{"id":4491,"date":"2024-11-01T23:16:29","date_gmt":"2024-11-01T15:16:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/?p=4491"},"modified":"2025-01-30T21:50:59","modified_gmt":"2025-01-30T13:50:59","slug":"right-wing-politics-fulltext-zhen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/2024\/11\/01\/right-wing-politics-fulltext-zhen\/","title":{"rendered":"\u53f3\u7ffc \/ Right-wing Politics -\uff08\u5168\u6587\uff09\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u8bcd\u6761\u878d\u5408"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\n

\u4e2d\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff08\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\uff09\uff1a\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a>
\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u539f\u6587\u8fde\u63a5\uff08\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\uff09\uff1a\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a>
\u672c\u6587\u57fa\u4e8e\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u7684\u7ebf\u7d22\uff0c\u5e76\u8865\u5145\u90e8\u5206\u6765\u81ea\u4e2d\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u5728\u4e8c\u8005\u51b2\u7a81\u65f6\uff0c\u4ee5\u66f4\u665a\u66f4\u65b0\u8005\u4e3a\u51c6\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fbd\u89c2\u642c\u8fd0\u65f6\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u5408\u89c4\u5316\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u5176\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u4e0a\u4f20\u3002\u90e8\u5206\u6587\u5b57\u91c7\u7528\u6c49\u8bed\u62fc\u97f3<\/strong>\u65b9\u5f0f\u4ee3\u66ff\uff0c\u97f3\u8282\u540e\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u8868\u793a\u6c49\u8bed\u62fc\u97f3\u89c4\u5219\u4e2d\u7684\u58f0\u8c03\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5173\u4e8e\u8fbd\u89c2\u7684\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u642c\u8fd0\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u5df2\u642c\u8fd0\u7684\u8bcd\u6761\uff0c\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e86\u89e3\u66f4\u591a<\/a>\u3002\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\uff08Wikipedia\uff09\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7684\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u767e\u79d1\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u5230\u7acb\u573a\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u6765\u6e90\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8bf7\u5ba2\u89c2\u770b\u5f85\u3002\u6b63\u6587\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u8bd1\u8005\u89c2\u70b9\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fbd\u89c2\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4ec5\u4f9b\u53c2\u8003\u3002\u6587\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u542b\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\u94fe\u63a5\u3002<\/strong> <\/p>\n\u8fbd\u89c2\u6240\u642c\u8fd0\u7684\u8bcd\u6761\u6587\u672c\u4e0e\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u4e00\u9053\u540c\u6837\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 4.0\u534f\u8bae\uff08\u8fbd\u89c2\u642c\u8fd0\u7684\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u5bf9\u7167\u7248\u672c<\/a>\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u7b26\u5408\u534f\u8bae\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u514d\u8d39\u4f7f\u7528\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5546\u7528\uff09\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u548c\u89c6\u9891\u53ef\u80fd\u9075\u5faa\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5171\u4eab\u534f\u8bae\u3002\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

0. \u6982\u51b5<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u8fbd\u89c2\u6ce8\uff1a\u6b64\u6807\u9898\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u642c\u8fd0\u3001\u6574\u5408\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53f3\u7ffc<\/strong>\uff0c\u53c8\u79f0\u53f3\u6d3e<\/strong>\uff0c\u53f3\u7ffc\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\u4e00\u822c\u4f1a\u91c7\u53d6\u5404\u79cd\u4fdd\u5b88\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u7ef4\u62a4\u73b0\u6709\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f<\/a>\u53ca\u793e\u4f1a\u9636\u5c42<\/a>\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5176\u6b63\u5e38\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u4e14\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d[1]<\/a><\/sup>[2]<\/a><\/sup>[3]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u4e14\u901a\u5e38\u56e0\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5<\/a>\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66<\/a>\u6216\u662f\u4f20\u7edf<\/a>\u652f\u6301\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7acb\u573a[4]<\/a><\/sup>:693, 721<\/sup>[5]<\/a><\/sup>[6]<\/a><\/sup>[7]<\/a><\/sup>[8]<\/a><\/sup>[9]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u53f3\u7ffc\u901a\u5e38\u8ba4\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u9636\u5c42\u53ca\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49<\/a>\u662f\u4f20\u7edf\u793e\u4f1a\u5dee\u5f02[10]<\/a><\/sup>[11]<\/a><\/sup>\u6216\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e<\/a>\u4e0b\u7ade\u4e89[12]<\/a><\/sup>[13]<\/a><\/sup>[14]<\/a><\/sup>\u6240\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u201c\u53f3\u7ffc\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u672f\u8bed\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u6765\u6307\u4ee3\u67d0\u4e2a\u653f\u515a\u6216\u67d0\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e<\/a>\u6216\u53cd\u53d8\u9769\u6d3e<\/a>[15]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u53f3\u7ffc\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u56fd\u5bb6<\/a>\u4e0e\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\u671f\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5f62\u6001\u51fa\u73b0[16]<\/a><\/sup>[17]<\/a><\/sup>[18]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u7528\u201c\u53f3\u7ffc\u201d\u6765\u79f0\u547c\u81ea\u7531\u653e\u4efb<\/a>\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005[19]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u867d\u8bf4\u81ea\u7531\u653e\u4efb<\/a>\uff0c\u5374\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u79fb\u6c11<\/a>\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u79fb\u52a8\uff0c\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u53f3\u7ffc\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b97\u6559\u51b2\u7a81\u6bd4\u8f83\u4fdd\u5b88\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u79cd\u65cf\u95ee\u9898\u4e5f\u8f83\u4e3a\u8c28\u614e\u4e43\u81f3\u4e8e\u6392\u65a5\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u57281930\u5e74\u4ee3\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u65b0\u653f<\/a>\u540e\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u653f\u5e9c\u5e72\u9884\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\uff08liberal\uff0c\u6216\u8bd1\u5f00\u660e\u6d3e\uff09\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u652f\u6301\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\uff08conservative\uff09\u201d\uff0c\u5c14\u540e\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5de6\u7ffc<\/a>\u201d\u53d8\u6210\u540c\u4e49\u8bcd\uff0c\u76f8\u5bf9\u7684\u5219\u662f\u201c\u53f3\u7ffc\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Right-wing politics are considered the counterpart to left-wing politics<\/a>, and the left\u2013right political spectrum<\/a> is the most common political spectrum<\/a>.[16]<\/a><\/sup> The right includes social conservatives<\/a> and fiscal conservatives<\/a>,[17]<\/a>[18]<\/a>[19]<\/a><\/sup> as well as right-libertarians<\/a>. “Right” and “right-wing” have been variously used as compliments and pejoratives<\/a> describing neoliberal<\/a>, conservative<\/a>, and fascist<\/a> economic and social ideas.[20]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u53f3\u7ffc\u653f\u6cbb\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5de6\u7ffc\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u9762\uff0c\u800c\u5de6\u53f3\u7ffc\u653f\u6cbb\u5149\u8c31\u662f\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5149\u8c31\u3002[16]\u53f3\u7ffc\u5305\u62ec\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u548c\u8d22\u653f\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\uff0c[17][18][19]\u4ee5\u53ca\u53f3\u7ffc\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u3002\u201c\u53f3\u201d\u548c\u201c\u53f3\u7ffc\u201d\u66fe\u88ab\u7528\u4f5c\u8d5e\u7f8e\u6216\u8d2c\u4f4e\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\uff0c\u7528\u4ee5\u63cf\u8ff0\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u601d\u60f3\u3002[20]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. \u7acb\u573a | Positions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u5de6\u7ffc\u548c\u53f3\u7ffc<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5de6\u7ffc\u4e0e\u53f3\u7ffc\u90fd\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u4e24\u8005\u4e3b\u5f20\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0d\u4f1a\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee5\u9759\u6001\u7684\u201c\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u6216\u201c\u9636\u7ea7\u201d\u5212\u5206\u3002\u4e24\u8bcd\u662f\u76f8\u5f53\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u5f62\u5bb9\u7528\u8bcd\uff0c\u7528\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4f5c\u5f62\u5bb9\u6216\u533a\u5206\u4e00\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u7acb\u573a\u3001\u4e00\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u3001\u6216\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u6cbb\u515a\u6d3e\u3002\u9664\u975e\u662f\u5c06\u5176\u5957\u7528\u81f3\u591a\u7ef4\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5149\u8c31\u4e0a\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u8fd9\u4e24\u8bcd\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u7528\u4ee5\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e24\u79cd\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u5bf9\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u3002\u201c\u5de6\u7ffc\u201d\u3001\u201c\u53f3\u7ffc\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4e2d\u95f4\u6d3e\u201d\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u56fd\u5bb6\u6216\u5730\u533a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u60c5\u52bf\u4e2d\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The following positions are typically associated with right-wing politics.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7acb\u573a\u901a\u5e38\u4e0e\u53f3\u7ffc\u653f\u6cbb\u76f8\u5173\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.1 \u53cd\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49 | Anti-communism<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The original use of the term “right-wing”, relative to communism<\/a>, placed the conservatives on the right, the liberals in the centre and the communists on the left. Both the conservatives and the liberals were strongly anti-communist<\/a>, although conservatives’ anti-communism is much stronger than liberals’. The history of the use of the term right-wing<\/em> about anti-communism is a complicated one.[21]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u201c\u53f3\u7ffc\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u6700\u521d\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u662f\u5c06\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u7f6e\u4e8e\u53f3\u4fa7\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u7f6e\u4e8e\u4e2d\u95f4\uff0c\u800c\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7f6e\u4e8e\u5de6\u4fa7\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u90fd\u5f3a\u70c8\u53cd\u5bf9\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4f46\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u7684\u53cd\u5171\u6001\u5ea6\u8fdc\u6bd4\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u66f4\u4e3a\u5f3a\u70c8\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u53f3\u7ffc\u4e00\u8bcd\u5728\u53cd\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u5386\u53f2\u76f8\u5f53\u590d\u6742\u3002[21]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Early Marxist movements were at odds with the traditional monarchies that ruled over much of the European<\/a> continent at the time. Many European monarchies outlawed the public expression of communist views and the Communist Manifesto<\/a><\/em>, which began “[a] spectre [that] is haunting Europe”, and stated that monarchs feared for their thrones. Advocacy of communism was illegal in the Russian Empire<\/a>, the German Empire<\/a>, and Austria-Hungary<\/a>, the three most powerful monarchies in continental Europe before World War I<\/a>. Many monarchists (except constitutional monarchists<\/a>) viewed inequality in wealth and political power as resulting from a divine natural order. The struggle between monarchists and communists was often described as a struggle between the Right and the Left.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e0e\u5f53\u65f6\u7edf\u6cbb\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u9646\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u533a\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u683c\u683c\u4e0d\u5165\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u6b27\u6d32\u541b\u4e3b\u56fd\u7981\u6b62\u516c\u5f00\u8868\u8fbe\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5e76\u7981\u6b62\u300a\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\uff0c\u8be5\u5ba3\u8a00\u5f00\u7bc7\u5373\u79f0\u201c[\u4e00\u4e2a]\u5e7d\u7075[\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u6e38\u8361]\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u6307\u51fa\u541b\u4e3b\u4eec\u5bb3\u6015\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u738b\u4f4d\u53d7\u5230\u5a01\u80c1\u3002\u5728\u4fc4\u56fd\u5e1d\u56fd\u3001\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u5e1d\u56fd\u548c\u5965\u5308\u5e1d\u56fd\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u524d\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u9646\u6700\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u5ba3\u626c\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u975e\u6cd5\u7684\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u541b\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff08\u9664\u4e86\u7acb\u5baa\u541b\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8d22\u5bcc\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u662f\u795e\u5723\u81ea\u7136\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u541b\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u548c\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6597\u4e89\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u53f3\u6d3e\u548c\u5de6\u6d3e\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6597\u4e89\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df
\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aAnti-communist<\/a> propaganda poster depicting the White movement<\/a> which says “For a united Russia”, 1919
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a1919 \u5e74\u63cf\u7ed8\u767d\u519b\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u53cd\u5171\u5ba3\u4f20\u6d77\u62a5\uff0c\u4e0a\u9762\u5199\u7740\u201c\u4e3a\u4e86\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u201d
\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u041e\u0421\u0412\u0410\u0413 \u0412\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0421\u0438\u043b \u042e\u0433\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

By World War I<\/a>, in most European monarchies the divine right of kings<\/a> had become discredited and was replaced by liberal<\/a> and nationalist<\/a> movements. Most European monarchs became figureheads, or they yielded some power to elected governments. The most conservative European monarchy, the Russian Empire, was replaced by the communist Soviet Union<\/a>. The Russian Revolution<\/a> inspired a series of other communist revolutions across Europe in the years 1917\u20131923<\/a>. Many of these, such as the German Revolution<\/a>, were defeated by nationalist and monarchist military units. During this period, nationalism began to be considered right-wing, especially when it opposed the internationalism of the communists.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5230\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u65f6\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u6b27\u6d32\u541b\u4e3b\u56fd\u7684\u541b\u6743\u795e\u6388\u89c2\u5ff5\u5df2\u7ecf\u5931\u4fe1\uff0c\u5e76\u88ab\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd0\u52a8\u6240\u53d6\u4ee3\u3002\u5927\u591a\u6570\u6b27\u6d32\u541b\u4e3b\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u865a\u4f4d\u5143\u9996\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5c06\u90e8\u5206\u6743\u529b\u8ba9\u6e21\u7ed9\u4e86\u9009\u4e3e\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u3002\u6b27\u6d32\u6700\u4fdd\u5b88\u7684\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u56fd\u5bb6\u2014\u2014\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5e1d\u56fd\uff0c\u88ab\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u8054\u90a6\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u6240\u53d6\u4ee3\u30021917\u5e74\u81f31923\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u4fc4\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u6fc0\u53d1\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5176\u4ed6\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u9769\u547d\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u8bb8\u591a\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u5982\u5fb7\u56fd\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u88ab\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u548c\u541b\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u90e8\u961f\u6240\u51fb\u8d25\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f00\u59cb\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u53f3\u7ffc\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5f53\u5b83\u53cd\u5bf9\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u4e3b\u4e49\u65f6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 1920s and 1930s saw the decline of traditional right-wing politics. The mantle of conservative anti-communism was taken up by the rising fascist<\/a> movements on the one hand and by American-inspired liberal conservatives<\/a> on the other. When communist groups and political parties began appearing around the world, their opponents were usually colonial authorities<\/a> and the term right-wing<\/em> came to be applied to colonialism<\/a>.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u301120\u4e16\u7eaa20\u5e74\u4ee3\u548c30\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u53f3\u7ffc\u653f\u6cbb\u9010\u6e10\u8870\u843d\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u65b0\u5174\u7684\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u8fd0\u52a8\u627f\u62c5\u8d77\u4e86\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u53cd\u5171\u7684\u91cd\u4efb\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u53d7\u7f8e\u56fd\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u4e5f\u52a0\u5165\u5176\u4e2d\u3002\u5f53\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u56e2\u4f53\u548c\u653f\u515a\u5f00\u59cb\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u51fa\u73b0\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5bf9\u624b\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u6b96\u6c11\u5f53\u5c40\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u201c\u53f3\u7ffc\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u5f00\u59cb\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u63cf\u8ff0\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After World War II<\/a>, communism became a global phenomenon and anti-communism became an integral part of the domestic and foreign policies of the United States<\/a> and its NATO<\/a> allies. Conservatism in the post-war era abandoned its monarchist and aristocratic roots, focusing instead on patriotism, religious values, and nationalism. Throughout the Cold War<\/a>, postcolonial governments in Asia<\/a>, Africa<\/a>, and Latin America<\/a> turned to the United States for political and economic support. Communists were also enemies of capitalism, portraying Wall Street<\/a> as the oppressor of the masses. The United States made anti-communism the top priority of its foreign policy, and many American conservatives sought to combat what they saw as communist influence at home. This led to the adoption of several domestic policies that are collectively known under the term McCarthyism<\/a><\/em>. While both liberals and conservatives were anti-communist, the followers of Senator McCarthy were called right-wing<\/em> and those on the right called liberals who favored free speech, even for communists, leftist<\/em>.[22]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u540e\uff0c\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5168\u7403\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u53cd\u5171\u4e3b\u4e49\u6210\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u5317\u7ea6\u76df\u56fd\u56fd\u5185\u548c\u5916\u4ea4\u653f\u7b56\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u6218\u540e\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u5176\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u548c\u8d35\u65cf\u5236\u7684\u6839\u6e90\uff0c\u8f6c\u800c\u5173\u6ce8\u7231\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u548c\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u51b7\u6218\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4e9a\u6d32\u3001\u975e\u6d32\u548c\u62c9\u4e01\u7f8e\u6d32\u7684\u540e\u6b96\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u8f6c\u5411\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bfb\u6c42\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u652f\u6301\u3002\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4e5f\u662f\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u654c\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u534e\u5c14\u8857\u63cf\u7ed8\u6210\u5927\u4f17\u7684\u538b\u8feb\u8005\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5c06\u53cd\u5171\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5176\u5916\u4ea4\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u9996\u8981\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u7f8e\u56fd\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u8bd5\u56fe\u6253\u51fb\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7684\u56fd\u5185\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u51e0\u9879\u56fd\u5185\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u51fa\u53f0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u653f\u7b56\u7edf\u79f0\u4e3a\u9ea6\u5361\u9521\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u867d\u7136\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u548c\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u90fd\u53cd\u5bf9\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4f46\u53c2\u8bae\u5458\u9ea6\u5361\u9521\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u53f3\u7ffc\uff0c\u800c\u53f3\u7ffc\u5219\u79f0\u90a3\u4e9b\u751a\u81f3\u652f\u6301\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u4e3a\u5de6\u7ffc\u3002[22]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.2 \u7ecf\u6d4e | Economics<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Capitalism<\/a> and Corporatism<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u201c\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u548c\u201d\u793e\u56e2\u4e3b\u4e49\u201c\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df
\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aPlato<\/a> (left) and Aristotle<\/a> (right)
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\uff08\u5de6\uff09\u548c\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\uff08\u53f3\uff09
\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1aRaphael<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Early forms of corporatism would be developed in Classical Greece<\/a> and used in Ancient Rome<\/a>. Plato would develop the ideas of totalitarian<\/a> and communitarian<\/a> corporatist systems of natural based classes and social hierarchies that would be organized based on function, such that groups would cooperate to achieve social harmony by emphasizing collectives<\/a> interests over individual<\/a> interests.[23]<\/a>[24]<\/a><\/sup> Corporatism as a political ideology<\/a> advocates the organization of society by corporate groups<\/a>\u2014such as agricultural, labour, military, scientific, or guild associations\u2014based on their common interests.[25]<\/a>[26]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u793e\u56e2\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u5f62\u5f0f\u5c06\u5728\u53e4\u5178\u5e0c\u814a\u5f97\u5230\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u53e4\u7f57\u9a6c\u5f97\u5230\u5e94\u7528\u3002\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u5c06\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u57fa\u4e8e\u81ea\u7136\u9636\u5c42\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7b49\u7ea7\u7684\u5168\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u793e\u7fa4\u4e3b\u4e49\u793e\u56e2\u7cfb\u7edf\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c06\u6839\u636e\u529f\u80fd\u8fdb\u884c\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u4f7f\u7fa4\u4f53\u901a\u8fc7\u5f3a\u8c03\u96c6\u4f53\u5229\u76ca\u9ad8\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u8c10\u3002[23][24]\u793e\u56e2\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u6839\u636e\u5171\u540c\u5229\u76ca\u5c06\u793e\u4f1a\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u4f01\u4e1a\u56e2\u4f53\u2014\u2014\u5982\u519c\u4e1a\u3001\u52b3\u5de5\u3001\u519b\u4e8b\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u6216\u884c\u4f1a\u534f\u4f1a\u7b49\u2014\u2014\u6765\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002[25][26]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the decline of the Western Roman Empire<\/a> corporatism became limited to religious orders<\/a> and to the idea of Christian brotherhood, especially in the context of economic transactions.[24]<\/a><\/sup> From the High Middle Ages<\/a> onwards corporatist organizations became increasingly common in Europe, including such groups as religious orders, monasteries<\/a>, fraternities<\/a>, military orders<\/a> such as the Knights Templar<\/a> and the Teutonic Order<\/a>, educational organizations such as the emerging universities<\/a> and learned societies<\/a>, the chartered<\/a> towns<\/a> and cities<\/a>, and most notably the guild system<\/a> which dominated the economics of population centers in Europe<\/a>.[24]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u897f\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u8870\u843d\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u793e\u56e2\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u5b97\u6559\u79e9\u5e8f\u548c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5144\u5f1f\u60c5\u8c0a\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4ea4\u6613\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u3002[24]\u4ece\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u76db\u671f\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u793e\u56e2\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u666e\u904d\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5b97\u6559\u56e2\u4f53\u3001\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u3001\u5144\u5f1f\u4f1a\u3001\u519b\u4e8b\u56e2\u4f53\uff08\u5982\u5723\u6bbf\u9a91\u58eb\u56e2\u548c\u6761\u987f\u9a91\u58eb\u56e2\uff09\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff08\u5982\u65b0\u5174\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u548c\u5b66\u672f\u56e2\u4f53\uff09\u3001\u7279\u8bb8\u5e02\u9547\u548c\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6700\u5f15\u4eba\u6ce8\u76ee\u7684\u884c\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u8be5\u884c\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7740\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u53e3\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3002[24]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In post-revolutionary France, the Right fought against the rising power of those who had grown rich through commerce, and sought to preserve the rights of the hereditary nobility. They were uncomfortable with capitalism, the Enlightenment, individualism, and industrialism, and fought to retain traditional social hierarchies and institutions.[27]<\/a>[28]<\/a><\/sup> In Europe’s history, there have been strong collectivist<\/a> right-wing movements, such as in the social Catholic right<\/a>, that have exhibited hostility to all forms of liberalism<\/a> (including economic liberalism<\/a>) and have historically advocated for paternalist class harmony involving an organic-hierarchical society where workers are protected while class hierarchy remains.[29]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u540e\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c\u53f3\u7ffc\u53cd\u5bf9\u90a3\u4e9b\u901a\u8fc7\u5546\u4e1a\u81f4\u5bcc\u7684\u4eba\u65e5\u76ca\u5d1b\u8d77\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u5e76\u5bfb\u6c42\u7ef4\u62a4\u4e16\u88ad\u8d35\u65cf\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u3001\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u611f\u5230\u4e0d\u5b89\uff0c\u5e76\u52aa\u529b\u7ef4\u62a4\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7b49\u7ea7\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\u3002[27][28]\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u53f3\u7ffc\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u5982\u793e\u4f1a\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u53f3\u7ffc\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u7ecf\u6d4e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\uff09\u90fd\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u654c\u610f\uff0c\u5e76\u5386\u6765\u4e3b\u5f20\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u79cd\u6709\u673a\u7b49\u7ea7\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u5bb6\u957f\u5f0f\u9636\u7ea7\u548c\u8c10\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u5de5\u4eba\u5f97\u5230\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u9636\u7ea7\u7b49\u7ea7\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u3002[29]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the nineteenth century, the Right had shifted to support the newly rich in some European countries (particularly Britain) and instead of favouring the nobility over industrialists, favoured capitalists over the working class. Other right-wing movements\u2014such as Carlism<\/a> in Spain and nationalist movements in France, Germany, and Russia\u2014remained hostile to capitalism and industrialism. Nevertheless, a few right-wing movements\u2014notably the French Nouvelle Droite<\/a>, CasaPound<\/a>, and American paleoconservatism<\/a>\u2014are often in opposition to capitalist ethics and the effects they have on society. These forces see capitalism and industrialism as infringing upon or causing the decay of social traditions or hierarchies that are essential for social order.[30]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\uff08\u7279\u522b\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\uff09\uff0c\u53f3\u7ffc\u8f6c\u800c\u652f\u6301\u65b0\u5bcc\u9636\u5c42\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u50cf\u8fc7\u53bb\u90a3\u6837\u504f\u7231\u8d35\u65cf\u800c\u80dc\u8fc7\u5de5\u4e1a\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u504f\u7231\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\u80dc\u8fc7\u5de5\u4eba\u9636\u7ea7\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u53f3\u7ffc\u8fd0\u52a8\u2014\u2014\u5982\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u7684\u5361\u91cc\u65af\u83ab\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6cd5\u56fd\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u3001\u4fc4\u56fd\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd0\u52a8\u2014\u2014\u4ecd\u7136\u5bf9\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u6301\u654c\u5bf9\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5c11\u6570\u53f3\u7ffc\u8fd0\u52a8\u2014\u2014\u7279\u522b\u662f\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u201c\u65b0\u53f3\u7ffc\u201d\u3001\u610f\u5927\u5229\u7684\u201c\u5361\u8428\u5e9e\u5fb7\u201d\u8fd0\u52a8\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u8001\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u2014\u2014\u5f80\u5f80\u53cd\u5bf9\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u9053\u5fb7\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52bf\u529b\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u4fb5\u72af\u6216\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u5bf9\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4f20\u7edf\u6216\u7b49\u7ea7\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u8870\u8d25\u3002[30]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In modern times, “right-wing” is sometimes used to describe laissez-faire<\/em> capitalism<\/a>. In Europe, capitalists formed alliances with the Right during their conflicts with workers after 1848. In France, the Right’s support of capitalism can be traced to the late nineteenth century.[31]<\/a><\/sup> The so-called neoliberal<\/a> Right, popularised by US President<\/a> Ronald Reagan<\/a> and UK Prime Minister<\/a> Margaret Thatcher<\/a>, combines support for free markets<\/a>, privatisation<\/a>, and deregulation<\/a> with traditional right-wing support for social conformity.[9]<\/a><\/sup> Right-wing libertarianism<\/a> (sometimes known as libertarian conservatism<\/a> or conservative libertarianism<\/a>) supports a decentralised economy based on economic freedom<\/a> and holds property rights<\/a>, free markets<\/a>, and free trade<\/a> to be the most important kinds of freedom. Political theorist Russell Kirk believed that freedom and property rights were interlinked.[32]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\uff0c\u201c\u53f3\u7ffc\u201d\u6709\u65f6\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u5f62\u5bb9\u81ea\u7531\u653e\u4efb\u7684\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\uff0c1848\u5e74\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\u5728\u4e0e\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u4e2d\u4e0e\u53f3\u7ffc\u7ed3\u6210\u4e86\u8054\u76df\u3002\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c\u53f3\u7ffc\u5bf9\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u652f\u6301\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u523019\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u3002[31]\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u7f57\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u91cc\u6839\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u9996\u76f8\u739b\u683c\u4e3d\u7279\u00b7\u6492\u5207\u5c14\u63a8\u5e7f\u7684\u6240\u8c13\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u53f3\u7ffc\uff0c\u5c06\u652f\u6301\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u573a\u3001\u79c1\u6709\u5316\u548c\u653e\u677e\u7ba1\u5236\u4e0e\u4f20\u7edf\u53f3\u7ffc\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u987a\u4ece\u7684\u652f\u6301\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u3002[9]\u53f3\u7ffc\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08\u6709\u65f6\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u4e3b\u4e49\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u6216\u4fdd\u5b88\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u4e3b\u4e49\uff09\u652f\u6301\u57fa\u4e8e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5206\u6563\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8d22\u4ea7\u6743\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u573a\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u8d38\u6613\u662f\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u7f57\u7d20\u00b7\u67ef\u514b\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u8d22\u4ea7\u6743\u662f\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u8054\u7684\u3002[32]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53f3\u7ffc\u66fe\u7ecf\u662f\u6307\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005<\/a>\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u81ea\u7531<\/a>\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u5206\u6563\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c\u62e5\u62a4\u6240\u6709\u6743<\/a>\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u573a<\/a>\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u8d38\u6613<\/a>\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u58f0\u79f0\u7ecf\u6d4e\u81ea\u7531<\/a>\u4e0e\u53f3\u503e\u653f\u5e9c\u6709\u5173\u3002[31]<\/a><\/sup>\u4ed6\u4eec\u6307\u8d23\u5de6\u7ffc\u652f\u6301\u8ba1\u5212\u7ecf\u6d4e<\/a>\u4e0e\u5e73\u7b49\u539f\u5219<\/a>\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4e3b\u5f20\u9650\u5236\u653f\u5e9c\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u62a4\u4eba\u6c11\u6743\u5229\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u91cc\u6839<\/a>\u66fe\u5728\u4e13\u8bbf\u4e2d\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u4fe1\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u201d[32]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7ecf\u6d4e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u7406\u8bba\u2014\u2014\u53e4\u5178\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u90e8\u5206\u2014\u2014\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u7531\u4e9a\u5f53\u65af\u5bc6<\/a>\u4e8e\u542f\u8499\u65f6\u4ee3<\/a>\u6240\u5efa\u7acb\u3002\u4e9a\u5f53\u65af\u5bc6\u4e3b\u5f20\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u5e72\u9884\u5e94\u964d\u81f3\u6700\u4f4e\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u4e0d\u53cd\u5bf9\u7531\u653f\u5e9c\u4f9b\u5e94\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u516c\u5171\u8d22<\/a>\uff0c\u5982\u9053\u8def\u3001\u96a7\u9053\u3001\u5b66\u6821\u3001\u6865\u6881\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u79c1\u8425\u5b9e\u4f53\u65e0\u6cd5\u6709\u6548\u6267\u884c\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd<\/a>\u3002[33]<\/a><\/sup>[34]<\/a><\/sup>\u4e9a\u5f53\u65af\u5bc6\u5e0c\u671b\u80fd\u4f9d\u4f7f\u7528\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7f34\u7eb3\u8d39\u7528\uff08\u5982\u8fc7\u8def\u8d39<\/a>\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u63a5\u53d7\u7a0e\u91d1\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u7a0e\u6b3e\u5e94\u4e0e\u5404\u4eba\u6240\u80fd\u8d1f\u62c5\u7684\u6210\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u79c1\u6709\u8d22\u4ea7\u548c\u4e2a\u4eba\u5951\u7ea6\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7406\u8bba\u59cb\u4e8e18\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u4fdd\u7559\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8bbe\u65bd\uff0c\u8ffd\u6c42\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5229\u76ca\uff08\u770b\u4e0d\u89c1\u7684\u624b<\/a>\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u53d7\u5230\u56fd\u5bb6\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u5982\u6b64\u4e00\u6765\u5c06\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u4e00\u4e2a\u5408\u8c10\u4e14\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u7e41\u8363\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u80fd\u81ea\u53d1\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002[35]<\/a><\/sup>\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u8981\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u6700\u4f4e\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u516c\u5171\u8d44\u8baf\u548c\u6b63\u4e49\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u80c1\u8feb\u6216\u5077\u7a83\u3002\u4e9a\u5f53\u65af\u5bc6\u4e5f\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u53ef\u7528\u62a5\u590d\u6027\u5173\u7a0e<\/a>\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u81ea\u7531\u8d38\u6613\uff0c\u7528\u8457\u4f5c\u6743<\/a>\u548c\u5546\u6807<\/a>\u53bb\u6fc0\u52b1\u521b\u65b0\u3002[34]<\/a><\/sup>\u7ecf\u6d4e\u81ea\u7531\u601d\u60f3\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e8618\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u8fc8\u5411\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u53ca\u4e4b\u540e\u91cd\u5546\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u74e6\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u800c\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005<\/a>\u773c\u4e2d\uff0c\u53f3\u7ffc\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4fdd\u5b88\u7684\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005<\/a>\uff0c\u6781\u53f3\u7ffc\u5219\u662f\u652f\u6301\u793e\u56e2\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u3002[36]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u5c06\u79cd\u65cf\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u90e8\u5206\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\uff0c\u4e0e\u53f3\u7ffc\u8fde\u7ed3\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u53f3\u7ffc\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u3002[37]<\/a><\/sup>[38]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6839\u636e\u4e00\u4e9b\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\u540c\u65f6\u53d7\u5230\u5de6\u7ffc\u4e0e\u53f3\u7ffc\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u800c\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u66fe\u62a8\u51fb\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u548c\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u8fde\u63a5\u53f3\u7ffc\u4e0e\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u662f\u793e\u56e2\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u3002\u4f46\u8bb8\u591a\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u70b9\u4e2d\u627e\u5bfb\u7b2c\u4e09\u79cd\u9053\u8def\u3002[39]<\/a><\/sup>[40]<\/a><\/sup>[41]<\/a><\/sup>[42]<\/a><\/sup>[43]<\/a><\/sup>[44]<\/a><\/sup>[45]<\/a><\/sup>[46]<\/a><\/sup>[47]<\/a><\/sup>\u7f57\u6770\u00b7\u845b\u91cc\u82ac\u4e3b\u5f20\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u8fd0\u52a8\u66f4\u4e3a\u53f3\u503e\uff0c\u5e76\u5df2\u4e0e\u6781\u53f3\u7ffc<\/a>\u7ea0\u7ed3\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002[48]<\/a><\/sup>[49]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.3 \u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49 | Nationalism<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Nationalism<\/a> and Neo-nationalism<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u65b0\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In France, nationalism<\/a> was originally a left-wing and republican ideology.[33]<\/a><\/sup> After the period of boulangisme<\/em><\/a> and the Dreyfus affair<\/a>, nationalism became a trait of the right-wing.[34]<\/a><\/sup> Right-wing nationalists sought to define and defend a “true” national identity from elements which they believed were corrupting that identity.[31]<\/a><\/sup> Some were supremacists<\/a>, who in accordance with scientific racism<\/a> and social Darwinism<\/a> applied the concept of “survival of the fittest<\/a>” to nations<\/a> and races<\/a>.[35]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u6700\u521d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5de6\u7ffc\u548c\u5171\u548c\u4e3b\u4e49\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u3002[33]\u5728\u5e03\u6717\u70ed\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u5fb7\u96f7\u798f\u65af\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u53f3\u7ffc\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002[34]\u53f3\u7ffc\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u8bd5\u56fe\u4ece\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6b63\u5728\u8150\u8680\u56fd\u5bb6\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u4e2d\u5b9a\u4e49\u5e76\u634d\u536b\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u771f\u6b63\u201d\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u8eab\u4efd\u3002[31]\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u662f\u79cd\u65cf\u4f18\u8d8a\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6839\u636e\u79d1\u5b66\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5c06\u201c\u9002\u8005\u751f\u5b58\u201d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u79cd\u65cf\u3002[35]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Right-wing nationalism was influenced by Romantic nationalism<\/a> in which the state derives its political legitimacy from the organic unity of those who it governs. This generally includes the language, race, culture, religion, and customs of the nation, all of which were “born” within its culture. Linked with right-wing nationalism is cultural conservatism<\/a>, which supports the preservation of the heritage of a nation or culture and often sees deviations from cultural norms as an existential threat.[36]<\/a>[page needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u53f3\u7ffc\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u6d6a\u6f2b\u4e3b\u4e49\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e2d\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4ece\u5b83\u6240\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u6709\u673a\u7edf\u4e00\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u653f\u6cbb\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u901a\u5e38\u5305\u62ec\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u3001\u79cd\u65cf\u3001\u6587\u5316\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u4e60\u4fd7\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u5176\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u201c\u8bde\u751f\u201d\u7684\u3002\u4e0e\u53f3\u7ffc\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u76f8\u5173\u8054\u7684\u662f\u6587\u5316\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5b83\u652f\u6301\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u9057\u4ea7\u6216\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u5e76\u7ecf\u5e38\u5c06\u504f\u79bb\u6587\u5316\u89c4\u8303\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u751f\u5b58\u5a01\u80c1\u3002[36][\u9700\u8981\u9875\u7801]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the 21st century, neo-nationalism<\/a> came to prominence after the Cold War<\/a> in the Western world<\/a>. It is typically associated with cultural conservatism, populism<\/a>, anti-globalization<\/a>, and nativism<\/a> and is opposed to immigration<\/a>. The ideology<\/a> takes historical association in determining membership in a nation, rather than racial concepts<\/a>.[37]<\/a>[38]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u572821\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u65b0\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u51b7\u6218\u540e\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u4e16\u754c\u5d2d\u9732\u5934\u89d2\u3002\u5b83\u901a\u5e38\u4e0e\u6587\u5316\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u53cd\u5168\u7403\u5316\u548c\u672c\u571f\u4e3b\u4e49\u76f8\u5173\u8054\uff0c\u5e76\u53cd\u5bf9\u79fb\u6c11\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u5728\u786e\u5b9a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6210\u5458\u8eab\u4efd\u65f6\u91c7\u7528\u5386\u53f2\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u79cd\u65cf\u6982\u5ff5\u3002[37][38]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e0e\u53f3\u7ffc\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u662f\u6587\u5316\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u3002\u6587\u5316\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u901a\u5e38\u5728\u9762\u5bf9\u5916\u90e8\u7684\u53d8\u9769\u52bf\u529b\u65f6\u4f1a\u652f\u6301\u4fdd\u62a4\u56fd\u5bb6\u6216\u6587\u5316\u7684\u9057\u4ea7\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u6587\u5316\u53ef\u80fd\u5927\u5982\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u5316<\/a>\u6216\u4e2d\u534e\u6587\u5316<\/a>\uff0c\u6216\u5c0f\u5982\u53f0\u6e7e<\/a>\u3002\u6587\u5316\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u8bd5\u56fe\u9002\u5e94\u8fc7\u53bb\u7559\u4f20\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u8303\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e0d\u5207\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\uff0c\u50cf\u662f\u8981\u6c42\u4fdd\u7559\u82f1\u56fd\u5e38\u8861<\/a>\u3001\u53cd\u5bf9\u516c\u5236\u7684\u53cd\u516c\u5236\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5236\u5ea6\u6027\u7684\uff1a\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u9a91\u58eb\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u5c01\u5efa\u5236\u5ea6<\/a>\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u3001\u653f\u6559\u5206\u79bb<\/a>\u548c\u6cd5\u6cbb<\/a>\u3002\u6587\u5316\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u65f6\u5e38\u4e3b\u5f20\u65e7\u6709\u4f53\u5236\u5df2\u7ecf\u9002\u5e94\u67d0\u4e00\u7279\u5b9a\u5730\u70b9\u6216\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5e94\u4e88\u4ee5\u4fdd\u7559\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u4e3b\u5f20\u4eba\u6c11\u6709\u6743\u62e5\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6587\u5316\u89c4\u8303\u3001\u7279\u6709\u8bed\u8a00\u4e0e\u4f20\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.4 \u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u548c\u4f20\u7edf\u4e3b\u4e49 | Natural law and traditionalism<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Right-wing politics typically justifies a hierarchical society based on natural law<\/a> or tradition<\/a>.[6]<\/a>[7]<\/a>[8]<\/a>[9]<\/a>[10]<\/a>[39]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u53f3\u7ffc\u653f\u6cbb\u901a\u5e38\u57fa\u4e8e\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u6216\u4f20\u7edf\u6765\u4e3a\u7b49\u7ea7\u793e\u4f1a\u8fa9\u62a4\u3002[6][7][8][9][10][39]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Traditionalism was advocated by a group of United States university professors (labelled the “New Conservatives” by the popular press) who rejected the concepts of individualism<\/a>, liberalism<\/a>, modernity<\/a>, and social progress<\/a>, seeking instead to promote what they identified as cultural and educational renewal[40]<\/a><\/sup> and a revived interest in concepts perceived by traditionalists as truths that endure from age to age alongside basic institutions of western society such as the church, the family, the state, and business.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f20\u7edf\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u7531\u4e00\u7fa4\u7f8e\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u6388\uff08\u88ab\u901a\u4fd7\u5a92\u4f53\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u65b0\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u201d\uff09\u6240\u5021\u5bfc\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u62d2\u7edd\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5bfb\u6c42\u63a8\u52a8\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u8ba4\u5b9a\u7684\u6587\u5316\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u590d\u5174[40]\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u4f20\u7edf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u89c6\u4e3a\u771f\u7406\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u91cd\u65b0\u4ea7\u751f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u771f\u7406\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5236\u5ea6\uff08\u5982\u6559\u4f1a\u3001\u5bb6\u5ead\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u5546\u4e1a\uff09\u4e00\u8d77\u4ee3\u4ee3\u76f8\u4f20\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.5 \u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49 | Populism<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Right-wing populism<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u53f3\u7ffc\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df
\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aTea Party protesters walk towards the United States Capitol<\/a> during the Taxpayer March on Washington<\/a>, 12 September 2009.
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a2009 \u5e74 9 \u6708 12 \u65e5\uff0c\u8336\u515a\u6297\u8bae\u8005\u5728\u534e\u76db\u987f\u7eb3\u7a0e\u4eba\u5927\u6e38\u884c\u671f\u95f4\u8d70\u5411\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u4f1a\u5927\u53a6\u3002
\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1aFreedom Fan<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Right-wing populism<\/a> is a combination of civic-nationalism<\/a>, cultural-nationalism<\/a> and sometimes ethno-nationalism<\/a>, localism<\/a>, along with anti-elitism<\/a>, using populist rhetoric to provide a critique of existing political institutions.[41]<\/a><\/sup> According to Margaret Canovan, a right-wing populist is “a charismatic leader, using the tactics of politicians’ populism to go past the politicians and intellectual elite and appeal to the reactionary sentiments of the populace, often buttressing his claim to speak for the people by the use of referendums”.[42]<\/a>[page needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup>
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In Europe, right-wing populism often takes the form of distrust of the European Union<\/a>, and of politicians in general, combined with anti-immigrant<\/a> rhetoric and a call for a return to traditional, national values.[43]<\/a><\/sup> Daniel Stockemer states, the radical right is, “Targeting immigrants as a threat to employment, security and cultural cohesion.”[44]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\uff0c\u53f3\u7ffc\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u901a\u5e38\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u6b27\u76df\u548c\u4e00\u822c\u653f\u5ba2\u7684\u4e0d\u4fe1\u4efb\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u53cd\u79fb\u6c11\u8a00\u8bba\uff0c\u5e76\u8981\u6c42\u56de\u5f52\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u3002[43]\u4e39\u5c3c\u5c14\u00b7\u65af\u6258\u514b\u9ed8\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6781\u7aef\u53f3\u7ffc\u201c\u5c06\u79fb\u6c11\u89c6\u4e3a\u5bf9\u5c31\u4e1a\u3001\u5b89\u5168\u548c\u6587\u5316\u51dd\u805a\u529b\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u201d\u3002[44]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the United States, the Tea Party movement<\/a> stated that the core beliefs for membership were the primacy of individual liberties as defined by the Constitution of the United States, preference for a small federal government, and respect for the rule of law. Some policy positions included opposition to illegal immigration and support for a strong national military force, the right to individual gun ownership, cutting taxes, reducing government spending, and balancing the budget.[45]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u8336\u515a\u8fd0\u52a8\u5ba3\u79f0\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u4fe1\u4ef0\u662f\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u6240\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u81f3\u9ad8\u65e0\u4e0a\uff0c\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5c0f\u578b\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u5e76\u5c0a\u91cd\u6cd5\u6cbb\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u653f\u7b56\u7acb\u573a\u5305\u62ec\u53cd\u5bf9\u975e\u6cd5\u79fb\u6c11\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u519b\u4e8b\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u62e5\u6709\u67aa\u652f\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u51cf\u7a0e\uff0c\u51cf\u5c11\u653f\u5e9c\u5f00\u652f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5e73\u8861\u9884\u7b97\u3002[45]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Indonesia, Islamic populism has a significant impact on right-wing politics.[46]<\/a><\/sup> This largely due to the historical context which Islamic organizations had during the 1960s in destroying the Indonesian Communist Party.[46]<\/a><\/sup> Whilst the party is adopting democratic processes with neo-liberal market economies, socially pluralist positions aren’t necessarily adopted.[46]<\/a><\/sup> The Islamic populism in Indonesia has boosted its influence in 1998 after the demise of the Suharto authoritarian regime.[46]<\/a><\/sup> Islamic populism in Indonesia has similar properties with Islamic populist regimes like in the Middle East, Turkey and North Africa (MENA).[46]<\/a><\/sup> The emphasis on social justice, pluralism, equality and progressive agendas could be potentially mobilized by Islamic cultural resources.[46]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u5c3c\u897f\u4e9a\uff0c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u53f3\u7ffc\u653f\u6cbb\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u3002[46]\u8fd9\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u662f\u7531\u4e8e20\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5728\u6467\u6bc1\u5370\u5ea6\u5c3c\u897f\u4e9a\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u65f6\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u80cc\u666f\u3002[46]\u867d\u7136\u8be5\u653f\u515a\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u4e0e\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u4f46\u672a\u5fc5\u4f1a\u91c7\u7eb3\u793e\u4f1a\u591a\u5143\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u3002[46]1998\u5e74\u82cf\u54c8\u6258\u72ec\u88c1\u653f\u6743\u5012\u53f0\u540e\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u5c3c\u897f\u4e9a\u7684\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6269\u5927\u4e86\u5176\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u3002[46]\u5370\u5ea6\u5c3c\u897f\u4e9a\u7684\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u4e2d\u4e1c\u3001\u571f\u8033\u5176\u548c\u5317\u975e\uff08\u4e2d\u4e1c\u548c\u5317\u975e\u5730\u533a\uff09\u7684\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6743\u6709\u7740\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u3002[46]\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6587\u5316\u8d44\u6e90\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u5f3a\u8c03\u793e\u4f1a\u516c\u6b63\u3001\u591a\u5143\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5e73\u7b49\u548c\u8fdb\u6b65\u8bae\u7a0b\u3002[46]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In India, BJP supporters have more authoritarian, nativist, and populist ideas rather than ordinary Indian citizens.[47]<\/a><\/sup> Under Narendra Modi, the BJP, populism is a core part of the party’s ideology.[47]<\/a><\/sup> The main populist idea is that the ordinary, “good” individuals are continuously under attack from the “bad” political forces, media, etc.[47]<\/a><\/sup> Since Narendra Modi became the leader of the BJP, it has increasingly been associated as a populist radical right party (PRR), however, traditionally the party was viewed as a Hindu nationalist party.[47]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u6c11\u515a\uff08BJP\uff09\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\u6bd4\u666e\u901a\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u6c11\u62e5\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u6743\u5a01\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u672c\u571f\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u3002[47]\u5728\u7eb3\u4f26\u5fb7\u62c9\u00b7\u83ab\u8fea\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\uff0c\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6210\u4e3a\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u6c11\u515a\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u90e8\u5206\u3002[47]\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u60f3\u662f\uff0c\u666e\u901a\u7684\u201c\u5584\u826f\u201d\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d7\u5230\u201c\u90aa\u6076\u201d\u653f\u6cbb\u529b\u91cf\u3001\u5a92\u4f53\u7b49\u7684\u653b\u51fb\u3002[47]\u81ea\u7eb3\u4f26\u5fb7\u62c9\u00b7\u83ab\u8fea\u6210\u4e3a\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u6c11\u515a\u9886\u8896\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u8be5\u515a\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6781\u53f3\u7ffc\u653f\u515a\uff08PRR\uff09\uff0c\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\u8be5\u515a\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5370\u5ea6\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u515a\u3002[47]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.6 \u5b97\u6559 | Religion<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df
\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aMaharajadhiraja<\/a> Prithvi Narayan Shah<\/a> (1723\u20131775), King of Nepal<\/a>, propagated the ideals of the Hindu text<\/a> the Dharmasastra<\/a> as his kingdom’s ruling ideology.
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5c3c\u6cca\u5c14\u56fd\u738b Maharajadhiraja Prithvi Narayan Shah (1723-1775) \u5ba3\u626c\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u7ecf\u5178\u300a\u6cd5\u8bba\u300b\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5176\u738b\u56fd\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u3002<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Philosopher and diplomat Joseph de Maistre<\/a> argued for the indirect authority of the Pope<\/a> over temporal matters. According to Maistre, only governments which were founded upon Christian constitutions\u2014which were implicit in the customs and institutions of all European societies, especially the Catholic<\/a> European monarchies\u2014could avoid the disorder and bloodshed that followed the implementation of rationalist<\/a> political programs, such as the chaos which occurred during the French Revolution<\/a>. Some prelates of the Church of England<\/a>\u2013established by Henry VIII<\/a> and headed by the current sovereign\u2014are given seats in the House of Lords<\/a> (as Lords Spiritual<\/a>), but they are considered politically neutral rather than specifically right- or left-wing.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u517c\u5916\u4ea4\u5bb6\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u5fb7\u00b7\u6885\u65af\u7279\u4e3b\u5f20\u6559\u7687\u5bf9\u4e16\u4fd7\u4e8b\u52a1\u62e5\u6709\u95f4\u63a5\u6743\u5a01\u3002\u6839\u636e\u6885\u65af\u7279\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5baa\u6cd5\u57fa\u7840\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5baa\u6cd5\u9690\u542b\u5728\u6240\u6709\u6b27\u6d32\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u6b27\u6d32\u541b\u4e3b\u56fd\u7684\u4e60\u4fd7\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\u4e4b\u4e2d\u2014\u2014\u624d\u80fd\u907f\u514d\u5b9e\u65bd\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6cbb\u8ba1\u5212\u540e\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u6df7\u4e71\u548c\u6d41\u8840\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u671f\u95f4\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u52a8\u8361\u3002\u7531\u4ea8\u5229\u516b\u4e16\u521b\u7acb\u3001\u73b0\u4efb\u541b\u4e3b\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u56fd\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u9ad8\u7ea7\u795e\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u88ab\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e0a\u8bae\u9662\u8bae\u5458\u5e2d\u4f4d\uff08\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7cbe\u795e\u9886\u8896\u8bae\u5458\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u7acb\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u53f3\u7ffc\u6216\u5de6\u7ffc\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

American right-wing media outlets oppose sex outside marriage and same-sex marriage<\/a>, and they sometimes reject scientific positions on evolution<\/a> and other matters where science tends to disagree with the Bible<\/a>.[48]<\/a>[49]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u7f8e\u56fd\u53f3\u7ffc\u5a92\u4f53\u53cd\u5bf9\u5a5a\u5916\u6027\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u540c\u6027\u5a5a\u59fb\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd8\u62d2\u7edd\u63a5\u53d7\u6709\u5173\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u79d1\u5b66\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4e0e\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u76f8\u6096\u7684\u4e8b\u9879\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7acb\u573a\u3002[48][49]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The term family values<\/a><\/em> has been used by right-wing parties\u2014such as the Republican Party<\/a> in the United States, the Family First Party<\/a> in Australia, the Conservative Party<\/a> in the United Kingdom, and the Bharatiya Janata Party<\/a> in India\u2014to signify support for traditional families and opposition to the changes the modern world has made in how families live. Supporters of “family values” may oppose abortion<\/a>, euthanasia<\/a>, and birth control<\/a>.[50]<\/a>[51]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u53f3\u7ffc\u653f\u515a\u2014\u2014\u5982\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5171\u548c\u515a\u3001\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u4f18\u5148\u515a\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\u515a\u4ee5\u53ca\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u6c11\u515a\u2014\u2014\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u5bb6\u5ead\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u6765\u8868\u793a\u5bf9\u4f20\u7edf\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u5e76\u53cd\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c\u5bf9\u5bb6\u5ead\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u6240\u505a\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u201c\u5bb6\u5ead\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u201d\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u53cd\u5bf9\u5815\u80ce\u3001\u5b89\u4e50\u6b7b\u548c\u8282\u80b2\u3002[50][51]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Outside the West, the Hindu nationalist movement<\/a> has attracted privileged groups which fear encroachment on their dominant positions, as well as “plebeian” and impoverished groups which seek recognition around a majoritarian rhetoric of cultural pride, order, and national strength.[52]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd0\u52a8\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u90a3\u4e9b\u62c5\u5fc3\u81ea\u8eab\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u53d7\u5230\u4fb5\u72af\u7684\u7279\u6743\u9636\u5c42\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u90a3\u4e9b\u5bfb\u6c42\u4ee5\u6587\u5316\u81ea\u8c6a\u611f\u3001\u79e9\u5e8f\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u529b\u91cf\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u8bba\u8c03\u7684\u201c\u5e73\u6c11\u201d\u548c\u8d2b\u56f0\u9636\u5c42\u6765\u83b7\u5f97\u8ba4\u53ef\u3002[52]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Israel, Meir Kahane<\/a> advocated that Israel should be a theocratic state<\/a>, where non-Jews<\/a> have no voting rights,[53]<\/a><\/sup> and the far-right Lehava<\/a> strictly opposes Jewish assimilation and the Christian presence in Israel.[54]<\/a><\/sup> The Jewish Defence League<\/a> (JDL) in the United States was classified as “a right wing terrorist group” by the FBI in 2001.[55]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\uff0c\u8fc8\u5c14\u00b7\u5361\u54c8\u5185\u4e3b\u5f20\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u5e94\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u795e\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u975e\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u6ca1\u6709\u6295\u7968\u6743\uff0c[53]\u6781\u53f3\u7ffc\u7ec4\u7ec7\u201c\u83b1\u54c8\u74e6\u201d\u5219\u575a\u51b3\u53cd\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u540c\u5316\u4ee5\u53ca\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5f92\u5728\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002[54]\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u9632\u52a1\u8054\u76df\uff08JDL\uff09\u57282001\u5e74\u88ab\u8054\u90a6\u8c03\u67e5\u5c40\uff08FBI\uff09\u5217\u4e3a\u201c\u53f3\u7ffc\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u201d\u3002[55]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many Islamist<\/a> groups have been called right-wing, including the Great Union Party<\/a>,[56]<\/a><\/sup> the Combatant Clergy Association<\/a>\/Association of Militant Clergy,[57]<\/a>[58]<\/a><\/sup> and the Islamic Society of Engineers<\/a> of Iran.[59]<\/a>[60]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8bb8\u591a\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u7ec4\u7ec7\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u53f3\u7ffc\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5927\u8054\u5408\u515a[56]\u3001\u6218\u6597\u795e\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u534f\u4f1a\/\u795e\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u519b\u4e8b\u534f\u4f1a[57][58]\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f0a\u6717\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u534f\u4f1a[59][60]\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.7 \u793e\u4f1a\u5206\u5c42 | Social stratification<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df
\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aRussell Kirk, 1963
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u62c9\u585e\u5c14\u00b7\u67ef\u514b\uff0c1963 \u5e74<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Right-wing politics involves, in varying degrees, the rejection of some egalitarian<\/a> objectives of left-wing politics<\/a>, claiming either that social<\/a> or economic inequality<\/a> is natural and inevitable or that it is beneficial to society.[39]<\/a><\/sup> Right-wing ideologies and movements support social order<\/a>. The original French right-wing was called “the party of order” and held that France needed a strong political leader to keep order.[31]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u53f3\u7ffc\u653f\u6cbb\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u5bf9\u5de6\u7ffc\u653f\u6cbb\u67d0\u4e9b\u5e73\u7b49\u4e3b\u4e49\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\uff0c\u58f0\u79f0\u793e\u4f1a\u6216\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u4e14\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u662f\u6709\u76ca\u7684\u3002[39]\u53f3\u7ffc\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u548c\u8fd0\u52a8\u652f\u6301\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002\u6700\u521d\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u53f3\u7ffc\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u79e9\u5e8f\u515a\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6cd5\u56fd\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u9886\u8896\u6765\u7ef4\u6301\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002[31]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conservative British scholar R. J. White, who rejects egalitarianism, wrote: “Men are equal before God and the laws, but unequal in all else; hierarchy is the order of nature, and privilege is the reward of honourable service”.[61]<\/a><\/sup> American conservative Russell Kirk<\/a> also rejected egalitarianism as imposing sameness, stating: “Men are created different; and a government that ignores this law becomes an unjust government for it sacrifices nobility to mediocrity”.[61]<\/a><\/sup> Kirk took as one of the “canons” of conservatism the principle that “civilized society requires orders and classes”.[32]<\/a><\/sup> Italian scholar Norberto Bobbio<\/a> argued that the right-wing is inegalitarian compared to the left-wing, as he argued that equality is a relative, not absolute, concept.[62]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u82f1\u56fd\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u5b66\u8005R.J.\u6000\u7279\u62d2\u7edd\u5e73\u7b49\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4ed6\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9762\u524d\u662f\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u6240\u6709\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u662f\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\uff1b\u7b49\u7ea7\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u7279\u6743\u662f\u5bf9\u5149\u8363\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u5956\u8d4f\u201d\u3002[61]\u7f8e\u56fd\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u7f57\u7d20\u00b7\u67ef\u514b\u4e5f\u53cd\u5bf9\u5e73\u7b49\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u5f3a\u52a0\u4e86\u540c\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u4eba\u4eba\u751f\u800c\u4e0d\u540c\uff1b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5ffd\u89c6\u8fd9\u4e00\u6cd5\u5219\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u5c31\u662f\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u727a\u7272\u4e86\u9ad8\u8d35\uff0c\u4ee5\u5e73\u5eb8\u4e3a\u4ee3\u4ef7\u201d\u3002[61]\u67ef\u514b\u5c06\u201c\u6587\u660e\u793e\u4f1a\u9700\u8981\u79e9\u5e8f\u548c\u9636\u5c42\u201d\u7684\u539f\u5219\u89c6\u4e3a\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u201c\u51c6\u5219\u201d\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002[32]\u610f\u5927\u5229\u5b66\u8005\u8bfa\u8d1d\u6258\u00b7\u9c8d\u6bd4\u5965\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e0e\u5de6\u7ffc\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u53f3\u7ffc\u662f\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e73\u7b49\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5bf9\u800c\u975e\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002[62]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Right libertarians<\/a> reject collective or state-imposed equality as undermining reward for personal merit, initiative, and enterprise.[61]<\/a><\/sup> In their view, such imposed equality is unjust, limits personal freedom, and leads to social uniformity and mediocrity.[61]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u53f3\u7ffc\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u62d2\u7edd\u96c6\u4f53\u6216\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f3a\u5236\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u7834\u574f\u4e86\u4e2a\u4eba\u624d\u80fd\u3001\u4e3b\u52a8\u6027\u548c\u4e8b\u4e1a\u5e94\u5f97\u7684\u5956\u8d4f\u3002[61]\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u662f\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5e76\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5355\u4e00\u5316\u548c\u5e73\u5eb8\u5316\u3002[61]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the view of philosopher Jason Stanley<\/a> in How Fascism Works<\/a><\/em>, the “politics of hierarchy” is one of the hallmarks of fascism<\/a>, which refers to a “glorious past” in which members of the rightfully dominant group sat atop the hierarchy, and attempt to recreate this state of being.[63]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6770\u68ee\u00b7\u65af\u5766\u5229\u5728\u300a\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u5982\u4f55\u8fd0\u4f5c\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u201c\u7b49\u7ea7\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\u662f\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5b83\u6307\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u8f89\u714c\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\u201d\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u4e2a\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e2d\uff0c\u672c\u5e94\u5360\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u6210\u5458\u4f4d\u4e8e\u7b49\u7ea7\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u9876\u7aef\uff0c\u5e76\u8bd5\u56fe\u91cd\u73b0\u8fd9\u79cd\u72b6\u6001\u3002[63]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.8 \u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u8bb8\u591a\u53f3\u7ffc\u601d\u60f3\u53ca\u8fd0\u52a8\u652f\u6301\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u53f3\u7ffc\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u79e9\u5e8f\u515a\u201d\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u6cd5\u56fd\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4f4d\u5f3a\u529b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u9886\u8896\u6765\u7ef4\u6301\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002[50]<\/a><\/sup>\u4ee5\u6574\u987f\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d<\/a>\u9020\u6210\u7684\u5185\u4e71\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u53f3\u7ffc\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\uff0c\u4e0e\u4f20\u7edf\u8d35\u65cf\u53ca\u4fdd\u7687\u515a<\/a>\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7531\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u5fb7\u00b7\u8fc8\u65af\u7279\u521b\u7acb\u7684\u62c9\u4e01\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u575a\u6301\u5bf9\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u3002\u8fc8\u65af\u7279\u4e0e\u66f4\u65e9\u7684\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u970d\u5e03\u65af<\/a>\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u72ec\u88c1<\/a>\u4e13\u5236\u4e3a\u9632\u6b62\u66b4\u529b\u9a9a\u4e71\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u9003\u79bb\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d<\/a>\u540e\uff0c\u8fc8\u65af\u7279\u8f6c\u4e3a\u652f\u6301\u6781\u7aef\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5362\u68ad<\/a>\u7684\u201c\u666e\u904d\u610f\u5fd7\u201d\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u8fc8\u65af\u7279\u4e5f\u53cd\u5bf918\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u671f\u81f319\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u4e00\u4e9b\u541b\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb<\/a>\u7684\u51c6\u4e16\u4fd7\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u653e\u7eb5\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3b\u5f20\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u79bb\u3002\u8fc8\u65af\u7279\u7684\u62c9\u4e01\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u539f\u5219\u53d7\u5230\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u72ec\u88c1\u8005\u5f17\u6717\u897f\u65af\u79d1\u00b7\u4f5b\u6717\u54e5<\/a>\u7684\u91c7\u7eb3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u539f\u6559\u65e8\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005<\/a>\u5e38\u652f\u6301\u4f7f\u7528\u653f\u6cbb\u529b\u91cf\u53bb\u7ef4\u62a4\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002[51]<\/a><\/sup>\u4f20\u7edf\u53f3\u7ffc\u504f\u5411\u652f\u6301\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53ca\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u3002\u4f46\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u53f3\u7ffc\u6216\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u53f3\u7ffc\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u53f3\u7ffc\u662f\u53cd\u6743\u5a01\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.9 \u4f20\u7edf<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u53f3\u7ffc\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u5e38\u89c1\u4e8e\u5bf9\u4f20\u7edf<\/a>\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002\u4f46\u4f20\u7edf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u6240\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u5e94\u8ffd\u6eaf\u81f3\u4f55\u65f6\u5e76\u4e0d\u660e\u786e\u3002\u8bc4\u8bba\u5bb6\u6709\u65f6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53f3\u7ffc\u4eba\u58eb\u6240\u63d0\u53ca\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4f20\u7edf\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u4ece\u6b27\u6d32\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174<\/a>\u5230\u542f\u8499\u65f6\u4ee3<\/a>\uff0c\u5e0c\u814a\u53ca\u7f57\u9a6c\u4f20\u7edf\u5e38\u5e38\u88ab\u5f15\u7528\u6765\u4f5c\u4e3a\u652f\u6301\u7531\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u662f\u88ab\u5f52\u4e8e\u5de6\u7ffc\u3002\u540c\u6837\u7684\uff0c\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5e1d\u56fd\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u6bd4\u5f53\u4ee3\u4fdd\u5b88\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u4eba\u58eb\u66f4\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f20\u7edf\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f3a\u8c03\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5<\/a>\u539f\u5219\u3001\u5353\u8d8a\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u79e9\u5e8f\u3001\u4f20\u7edf<\/a>\u548c\u4e60\u60ef<\/a>\u3001\u7b49\u7ea7\u5236\u5ea6<\/a>\u548c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u3001\u519c\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u53e4\u5178\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u548c\u9ad8\u7ea7\u6587\u5316\u3001\u7231\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u3001\u672c\u571f\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u548c\u533a\u57df\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\uff0c[52]<\/a><\/sup>\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u4eb2\u8fd1\u53cd\u52a8<\/a>\u548c\u53cd\u9769\u547d<\/a>\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u90e8\u5206\u53f3\u7ffc\u8fd0\u52a8\u652f\u6301\u8005\u4f1a\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u79f0\u547c\uff0c\u8511\u89c6\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u5316\u81ea\u542f\u8499\u65f6\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u5c31\u8fde\u7ed3\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u79f0\u547c\u7684\u6c61\u540d\u3002\u8fc7\u53bb\u8bb8\u591a\u4f20\u7edf\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4e3b\u5f20\u541b\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f20\u7edf\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ece\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u4ee5\u5404\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4f46\u572818\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u4f20\u7edf\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u523020\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f9d\u7136\u662f\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u4f20\u7edf\u4e3b\u4e49\u53ef\u89c1\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u56e2\u4f53\uff08\u88ab\u5927\u4f17\u5a92\u4f53\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u65b0\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u201d\uff09\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53cd\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u3001\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027<\/a>\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb\u6b65<\/a>\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3b\u5f20\u5ba3\u626c\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u91cd\u5efa\u590d\u5174[53]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u6062\u590d\u5bf9\u4e8eT\u00b7S\u00b7\u827e\u7565\u7279<\/a>\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u6c38\u6052\u4e8b\u7269\u201d\u7684\u5174\u8da3\uff08\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e16\u4e16\u4ee3\u4ee3\u5ef6\u7eed\u4e0b\u53bb\u7684\u771f\u7406\u4e0e\u5e7f\u5927\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5236\u5ea6\u5982\u6559\u5802\u3001\u5bb6\u5ead\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u793e\u533a\u751f\u6d3b\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u5bb6\u5ead\u4ef7\u503c\u201d\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u6709\u7740\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u4e49\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u81f321\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u8be5\u8bcd\u6c47\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u8fa9\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u4e8c\u6218<\/a>\u7ed3\u675f\u4ee5\u6765\u5bb6\u5ead\u4ef7\u503c\u4e0d\u65ad\u8870\u843d\u3002[54]<\/a><\/sup>\u4e00\u4e9b\u53f3\u7ffc\u653f\u515a\u5e38\u5c06\u201c\u5bb6\u5ead\u4ef7\u503c\u201d\u5f53\u4f5c\u60ef\u7528\u653f\u6cbb\u672f\u8bed\uff0c\u5982\u7f8e\u56fd\u5171\u548c\u515a<\/a>\u3002\u53f3\u7ffc\u7684\u201c\u5bb6\u5ead\u4ef7\u503c\u201d\u652f\u6301\u8005\u666e\u904d\u5f3a\u70c8\u53cd\u5bf9\u5815\u80ce<\/a>\u3001\u5b89\u4e50\u6b7b<\/a>\u3001\u540c\u6027\u604b<\/a>\u3001\u5a5a\u524d\u6027\u884c\u4e3a<\/a>\u4e0e\u5916\u9047<\/a>\u3002\u5de6\u7ffc<\/a>\u4e0e\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005<\/a>\u5219\u7ecf\u5e38\u6307\u8d23\u53f3\u7ffc\u652f\u914d\u7236\u6743<\/a>\u4e0e\u6027\u522b\u89d2\u8272<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. \u5386\u53f2 | History<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u6839\u636e\u300a\u5251\u6865\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u53f2<\/a>\u300b\uff0c\u53f3\u7ffc\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u4e94\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u9636\u6bb5[20]<\/a><\/sup>\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. \u53cd\u52a8\u7684\u53f3\u7ffc\u5bfb\u6c42\u56de\u5f52\u8d35\u65cf<\/a>\u548c\u786e\u7acb\u5b97\u6559<\/a>\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. \u6e29\u548c\u7684\u53f3\u7ffc\u4e0d\u4fe1\u4efb\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u5e76\u5bfb\u6c42\u5c0f\u653f\u5e9c<\/a>\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. \u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\u53f3\u7ffc\u652f\u6301\u4e00\u79cd\u6d6a\u6f2b\u800c\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. \u6781\u53f3\u7ffc\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u53cd\u79fb\u6c11<\/a>\u653f\u7b56\u548c\u9690\u542b\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  5. \u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u53f3\u7ffc\u8bd5\u56fe\u5c06\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u573a<\/a>\u4e0e\u7231\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u3001\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b<\/a>\u4e0e\u79e9\u5e8f<\/a>\u7b49\u4f20\u7edf\u53f3\u7ffc\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765[9]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    \u653f\u6cbb<\/a>\u4e0a\u7684\u53f3\u7ffc\u6e90\u81ea\u4e8e\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d<\/a>\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u6765\u81ea\u7b2c\u4e09\u9636\u7ea7<\/a>\u7684\u5171\u548c\u6d3e<\/a>\u8bae\u5458\u5750\u5728\u4e3b\u5e2d\u7684\u5de6\u4fa7\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u81ea1789\u5e74\u4e09\u7ea7\u4f1a\u8bae<\/a>\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u4e60\u60ef\u3002\u800c\u8d35\u65cf\u9636\u7ea7\u3001\u7b2c\u4e8c\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u6210\u5458\u5219\u5750\u5728\u53f3\u4fa7\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u56fd\u6c11\u8bae\u4f1a<\/a>\u5c06\u5750\u5728\u53f3\u4fa7\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u65e7\u5236\u5ea6<\/a>\u7684\u4fdd\u738b\u515a<\/a>\u79f0\u4e3a\u53f3\u7ffc\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6839\u636e\u81ea\u5df1\u653f\u6cbb\u7acb\u573a\u800c\u5206\u5750\u5927\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u5de6\u53f3\u5e2d\u4f4d\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u5ef6\u7eed\u5230\u4e86\u4eca\u65e5\u7684\u56fd\u6c11\u8bae\u4f1a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    From the 1830s to the 1880s, the Western world<\/a>‘s social class<\/a> structure and economy shifted from nobility<\/a> and aristocracy<\/a> towards capitalism<\/a>.[68]<\/a><\/sup> This shift affected centre-right<\/a> movements such as the British Conservative Party<\/a>, which responded supporting capitalism.[69]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4ece19\u4e16\u7eaa30\u5e74\u4ee3\u523080\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u9636\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4ece\u8d35\u65cf\u548c\u4e0a\u5c42\u9636\u7ea7\u8f6c\u5411\u4e86\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002[68]\u8fd9\u4e00\u8f6c\u53d8\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u4e2d\u53f3\u7ffc\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u5982\u82f1\u56fd\u4fdd\u5b88\u515a\uff0c\u8be5\u515a\u5bf9\u6b64\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e86\u652f\u6301\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u56de\u5e94\u3002[69]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    19\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u671f\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5149\u8c31\u53ef\u5206\u4e3a\u6781\u5de6\u7ffc<\/a>\uff08\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005<\/a>\u548c\u6fc0\u8fdb\u6d3e<\/a>\uff09\u3001\u4e2d\u95f4\u504f\u5de6<\/a>\uff08\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e<\/a>\u5171\u548c\u515a\u4eba\uff09\u3001\u4e2d\u95f4\u6d3e<\/a>\uff08\u6e29\u548c\u6d3e\u3001\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e<\/a>\u5171\u548c\u515a\u4eba\uff09\u3001\u4e2d\u95f4\u504f\u53f3<\/a>\uff08\u541b\u4e3b\u7acb\u5baa\u652f\u6301\u8005<\/a>\u3001\u5965\u5c14\u826f\u6d3e\u3001\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u5171\u548c\u515a\u4eba\u3001\u6ce2\u62ff\u5df4\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff09\u548c\u6781\u53f3\u7ffc<\/a>\uff08\u4fdd\u7687\u6d3e<\/a>\u548c\u6b63\u7edf\u6d3e<\/a>\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u4ece\u6b64\uff0c\u53f3\u7ffc\u6210\u4e3a\u4fdd\u62a4\u73b0\u6709\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u4f20\u7edf\u7edf\u6cbb\u9636\u7ea7[21]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u53d7\u5230\u57c3\u5fb7\u8499\u00b7\u4f2f\u514b<\/a>\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4f2f\u514b\u53cd\u5bf9\u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u4e3b\u5f20\u6c11\u65cf\u4f20\u7edf\uff1a\u4ed6\u63d0\u5230\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u656c\u754f\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c0a\u656c\u56fd\u738b\u4e14\u611f\u5230\u656c\u754f\uff1b\u5c0a\u656c\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e14\u6ee1\u6000\u60c5\u611f\uff1b\u5c0a\u656c\u884c\u653f\u5b98\u5458\u4e14\u5145\u6ee1\u656c\u610f\uff1b\u5c0a\u656c\u4e14\u656c\u91cd\u7267\u5e08\uff1b\u5c0a\u656c\u4e14\u5c0a\u91cd\u8d35\u65cf\u3002\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5f53\u5fc3\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u201c\u81ea\u7136\u201d\u5c31\u4f1a\u88ab\u6253\u52a8\u3002\u201d[22]<\/a><\/sup>\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u7406\u7531\u634d\u536b\u6210\u89c1\uff08Prejudice\uff09\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u8fd9\u662f\u201c\u6574\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u94f6\u884c\u4e0e\u8d44\u4ea7\u201d\uff0c\u76f8\u8f83\u4e4b\u4e0b\u4e2a\u4eba\u662f\u8f83\u4e0d\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u4e3b\u5f20\u201c\u6210\u89c1\u80fd\u5728\u7d27\u6025\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7acb\u5373\u8fd0\u7528\u3002\u5fc3\u4e2d\u7684\u6210\u89c1\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u667a\u6167\u4e0e\u7f8e\u5fb7\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5728\u4eba\u4eec\u72b9\u8c6b\u3001\u6000\u7591\u3001\u56f0\u60d1\u3001\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u51b3\u65f6\u79bb\u4f60\u800c\u53bb\u3002\u201d[23]<\/a><\/sup>\u4f2f\u514b\u6279\u8bc4\u793e\u4f1a\u5951\u7ea6<\/a>\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u786e\u662f\u4e2a\u5951\u7ea6\uff0c\u4f46\u201c\u4e0d\u53ea\u6709\u6d3b\u5728\u4e16\u4e0a\u7684\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u4e16\u7684\u3001\u5df2\u6b7b\u53bb\u7684\u3001\u5c1a\u672a\u51fa\u751f\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u201d[24]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u4e9a\u5f53\u65af\u5bc6<\/a>\u7684\u300a\u56fd\u5bcc\u8bba<\/a>\u300b\uff0c\u6700\u65e9\u7814\u7a76\u6b27\u6d32\u5de5\u4e1a\u5174\u8d77\u53ca\u5546\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u5148\u9a71\u3002\u4e9a\u5f53\u65af\u5bc6\u5728\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\uff0c\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u81ea\u6211\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u4e0e\u7ade\u4e89\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u7e41\u8363\u4e0e\u5b89\u5eb7\uff0c\u4e5f\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u8d38\u6613<\/a>\u4e0e\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u6700\u4e3a\u4e16\u4eba\u6240\u77e5\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u5927\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u540e\u4e16\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u3002[25]<\/a><\/sup>[26]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    19\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c\u5c11\u6570\u4f46\u5f3a\u529b\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u4eba\u58eb\uff08\u8fd9\u91cc\u6307\u53e4\u5178\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u53ca\u5de6\u7ffc\u4ee3\u540d\u8bcd\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\uff09\uff0c\u5982\u7406\u67e5\u00b7\u79d1\u5e03\u767b\u548c\u7406\u5bdf\u00b7\u8d56\u7279\u7b49\u4eba\uff0c\u8ffd\u968f\u81ea\u7531\u653e\u4efb\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u30021867\u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4e0e\u6cd5\u56fd\u7b7e\u7f72\u81ea\u7531\u8d38\u6613\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u4e4b\u540e\u4e5f\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u7b7e\u7f72\u534f\u5b9a\u3002\u62a5\u7eb8\u300a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4eba<\/a>\u300b\u521b\u529e\u4e8e1843\u5e74\uff0c\u67d0\u4e00\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53cd\u5bf9\u8c37\u7269\u6cd5<\/a>\u30021866\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u79d1\u5e03\u767b\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\uff08The Cobden Club\uff09\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u56e2\u4f53\u6216\u573a\u6240\u4e5f\u4f1a\u8ba8\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u8d38\u6613\u3002[27]<\/a><\/sup>[28]<\/a><\/sup>\u4f46\u5965\u5730\u5229\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u8005<\/a>\u4e3b\u5f20\u81ea\u7531\u653e\u4efb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4ece\u672a\u6210\u4e3a\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4fe1\u6761\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u81f319\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u91c7\u7528\u8d38\u6613\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5e72\u6d89\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The people of English-speaking countries<\/a> did not apply the terms right<\/em> and left<\/em> to their politics until the 20th century.[70]<\/a><\/sup> The term right-wing<\/em> was originally applied to traditional conservatives<\/a>, monarchists<\/a>, and reactionaries; a revision of this which occurred sometime between the 1920s and 1950s considers the far-right<\/a> to<\/em> denote fascism<\/a>, Nazism<\/a>, and racial supremacy<\/a>.[71]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u76f4\u5230 20 \u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u82f1\u8bed\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u624d\u5c06\u201c\u5de6\u201d\u548c\u201c\u53f3\u201d\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u3002[70]\u201c\u53f3\u7ffc\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u6700\u521d\u662f\u6307\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u3001\u541b\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u548c\u53cd\u52a8\u6d3e\uff1b20 \u4e16\u7eaa 20 \u5e74\u4ee3\u81f3 50 \u5e74\u4ee3\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u4fee\u8ba2\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6781\u53f3\u7ffc\u662f\u6307\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u7eb3\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u79cd\u65cf\u81f3\u4e0a\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002[71]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Rightist regimes were common in Europe in the Interwar period<\/a>, 1919\u20131938.[citation needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111919 \u5e74\u81f3 1938 \u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u4e24\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u53f3\u7ffc\u653f\u6743\u5341\u5206\u5e38\u89c1\u3002[\u9700\u8981\u5f15\u8bc1]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2.1 \u4e2d\u56fd | China<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    2.1 \u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\uff081912-1949\uff09| Republic of China (1912\u20131949)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    Among Kuomintang<\/a> (KMT)’s conservatives during the Republic of China<\/a>, Dai Jitao Thought<\/a> supporters formed the Western Hills Group<\/a> in the 1920s<\/a>.
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u6c11\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u4e2d\uff0c\u6234\u5b63\u9676\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\u5728 1920 \u5e74\u4ee3\u7ec4\u5efa\u4e86\u897f\u5c71\u6d3e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Chiang Kai-shek<\/a> initially claimed himself as a ‘centrist’ in the KMT left-right conflict, but became an anti-communist right-wing after Shanghai massacre<\/a>. Chiangism<\/a> (or ‘Chiang Kai-shek Thought’) was related to Confucianism<\/a>, state capitalism<\/a>, paternalistic conservatism<\/a>, and Chinese nationalism<\/a> (which included fascistic<\/a> elements).
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u6700\u521d\u5728\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u5de6\u53f3\u7ffc\u51b2\u7a81\u4e2d\u81ea\u79f0\u662f\u201c\u4e2d\u95f4\u6d3e\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u540e\u6210\u4e3a\u53cd\u5171\u53f3\u7ffc\u3002\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08\u6216\u201c\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u601d\u60f3\u201d\uff09\u4e0e\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5bb6\u957f\u5f0f\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u5143\u7d20\uff09\u6709\u5173\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2.2 \u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd | People’s Republic of China<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    See also: Neoauthoritarianism (China)<\/a>\u3010\u53e6\u8bf7\u53c2\u9605\uff1a\u65b0\u6743\u5a01\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08\u4e2d\u56fd\uff09\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The Chinese Communist Party<\/a> (CCP) describes itself as Marxist<\/a>, and has not officially abandoned leftist ideology, Marxism\u2013Leninism<\/a>, or socialism with Chinese characteristics<\/a>. Christer Pursiainen has characterized the CCP as a right-wing political party,[72]<\/a><\/sup> pointing to an ideological change within the party under Jiang Zemin<\/a>‘s leadership during the 1990s.[72]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a (CCP) \u81ea\u79f0\u662f\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u5e76\u672a\u6b63\u5f0f\u653e\u5f03\u5de6\u6d3e\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u3001\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u5217\u5b81\u4e3b\u4e49\u6216\u4e2d\u56fd\u7279\u8272\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u514b\u91cc\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u666e\u5c14\u897f\u4e9a\u5b81 (Christer Pursiainen) \u5c06\u4e2d\u5171\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u53f3\u7ffc\u653f\u515a\uff0c[72] \u6307\u51fa 20 \u4e16\u7eaa 90 \u5e74\u4ee3\u5728\u6c5f\u6cfd\u6c11\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u5185\u90e8\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u53d8\u5316\u3002[72]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2.2 \u6cd5\u56fd | France<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    See also: Left\u2013right politics<\/a>\u3010\u53e6\u8bf7\u53c2\u9605\uff1a\u5de6\u53f3\u7ffc\u653f\u6cbb\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The political term right-wing<\/em> was first used during the French Revolution<\/a>, when liberal<\/a> deputies of the Third Estate<\/a> generally sat to the left of the presiding officer’s chair, a custom that began in the Estates General<\/a> of 1789. The nobility, members of the Second Estate<\/a>, generally sat to the right. In the successive legislative assemblies<\/a>, monarchists<\/a> who supported the Old Regime<\/a> were commonly referred to as rightists because they sat on the right side. A major figure on the right was Joseph de Maistre<\/a>, who argued for an authoritarian<\/a> form of conservatism<\/a>.
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u53f3\u7ffc\u8fd9\u4e00\u653f\u6cbb\u672f\u8bed\u6700\u65e9\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u7b2c\u4e09\u7b49\u7ea7\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u8bae\u5458\u901a\u5e38\u5750\u5728\u8bae\u957f\u6905\u5b50\u7684\u5de6\u4fa7\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e60\u4fd7\u59cb\u4e8e 1789 \u5e74\u7684\u4e09\u7ea7\u4f1a\u8bae\u3002\u8d35\u65cf\uff0c\u5373\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7b49\u7ea7\u7684\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u5750\u5728\u53f3\u4fa7\u3002\u5728\u5386\u5c4a\u7acb\u6cd5\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u65e7\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u541b\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u53f3\u6d3e\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u5750\u5728\u53f3\u4fa7\u3002\u53f3\u7ffc\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4eba\u7269\u662f\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u5fb7\u00b7\u8fc8\u65af\u7279\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e3b\u5f20\u4e00\u79cd\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Throughout France in the 19th century<\/a>, the main line dividing the left and right was between supporters of the republic and those of the monarchy, who were often secularist and Catholic respectively.[31]<\/a><\/sup> On the right, the Legitimists<\/a> and Ultra-royalists<\/a> held counter-revolutionary<\/a> views, while the Orl\u00e9anists<\/a> hoped to create a constitutional monarchy<\/a> under their preferred branch of the royal family, which briefly became a reality after the 1830 July Revolution<\/a>.
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u301119 \u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c\u5de6\u53f3\u7ffc\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5206\u754c\u7ebf\u662f\u5171\u548c\u6d3e\u548c\u541b\u4e3b\u6d3e\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u4e16\u4fd7\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u5219\u4fe1\u5949\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u3002[31] \u53f3\u7ffc\u7684\u6b63\u7edf\u6d3e\u548c\u6781\u7aef\u4fdd\u7687\u6d3e\u5219\u6301\u53cd\u9769\u547d\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u800c\u5965\u5c14\u826f\u6d3e\u5219\u5e0c\u671b\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u9752\u7750\u7684\u738b\u5ba4\u5206\u652f\u4e0b\u5efa\u7acb\u541b\u4e3b\u7acb\u5baa\u5236\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u76ee\u6807\u5728 1830 \u5e74\u4e03\u6708\u9769\u547d\u540e\u77ed\u6682\u5730\u6210\u4e3a\u73b0\u5b9e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u6cd5\u56fd\u4e8c\u6218\u540e\uff0c\u6234\u9ad8\u4e50<\/a>\u53ca\u5176\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u6234\u9ad8\u4e50\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u515a\u4e3b\u5f20\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u57fa\u7840\u5efa\u8bbe\u4e0a\u6295\u5165\u5927\u91cf\u8d44\u91d1\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u7f8e\u82f1\u4fdd\u6301\u8ddd\u79bb\uff0c\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u7684\u5de6\u7ffc\u6cd5\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u515a<\/a>\u4e3b\u5f20\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u56fd\u6709\u5316\u3001\u5b9e\u65bd\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7ba1\u5236\u4e0e\u8d22\u5bcc\u518d\u5206\u914d\u63aa\u65bd\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u4f46\u5e26\u6709\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u8272\u5f69\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4f1a<\/a>\u548c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u6240\u8fde\u7ed3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2.3 \u5308\u7259\u5229 | Hungary<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    The dominance of the political right of inter-war Hungary<\/a>, after the collapse of a short-lived Communist regime, was described by historian Istv\u00e1n De\u00e1k<\/a>:
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4f0a\u4ec0\u7279\u4e07\u00b7\u5fb7\u514b\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e24\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u671f\u95f4\u5308\u7259\u5229\u77ed\u6682\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6743\u5d29\u6e83\u540e\u653f\u6cbb\u53f3\u6d3e\u7684\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    Between 1919 and 1944 Hungary was a rightist country. Forged out of a counter-revolutionary heritage, its governments advocated a “nationalist Christian” policy; they extolled heroism, faith, and unity; they despised the French Revolution, and they spurned the liberal and socialist ideologies of the 19th century. The governments saw Hungary as a bulwark against bolshevism<\/a> and bolshevism’s instruments: socialism<\/a>, cosmopolitanism<\/a>, and Freemasonry<\/a>. They perpetrated the rule of a small clique of aristocrats, civil servants, and army officers, and surrounded with adulation the head of the state, the counterrevolutionary Admiral Horthy<\/a>.[73]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u201c1919\u5e74\u81f31944\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53f3\u7ffc\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u5b83\u8131\u80ce\u4e8e\u53cd\u9769\u547d\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5021\u5bfc\u2018\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u2019\u653f\u7b56\uff1b\u4ed6\u4eec\u9882\u626c\u82f1\u52c7\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef0\u548c\u56e2\u7ed3\uff1b\u4ed6\u4eec\u9119\u89c6\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u5e76\u8511\u89c619\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u89c6\u5308\u7259\u5229\u4e3a\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u4e3b\u4e49\u5de5\u5177\uff08\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u4e16\u754c\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u5171\u6d4e\u4f1a\uff09\u7684\u5821\u5792\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5b9e\u884c\u7531\u4e00\u5c0f\u64ae\u8d35\u65cf\u3001\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u548c\u519b\u5b98\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u5143\u9996\u3001\u53cd\u9769\u547d\u8005\u970d\u5c14\u8482\u6d77\u519b\u4e0a\u5c06\u963f\u9053\u592b\u00b7\u970d\u5c14\u8482\u5927\u52a0\u5439\u6367\u3002[73]<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

    2.4 \u5370\u5ea6 | India<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Although freedom fighters<\/a> are favoured, the right-wing tendency to elect or appoint politicians and government officials based on aristocratic and religious ties is common to almost all the states of India.[74]<\/a>[75]<\/a>[76]<\/a>[77]<\/a><\/sup> Multiple political parties however identify with terms and beliefs which are, by political consensus, right or left wing. Certain political parties such as the Bharatiya Janata Party<\/a>, identify with conservative[78]<\/a><\/sup> and nationalist elements. Some, such as the Indian National Congress<\/a>, take a liberal stance. The Communist Party of India<\/a>, Communist Party of India (Marxist)<\/a>, and others, identify with left-wing socialist and communist concepts. Other political parties take differing stands, and hence cannot be clearly grouped as the left- and the right-wing.[79]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u867d\u7136\u81ea\u7531\u6597\u58eb\u5907\u53d7\u63a8\u5d07\uff0c\u4f46\u5370\u5ea6\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u90a6\u90fd\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u53f3\u7ffc\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u5373\u57fa\u4e8e\u8d35\u65cf\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u5173\u7cfb\u9009\u4e3e\u6216\u4efb\u547d\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u548c\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u3002[74][75][76][77]\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u591a\u4e2a\u653f\u515a\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u548c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u5171\u8bc6\u4e0a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u53f3\u7ffc\u6216\u5de6\u7ffc\u3002\u67d0\u4e9b\u653f\u515a\uff0c\u5982\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u6c11\u515a\uff0c\u8ba4\u540c\u4fdd\u5b88[78]\u548c\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u653f\u515a\uff0c\u5982\u5370\u5ea6\u56fd\u5927\u515a\uff0c\u5219\u6301\u81ea\u7531\u7acb\u573a\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\uff08\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\uff09\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u653f\u515a\u5219\u8ba4\u540c\u5de6\u7ffc\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u5ff5\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u653f\u515a\u5219\u6301\u4e0d\u540c\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u80fd\u660e\u786e\u5f52\u7c7b\u4e3a\u5de6\u7ffc\u6216\u53f3\u7ffc\u3002[79]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2.5 \u82f1\u56fd | United Kingdom<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    In British politics, the terms right<\/em> and left<\/em> came into common use for the first time in the late 1930s during debates over the Spanish Civil War<\/a>.[80]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u575b\uff0c\u201c\u5de6\u201d\u548c\u201c\u53f3\u201d\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u666e\u904d\u4f7f\u7528\u662f\u5728 20 \u4e16\u7eaa 30 \u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u6709\u5173\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u5185\u6218\u7684\u8fa9\u8bba\u4e2d\u3002[80]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/a>
    \u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df
    \u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1a1909     Conservative Party<\/a> poster
    \u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a1909 \u5e74\u4fdd\u5b88\u515a\u6d77\u62a5<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    2.6 \u7f8e\u56fd | United States<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    In the United States, following the Second World War<\/a>, social conservatives joined with right-wing elements of the Republican Party<\/a> to gain support in traditionally Democratic<\/a> voting populations like white southerners and Catholics<\/a>. Ronald Reagan’s<\/a> election to the presidency in 1980 cemented the alliance between the religious right in the United States<\/a> and social conservatives.[81]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u540e\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u4e0e\u5171\u548c\u515a\u7684\u53f3\u7ffc\u52bf\u529b\u8054\u624b\uff0c\u4e89\u53d6\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\u652f\u6301\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u7684\u9009\u6c11\u7fa4\u4f53\uff08\u5982\u767d\u4eba\u5357\u65b9\u4eba\u548c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5f92\uff09\u7684\u652f\u6301\u30021980\u5e74\uff0c\u7f57\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u91cc\u6839\u5f53\u9009\u603b\u7edf\uff0c\u5de9\u56fa\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b97\u6559\u53f3\u6d3e\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8054\u76df\u3002[81]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In 2019, the United States populace leaned center-right<\/a>, with 37% of Americans self-identifying as conservative<\/a>, compared to 35% moderate and 24% liberal<\/a>. This was continuing a decades long trend of the country leaning center-right.[82]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112019\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6c11\u4f17\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4e2d\u53f3\u6d3e\uff0c37%\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u81ea\u79f0\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\uff0c\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c35%\u7684\u4eba\u81ea\u79f0\u6e29\u548c\u6d3e\uff0c24%\u7684\u4eba\u81ea\u79f0\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u3002\u8fd9\u5ef6\u7eed\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u6765\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4e2d\u53f3\u6d3e\u7684\u957f\u671f\u8d8b\u52bf\u3002[82]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The United States Department of Homeland Security<\/a> defines right-wing extremism in the United States as “broadly divided into those groups, movements, and adherents that are primarily hate-oriented (based on hatred of particular religious, racial or ethnic groups), and those that are mainly anti-government, rejecting federal authority in favor of state or local authority, or rejecting government authority entirely. It may include groups and individuals that are dedicated to a single issue, such as opposition to abortion or immigration.”[83]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u571f\u5b89\u5168\u90e8\u5c06\u7f8e\u56fd\u53f3\u7ffc\u6781\u7aef\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u201c\u5927\u81f4\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u7c7b\u7fa4\u4f53\u3001\u8fd0\u52a8\u548c\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\uff1a\u4e00\u7c7b\u4e3b\u8981\u4ee5\u4ec7\u6068\u4e3a\u5bfc\u5411\uff08\u57fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u7279\u5b9a\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u79cd\u65cf\u6216\u65cf\u88d4\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u4ec7\u6068\uff09\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u7c7b\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u53cd\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u62d2\u7edd\u8054\u90a6\u6743\u5a01\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u5dde\u6216\u5730\u65b9\u6743\u5a01\uff0c\u6216\u5b8c\u5168\u62d2\u7edd\u653f\u5e9c\u6743\u5a01\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u62ec\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u5355\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u56e2\u4f53\u548c\u4e2a\u4eba\uff0c\u5982\u53cd\u5bf9\u5815\u80ce\u6216\u79fb\u6c11\u201d\u3002[83]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/a>
    \u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df
    \u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aAmerican     anti-communist<\/a> propaganda<\/a> of the 1950s, specifically addressing the entertainment industry
    \u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a20 \u4e16\u7eaa 50 \u5e74\u4ee3\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u53cd\u5171\u5ba3\u4f20\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u5a31\u4e50\u4e1a<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    3. \u7c7b\u578b | Types<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    The meaning of right-wing “varies across societies, historical epochs, and political systems and ideologies.”[84]<\/a><\/sup> According to The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics<\/em>, in liberal democracies, the political right opposes socialism<\/a> and social democracy<\/a>. Right-wing parties include conservatives<\/a>, Christian democrats<\/a>, classical liberals<\/a>, and nationalists<\/a>, as well as fascists<\/a> on the far-right<\/a>.[85]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u201c\u53f3\u7ffc\u201d\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u201c\u56e0\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u671f\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u800c\u6709\u6240\u5dee\u5f02\u201d\u3002[84]\u6839\u636e\u300a\u7b80\u660e\u725b\u6d25\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u8bcd\u5178\u300b\uff0c\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u53f3\u7ffc\u53cd\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u53f3\u7ffc\u653f\u515a\u5305\u62ec\u4fdd\u5b88\u515a\u3001\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u3001\u53e4\u5178\u81ea\u7531\u515a\u548c\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u515a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6781\u53f3\u7ffc\u7684\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u515a\u3002[85]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    British academics No\u00ebl O’Sullivan<\/a> and Roger Eatwell<\/a> divide the right into five types: reactionary, moderate, radical, extreme, and new.[86]<\/a><\/sup> Chip Berlet<\/a> wrote that each of these “styles of thought” are “responses to the left”, including liberalism and socialism, which have arisen since the 1789 French Revolution.[87]<\/a><\/sup>
    \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u82f1\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u8bfa\u57c3\u5c14\u00b7\u5965\u6c99\u5229\u6587\u548c\u7f57\u6770\u00b7\u4f0a\u7279\u7ef4\u5c14\u5c06\u53f3\u7ffc\u5206\u4e3a\u4e94\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\uff1a\u53cd\u52a8\u578b\u3001\u6e29\u548c\u578b\u3001\u6fc0\u8fdb\u578b\u3001\u6781\u7aef\u578b\u548c\u65b0\u53f3\u7ffc\u3002[86]\u5947\u666e\u00b7\u4f2f\u83b1\u7279\u5199\u9053\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u201c\u601d\u60f3\u98ce\u683c\u201d\u6bcf\u4e00\u79cd\u90fd\u662f\u201c\u5bf9\u5de6\u7ffc\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u81ea1789\u5e74\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u4ee5\u6765\u5174\u8d77\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\uff09\u7684\u56de\u5e94\u201d\u3002[87]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    1. The reactionary right looks toward the past and is “aristocratic, religious and authoritarian”.[87]<\/a><\/sup>
      \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u53cd\u52a8\u53f3\u7ffc\u56de\u671b\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u201c\u8d35\u65cf\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u6743\u5a01\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002[87]<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    2. The moderate right, typified by the writings of Edmund Burke<\/a>, is tolerant of change, provided it is gradual and accepts some aspects of liberalism, including the rule of law and capitalism, although it sees radical laissez-faire<\/a><\/em> and individualism as harmful to society. The moderate right often promotes nationalism and social welfare policies.[88]<\/a><\/sup>
      \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4ee5\u57c3\u5fb7\u8499\u00b7\u4f2f\u514b\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u6e29\u548c\u53f3\u7ffc\u5bf9\u53d8\u9769\u6301\u5bbd\u5bb9\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u8fd9\u79cd\u53d8\u9769\u662f\u6e10\u8fdb\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u63a5\u53d7\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6cd5\u6cbb\u548c\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b83\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6781\u7aef\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u653e\u4efb\u548c\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u6709\u5bb3\u3002\u6e29\u548c\u53f3\u7ffc\u7ecf\u5e38\u5ba3\u626c\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u798f\u5229\u653f\u7b56\u3002[88]<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    3. Radical right<\/a> is a descriptive term that was developed after World War II and it was applied to groups and ideologies such as McCarthyism<\/a>, the John Birch Society<\/a>, Thatcherism<\/a>, and the Republikaner Party<\/a>. Eatwell stresses that this usage of the term has “major typological problems” because it “has also been applied to clearly democratic developments.”[89]<\/a><\/sup> The radical right includes right-wing populism<\/a> and various other subtypes.[87]<\/a><\/sup>
      \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u53f3\u7ffc\u6fc0\u8fdb\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u540e\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u672f\u8bed\uff0c\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u63cf\u8ff0\u8bf8\u5982\u9ea6\u5361\u9521\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u4f2f\u5947\u534f\u4f1a\u3001\u6492\u5207\u5c14\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u5171\u548c\u515a\u4eba\u515a\u7b49\u56e2\u4f53\u548c\u601d\u60f3\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u4f0a\u7279\u7ef4\u5c14\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u8be5\u672f\u8bed\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u7528\u6cd5\u5b58\u5728\u201c\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u201c\u4e5f\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u63cf\u8ff0\u660e\u663e\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u53d1\u5c55\u201d\u3002[89]\u53f3\u7ffc\u6fc0\u8fdb\u5305\u62ec\u53f3\u7ffc\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u5404\u79cd\u5176\u4ed6\u4e9a\u578b\u3002[87]<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    4. The extreme right<\/a> has four traits: “1) anti-democracy<\/a>, 2) ultranationalism<\/a>, 3) racism<\/a>, and 4) the strong state.”[90]<\/a><\/sup>
      \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6781\u53f3\u7ffc\u5177\u6709\u56db\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\uff1a\u201c1) \u53cd\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c2) \u8d85\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c3) \u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c4) \u5f3a\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\u3002[90]<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    5. The New Right<\/a> consists of the liberal conservatives<\/a>, who stress small government<\/a>, free markets<\/a>, and individual initiative.[91]<\/a><\/sup>
      \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u65b0\u53f3\u7ffc\u7531\u81ea\u7531\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f3a\u8c03\u5c0f\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u573a\u548c\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u52a8\u6027\u3002[91]<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      Other authors make a distinction between the centre-right and the far-right.[92]<\/a><\/sup>
      \u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5176\u4ed6\u4f5c\u8005\u5bf9\u4e2d\u53f3\u7ffc\u548c\u6781\u53f3\u7ffc\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u533a\u5206\u3002[92]<\/p>\n\n\n\n