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u00b7\u83b1\u6069\u7eb3\u3001\u5218\u6613\u65af\u00b7\u9ea6\u514b\u4e9a\u5f53\u5bfc\u6f14\uff0c\u300a\u514b\u9c81\u4e9a\u514b\u600e\u4e48\u4e86\uff1f\u300b\uff08\u8bb0\u5f55\u7247\uff09\uff0c1986\u5e74<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u6070\u514b\u00b7\u6c83\u514b\u66fc\u7f16\u5267\u3001\u5bfc\u6f14\uff0c\u300a\u6e90\u6cc9\u300b\uff0c1999\u5e74<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"\u7f51\u7edc\u8d44\u6e90\">4.3 \u7f51\u7edc\u8d44\u6e90<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%9E%AE%E6%8E%89%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3#cite_ref-1\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.online-literature.com\/periods\/beat.php\">The Beat Generation \u2013 Literature Periods &amp; Movements.<\/a>.\u00a0[2017-07-30]. \uff08\u539f\u59cb\u5185\u5bb9<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170710101322\/http:\/\/www.online-literature.com\/periods\/beat.php\">\u5b58\u6863<\/a>\u4e8e2017-07-10\uff09.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%9E%AE%E6%8E%89%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3#cite_ref-2\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Charters, Ann.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/beatdowntoyourso0000unse\">Beat Down to Your Soul: What was the Beat Generation?<\/a>. Penguin Books. 2001.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90\/0141001518\">ISBN\u00a00141001518<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Further_reading\">5. \u5ef6\u4f38\u9605\u8bfb | Further reading<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Books\">5.1 \u4e66\u7c4d | Books<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Larry_Beckett\">Beckett, Larry<\/a>,\u00a0<em>Beat Poetry<\/em>. Edinburgh: Beatdom Books. 2012.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9780956952530\">9780956952530<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Campbell, James.\u00a0<em>This Is the Beat Generation: New York\u2013San Francisco-Paris<\/em>. LA: University of California Press. 2001.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-520-23033-7\">0-520-23033-7<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Raj_Chandarlapaty\">Chandarlapaty, Raj<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=bzOXDwAAQBAJ\"><em>Seeing the Beat Generation<\/em><\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jefferson,_North_Carolina\">Jefferson, NC<\/a>:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/McFarland_%26_Company\">McFarland &amp; Company<\/a>, 2019.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1476675756\">978-1476675756<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Collins, Ronald &amp; Skover, David.\u00a0<em>Mania: The Story of the Outraged &amp; Outrageous Lives that Launched a Cultural Revolution<\/em>\u00a0(Top-Five Books, March 2013)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cook, Bruce\u00a0<em>The Beat Generation: The tumultuous &#8217;50s movement and its impact on today<\/em>. New York: Charles Scribner&#8217;s Sons, 1971.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-684-12371-1\">0-684-12371-1<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gifford, Barry and Lawrence Lee<em>\u00a0Jack&#8217;s Book An Oral Biography Of Jack Kerouac<\/em>, New York: St. Martin&#8217;s Press, 1978.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-312-43942-3\">0-312-43942-3<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gorski, Hedwig. *\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120328094817\/http:\/\/www.ake.hacettepe.edu.tr\/Install\/JASTFiles\/jast27.pdf\">[2]<\/a>\u00a0Robert Creeley 1982 TV Interview with Hedwig Gorski transcript included in special Robert Creeley Issue, Journal of American Studies of Turkey (JAST), No. 27, Spring 2008.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Grace, Nancy\u00a0<em>Jack Kerouac and the Literary Imagination<\/em>, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/1-4039-6850-0\">1-4039-6850-0<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hemmer, Kurt (ed.).\u00a0<em>Encyclopedia of Beat Literature<\/em>. Facts on File, 2006.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-8160-4297-7\">0-8160-4297-7<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hrebeniak, Michael.\u00a0<em>Action Writing: Jack Kerouac&#8217;s Wild Form<\/em>, Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2006.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Johnson, Ronna C. and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nancy_McCampbell_Grace\">Nancy Grace<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Girls Who Wore Black: Women Writing the Beat Generation<\/em>. Rutgers, 2002.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-813-53064-4\">0-813-53064-4<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Knight, Brenda.\u00a0<em>Women of the Beat Generation; The Writers, Artists, and Muses at the Heart of a Revolution<\/em>. Conari Press, 1996.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/1573240613\">1573240613<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1573240611\">978-1573240611<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lawlor, William,\u00a0<em>Beat Culture: Lifestyles, Icons, and Impact<\/em>, Santa Barbara: Bloomsbury Academic, 2005 ISBN 9781851094004<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>McDarrah, Fred W., and Gloria S. McDarrah.\u00a0<em>Beat Generation: Glory Days in Greenwich Village<\/em>\u00a0Schirmer Books (September 1996)\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-8256-7160-4\">0-8256-7160-4<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>McNally, Dennis.\u00a0<em>Desolate Angel: Jack Kerouac, the Beat Generation, and America<\/em>. NY: DeCapo, 2003.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-306-81222-3\">0-306-81222-3<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Miles, Barry.\u00a0<em>The Beat Hotel: Ginsberg, Burroughs &amp; Corso in Paris, 1957\u20131963<\/em>. NY: Grove Press, 2001.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-8021-3817-9\">0-8021-3817-9<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Peabody, Richard.\u00a0<em>A Different Beat: Writing by Women of the Beat Generation<\/em>. Serpent&#8217;s Tail, 1997.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/1852424311\">1852424311<\/a>\u00a0\/\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1852424312\">978-1852424312<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sargeant, Jack.\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naked_Lens:_Beat_Cinema\">Naked Lens: Beat Cinema<\/a><\/em>. NY: Soft Skull, 2009 (third edition)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sanders, Ed.\u00a0<em>Tales of Beatnik Glory<\/em>\u00a0(second edition, 1990)\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-8065-1172-9\">0-8065-1172-9<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Theado, Matt (ed.).\u00a0<em>The Beats: A Literary Reference<\/em>. NY: Carrol &amp; Graff, 2002.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-7867-1099-3\">0-7867-1099-3<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steven_Watson_(author)\">Watson, Steven<\/a>.\u00a0<em>The Birth of the Beat Generation: Visionaries, Rebels, and Hipsters, 1944\u20131960<\/em>. NY: Pantheon, 1998.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-375-70153-2\">0-375-70153-2<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Archival_resources\">5.2 \u6863\u6848\u8d44\u6e90 | Archival resources<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.oac.cdlib.org\/findaid\/ark:\/13030\/tf200001v2\/\">Gregory Corso Papers, 1981\u20131990<\/a>\u00a0(1.5 linear feet) are housed at the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stanford_University_Libraries\">Stanford University Libraries<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.oac.cdlib.org\/findaid\/ark:\/13030\/tf5p3004sf\/\">Lawrence Ferlinghetti Papers, 1919\u20132003<\/a>\u00a0(circa 28 linear feet) are housed at the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bancroft_Library\">Bancroft Library<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_of_California,_Berkeley\">University of California, Berkeley<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.oac.cdlib.org\/findaid\/ark:\/13030\/tf3199n6sr\/\">Photographs from the Lawrence Ferlinghetti Papers, circa 1935-circa 1990<\/a>\u00a0(circa 345 photographs) are housed at the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_of_California_at_Berkeley\">University of California at Berkeley<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bancroft_Library\">Bancroft Library<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.oac.cdlib.org\/findaid\/ark:\/13030\/tf5c6004hb\/\">Allen Ginsberg Papers, 1937\u20131994<\/a>\u00a0(circa 1,000 linear feet) are housed at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stanford_University_Libraries\">Stanford University Libraries<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nypl.org\/ead\/479\">Jack Kerouac Papers, 1920\u20131977, bulk (1935\u20131969)<\/a>\u00a0(22.5 linear feet) are housed at the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_York_Public_Library\">New York Public Library<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Henry_W._and_Albert_A._Berg_Collection_of_English_and_American_Literature\">Henry W. and Albert A. Berg Collection of English and American Literature<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/findingaids.library.columbia.edu\/ead\/nnc-rb\/ldpd_4079081\">Finding aid to Beat poets and poetry collection at Columbia University. Rare Book &amp; Manuscript Library.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"External_links\">6. \u5916\u90e8\u94fe\u63a5 | External links<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Wikimedia Commons has media related to&nbsp;<strong><em><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Beat_Generation\">Beat Generation<\/a><\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20040207145948\/http:\/\/emptymirrorbooks.com\/beats.html\">Biographies of Beat Generation writers, artists, &amp; poets<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/digital.lib.usu.edu\/cdm\/landingpage\/collection\/Beat\">Beat Poetry, Broadsides and Little Magazines Digital Collection: Utah State University<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20050130031847\/http:\/\/dmoz.org\/Arts\/Literature\/Periods_and_Movements\/Beat\/\">\u201c\u57ae\u6389\u7684\u4e00\u4ee3\u201d\u7684\u6587\u5b66\u4f5c\u54c1<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20040207145948\/http:\/\/emptymirrorbooks.com\/beats.html\">\u201c\u57ae\u6389\u6d3e\u201d\u4f5c\u5bb6\u7684\u4f20\u8bb0<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.emptymirrorbooks.com\/keenan\/\">\u201c\u57ae\u6389\u6d3e\u201d\u4eba\u7269\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u56fe\u7247<\/a>\uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20050512081748\/http:\/\/www.emptymirrorbooks.com\/keenan\/\">\u9875\u9762\u5b58\u6863\u5907\u4efd<\/a>\uff0c\u5b58\u4e8e<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86\">\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u6863\u6848\u9986<\/a>\uff09<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20010429184520\/http:\/\/www.geocities.com\/terry_young\/beatgeneration.html\">\u201c\u57ae\u6389\u6d3e\u201d\u4f5c\u5bb6\u540d\u5f55<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20021130024940\/http:\/\/beat.digihitch.com\/\">\u201c\u57ae\u6389\u7684\u4e00\u4ee3\u201d\u548c\u6ce2\u897f\u7c73\u4e9a\u6587\u5316<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u4e2d\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff08\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\uff09\uff1a\u8bf7\u70b9 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[45,144,143],"tags":[155,101],"class_list":["post-4431","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-usa-and-canada","category-literature-and-theatre","category-social-trends-and-sociocultural-movements","tag-155","tag-101"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4431","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4431"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4431\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4431"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4431"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4431"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}