{"id":4635,"date":"2024-11-24T11:37:29","date_gmt":"2024-11-24T03:37:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/?p=4635"},"modified":"2025-01-30T21:46:35","modified_gmt":"2025-01-30T13:46:35","slug":"qingdao-fulltext-zhen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/2024\/11\/24\/qingdao-fulltext-zhen\/","title":{"rendered":"\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02 \/ Qingdao -\uff08\u5168\u6587\uff09\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u8bcd\u6761\u878d\u5408"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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0. \u6982\u8ff0<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

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0.1 \u6587\u5b57\u8bf4\u660e<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

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In 1897, the city was ceded to Germany. For the Germans Qingdao (Tsingtau) was a strategic trade center, port and base for its East Asia Squadron<\/a>, allowing the German navy to project dominance in the Pacific.[4]<\/a><\/sup> In 1914, following the outbreak of World War I<\/a>, Japan occupied the city and the surrounding province during the Siege of Tsingtao<\/a>. In 1915, China agreed to recognize Japan’s special position in the territory through what became known as the Twenty-One Demands<\/a>.[5]<\/a><\/sup> In 1918, the Chinese government, under the control of the warlord Duan Qirui<\/a>, secretly agreed to Japanese terms in exchange for a loan. Following the First World War, during the Paris Peace Conference<\/a>, Japan secured agreements with the Allied powers to recognize its claim to the areas in Shandong, which included Qingdao, previously occupied by Germany.
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In 1922, Shandong reverted to Chinese control following the United States’ mediation during the Washington Naval Conference<\/a>.[3]<\/a><\/sup> Today, Qingdao is a major nodal city of the Belt and Road Initiative<\/a> (BRI) that connects Continental and East Asia with Europe.[6]<\/a><\/sup> It has the highest GDP of any city in the province.
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Administered at the sub-provincial level<\/a>,[7]<\/a><\/sup> Qingdao has jurisdiction over seven districts and three county-level cities (Jiaozhou<\/a>, Pingdu<\/a>, Laixi<\/a>). As of the 2020 census, Qingdao built-up (or metro) area made of the seven urban districts (Shinan<\/a>, Shibei<\/a>, Huangdao<\/a>, Laoshan<\/a>, Licang<\/a>, Chengyang<\/a> and Jimo<\/a>) was home to 7,172,451 inhabitants, making it the 15th largest city in China by population.[8]<\/a><\/sup> Lying across the Shandong Peninsula<\/a> and looking out to the Yellow Sea<\/a>, it borders the prefecture-level cities<\/a> of Yantai<\/a> to the northeast, Weifang[9]<\/a><\/sup> to the west and Rizhao<\/a> to the southwest.[10]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u9752\u5c9b\u4e3a\u526f\u7701\u7ea7\u5e02\uff0c[7]\u4e0b\u8f96\u4e03\u533a\u4e09\u53bf\u7ea7\u5e02\uff08\u80f6\u5dde\u3001\u5e73\u5ea6\u3001\u83b1\u897f\uff09\u3002\u622a\u81f32020\u5e74\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\uff0c\u7531\u4e03\u533a\uff08\u5e02\u5357\u3001\u5e02\u5317\u3001\u9ec4\u5c9b\u3001\u5d02\u5c71\u3001\u674e\u6ca7\u3001\u57ce\u9633\u3001\u5373\u58a8\uff09\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u533a\uff08\u6216\u5efa\u6210\u533a\/\u90fd\u5e02\u533a\uff09\u5e38\u4f4f\u4eba\u53e3\u4e3a7,172,451\u4eba\uff0c\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u53e3\u7b2c15\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u3002[8]\u9752\u5c9b\u5730\u5904\u5c71\u4e1c\u534a\u5c9b\uff0c\u4e1c\u4e34\u9ec4\u6d77\uff0c\u4e1c\u5317\u4e0e\u70df\u53f0\u5e02\u63a5\u58e4\uff0c\u897f\u4e0e\u6f4d\u574a\u5e02\u76f8\u8fde\uff0c\u897f\u5357\u4e0e\u65e5\u7167\u5e02\u6bd7\u90bb\u3002[10]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Qingdao is a major seaport<\/a> and naval base<\/a>, as well as a commercial and financial center<\/a>. It is home to electronics multinationals such as Haier<\/a> and Hisense<\/a>. The Jiaozhou Bay Bridge<\/a>, links the main urban area of Qingdao with Huangdao<\/a> district, straddling the Jiaozhou Bay<\/a> sea areas. Its historic German-style architecture and Tsingtao Brewery<\/a>, the second largest brewery in China,[11]<\/a><\/sup> are legacies of the German occupation (1898\u20131914)<\/a>. Qingdao is classified as a Large-Port Metropolis.[12]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u9752\u5c9b\u662f\u4e00\u5ea7\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6d77\u6e2f\u548c\u6d77\u519b\u57fa\u5730\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u5546\u4e1a\u548c\u91d1\u878d\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u5b55\u80b2\u4e86\u6d77\u5c14\u3001\u6d77\u4fe1\u7b49\u7535\u5b50\u8de8\u56fd\u516c\u53f8\u3002\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\u5927\u6865\u6a2a\u8de8\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\u6d77\u57df\uff0c\u8fde\u63a5\u7740\u9752\u5c9b\u4e3b\u57ce\u533a\u548c\u9ec4\u5c9b\u533a\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u60a0\u4e45\u7684\u5fb7\u5f0f\u5efa\u7b51\u548c\u9752\u5c9b\u5564\u9152\u5382\uff08\u4e2d\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5927\u5564\u9152\u5382[11]\uff09\u90fd\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u5360\u9886\u65f6\u671f\uff081898-1914\u5e74\uff09\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u9057\u4ea7\u3002\u9752\u5c9b\u88ab\u5f52\u7c7b\u4e3a\u5927\u578b\u6e2f\u53e3\u90fd\u5e02\u3002[12]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u6301\u7eed\u63d0\u9ad8\uff0c\u73b0\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cbf\u6d77\u4e2d\u5fc3\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u6027\u5ea6\u5047\u65c5\u6e38\u57ce\u5e02\u3001\u5bf9\u5916\u6e2f\u53e3\u57ce\u5e02\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u56ed\u6797\u57ce\u5e02<\/a>\uff0c\u4e1c\u5317\u4e9a<\/a>\u56fd\u9645\u822a\u8fd0\u7269\u6d41\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3001\u6d77\u6d0b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u56fd\u9645\u5408\u4f5c\u5148\u5bfc\u533a\u3001\u6ee8\u6d77\u5ea6\u5047\u65c5\u6e38\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u6700\u5b9c\u5c45\u57ce\u5e02\uff1b\u56fd\u5bb6\u6d77\u6d0b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u793a\u8303\u533a\uff08\u6d77\u6d0b\u79d1\u6280\u81ea\u4e3b\u521b\u65b0\u9886\u822a\u533a\u3001\u519b\u6c11\u878d\u5408\u521b\u65b0\u793a\u8303\u533a\u3001\u6df1\u8fdc\u6d77\u5f00\u53d1\u6218\u7565\u4fdd\u969c\u57fa\u5730\uff09\uff1b\u6cbf\u9ec4\u6cb3<\/a>\u6d41\u57df\u4e3b\u8981\u51fa\u6d77\u901a\u9053\u548c\u65b0\u4e9a\u6b27\u5927\u9646\u6865<\/a>\u4e1c\u65b9\u6865\u5934\u5821\uff0c\u5c71\u4e1c\u534a\u5c9b\u84dd\u8272\u7ecf\u6d4e\u533a<\/a>\u6838\u5fc3\u57ce\u5e02[\u53c212]<\/a><\/sup>\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e2d\u56fd\u6d77\u6d0b\u79d1\u7814\u53ca\u5176\u4ea7\u4e1a\u5f00\u53d1\u4e2d\u5fc3\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u5236\u9020\u4e1a\u53ca\u9ad8\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u4ea7\u4e1a\u57fa\u5730\u3002\u9752\u5c9b\u62e5\u6709\u56fd\u9645\u6027\u6d77\u6e2f\u548c\u533a\u57df\u6027\u67a2\u7ebd\u7a7a\u6e2f\uff0c\u662f21\u4e2a\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u7269\u6d41\u8282\u70b9\u57ce\u5e02[\u53c213]<\/a><\/sup>\u548c42\u4e2a\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u7efc\u5408\u4ea4\u901a\u67a2\u7ebd\uff08\u8282\u70b9\u57ce\u5e02\uff09[\u53c214]<\/a><\/sup>\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd14\u4e2a\u6cbf\u6d77\u5f00\u653e\u57ce\u5e02<\/a>\u30018\u4e2a\u56fd\u9645\u4f1a\u8bae\u57ce\u5e02\u4e4b\u4e00\u30022017\u5e7410\u670831\u65e5\uff0c\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u6559\u79d1\u6587\u7ec4\u7ec7<\/a>\u5ba3\u5e03\u9752\u5c9b\u5165\u9009\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u7535\u5f71\u4e4b\u90fd\u201d\u521b\u610f\u57ce\u5e02 [\u53c215]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2009, Qingdao was named China’s most livable city by the Chinese Institute of City Competitiveness.[15]<\/a>[16]<\/a><\/sup> In 2018, Qingdao held the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation<\/a> summit.[17]<\/a><\/sup> In 2020, Qingdao was rated as a Gamma+ level global city<\/a> by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network<\/a>.[18]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112009\u5e74\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u57ce\u5e02\u7ade\u4e89\u529b\u7814\u7a76\u4f1a\u5c06\u9752\u5c9b\u8bc4\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6700\u5b9c\u5c45\u57ce\u5e02\u3002[15][16]2018\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u4e3e\u529e\u4e86\u4e0a\u6d77\u5408\u4f5c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5cf0\u4f1a\u3002[17]2020\u5e74\uff0c\u5168\u7403\u5316\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u57ce\u5e02\u7814\u7a76\u7f51\u7edc\u5c06\u9752\u5c9b\u8bc4\u4e3aGamma+\u7ea7\u5168\u7403\u57ce\u5e02\u3002[18]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u89e3\u653e\u519b\u6d77\u519b<\/a>\u5317\u6d77\u8230\u961f<\/a>\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u8d44\u6e90\u90e8\u5317\u6d77\u5c40<\/a>\u3001\u5c71\u4e1c\u6d77\u4e8b\u5c40<\/a>\u7b49\u5355\u4f4d\u7684\u603b\u90e8\u5747\u8bbe\u4e8e\u9752\u5c9b\u30022008\u5e74\u590f\u5b63\u5965\u6797\u5339\u514b\u8fd0\u52a8\u4f1a<\/a>\u3001\u6b8b\u5965\u4f1a<\/a>\u548c2009\u5e74\u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u5c4a\u8fd0\u52a8\u4f1a<\/a>\u5206\u8d5b\u573a\u8bbe\u4e8e\u9752\u5c9b\uff0c2014\u5e74\u4e16\u754c\u56ed\u827a\u535a\u89c8\u4f1a<\/a>\uff0c2015\u5e74\u4e16\u754c\u4f11\u95f2\u4f53\u80b2\u5927\u4f1a\u4e8e\u9752\u5c9b\u4e3e\u529e\uff0c2018\u5e746\u6708\u4e0a\u6d77\u5408\u4f5c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5e74\u5ea6\u5cf0\u4f1a<\/a>\u4e8e\u9752\u5c9b\u53ec\u5f00\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the 2020 Global Financial Centers Index<\/a>, Qingdao ranked 47th; the index is published by the Z\/Yen Group<\/a> and China Development Institute<\/a>, the other Chinese cities on the list being Shanghai<\/a>, Hong Kong<\/a>, Beijing<\/a>, Shenzhen<\/a>, Guangzhou<\/a>, Chengdu<\/a>, Nanjing<\/a>, Xi’an<\/a>, Tianjin<\/a>, Hangzhou<\/a>, Dalian<\/a>, and Wuhan<\/a>.[13]<\/a><\/sup> In 2007, Qingdao was named as one of China’s top ten cities by the Chinese Cities Brand Value Report, which was released at the 2007 Beijing Summit of China Cities Forum.[14]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u57282020\u5e74\u5168\u7403\u91d1\u878d\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6307\u6570\u4e2d\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u6392\u540d\u7b2c47\u4f4d\uff1b\u8be5\u6307\u6570\u7531Z\/Yen\u96c6\u56e2\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\uff08\u6df1\u5733\uff09\u7efc\u5408\u5f00\u53d1\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u8054\u5408\u53d1\u5e03\uff0c\u4e0a\u699c\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u4e2d\u56fd\u57ce\u5e02\u5305\u62ec\u4e0a\u6d77\u3001\u9999\u6e2f\u3001\u5317\u4eac\u3001\u6df1\u5733\u3001\u5e7f\u5dde\u3001\u6210\u90fd\u3001\u5357\u4eac\u3001\u897f\u5b89\u3001\u5929\u6d25\u3001\u676d\u5dde\u3001\u5927\u8fde\u548c\u6b66\u6c49\u3002[13]2007\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u57ce\u5e02\u8bba\u575b\u5317\u4eac\u5cf0\u4f1a\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u57ce\u5e02\u54c1\u724c\u4ef7\u503c\u62a5\u544a\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u88ab\u8bc4\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5341\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002[14]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Qingdao is also one of the world’s top 50 cities for global scientific research as tracked by the Nature Index<\/a>.[19]<\/a><\/sup> The city was also ranked 20th globally in the “Global Top 100 Science & Technology Cluster Cities” rankings based on “publishing and patent performance” as of 2024.[20]<\/a><\/sup> It is home to several notable universities<\/a>, including the Ocean University of China<\/a>, China University of Petroleum<\/a>, Shandong University of Science and Technology<\/a>, Qingdao<\/a>, Qingdao University of Science and Technology<\/a> Qingdao University of Technology<\/a>, and Qingdao Agricultural<\/a> University.[21]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6839\u636e\u300a\u81ea\u7136\u6307\u6570\u300b\u7684\u8ffd\u8e2a\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u4e5f\u662f\u5168\u7403\u79d1\u7814\u5b9e\u529b\u6392\u540d\u524d50\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002[19]\u622a\u81f32024\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u57fa\u4e8e\u201c\u51fa\u7248\u548c\u4e13\u5229\u8868\u73b0\u201d\u7684\u201c\u5168\u7403\u767e\u5f3a\u79d1\u6280\u96c6\u7fa4\u57ce\u5e02\u201d\u6392\u540d\u4e2d\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u4f4d\u5217\u5168\u7403\u7b2c20\u540d\u3002[20]\u9752\u5c9b\u62e5\u6709\u591a\u6240\u8457\u540d\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e2d\u56fd\u6d77\u6d0b\u5927\u5b66\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u77f3\u6cb9\u5927\u5b66\uff08\u534e\u4e1c\uff09\u3001\u9752\u5c9b\u79d1\u6280\u5927\u5b66\u3001\u9752\u5c9b\u7406\u5de5\u5927\u5b66\u3001\u9752\u5c9b\u5de5\u5b66\u9662\u548c\u9752\u5c9b\u519c\u4e1a\u5927\u5b66\u3002[21]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

0.2 \u6982\u51b5\u8868\u683c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u8fbd\u89c2\u6ce8\uff1a\u6b64\u6807\u9898\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u642c\u8fd0\u3001\u6574\u5408\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02<\/th><\/tr>
<\/a>Sub-provincial city<\/a>\u3010\u526f\u7701\u7ea7\u5e02\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u5750\u6807\uff1a\"\"36\u00b05\u2032N 120\u00b020\u2032E<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
\u56fd\u5bb6<\/a><\/th>\"\" \u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
\u7701<\/a><\/th>\u5c71\u4e1c\u7701<\/td><\/tr>
\u8bbe\u7acb<\/th>1891\u5e746\u670814\u65e5[\u53c21]<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr>
\u8bed\u6e90<\/th>\u9752\u5c9b\uff1a\u524d\u6d77<\/a>\u4e00\u5c9b\u5c7f<\/a>
\u80f6\u6fb3\uff1a\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e<\/a>\u65e7\u79f0<\/td><\/tr>
\u653f\u5e9c\u9a7b\u5730<\/th>\u5e02\u5357\u533a<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
\u4e0b\u7ea7\u884c\u653f\u533a<\/a><\/th>7\u4e2a\u5e02\u8f96\u533a<\/a>
3\u4e2a\u53bf\u7ea7\u5e02<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
\u653f\u5e9c<\/th><\/tr>
 \u2022 \u5e02\u59d4\u4e66\u8bb0<\/a><\/th>\u66fe\u8d5e\u8363<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
 \u2022 \u4eba\u5927\u5e38\u59d4\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4efb<\/th>\u738b\u9c81\u660e<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
 \u2022 \u5e02\u957f<\/th>\u8d75\u8c6a\u5fd7<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
 \u2022 \u653f\u534f\u4e3b\u5e2d<\/th>\u5b5f\u5e86\u658c<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
\u9762\u79ef<\/th><\/tr>
 \u2022 \u9646\u5730<\/th>11,293 \u5e73\u65b9\u5343\u7c73\uff084,360 \u5e73\u65b9\u82f1\u91cc\uff09<\/td><\/tr>
 \u2022 \u6c34\u57df<\/th>12,240 \u5e73\u65b9\u5343\u7c73\uff084,730 \u5e73\u65b9\u82f1\u91cc\uff09<\/td><\/tr>
 \u2022 \u5e02\u533a<\/a><\/th>5,226 \u5e73\u65b9\u5343\u7c73\uff082,018 \u5e73\u65b9\u82f1\u91cc\uff09<\/td><\/tr>
 \u2022 \u5efa\u6210\u533a<\/a>\uff082020\uff09<\/th>758.2 \u5e73\u65b9\u5343\u7c73\uff08292.7 \u5e73\u65b9\u82f1\u91cc\uff09<\/td><\/tr>
\u5c3a\u5bf8<\/th><\/tr>
 \u2022 \u957f\u5ea6<\/th>171 \u5343\u7c73\uff08106 \u82f1\u91cc\uff09<\/td><\/tr>
 \u2022 \u5bbd\u5ea6<\/th>134 \u5343\u7c73\uff0883 \u82f1\u91cc\uff09<\/td><\/tr>
\u6700\u9ad8\u6d77\u62d4<\/th>1,132.7 \u7c73\uff083,716.2 \u82f1\u5c3a\uff09<\/td><\/tr>
\u6700\u4f4e\u6d77\u62d4<\/th>0 \u7c73\uff080 \u82f1\u5c3a\uff09<\/td><\/tr>
\u4eba\u53e3\uff082022\uff09<\/th><\/tr>
 \u2022 \u5e38\u4f4f<\/th>1,034.21\u4e07\u4eba<\/td><\/tr>
 \u2022 \u5e02\u533a<\/a>\uff082020[\u53c23]<\/a><\/sup>\uff09<\/th>601\u4e07\u4eba<\/td><\/tr>
\u8bed\u8a00<\/th><\/tr>
 \u2022 \u5b98\u65b9\u8bed\u8a00<\/th>\u666e\u901a\u8bdd<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
 \u2022 \u65b9\u8a00<\/a><\/th>\u80f6\u8fbd\u5b98\u8bdd<\/a>\u9752\u5c9b\u8bdd<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
\u65f6\u533a<\/a><\/th>\u5317\u4eac\u65f6\u95f4<\/a>\uff08UTC+8<\/a>\uff09<\/td><\/tr>
\u90ae\u653f\u7f16\u7801<\/a><\/th>266000<\/td><\/tr>
\u7535\u8bdd\u533a\u53f7<\/a><\/th>532<\/td><\/tr>
ISO 3166\u7801<\/a><\/th>CN-3702<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
\u8f66\u8f86\u53f7\u724c<\/a><\/th>\u9c81B\u3001\u9c81U<\/td><\/tr>
\u6c14\u5019<\/a><\/th>\u6e29\u5e26\u5b63\u98ce\u6c14\u5019<\/a>\uff08\u5468\u6c0f<\/a>\uff09
\u6e29\u5e26\u5927\u9646\u6027\u6e7f\u6da6\u6c14\u5019<\/a>\uff08\u67ef\u672c<\/a>\uff09<\/small><\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 \u5e74\u5747\u6e29<\/a><\/th>13.9 \u2103<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 \u5e74\u964d\u6c34<\/a><\/th>431.9\u6beb\u7c73<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 \u5e74\u65e5\u7167<\/a><\/th>2 306\u5c0f\u65f6<\/td><\/tr>
\u884c\u653f\u533a\u5212\u4ee3\u7801<\/a><\/th>3702<\/td><\/tr>
\u65e7\u79f0<\/th>\u80f6\u6fb3\uff08\u4ee3\u79f0\uff09<\/small><\/td><\/tr>
\u57ce\u5e02\u5b9a\u4f4d<\/th>\u533a\u57df\u4e2d\u5fc3\u57ce\u5e02<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
\u56fd\u5185\u751f\u4ea7\u603b\u503c<\/a>\uff082022\uff09<\/th>\u00a5<\/a>14,920.75\u4ebf<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 \u4eba\u5747<\/a><\/th>\u00a5140358
22,243\u7f8e\u5143<\/a>\uff08\u6c47\u7387\uff09<\/td><\/tr>
HDI<\/a>\uff082016\uff09<\/th>0.801 \u6781\u9ad8 [\u53c24]<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr>
\u7f51\u7ad9<\/th>\u9752\u5c9b\u653f\u52a1\u7f51<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
\u5e02\u8c61\u5f81<\/td><\/tr>
\u82b1<\/th>\u8010\u51ac<\/a>\u3001\u6708\u5b63<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
\u6811<\/th>\u96ea\u677e<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\u6807\u97f3<\/td><\/tr>
\u5fb7\u8bed\u540d\u79f0<\/th><\/tr>
\u5fb7\u8bed<\/th>Tsingtau<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1. \u5e02\u540d<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1.1 \u51fa\u5904<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a\u5c0f\u9752\u5c9b (\u9752\u5c9b)<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe1-1\u548c1-2\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u7684\u4e13\u540d\u201c\u9752\u5c9b\u201d\u672c\u6307\u57ce\u533a\u524d\u6d77\u4e00\u6d77\u6e7e<\/a>\u5185\u7684\u4e00\u5ea7\u5c0f\u5c9b\uff0c\u56e0\u5c9b\u4e0a\u7eff\u6811\u6210\u836b\uff0c\u7ec8\u5e74\u90c1\u90c1\u8471\u8471\u800c\u5f97\u540d\u201c\u9752\u5c9b\u201d\u3002[\u53c216]<\/a>[1922\u5e74\u9752\u5c9b\u7279\u522b\u5e02\u8bbe\u7acb\u540e\uff0c\u539f\u5148\u79f0\u4f5c\u201c\u9752\u5c9b\u201d\u7684\u5c0f\u5c9b\u66f4\u540d\u4e3a\u5c0f\u9752\u5c9b\u5e76\u6cbf\u7528\u81f3\u4eca\u3002]<\/sup>\u201c\u9752\u5c9b\u201d\u4e4b\u540d\u539f\u6307\u5373\u58a8<\/a>\u4ee5\u4e1c\u6d77\u57df\u7684\u4e09\u5e73\u5c9b<\/a>\uff0c\u524d\u6d77\u6d77\u6e7e\u5185\u4e4b\u5c0f\u5c9b\u4e8e\u6e05\u521d<\/a>\u5404\u5730\u65b9\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5c0f\u9752\u5c9b\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u5ea7\u5c0f\u5c9b\u4e8e\u4e7e\u9686<\/a>\u5e74\u95f4\u53c8\u6539\u79f0\u9752\u5c9b[\u53c217]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u9752\u5c9b\u6240\u5728\u7684\u6d77\u6e7e\u56e0\u5c9b\u5f97\u540d\u9752\u5c9b\u6e7e<\/a>\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u5165\u6d77\u7684\u4e00\u6761\u5c0f\u6cb3\u4e5f\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u9752\u5c9b\u6cb3\u3002\u9752\u5c9b\u6cb3\u53e3\u4e8e\u660e<\/a>\u4e07\u5386<\/a>\u5e74\u95f4\u5efa\u6e2f\uff0c\u79f0\u9752\u5c9b\u53e3<\/a>\uff1b\u6cb3\u4e24\u5cb8\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u6751\u843d\u5206\u522b\u5f97\u540d\u4e0a\u9752\u5c9b\u6751\u548c\u4e0b\u9752\u5c9b\u6751[\u53c218]<\/a><\/sup>\uff1b\u6cb3\u6e90\u5934\u7684\u4e00\u5ea7\u5c71\u4e8e1923\u5e74\u4e5f\u88ab\u5b9a\u540d\u4e3a\u9752\u5c9b\u5c71<\/a>[\u53c219]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.2 \u53d8\u8fc1<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u56fe1-3\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

1897\u5e74\u5fb7\u56fd\u79df\u501f\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e<\/a>[\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\u201d\u65e7\u79f0\u201c\u80f6\u6fb3\u201d\uff0c\u53e4\u79f0\u201c\u5c11\u6d77\u201d]<\/sup>\u5730\u533a\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4eca\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u5e02\u8f96\u533a\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u5efa\u5236\u4e3a\u5373\u58a8\u53bf\u4ec1\u5316\u4e61\u548c\u91cc\u4ec1\u4e61\u30021898\u5e74\u4e2d\u5fb7\u300a\u80f6\u6fb3\u79df\u501f\u6761\u7ea6<\/a>\u300b\u7b7e\u8ba2\u540e\uff0c\u4eca\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\u7684\u65e7\u79f0\u201c\u80f6\u6fb3<\/strong>\u201d\u6210\u4e3a\u6b64\u7247\u533a\u57df\u7684\u4ee3\u540d\u8bcd\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u5c06\u8be5\u4e00\u7ea7\u884c\u653f\u533a\u5efa\u5236\u7684\u79df\u501f\u5730\u547d\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u80f6\u5dde\u5fb7\u79df\u754c\uff08Kiautschou, Deutsches Pachtgebiet\uff0c\u5373\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\u79df\u501f\u5730<\/a>\uff09\u201d\uff0c\u8981\u585e\u9632\u7ebf\u5185\u754c\u89c4\u5212\u5efa\u8bbe\u56db\u4e2a\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u5373\u9752\u5c9b (Tsingtau)\u3001\u5927\u9c8d\u5c9b (Tapautau)\u3001\u53f0\u897f\u9547 (Taihsitschen) \u548c\u53f0\u4e1c\u9547 (Taitungtschen)\uff0c\u9996\u5e9c\uff08Gouvernements\uff0c\u8fd1\u4ee3\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u603b\u7763\u5e9c\u201d\uff09\u5b98\u90b8\u7f6e\u4e8e\u9752\u5c9b\u3002\u65e5\u672c<\/a>\u53d6\u4ee3\u5fb7\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5360\u9886\u7edf\u6cbb\u79df\u501f\u5730\u540e\uff0c\u539f\u5730\u6cbf\u7528\u524d\u540d\uff0c\u5e76\u53e6\u5efa\u90e8\u5206\u57ce\u533a\u30021922\u5e74\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u6536\u56de\u79df\u501f\u5730\uff0c\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e2d\u592e\u76f4\u8f96\u7684\u80f6\u6fb3\u5546\u57e0<\/a>\u30021929\u5e74\uff0c\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u63a5\u6536\u80f6\u6fb3\u5546\u57e0\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u9752\u5c9b\u7279\u522b\u5e02<\/a>\uff0c\u81f3\u6b64\u201c\u9752\u5c9b\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u6b63\u5f0f\u6210\u4e3a\u8fd9\u5ea7\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u4e13\u540d\u5e76\u6cbf\u7528\u81f3\u4eca[\u53c220]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.3 \u897f\u6587\u540d\u79f0<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u6e05\u672b\u65f6\u671f\u81f3\u6c11\u56fd\u521d\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u897f\u6587\u540d\u66fe\u7528\u8fc7\u5fb7\u8bed<\/a>\u7684\u201cTsingtau\u201d\u3001\u90ae\u653f\u5f0f\u62fc\u97f3<\/a>\u7684\u201cTsingtao\u201d\u548c\u5a01\u59a5\u739b\u5f0f\u62fc\u97f3<\/a>\u7684\u201cChingtao\u201d\u7b49\u3002\u201cTsingtao\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u901a\u7528\u897f\u6587\u540d\u4f7f\u7528\u6700\u591a\uff0c\u89c1\u8bc1\u4e86\u8fd1\u4ee3\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u53d8\u8fc1\u3002\u8054\u5408\u56fd<\/a>\u4e8e1977\u5e74\u6b63\u5f0f\u6539\u7528\u6c49\u8bed\u62fc\u97f3<\/a>\u62fc\u5199\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u9646\u5730\u540d\uff1b1987\u5e74\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e09\u90e8\u59d4\u8054\u5408\u4e0b\u53d1\u901a\u77e5<\/a>\u8981\u6c42\u5730\u540d\u6807\u5fd7\u4e0d\u5f97\u91c7\u7528\u201c\u5a01\u59a5\u739b\u5f0f\u201d\u7b49\u65e7\u62fc\u6cd5\u548c\u5916\u6587\uff0c\u4f7f\u6c49\u8bed\u62fc\u97f3<\/a>\u201cQingdao\u201d\uff08\u6216\u5e26\u8c03\u53f7\uff09\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u9752\u5c9b\u201d\u5e02\u540d\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u62fc\u6cd5\u3002\u800c\u201cTsingtao\u201d\u4ec5\u7528\u4f5c\u9752\u5c9b\u5564\u9152<\/a>\u7684\u54c1\u724c\uff0c\u6216\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u827a\u672f\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u53ca\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u573a\u5408\u4f7f\u7528[\u53c221]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. \u5386\u53f2 | History<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u9752\u5c9b\u5386\u53f2<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.1 \u53e4\u4ee3 | Antiquity<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u4eca\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u6240\u5728\u5730\u533a\u5728\u65e7\u77f3\u5668\u65f6\u4ee3<\/a>\u4e3a\u6e29\u5e26\u68ee\u6797<\/a>\uff0c\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u751f\u7269\u751f\u606f\u7e41\u884d\uff0c\u4eca\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u5316\u77f3<\/a>\u51fa\u571f[\u53c222]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5728\u65b0\u77f3\u5668\u65f6\u4ee3<\/a>\uff0c\u4e1c\u5937<\/a>\u7236\u7cfb\u6c0f\u65cf\u5148\u6c11\u5728\u6b64\u4ece\u4e8b\u519c\u8015\u751f\u4ea7\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u72e9\u730e\u3001\u755c\u7267\u53ca\u6d77\u6d0b\u6355\u635e\uff0c\u521b\u9020\u4e30\u5bcc\u591a\u5f69\u7684\u5927\u6c76\u53e3\u3001\u9f99\u5c71[\u5927\u6c76\u53e3\u6587\u5316\u548c\u9f99\u5c71\u6587\u5316\u5178\u578b\u7684\u9057\u5740\u4e3a\u80f6\u5dde<\/a>\u4e09\u91cc\u6cb3\u9057\u5740<\/a>]<\/sup>\u548c\u5cb3\u77f3\u6587\u5316[\u5cb3\u77f3\u6587\u5316\u5178\u578b\u7684\u9057\u5740\u4e3a\u5e73\u5ea6<\/a>\u4e1c\u5cb3\u77f3\u9057\u5740<\/a>]<\/sup>\u3002\u590f\u671d<\/a>\u65f6\uff0c\u6b64\u5730\u5c45\u6c11\u591a\u4e3a\u83b1\u5937<\/a>\uff1b\u5546\u671d<\/a>\u65f6\uff0c\u7cfb\u83b1\u56fd<\/a>\u9886\u5730\uff1b\u897f\u5468<\/a>\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5206\u5c5e\u83b1\u3001\u5937\u3001\u8392\u3001\u4ecb\u7b49\u5c01\u56fd\u3002\u6625\u79cb<\/a>\u521d\u671f\uff0c\u7cfb\u4ecb\u3001\u5937\u3001\u83b1\u7b49\u56fd<\/a>\u5c5e\u5730\u3002\u524d567\u5e74\u9f50\u56fd<\/a>\u706d\u83b1\u56fd\uff0c\u4eca\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u591a\u5f52\u4e8e\u9f50\u56fd\u3002\u9f50\u56fd\u4e3a\u9632\u5907\u5916\u56fd\u4fb5\u72af\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u5357\u90e8\u8fb9\u5883\u4fee\u7b51\u5343\u91cc\u957f\u57ce<\/a>\uff0c\u9057\u5740\u4eca\u65e5\u5c1a\u5b58[\u53c223]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u6218\u56fd<\/a>\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5373\u58a8<\/a>\u6210\u4e3a\u9f50\u56fd\u4e94\u90fd\u4e4b\u4e00[\u53c224]<\/a><\/sup>\uff1b\u7405\u740a<\/a>[\u201c\u7405\u740a\u201d\u65e7\u4f5c\u201c\u7405\u90aa\u201d\uff0c\u4eca\u53c8\u53ef\u7b80\u4f5c\u201c\u7405\u73a1\u201d\uff0c\u4e09\u8005\u5747\u8bfb\u4f5cL\u00e1ngy\u00e1\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7edf\u4e00\u4f5c\u201c\u7405\u740a\u201d]<\/sup>\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u6d77\u6e2f\u57ce\u9091\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u5236\u9676\u95fb\u540d[\u53c225]<\/a><\/sup>\uff1b\u524d476\u5e74\uff0c\u9f50\u5434\u4e24\u56fd\u5728\u7405\u740a\u6d77\u57df\u53d1\u751f\u4e2d\u56fd\u53f2\u4e0a\u9996\u6b21\u6d77\u6218<\/a>[\u53c226]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u79e6\u59cb\u7687<\/a>\u66fe\u4e09\u6b21\u5de1\u5e78\u7405\u740a\u90e1<\/a>\uff0c\u4fee\u5efa\u7405\u740a\u53f0<\/a>\uff0c\u6d3e\u9063\u5f90\u798f<\/a>\u4e1c\u6e21\u671d\u9c9c\u534a\u5c9b<\/a>\u3001\u65e5\u672c<\/a>[\u53c227]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u66fe\u4e3a\u80f6\u4e1c\u738b<\/a>\u7684\u5218\u5f7b<\/a>\u5728\u63a5\u638c\u7687\u5e1d\u804c\u52a1\u540e\uff0c\u591a\u6b21\u5de1\u5e78\u7405\u740a\u3001\u4e0d\u5176\uff0c\u4eca\u57ce\u9633\u533a<\/a>\uff09\uff0c\u4ea6\u5148\u540e\u6d3e\u4eba\u5165\u6d77\u6c42\u4ed9[\u53c228]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u524d70\u5e74\uff0c\u6cb3\u5357\u90e1<\/a>\u4ee5\u4e1c49\u90e1\u56fd\u53d1\u751f\u5927\u5730\u9707\uff0c\u6b7b6,000\u4f59\u4eba[\u53c229]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u7405\u740a<\/a>\u57ce\u90ed\u3001\u7405\u740a\u53f0<\/a>\u3001\u79e6\u6c49\u884c\u5bab<\/a>\u3001\u5b97\u5e99<\/a>\u3001\u6e2f\u53e3<\/a>\u5168\u90e8\u6bc1\u574f\uff1b\u81ea\u6b64\uff0c\u7405\u740a\u8870\u8d25\uff0c\u90e1\u6cbb\u5916\u8fc1[\u53c230]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u516c\u5143623\u5e74\uff0c\u80f6\u897f\u53bf<\/a>\u5e76\u5165\u9ad8\u5bc6\u53bf<\/a>\uff0c\u7f6e\u677f\u6865\u9547<\/a>\uff0c\u8be5\u9547\u5546\u8239\u5f80\u6765\u9891\u7e41\uff0c\u6709\u7740\u4e0e\u4e1c\u4e9a<\/a>\u3001\u5357\u4e9a<\/a>\u3001\u897f\u4e9a<\/a>\u7b49\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u8d38\u6613\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u5317\u65b9\u5927\u6e2f\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u671d\u5ef7\u5bf9\u9ad8\u4e3d<\/a>\u7528\u5175\u7684\u519b\u9700\u8f6c\u8fd0\u7ad9\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u519b\u4e8b\u5730\u4f4d\u5341\u5206\u91cd\u8981\uff1b\u4e94\u4ee3\u5341\u56fd<\/a>\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6218\u4e71\u653f\u6743\u66f4\u66ff\u9891\u7e41\uff0c\u677f\u6865\u9547\u53ca\u5176\u5468\u8fb9\u5730\u533a\u8d8b\u4e8e\u8427\u6761\uff1b\u5b8b\u671d<\/a>\u65f6\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53c8\u7e41\u8363\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5bf9\u5916\u8d38\u6613\u53d1\u5c55\u8f83\u5feb\uff1b\u540e\u56e0\u5b8b\u8fbd\u5bf9\u5cd9\uff0c\u767b\u5dde\u3001\u83b1\u5dde<\/a>\u6e2f\u5c01\u95ed\uff0c\u677f\u6865\u9547\u6210\u4e3a\u5317\u65b9\u552f\u4e00\u6d77\u4e0a\u5bf9\u5916\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u53e3\u5cb8<\/a>\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5b8b\u671d\u4e94\u5927\u53e3\u5cb8\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5bc6\u5dde\u5e02\u8236\u53f8\u548c\u4e34\u6d77\u519b\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e8e\u6b64\uff1b\u677f\u6865\u9547\u5728\u5bf9\u4e0e\u9ad8\u4e3d\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u5f80\u6765\u548c\u6587\u5316\u4ea4\u6d41\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5176\u540e\u5b8b\u91d1\u4ea4\u6076\uff0c\u677f\u6865\u9547\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u53d7\u5230\u5a01\u80c1\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8d8b\u5f31\uff1b1142\u5e74\uff0c\u5b8b\u91d1\u534f\u5b9a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6d77\u4e0a\u8d38\u6613\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u80f6\u897f\u69b7\u573a<\/a>\u4ee5\u4e92\u5e02\u4e92\u6613\uff0c\u5176\u4e0b\u8bbe\u7f6e\u677f\u6865\u9547\u3001\u5f20\u4ed3\u9547\u7b49\u5206\u69b7\u573a[\u53c231]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1280\u5e74\uff0c\u5143\u4e16\u7956\u5ffd\u5fc5\u70c8<\/a>\u4e0b\u8bcf\u5f00\u51ff\u80f6\u83b1\u8fd0\u6cb3<\/a>\uff0c\u5386\u65f62\u5e74\u4fee\u901a\u4e86\u8fd9\u6761\u4e16\u754c\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u5730\u5ce1\u8fd0\u6cb3<\/a>[\u53c232]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002 1368\u5e74\uff0c\u660e\u592a\u7956\u6731\u5143\u748b<\/a>\u8bbe\u7f6e\u80f6\u5dde<\/a>\u3001\u5e73\u5ea6\u5dde<\/a>\u30021372\u5e74\uff0c\u4e3a\u9632\u5fa1\u502d\u5bc7<\/a>\uff0c\u5728\u4eca\u7075\u5c71\u6e7e\u7554\u8bbe\u7acb\u7075\u5c71\u536b<\/a>\uff0c\u8f96\u80f6\u5dde\u6240\u3001\u590f\u6cb3\u5be8\u6240\u3001\u7075\u5c71\u536b\u672c\u6240\uff1b1374\u5e74\uff0c\u536b\u6240\u5b98\u5175\u51fb\u9000\u502d\u5bc7\u5e76\u8ffd\u81f3\u7409\u7403<\/a>\uff0c\u6709\u529b\u6253\u51fb\u4e86\u5916\u6765\u4fb5\u6270[\u53c233]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u660e\u5efa\u6587<\/a>\u56db\u5e74\uff081402\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u9ccc\u5c71\u536b<\/a>\u5728\u4eca\u5373\u58a8\u4e1c\u90e8\u6cbf\u6d77\u8bbe\u7acb\uff0c\u8f96\u6d6e\u5c71\u6240\u3001\u96c4\u5d16\u6240\u30021537\u5e74\uff0c\u671d\u5ef7\u758f\u6d5a\u80f6\u83b1\u8fd0\u6cb3\uff0c\u5e76\u5f00\u51ff\u9a6c\u6fe0\u8fd0\u6cb3<\/a>\uff0c\u7f29\u77ed\u4e86\u822a\u7a0b700\u4f59\u91cc\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u822a\u8fd0\u548c\u5546\u8d38\u53d1\u5c55[\u53c234]<\/a><\/sup>\u30021734\u81f31735\u5e74\uff0c\u7075\u5c71\u536b\u548c\u9ccc\u5c71\u536b\u88ab\u88c1\u64a4\uff0c\u4f46\u8bf8\u591a\u53e3\u5cb8\u56e0\u6d77\u9632\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u4ecd\u4e3a\u6e05\u519b\u9a7b\u6cca\u4e4b\u5730\u3002[\u53c235]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.2 \u8fd1\u4ee3<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

2.2.1 \u5fb7\u56fd\u5360\u9886\u524d<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u8fbd\u89c2\u6ce8\uff1a\u6b64\u6807\u9898\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u642c\u8fd0\u3001\u6574\u5408\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1859\u5e74\uff0c\u5854\u57e0\u5934\u548c\u91d1\u5bb6\u53e3\u8bbe\u7acb\u5398\u7a0e\u5c40\uff0c\u5728\u9752\u5c9b\u53e3\u548c\u5973\u59d1\u53e3\u8bbe\u7acb\u5206\u5c40\uff0c\u517c\u7ba1\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\u4e00\u5e26\u7684\u6e2f\u53e3\u8d38\u6613\u53ca\u5f81\u7a0e\u4e8b\u52a1\u30021865\u5e74\uff0c\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u4eca\u9752\u5c9b\u5730\u533a\u8bbe\u7acb9\u4e2a\u4e1c\u6d77\u5173<\/a>\u5206\u5173\u3001\u5206\u5361\u6216\u4ee3\u529e\u5904\uff0c\u76d1\u7ba1\u8fdb\u51fa\u6e2f\u8239\u8236\u548c\u8d38\u6613\u7a0e\u6536<\/a>\u7b49\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u53e3\u8857\u5e02\u9010\u6b65\u7e41\u8363\u8d77\u6765\u3002[\u53c236]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1884\u5e74\uff0c\u4e2d\u6cd5\u6218\u4e89\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd<\/a>\u6b32\u5360\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\uff0c\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u6025\u4ee4\u53e3\u5cb8\u6212\u4e25\u8c03\u5175200\u4eba\u9a7b\u9632\u9752\u5c9b\u53e3\uff0c\u4e8b\u540e\u968f\u5373\u64a4\u8d70\u30021891\u5e74\uff0c\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u51b3\u5b9a\u5728\u80f6\u5dde\u8bbe\u9632\uff0c\u4fee\u5efa\u4f9b\u6d77\u519b\u7801\u5934\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u6728\u6865\uff0c\u5373\u4eca\u65e5\u524d\u6d77\u6808\u6865<\/a>\u7684\u524d\u8eab\uff1b\u5f53\u5e746\u670814\u65e5\uff0c\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u5185\u9601\u9881\u53d1\u4e0a\u8c15\uff0c\u6279\u51c6\u80f6\u5dde<\/a>\u8bbe\u9632\uff0c\u540e\u88ab\u786e\u5b9a\u4e3a\u9752\u5c9b\u57ce\u5e02\u5efa\u7f6e\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\u3002\u6b21\u5e74\uff0c\u767b\u5dde<\/a>\u603b\u5175<\/a>\u7ae0\u9ad8\u5143<\/a>\u7387\u90e8\u79fb\u9a7b\u80f6\u6fb3\uff0c\u5efa\u603b\u5175\u8859\u95e8<\/a>\u4e8e\u9752\u5c9b\u6751\u3002[\u53c237]<\/a><\/sup>1894\u5e747\u6708\uff0c\u4e2d\u65e5\u7532\u5348\u6218\u4e89<\/a>\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u603b\u5175\u7387\u90e8\u8d76\u8d74\u8fbd\u4e1c\u53c2\u6218\uff0c\u80f6\u6fb3\u9632\u52a1\u505c\u6ede[\u53c238]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u6b21\u5e74\u672b\uff0c\u603b\u5175\u56de\u9632\u80f6\u6fb3\uff0c\u7ee7\u7eed\u4fee\u5efa\u9632\u52a1\u5de5\u7a0b\uff0c\u5e76\u4fee\u901a\u81f3\u80f6\u5dde\u7684\u5927\u8def\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u53e3\u53d1\u5c55\u6210\u4e3a\u6e2f\u53e3\u91cd\u9547\u548c\u6d77\u9632\u8981\u5730\u3002[\u53c239]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1896\u5e74\uff0c\u4fc4\u56fd<\/a>\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u8230\u961f<\/a>\u501f\u53e3\u8d8a\u51ac\uff0c\u9a7b\u6cca\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u5efa\u7acb\u6d77\u519b\u57fa\u5730\uff0c\u7ec8\u672a\u679c\uff1b\u540c\u5e7412\u6708\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd<\/a>\u6b63\u5f0f\u5411\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u8981\u6c42\u79df\u501f\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\u88ab\u62d2[\u53c240]<\/a><\/sup>\u30021897\u5e7411\u670814\u65e5\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u4ee5\u5de8\u91ce\u6559\u6848<\/a>\u4e3a\u501f\u53e3\uff0c\u51fa\u5175\u5728\u9752\u5c9b\u6e7e\u767b\u9646\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u5360\u9886[\u53c241]<\/a><\/sup>\u30021898\u5e743\u67086\u65e5\uff0c\u4e2d\u5fb7\u4e24\u56fd\u7b7e\u8ba2\u300a\u80f6\u6fb3\u79df\u501f\u6761\u7ea6<\/a>\u300b\u79df\u501f\u80f6\u6fb3\u53ca\u5176\u5468\u8fb9\u5730\u533a<\/a>99\u5e74\uff0c\u5efa\u81ea\u7531\u6e2f\u3001\u7b51\u5c71\u4e1c\u94c1\u8def\uff0c\u6b64\u4e3e\u6210\u4e3a\u897f\u65b9\u5217\u5f3a<\/a>\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5212\u5206\u52bf\u529b\u8303\u56f4\u5f00\u521b\u4e86\u5148\u4f8b[\u53c242]<\/a><\/sup>\u30021899\u5e7410\u670812\u65e5\uff0c\u5fb7\u7687\u5a01\u5ec9\u4e8c\u4e16<\/a>\u4ee4\u5c06\u5728\u79df\u501f\u5730\u5185\u65b0\u5efa\u7684\u5e02\u533a\u8bbe\u79df\u501f\u5730\u9996\u5e9c<\/a>\uff0c\u547d\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u9752\u5c9b\u201d\uff1b\u5f53\u6708\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5212\u754c\u59d4\u5458\u4e8e\u5e0c\u6770<\/a>\u3001\u5f6d\u865e\u5b59<\/a>\u4e0e\u5fb7\u65b9\u52d8\u754c\u59d4\u5458\u7f57\u7ec5\u8fbe<\/a>\u8ba2\u7acb\u6f6e\u5e73\u5408\u540c\u548c\u8fb9\u754c\u5408\u540c\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u57ce\u5e02\u6b63\u5f0f\u8bde\u751f[\u53c243]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u9ad8\u4ef7\u6536\u8d2d\u5e76\u62c6\u9664\u539f\u6765\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u6751\u843d\uff0c\u65a5\u5de8\u8d44\u6309\u7167\u5176\u57ce\u5e02\u89c4\u5212\u65b0\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u5168\u5fb7\u5f0f\u98ce\u683c\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316<\/a>\u6e2f\u53e3\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u5f53\u4eca\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u683c\u5c40\u548c\u5efa\u7b51\u98ce\u8c8c\u7684\u57fa\u8c03[\u53c244]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.2.2 \u5fb7\u56fd\u5360\u9886<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u8fbd\u89c2\u6ce8\uff1a\u6b64\u6807\u9898\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u642c\u8fd0\u3001\u6574\u5408\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Further information: Kiautschou Bay concession<\/a>\u3010\u66f4\u591a\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\u7279\u8bb8\u7ecf\u8425\u6743\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe2-1\u81f32-9\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

In 1891, the Qing Empire decided to make coastal Qingdao (then known as “Jiao’ao”) a defense base against naval attacks and began to improve its fortifications. Imperial German<\/a> naval officials observed and reported on this activity during a formal survey of Jiaozhou Bay<\/a> in May 1897. In November of that year, the Juye Incident<\/a> would take place, in which three German missionaries were attacked, and two were killed. Subsequently, German troops seized and occupied the fortification.[24]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111891\u5e74\uff0c\u6e05\u671d\u51b3\u5b9a\u5c06\u6cbf\u6d77\u57ce\u5e02\u9752\u5c9b\uff08\u5f53\u65f6\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u80f6\u6fb3\u201d\uff09\u6253\u9020\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u62b5\u5fa1\u6d77\u519b\u653b\u51fb\u7684\u9632\u5fa1\u57fa\u5730\uff0c\u5e76\u5f00\u59cb\u52a0\u5f3a\u5176\u9632\u5fa1\u5de5\u4e8b\u30021897\u5e745\u6708\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u6d77\u519b\u5b98\u5458\u5728\u5bf9\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\u8fdb\u884c\u6b63\u5f0f\u8003\u5bdf\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u6d3b\u52a8\u5e76\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u62a5\u544a\u3002\u540c\u5e7411\u6708\uff0c\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u5de8\u91ce\u6559\u6848\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u4e09\u540d\u5fb7\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u906d\u5230\u88ad\u51fb\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e24\u4eba\u88ab\u6740\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u519b\u961f\u593a\u53d6\u5e76\u5360\u9886\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9632\u5fa1\u5de5\u4e8b\u3002[24]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The preindustrial, waning Qing Empire was forced to concede the area to Germany the following year, and the Kiautschou Bay concession<\/a>, as it became known, existed from 1898 to 1914 (Li 2005, p.\u00a081).
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u524d\u7684\u6e05\u671d\u5e1d\u56fd\u65e5\u6e10\u8870\u843d\uff0c\u6b21\u5e74\u88ab\u8feb\u5c06\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u5272\u8ba9\u7ed9\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5272\u8ba9\u533a\u540e\u6765\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\u79df\u501f\u5730\uff0c\u4ece1898\u5e74\u4e00\u76f4\u5b58\u5728\u52301914\u5e74\uff08\u674e\uff0c2005\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c81\u9875\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

With an area of 552\u00a0km2<\/sup> (136,000 acres; 213\u00a0sq\u00a0mi), it was located in the imperial province of Shandong<\/a> (alternately romanized<\/a> as Shantung or Shan-tung<\/a>) on the southern coast of the Shandong<\/a> Peninsula in northern China. Jiaozhou was alternatively romanized as Kiaochow, Kiauchau, or Kiao-Chau in English, and Kiautschou in German; Qingdao was its administrative center. “The so-called Marktstrasse<\/em> (Market Street) was nothing more than the old main street of the Chinese village of Qingdao, and the buildings lining it were the former homes of fishermen and farmers. Having sold their property, they resettled their homes and fields in the villages further east.”[25]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8be5\u79df\u501f\u5730\u9762\u79ef\u4e3a552\u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\uff08136,000\u82f1\u4ea9\uff1b213\u5e73\u65b9\u82f1\u91cc\uff09\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u5317\u90e8\u5c71\u4e1c\u534a\u5c9b\u5357\u6d77\u5cb8\u7684\u5c71\u4e1c\u7701\uff08\u53e6\u8bd1\u4f5c\u201c\u5c71\u6771\u201d\u6216\u201c\u6649\u6771\u201d\u7701\uff09\u3002\u80f6\u5dde\u5728\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u53e6\u88ab\u8bd1\u4e3aKiaochow\u3001Kiauchau\u6216Kiao-Chau\uff0c\u5fb7\u8bed\u4e2d\u5219\u79f0\u4e3aKiautschou\uff0c\u5176\u884c\u653f\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e3a\u9752\u5c9b\u3002\u201c\u6240\u8c13\u7684Marktstrasse\uff08\u5e02\u573a\u8857\uff09\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u9752\u5c9b\u6751\u5e84\u7684\u8001\u4e3b\u8857\uff0c\u6cbf\u8857\u800c\u5efa\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u66fe\u662f\u6e14\u6c11\u548c\u519c\u6c11\u7684\u4f4f\u6240\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5356\u6389\u8d22\u4ea7\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u4e1c\u8fb9\u66f4\u8fdc\u7684\u6751\u5e84\u91cc\u91cd\u5efa\u4e86\u5bb6\u56ed\u548c\u7530\u5730\u3002\u201d[25]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Upon gaining control of the area, the Germans outfitted the impoverished fishing village of Qingdao with wide streets, solid housing areas, government buildings, electrification throughout, a sewer system and a safe drinking water supply, a rarity in large parts of Asia<\/a> at that time and later.[26]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u63a7\u5236\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u540e\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u5c06\u8d2b\u7a77\u7684\u9752\u5c9b\u6e14\u6751\u6539\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u62e5\u6709\u5bbd\u9614\u8857\u9053\u3001\u575a\u56fa\u4f4f\u5b85\u533a\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u5efa\u7b51\u3001\u5168\u9762\u901a\u7535\u3001\u6392\u6c61\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u996e\u7528\u6c34\u4f9b\u5e94\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u4ee5\u53ca\u540e\u6765\u7684\u4e9a\u6d32\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u533a\u90fd\u662f\u7f55\u89c1\u7684\u3002[26]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The area had the highest school density and the highest per capita<\/em> student enrollment in all of China, with primary, secondary and vocational schools funded by the Imperial German<\/a> treasury and Protestant<\/a> and Roman Catholic<\/a> missions.[26]<\/a><\/sup> Commercial interests established the Germania Brewery in 1903, which later became the world-famous Tsingtao Brewery<\/a>.[27]<\/a><\/sup> German cultural and commercial influences extended to other areas of Shandong Province, including the establishment of diverse commercial enterprises.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u62e5\u6709\u5168\u4e2d\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u5b66\u6821\u5bc6\u5ea6\u548c\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u4eba\u5747\u5b66\u751f\u5165\u5b66\u7387\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u8d22\u653f\u673a\u6784\u548c\u65b0\u6559\u53ca\u7f57\u9a6c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u6559\u4f1a\u8d44\u52a9\u5174\u529e\u4e86\u5c0f\u5b66\u3001\u4e2d\u5b66\u548c\u804c\u4e1a\u5b66\u6821\u3002[26]\u51fa\u4e8e\u5546\u4e1a\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u4e8e1903\u5e74\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u5564\u9152\u5382\uff0c\u8be5\u5382\u540e\u6765\u6210\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u95fb\u540d\u7684\u9752\u5c9b\u5564\u9152\u5382\u3002[27]\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u6587\u5316\u548c\u5546\u4e1a\u5f71\u54cd\u8fd8\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u4e86\u5c71\u4e1c\u7701\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5404\u79cd\u5546\u4e1a\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Identified by the German authorities as a strategically important port, Qingdao was administered by the Imperial Department of the Navy<\/a> (Reichsmarineamt<\/em>) rather than the Imperial Colonial Office<\/a> (Reichskolonialamt<\/em>). The growing Imperial German Navy based their East Asia Squadron<\/a> there, allowing the warships to conduct operations throughout the western Pacific<\/a>. Beginning in January 1898, the marines of III. Seebataillon<\/a><\/em> were based at Qingdao. Construction of the Jiaoji Railway<\/a> began on 23 September 1899, and was completed in 1904.[28]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5fb7\u56fd\u5f53\u5c40\u5c06\u9752\u5c9b\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u6218\u7565\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u6e2f\u53e3\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7531\u5fb7\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u6d77\u519b\u90e8\uff08Reichsmarineamt\uff09\u800c\u975e\u5fb7\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u6b96\u6c11\u90e8\uff08Reichskolonialamt\uff09\u5bf9\u5176\u8fdb\u884c\u7ba1\u7406\u3002\u65e5\u76ca\u58ee\u5927\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u6d77\u519b\u5c06\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4e1c\u4e9a\u8230\u961f\u9a7b\u624e\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u4f7f\u519b\u8230\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u897f\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u5730\u533a\u6267\u884c\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\u4ece1898\u5e741\u6708\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u6d77\u519b\u9646\u6218\u961f\uff08III. Seebataillon\uff09\u4ee5\u9752\u5c9b\u4e3a\u57fa\u5730\u3002\u80f6\u6d4e\u94c1\u8def\u4e8e1899\u5e749\u670823\u65e5\u5f00\u59cb\u5efa\u8bbe\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e1904\u5e74\u5b8c\u5de5\u3002[28]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Before the outbreak of World War I<\/a> (1914\u20131918), ships of the German naval forces under Admiral Count von Spee<\/a> were located at central Pacific colonies on routine missions. The fleet then rendezvoused in the Marianas Islands<\/a> to plan a transit back to Germany rather than be trapped in the Pacific by more powerful and numerous Allied fleets (British and Japanese).[See East Asia Squadron<\/a>, Battle of Coronel <\/a>and Battle of the Falkland Islands<\/a> for fleet engagements.]<\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\uff081914-1918\uff09\u7206\u53d1\u524d\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u6d77\u519b\u53f8\u4ee4\u65af\u4f69\u4f2f\u7235\uff08Count von Spee\uff09\u9ebe\u4e0b\u7684\u519b\u8230\u6309\u4f8b\u90e8\u7f72\u5728\u4e2d\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u8230\u961f\u5728\u9a6c\u91cc\u4e9a\u7eb3\u7fa4\u5c9b\u4f1a\u5408\uff0c\u8ba1\u5212\u901a\u8fc7\u90a3\u91cc\u8fd4\u56de\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u4ee5\u514d\u88ab\u66f4\u5f3a\u5927\u4e14\u6570\u91cf\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u76df\u519b\u8230\u961f\uff08\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u65e5\u672c\uff09\u56f0\u5728\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u3002[\u6709\u5173\u8230\u961f\u4ea4\u6218\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u9605\u201c\u4e1c\u4e9a\u8230\u961f\u201d\u3001\u201c\u79d1\u7f57\u5185\u5c14\u6d77\u6218\u201d\u548c\u201c\u798f\u514b\u5170\u7fa4\u5c9b\u6d77\u6218\u201d\u8bcd\u6761\u3002]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.2.3 \u65e5\u672c\u5360\u9886\u53ca\u4e2d\u56fd\u6536\u56de<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u8fbd\u89c2\u6ce8\uff1a\u6b64\u6807\u9898\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u642c\u8fd0\u3001\u6574\u5408\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe2-10\u81f32-13\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u8f9b\u4ea5\u9769\u547d<\/a>\u540e\uff0c\u524d\u6e05\u7687\u5ba4\u8d35\u65cf\u3001\u65e7\u81e3\u9ad8\u5b98\u8fc1\u5c45\u9752\u5c9b\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u7b56\u5212\u5e76\u5b9e\u65bd\u7678\u4e11\u590d\u8f9f<\/a>\u548c\u4e01\u5df3\u590d\u8f9f<\/a>\uff0c\u4f46\u5747\u906d\u5931\u8d25[\u53c245]<\/a><\/sup>\u30021914\u5e74\u590f\uff0c\u65e5\u82f1\u8054\u519b\u5bf9\u5fb7\u56fd\u5ba3\u6218\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5fd9\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218<\/a>\u6b27\u6d32<\/a>\u6218\u573a\uff0c\u65e0\u6687\u4e1c\u987e\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u8054\u519b\u4e58\u52bf\u53d1\u8d77\u9752\u5c9b\u6218\u5f79<\/a>\uff0c\u4e8e11\u67087\u65e5\u653b\u5360\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\u79df\u501f\u5730<\/a>\uff0c\u5176\u540e\u65e5\u672c\u901a\u8fc7\u300a\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u6761<\/a>\u300b\u8fdb\u884c\u519b\u4e8b\u7edf\u6cbb[\u53c246]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u5176\u52bf\u529b\u8303\u56f4\u627f\u88ad\u539f\u79df\u501f\u6761\u7ea6\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u5fb7\u79df\u5883\u57df\uff0c11\u670826\u65e5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u96b6\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5929\u7687<\/a>\u7684\u5b88\u5907\u519b\u53f8\u4ee4\u90e8[\u53c247]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u6570\u4e07\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u79fb\u6c11\u9752\u5c9b\uff0c\u5e76\u8fdb\u884c\u5305\u62ec\u4e5d\u5927\u7eb1\u5382\u5728\u5185\u7684\u6295\u8d44\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5f00\u59cb\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8f7b\u7eba\u5de5\u4e1a\u57fa\u5730[\u53c248]<\/a><\/sup>\u30021919\u5e741\u6708\uff0c\u5df4\u9ece\u548c\u4f1a<\/a>\u627f\u8ba4\u65e5\u672c\u5728\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\u5730\u533a\u7684\u6743\u76ca\uff0c\u5f15\u53d1\u4e94\u56db\u8fd0\u52a8<\/a>\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u8981\u6c42\u201c\u8fd8\u6211\u9752\u5c9b\u201d[\u53c249]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After a minor British naval attack on the German concession in Shandong in 1914, Japanese Empire<\/a> troops occupied the city and the surrounding province during the Siege of Tsingtao<\/a> (Qingdao) after Japan’s declaration of war on Germany in accordance with the Anglo-Japanese Alliance<\/a>.[29]<\/a><\/sup> China protested against Japan’s violation of her neutrality but was not able to interfere in the military operations.[30]<\/a><\/sup> The decision of the Paris Peace Conference<\/a> and the Versailles Treaty<\/a> negotiations not to restore Chinese rule over the previous foreign concessions in Qingdao after the Great War triggered the May Fourth Movement<\/a> (4 May 1919) of anti-imperialism, nationalism and cultural identity in China.[31]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111914\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u6d77\u519b\u5bf9\u5fb7\u56fd\u5728\u5c71\u4e1c\u79df\u501f\u5730\u53d1\u52a8\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u5c0f\u89c4\u6a21\u88ad\u51fb\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u6839\u636e\u300a\u82f1\u65e5\u540c\u76df\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u5411\u5fb7\u56fd\u5ba3\u6218\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u9752\u5c9b\uff08Qingdao\uff09\u56f4\u653b\u671f\u95f4\u5360\u9886\u4e86\u8fd9\u5ea7\u57ce\u5e02\u53ca\u5176\u5468\u8fb9\u7701\u4efd\u3002[29]\u4e2d\u56fd\u6297\u8bae\u65e5\u672c\u4fb5\u72af\u5176\u4e2d\u7acb\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4f46\u672a\u80fd\u5e72\u6d89\u519b\u4e8b\u884c\u52a8\u3002[30]\u5df4\u9ece\u548c\u4f1a\u53ca\u300a\u51e1\u5c14\u8d5b\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u8c08\u5224\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e00\u6218\u540e\u4e0d\u4e88\u6062\u590d\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u9752\u5c9b\u539f\u5916\u56fd\u79df\u501f\u5730\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u6743\uff0c\u8fd9\u89e6\u53d1\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e94\u56db\u8fd0\u52a8\uff081919\u5e745\u67084\u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u53cd\u5bf9\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u63d0\u5021\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6587\u5316\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002[31]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1922\u5e742\u67084\u65e5\u7684\u534e\u76db\u987f\u4f1a\u8bae<\/a>\u4e0a\u4e2d\u65e5\u4e24\u56fd\u7b7e\u8ba2\u300a\u89e3\u51b3\u5c71\u4e1c\u60ac\u6848\u6761\u7ea6<\/a>\u300b[\u53c250]<\/a><\/sup>\uff1b\u540c\u5e7412\u670810\u65e5\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6b63\u5f0f\u6536\u56de\u80f6\u6fb3\u79df\u501f\u5730\uff0c\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c<\/a>\u76f4\u8f96\u7684\u80f6\u6fb3\u5546\u57e0\u7763\u529e\u516c\u7f72\uff08\u4e0b\u8f96\u80f6\u6fb3\u5546\u57e0\u5c40\uff09\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u9881\u5e03\u300a\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u65bd\u884c\u5e02\u81ea\u6cbb\u5236\u4ee4\u300b\u62df\u6210\u7acb\u9752\u5c9b\u7279\u522b\u5e02\uff0c\u4f7f\u9752\u5c9b\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531\u56fd\u5bb6\u4ee5\u6cd5\u4ee4\u5f62\u5f0f\u5ba3\u5e03\u8bbe\u5e02\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u519b\u9600\u6df7\u6218\u548c\u9ad8\u5c42\u610f\u89c1\u4e0d\u4e00\u5bfc\u81f4\u81ea\u6cbb\u4ee4\u5ef6\u8fdf\u516c\u5e03[\u53c251]<\/a><\/sup>\u30021925\u5e747\u6708\uff0c\u5c71\u4e1c\u519b\u9600\u5f20\u5b97\u660c<\/a>\u64c5\u81ea\u5c06\u80f6\u6fb3\u5546\u57e0\u7763\u529e\u516c\u7f72\u64a4\u9500\uff0c\u6539\u7531\u5c71\u4e1c\u516c\u7f72\u7ba1\u8f96\u80f6\u6fb3\u5546\u57e0\u5c40[\u53c251]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1929\u5e744\u670820\u65e5\uff0c\u5357\u4eac\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c<\/a>\u6210\u7acb\u9752\u5c9b\u63a5\u6536\u4e13\u5458\u516c\u7f72\u63a5\u7ba1\u80f6\u6fb3\u5546\u57e0\uff1b7\u67082\u65e5\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u7279\u522b\u5e02\u653f\u5e9c\u6b63\u5f0f\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u7531\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u884c\u653f\u9662<\/a>\u76f4\u8f96\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u6297\u6218<\/a>\u4ee5\u524d\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u7684\u4e94\u4e2a\u9662\u8f96\u5e02<\/a>\u4e4b\u4e00[\u53c251]<\/a><\/sup>\u30021930\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u7279\u522b\u5e02\u4f9d\u636e\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c5\u6708\u65b0\u4fee\u8ba2\u9881\u5e03\u7684\u300a\u5e02\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5<\/a>\u300b\u6539\u79f0\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\uff0c\u5efa\u5236\u4e0d\u53d8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1938\u5e741\u670810\u65e5\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u4ee51937\u5e74\u5fb7\u53bf\u8def\u4e8b\u4ef6<\/a>\u4e3a\u7531\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4fb5\u5360\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u6cbb\u5b89\u7ef4\u6301\u4f1a\uff0c\u8f96\u4e8e\u65e5\u672c\u519b\u653f\u5e9c\u6276\u6301\u7684\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c<\/a>\uff1b\u968f\u540e\u4e8e1939\u5e741\u6708\u8bbe\u7acb\u9752\u5c9b\u7279\u522b\u5e02\u516c\u7f72[\u53c252]<\/a><\/sup>\u30021939\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u4e3a\u5b9e\u65bd\u201c\u5927\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u90fd\u5e02\u8ba1\u5212\u201d\uff0c\u5c06\u5c71\u4e1c\u7701\u5373\u58a8\u53bf<\/a>\u3001\u80f6\u53bf\u6539\u8bbe\u4e3a\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u5373\u58a8\u533a\u548c\u80f6\u5dde\u533a\uff0c1940\u5e74\u7edf\u8ba1\u7684\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u9646\u57df\u9762\u79ef\u8fbe\u52306,052.39\u5e73\u65b9\u5343\u7c73<\/a>[\u53c253]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1945\u5e749\u6708\uff0c\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u63a5\u6536\u9752\u5c9b\uff0c\u4ecd\u4e3a\u7279\u522b\u5e02\uff0c\u6062\u590d\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u5883\u57df[\u53c253]<\/a><\/sup>\u30021946\u5e74\uff0c\u5168\u5e02\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u53f0\u4e1c<\/a>\u3001\u53f0\u897f<\/a>\u3001\u5e02\u5357<\/a>\u3001\u5e02\u5317<\/a>4\u4e2a\u533a\u548c\u56db\u6ca7<\/a>\u3001\u674e\u6751<\/a>\u3001\u5d02\u4e1c\u3001\u5d02\u897f\u3001\u590f\u5e84\u3001\u6d6e\u5c71\u3001\u9634\u5c9b\u3001\u859b\u5bb6\u5c9b<\/a>\u7b498\u4e2a\u4e61\u533a[\u53c253]<\/a><\/sup>\u30021947\u5e744\u6708\uff0c\u4e2d\u592e\u6d77\u519b\u8bad\u7ec3\u56e2\u6539\u8bbe\u9752\u5c9b\u6d77\u519b\u519b\u5b98\u5b66\u6821[\u53c254]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u6d77\u519b<\/a>\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u57fa\u5730\uff1b\u5e74\u672b\u5168\u5e02\u9646\u6d77\u9762\u79ef\u4e3a1,377\u5e73\u65b9\u5343\u7c73\u3002\u56e0\u5c71\u4e1c\u7701\u7701\u4f1a<\/a>\u6d4e\u5357\u5e02<\/a>1948\u5e749\u6708\u88ab\u89e3\u653e\u519b<\/a>\u5360\u9886\uff0c\u5c71\u4e1c\u7701\u653f\u5e9c<\/a>1949\u5e743\u6708\u7ecf\u7531\u4e0a\u6d77\u8fc1\u64ad\u5bc4\u7f6e\u4e8e\u9752\u5c9b[\u53c255]<\/a><\/sup>\uff1b6\u6708\uff0c\u53d7\u56fd\u5171\u5185\u6218<\/a>\u5f62\u52bf\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c<\/a>\u7b2c11\u7ee5\u9756\u533a\u90e8\u961f\u5949\u547d\u64a4\u79bb\u9752\u5c9b[\u53c256]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.3 \u9752\u5c9b\u57ce\u5e02\u89c4\u5212\u548c\u53d1\u5c55 | Qingdao city planning and development<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

2.3.1 1898\u20131914<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

The development of the Qingdao urban space during the German occupation (1898\u20131914) originated from the port. Mass urban construction began in 1898 with the relocation of Chinese dwellers along the coast.[33]<\/a><\/sup> With the completion of such series of mass construction projects such as wharves, the Tsingtao-Jinan Railway Line, Tsingtao Railway Station and locomotive works, a city was starting to take shape.[34]<\/a><\/sup> The area had the highest school density and highest per capita student enrollment in all of China, with primary, secondary and vocational schools funded by the Berlin treasury as well as Protestant and Roman Catholic missions.[35]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5fb7\u56fd\u5360\u9886\u671f\u95f4\uff081898-1914\uff09\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u7a7a\u95f4\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e\u6e2f\u53e3\u30021898\u5e74\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u6cbf\u6d77\u4e2d\u56fd\u5c45\u6c11\u7684\u8fc1\u79fb\uff0c\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u5efa\u8bbe\u5f00\u59cb\u3002[33]\u968f\u7740\u7801\u5934\u3001\u9752\u5c9b\u81f3\u6d4e\u5357\u94c1\u8def\u7ebf\u3001\u9752\u5c9b\u706b\u8f66\u7ad9\u548c\u673a\u8f66\u5382\u7b49\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u5efa\u8bbe\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u5b8c\u6210\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u57ce\u5e02\u5f00\u59cb\u6210\u5f62\u3002[34]\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u62e5\u6709\u5168\u4e2d\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u5b66\u6821\u5bc6\u5ea6\u548c\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u4eba\u5747\u5b66\u751f\u5165\u5b66\u7387\uff0c\u67cf\u6797\u8d22\u653f\u90e8\u4ee5\u53ca\u65b0\u6559\u548c\u7f57\u9a6c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u6559\u4f1a\u8d44\u52a9\u5174\u529e\u4e86\u5c0f\u5b66\u3001\u4e2d\u5b66\u548c\u804c\u4e1a\u5b66\u6821\u3002[35]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1910, the Germans drew up for the second time the city planning of Tsingtao (Warner 2001, p.\u00a033). The former urban area was extended four times highlighted by the emphasis on the development of commerce and trade. Sun Yat-sen<\/a> (1866\u20131925), leader of the Chinese Revolution of 1911<\/a> and subsequently first president of the Republic of China<\/a>, visited the Tsingtao area and stated in 1912, “I am impressed. The city is a true model for China’s future”.[36]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111910\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u89c4\u5212\uff08\u534e\u7eb32001\uff0c\u7b2c33\u9875\uff09\u3002\u524d\u5e02\u533a\u9762\u79ef\u6269\u5927\u4e86\u56db\u500d\uff0c\u5e76\u91cd\u70b9\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u5546\u8d38\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\uff081866-1925\uff09\uff0c1911\u5e74\u4e2d\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efb\u603b\u7edf\uff0c\u4ed6\u57281912\u5e74\u8bbf\u95ee\u4e86\u9752\u5c9b\u5730\u533a\u5e76\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u5370\u8c61\u6df1\u523b\u3002\u8fd9\u5ea7\u57ce\u5e02\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u672a\u6765\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u5178\u8303\u3002\u201d[36]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.3.2 1914\u20131922<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

The development of Tsingtao urban space continued during the first Japan-occupation period (1914\u20131922). In 1914, Tsingtao was taken over by the Japanese and served as a base for the exploitation of natural resources of Shandong and northern China. With the development of industry and commerce, a “New City District” was established to furnish the Japanese colonists with commercial sections and living quarters, which suggested a striking contrast to the shabby houses in the local Chinese zones (Li 2007, p.\u00a0133). In the meantime, several schools, hospitals, and public buildings were constructed, followed by urban streets and intercity highways as well. The urban spatial layout continued to expand northward along the east bay area.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u65e5\u672c\u5360\u9886\u671f\u95f4\uff081914-1922\uff09\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ee7\u7eed\u53d1\u5c55\u30021914\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u88ab\u65e5\u672c\u5360\u9886\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u63a0\u593a\u5c71\u4e1c\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5317\u65b9\u81ea\u7136\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u57fa\u5730\u3002\u968f\u7740\u5de5\u5546\u4e1a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u201c\u65b0\u5e02\u533a\u201d\uff0c\u4e3a\u65e5\u672c\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u5546\u4e1a\u533a\u548c\u4f4f\u5b85\u533a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u5f53\u5730\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5c45\u4f4f\u533a\u7684\u7834\u65e7\u623f\u5c4b\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u9c9c\u660e\u5bf9\u6bd4\uff08\u674e2007\uff0c\u7b2c133\u9875\uff09\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd8\u5efa\u9020\u4e86\u51e0\u6240\u5b66\u6821\u3001\u533b\u9662\u548c\u516c\u5171\u5efa\u7b51\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u53c8\u4fee\u5efa\u4e86\u57ce\u5e02\u8857\u9053\u548c\u57ce\u9645\u516c\u8def\u3002\u57ce\u5e02\u7a7a\u95f4\u5e03\u5c40\u7ee7\u7eed\u6cbf\u4e1c\u6e7e\u533a\u5411\u5317\u6269\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.3.3 1922\u20131938<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

The development of Tsingtao urban space during the ROC-ruled period (1922\u20131938). This period saw the substantial progress of the urban development of Tsingtao. The government engaged itself in mass construction that gave birth to villa districts at the beach and bank groups in CBD. Plenty of public buildings and facilities for entertainment and sports were completed. By the year 1937, the urban population numbered 385,000(Lu 2001, p.\u00a0327). Tsingtao consequently distinguished itself as a prominent holiday resort and summer retreat.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u9752\u5c9b\u57ce\u5e02\u7a7a\u95f4\u5728\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u7edf\u6cbb\u65f6\u671f\uff081922-1938\uff09\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u53d1\u5c55\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u5b9e\u8d28\u6027\u8fdb\u5c55\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u5f00\u5c55\u4e86\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u5efa\u8bbe\uff0c\u5728\u6d77\u6ee9\u4e0a\u5efa\u9020\u4e86\u522b\u5885\u533a\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u592e\u5546\u52a1\u533a\uff08CBD\uff09\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u94f6\u884c\u7fa4\u3002\u5927\u91cf\u516c\u5171\u5efa\u7b51\u4ee5\u53ca\u5a31\u4e50\u548c\u4f53\u80b2\u8bbe\u65bd\u843d\u6210\u3002\u52301937\u5e74\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u4eba\u53e3\u5df2\u8fbe38.5\u4e07\uff08\u96462001\uff0c\u7b2c327\u9875\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5ea6\u5047\u80dc\u5730\u548c\u907f\u6691\u80dc\u5730\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.3.4 1938\u20131945<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

The development of Tsingtao urban space during the second Japan-occupied period (1938\u20131945). Japanese armed forces returned to Tsingtao in 1938 and started to strive for the construction of the Greater Tsingtao in the following June. Accordingly, they worked out the city planning of the Greater Tsingtao and the City Planning of the Mother Town (Tsingtao City Proper), even though they had not had the opportunity to actualize either, respectively. The period in question did not witness much urban progress except for the logical construction of No. 6 Wharf, some Japanese residences, and a small number of roads and streets (Lu 2001, p.\u00a0339).
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u9752\u5c9b\u57ce\u5e02\u7a7a\u95f4\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u65e5\u672c\u5360\u9886\u65f6\u671f\uff081938-1945\uff09\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u30021938\u5e74\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u519b\u961f\u91cd\u8fd4\u9752\u5c9b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e\u6b21\u5e746\u6708\u5f00\u59cb\u7740\u624b\u5efa\u8bbe\u201c\u5927\u9752\u5c9b\u201d\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u5927\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u89c4\u5212\u548c\u6bcd\u57ce\uff08\u5373\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u533a\uff09\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u89c4\u5212\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5212\u5747\u672a\u5f97\u5230\u5b9e\u9645\u5b9e\u65bd\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u516d\u53f7\u7801\u5934\u7684\u5408\u7406\u5efa\u8bbe\u3001\u4e00\u4e9b\u65e5\u672c\u4f4f\u5b85\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c11\u6570\u9053\u8def\u548c\u8857\u9053\u7684\u5efa\u8bbe\u5916\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u53d1\u5c55\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u53d6\u5f97\u592a\u5927\u8fdb\u5c55\uff08\u96462001\uff0c\u7b2c339\u9875\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.4 \u5f53\u4ee3 | Post war<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u56fe2-14\u81f32-16\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

After World War II, the KMT<\/a> allowed Qingdao to serve as the headquarters of the Western Pacific Fleet<\/a> of the US Navy<\/a> in 1945; however, its headquarters were transferred to the Philippines<\/a> sometime in late 1948. On 2 June 1949, the CPC<\/a>-led Red Army<\/a> entered Qingdao and the city and province have been under PRC<\/a> control since that time.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4e8c\u6218\u540e\uff0c1945\u5e74\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u5141\u8bb8\u9752\u5c9b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6d77\u519b\u897f\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u8230\u961f\u7684\u603b\u90e8\uff1b\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5176\u603b\u90e8\u4e8e1948\u5e74\u672b\u67d0\u4e2a\u65f6\u5019\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u4e86\u83f2\u5f8b\u5bbe\u30021949\u5e746\u67082\u65e5\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u7ea2\u519b\u8fdb\u5165\u9752\u5c9b\uff0c\u81ea\u6b64\u57ce\u5e02\u548c\u7701\u4efd\u5747\u7531\u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u63a7\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1949\u5e746\u67082\u65e5\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u89e3\u653e\u519b<\/a>\u5360\u9886\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u533a[\u53c257]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u6210\u4e3a\u5c71\u4e1c\u7701\u7701\u8f96\u5e02<\/a>\uff0c\u90ca\u533a\u3001\u5c5e\u53bf\u6089\u6570\u88ab\u5212\u51fa\uff0c\u5883\u57df\u5927\u5e45\u7f29\u5c0f\u81f3200\u4f59\u5e73\u65b9\u5343\u7c73[\u53c258]<\/a><\/sup>\u30021950\u5e74\uff0c\u671d\u9c9c\u6218\u4e89<\/a>\u7206\u53d1\u540e\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5f00\u5c55\u6297\u7f8e\u63f4\u671d<\/a>\u7231\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u6559\u80b2<\/a>\uff0c\u6d3e\u51fa\u5fd7\u613f\u8d74\u671d\u533b\u7597\u961f\u3001\u6170\u95ee\u56e2\u5f00\u8d74\u524d\u7ebf\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u5e02\u6c11\u96c6\u8d44\u6350\u732e\u98de\u673a<\/a>\u3001\u5927\u70ae<\/a>\uff0c\u6350\u732e\u7269\u8d44\u6b3e\u9879\u5904\u4e8e\u5168\u56fd\u524d\u5217[\u53c259]<\/a><\/sup>\u30021950\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u540e\u671f\uff0c\u4e2d\u592e\u51b3\u5b9a\u91cd\u5efa\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb<\/a>\uff0c\u671f\u95f4\u9752\u5c9b\u6ca1\u6709\u9ad8\u6821<\/a>\u65b0\u5efa\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u90e8\u5206\u9ad8\u6821\u5212\u5f52\u5c71\u4e1c\u7701\u7ba1\u7406\u540e\u88ab\u64a4\u5e76\u6216\u5916\u8fc1\uff0c\u7ed9\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u53d1\u5c55\u9020\u6210\u4e0d\u5229\u5f71\u54cd[\u53c260]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u6587\u5316\u5927\u9769\u547d<\/a>\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u9752\u5e74<\/a>\u4e0a\u5c71\u4e0b\u4e61\u6216\u524d\u5f80\u8fb9\u7586<\/a>\uff0c\u622a\u81f31981\u5e74\uff0c\u4eba\u6570\u7ea612\u4e07[\u53c261]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1978\u5e7412\u670823\u65e5\uff0c\u5373\u58a8\u53bf<\/a>\u3001\u80f6\u53bf<\/a>\u3001\u80f6\u5357\u53bf<\/a>\u590d\u5f52\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u7ba1\u8f96[\u53c262]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1983\u5e748\u670830\u65e5\uff0c\u5e73\u5ea6\u53bf<\/a>\u548c\u83b1\u897f\u53bf<\/a>\u5212\u5f52\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02[\u53c263]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1984\u5e74\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e<\/a>\u4f0a\u59cb\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u6210\u4e3a\u5168\u56fd14\u4e2a\u6cbf\u6d77\u5f00\u653e\u57ce\u5e02<\/a>\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5f00\u59cb\u6062\u590d\u53d1\u5c55[\u53c264]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since the 1984 inauguration of China’s open-door policy to foreign trade and investment, Qingdao has rapidly developed into an ultramodern port city. It is now the headquarters of the Chinese navy’s northern fleet<\/a>. An early example of the open-door policy occurred on 5 November 1984, when three United States Naval vessels visited Qingdao. This was the first US port call to China in more than 37 years. USS\u00a0Rentz<\/em><\/a>, USS\u00a0Reeves<\/em><\/a>, and USS\u00a0Oldendorf<\/em><\/a> and their crews were officially hosted by the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Navy<\/a> (PLAN).
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u81ea1984\u5e74\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b9e\u884c\u5bf9\u5916\u5f00\u653e\u653f\u7b56\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u8fc5\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u5ea7\u8d85\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u6e2f\u53e3\u57ce\u5e02\u3002\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u6d77\u519b\u5317\u6d77\u8230\u961f\u7684\u603b\u90e8\u6240\u5728\u5730\u3002\u5bf9\u5916\u5f00\u653e\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e9\u671f\u4f8b\u5b50\u53d1\u751f\u57281984\u5e7411\u67085\u65e5\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u4e09\u8258\u7f8e\u56fd\u6d77\u519b\u8230\u8247\u8bbf\u95ee\u4e86\u9752\u5c9b\u3002\u8fd9\u662f37\u591a\u5e74\u6765\u7f8e\u56fd\u8230\u8247\u9996\u6b21\u505c\u9760\u4e2d\u56fd\u6e2f\u53e3\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u6d77\u519b\u4f26\u8328\u53f7\uff08USS Rentz\uff09\u3001\u91cc\u592b\u65af\u53f7\uff08USS Reeves\uff09\u548c\u5965\u5c14\u767b\u591a\u592b\u53f7\uff08USS Oldendorf\uff09\u53ca\u5176\u8239\u5458\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u89e3\u653e\u519b\u6d77\u519b\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u63a5\u5f85\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Northern Qingdao, particularly Shibei<\/a>, Licang<\/a>, and Chengyang<\/a> districts, are now major manufacturing centers. The city has recently experienced a strong growth period, with a new central business district created to the east of the older business district. Outside of the center of the city, there is a large industrial zone, which includes chemical processing, rubber, and heavy manufacturing, in addition to a growing high-tech area. Numerous local and national service companies, rather than manufacturers, are based in the city’s southern district.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u9752\u5c9b\u5317\u90e8\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5e02\u5317\u3001\u674e\u6ca7\u548c\u57ce\u9633\u7b49\u533a\uff0c\u73b0\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u5236\u9020\u4e1a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002\u9752\u5c9b\u6700\u8fd1\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f3a\u52b2\u7684\u589e\u957f\u671f\uff0c\u5728\u8001\u57ce\u5546\u4e1a\u533a\u4ee5\u4e1c\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u5546\u52a1\u533a\u3002\u5728\u57ce\u5e02\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u578b\u5de5\u4e1a\u533a\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5316\u5de5\u3001\u6a61\u80f6\u548c\u91cd\u5de5\u4e1a\u5236\u9020\uff0c\u6b64\u5916\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d1\u5c55\u58ee\u5927\u7684\u9ad8\u79d1\u6280\u533a\u57df\u3002\u4f17\u591a\u5730\u65b9\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u670d\u52a1\u516c\u53f8\uff08\u800c\u975e\u5236\u9020\u5546\uff09\u7684\u603b\u90e8\u8bbe\u5728\u9752\u5c9b\u5357\u90e8\u533a\u57df\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1985\u5e74\uff0c\u4e3a\u89e3\u51b3\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u81ea1970\u5e74\u4ee3\u8d77\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e25\u91cd\u4f9b\u6c34\u5371\u673a[\u53c265]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u5f15\u9ec4\u6d4e\u9752\u5de5\u7a0b<\/a>\u65b9\u6848\u83b7\u5f97\u56fd\u52a1\u9662\u6279\u51c6\uff0c\u5de5\u7a0b\u7fcc\u5e74\u5f00\u5de5\uff0c1989\u5e74\u7684\u901a\u6c34\u4f7f\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u7ed3\u675f\u5c45\u6c11\u9650\u65f6\u9650\u91cf\u4f9b\u6c34\u3001\u5de5\u519c\u4e1a\u505c\u4ea7\u6216\u534a\u505c\u4ea7\u7684\u5386\u53f2[\u53c266]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1986\u5e7410\u670815\u65e5\uff0c\u56fd\u52a1\u9662<\/a>\u6279\u51c6\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u6210\u4e3a\u8ba1\u5212\u5355\u5217\u5e02<\/a>[\u53c267]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1990\u5e7412\u6708\uff0c\u539f\u5e02\u90ca6\u53bf\u5168\u90e8\u64a4\u53bf\u8bbe\u5e02\uff08\u533a\uff09\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u6210\u4e3a\u5168\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e24\u7ea7\u5e02\u57ce\u5e02\u7fa4\u3002[\u53c268]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1992\u5e74\uff0c\u5e02\u653f\u5e9c\u51b3\u5b9a\u5f00\u53d1\u5efa\u8bbe\u5e02\u533a\u4e1c\u90e8[\u53c269]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u5e02\u7ea7\u884c\u653f\u4e2d\u5fc3\u968f\u5373\u4e8e1994\u5e74\u4e1c\u8fc1[\u53c270]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1994\u5e742\u6708\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u88ab\u5217\u4e3a\u526f\u7701\u7ea7\u57ce\u5e02<\/a>[\u53c271]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2001\u5e743\u6708\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u653f\u5e9c\u51b3\u5b9a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u91cd\u5fc3\u5411\u897f\u6d77\u5cb8\uff08\u9ec4\u5c9b\uff09\u8f6c\u79fb[\u53c272]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2007\u5e7411\u6708\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u6b63\u5f0f\u63d0\u51fa\u201c\u73af\u6e7e\u4fdd\u62a4\u3001\u62e5\u6e7e\u53d1\u5c55\u201d\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u53d1\u5c55\u6218\u7565\u6784\u60f3\uff0c\u5c06\u9752\u5c9b\u4e0e\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\u6253\u9020\u6210\u201c\u73af\u6e7e\u90fd\u5e02\u201d\uff0c\u4ee5\u5229\u4e8e\u63a8\u52a8\u4ea7\u4e1a\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5347\u7ea7[\u53c273]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2008\u5e748\u6708\u548c9\u6708\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5317\u4eac<\/a>\u7684\u4f19\u4f34\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u4e3e\u529e\u7b2c29\u5c4a\u590f\u5b63\u5965\u6797\u5339\u514b\u8fd0\u52a8\u4f1a<\/a>\u548c\u7b2c13\u5c4a\u590f\u5b63\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u5965\u6797\u5339\u514b\u8fd0\u52a8\u4f1a<\/a>\u7684\u5e06\u8239<\/a>\u6bd4\u8d5b[\u53c274]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2009\u5e744\u670823\u65e5\uff0c\u5e86\u795d\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u89e3\u653e\u519b\u6d77\u519b<\/a>\u6210\u7acb60\u5468\u5e74\u6d77\u4e0a\u9605\u5175\u5728\u9ec4\u6d77<\/a>\u9752\u5c9b\u6d6e\u5c71\u6e7e<\/a>\u6d77\u57df\u4e3e\u884c[\u53c275]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u540c\u5e749\u6708\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u56ed\u827a\u751f\u4ea7\u8005\u534f\u4f1a<\/a>\u4f1a\u5458\u5927\u4f1a\u539f\u5219\u51b3\u5b9a\u9752\u5c9b\u4e3e\u529e2014\u5e74\u4e16\u754c\u56ed\u827a\u535a\u89c8\u4f1a<\/a>\uff1b11\u6708\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u7b7e\u8ba2\u300a2014\u5e74\u4e16\u754c\u56ed\u827a\u535a\u89c8\u4f1a\u4e3e\u529e\u6743\u786e\u8ba4\u4e66\u300b\uff0c\u4e16\u56ed\u4f1a\u7684\u627f\u529e\u5de5\u4f5c\u6b63\u5f0f\u542f\u52a8[\u53c276]<\/a><\/sup>\u300211\u670830\u65e5\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5730\u94c1<\/a>\u5960\u57fa\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u7b79\u5212\u4e8622\u5e74\u7684\u5730\u94c1\u8ba1\u5212\u6b63\u5f0f\u8fdb\u5165\u5177\u4f53\u5b9e\u65bd\u9636\u6bb5[\u53c277]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2010\u5e747\u670816\u65e5\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u603b\u7406\u9ed8\u514b\u5c14<\/a>\u8bbf\u534e\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u5546\u52a1\u90e8<\/a>\u4e0e\u5fb7\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u6280\u672f\u90e8\u7b7e\u7f72\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u5171\u540c\u652f\u6301\u5efa\u7acb\u4e2d\u5fb7\u751f\u6001\u56ed\u7684\u8c05\u89e3\u5907\u5fd8\u5f55\u300b\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u786e\u5b9a\u652f\u6301\u5728\u9752\u5c9b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6280\u672f\u5f00\u53d1\u533a<\/a>\u5185\u5408\u4f5c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e2d\u5fb7\u751f\u6001\u56ed<\/a>[\u53c278]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2011\u5e746\u670830\u65e5\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\u5927\u6865<\/a>\u548c\u9752\u5c9b\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\u96a7\u9053<\/a>\u5efa\u6210\u901a\u8f66\uff0c\u7ed3\u675f\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\u4e24\u5cb8\u201c\u9752\u9ec4\u4e0d\u63a5\u201d\u7684\u5386\u53f2[\u53c279]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2012\u5e743\u670817\u65e5\uff0c\u5c71\u4e1c\u5927\u5b66<\/a>\u9752\u5c9b\u6821\u533a<\/a>\u5efa\u8bbe\u5728\u9752\u5c9b\u5960\u57fa[\u53c280]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u9614\u522b54\u5e74\u540e\u7ec8\u5c06\u4e8e2016\u5e74\u518d\u5ea6\u5728\u9752\u5c9b\u529e\u5b66[\u53c281]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2012\u5e7412\u67081\u65e5\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u4f5c\u51fa\u91cd\u5927\u884c\u653f\u533a\u5212\u8c03\u6574\uff0c\u64a4\u9500\u5e02\u5317\u533a\u3001\u56db\u65b9\u533a\uff0c\u8bbe\u7acb\u65b0\u5e02\u5317\u533a\uff0c\u4ee5\u539f\u5e02\u5317\u533a\u3001\u56db\u65b9\u533a\u884c\u653f\u533a\u57df\u4e3a\u65b0\u5e02\u5317\u533a\u884c\u653f\u533a\u57df\uff1b\u64a4\u9500\u9ec4\u5c9b\u533a\u3001\u80f6\u5357\u5e02\uff0c\u8bbe\u7acb\u65b0\u9ec4\u5c9b\u533a\uff0c\u4ee5\u539f\u9ec4\u5c9b\u533a\u3001\u80f6\u5357\u5e02\u884c\u653f\u533a\u57df\u4e3a\u65b0\u9ec4\u5c9b\u533a\u884c\u653f\u533a\u57df[\u53c282]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2013\u5e7411\u670822\u65e5\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u53d1\u751f\u8f93\u6cb9\u7ba1\u7ebf\u7206\u71c3\u4e8b\u6545<\/a>\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u52a1\u9662\u8c03\u67e5\u7ec4\u8ba4\u5b9a\u4e3a\u4e25\u91cd\u8d23\u4efb\u4e8b\u6545\uff0c\u5df2\u63a7\u5236\u4e2d\u77f3\u5316\u7cfb\u7edf7\u4eba\uff0c\u5168\u6848\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u5c71\u4e1c\u7701\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u201811\u00b722\u2019\u4e2d\u77f3\u5316\u4e1c\u9ec4\u8f93\u6cb9\u7ba1\u9053\u6cc4\u6f0f\u7206\u70b8\u7279\u522b\u91cd\u5927\u4e8b\u6545\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u9752\u5c9b\u9ec4\u5c9b\u533a<\/a>\u7684\u4e00\u8d77\u4e2d\u56fd\u77f3\u5316\u516c\u53f8<\/a>\u8f93\u6cb9\u7ba1\u9053<\/a>\u6cc4\u9732\u3001\u8d77\u706b\u53ca\u7206\u71c3<\/a>\u7684\u4e8b\u6545\uff0c\u9020\u621062\u4eba\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c136\u4eba\u53d7\u4f24\uff0c\u4e8b\u6545\u4e09\u5929\u540e\uff0c\u56fd\u52a1\u9662\u6388\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u76d1\u7ba1\u603b\u5c40\u7b49\u4e03\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u7701\u7ea7\u90e8\u5206\u6210\u7acb\u4e8b\u6545\u8c03\u67e5\u7ec4\uff0c\u81f3\u7fcc\u5e741\u670810\u65e5\u516c\u5e03\u8c03\u67e5\u62a5\u544a\u4e0e\u60e9\u5904\u4e0e\u95ee\u8d23\u8be6\u60c5[\u53c283]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2014\u5e746\u67083\u65e5\uff0c\u56fd\u52a1\u9662<\/a>\u6b63\u5f0f\u6279\u590d\u5728\u9ec4\u5c9b\u533a\u8bbe\u7acb\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ea7\u65b0\u533a<\/a>\u9752\u5c9b\u897f\u6d77\u5cb8\u65b0\u533a<\/a>[\u53c284]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u622a\u81f3\u540c\u5e7410\u6708\u5e95\uff0c\u5df2\u6709\u5305\u62ec\u7075\u5c71\u6e7e\u5f71\u89c6\u6587\u5316\u4ea7\u4e1a\u57fa\u5730\u3001\u60e0\u666e<\/a>\u5927\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7b49\u5728\u5185\u7684\u5171408\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\uff08\u603b\u6295\u8d44\u8fbe\u52303,908.3\u4ebf\u5143\uff09\u843d\u6237\u897f\u6d77\u5cb8\u65b0\u533a[\u53c285]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2018\u5e746\u67089\u65e5-10\u65e5\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u5408\u4f5c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6210\u5458\u56fd\u5143\u9996\u7406\u4e8b\u4f1a\u7b2c\u5341\u516b\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae<\/a>\u5728\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u5965\u5e06\u57fa\u5730<\/a>\u56fd\u9645\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e3e\u884c\uff0c\u5171\u67098\u4e2a\u6210\u5458\u56fd\u30014\u4e2a\u89c2\u5bdf\u5458\u56fd\u30016\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8bdd\u4f19\u4f34\u56fd\u53c2\u52a0\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e0a\u5408\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6269\u5458\u540e\u7684\u9996\u6b21\u5cf0\u4f1a[\u53c286]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u4ea6\u662f\u4e0a\u6d77\u5408\u4f5c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u9996\u6b21\u5728\u9752\u5c9b\u4e3e\u529e\u5cf0\u4f1a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2019\u5e744\u670823\u65e5\uff0c\u5e86\u795d\u4eba\u6c11\u6d77\u519b<\/a>\u6210\u7acb70\u5468\u5e74\u6d77\u4e0a\u9605\u5175\u5728\u9752\u5c9b\u4e3e\u884c[\u53c287]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. \u653f\u6cd5<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u56fe3-1\u548c3-2\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

The sub-provincial city of Qingdao has seven districts (\u533a; q\u016b) and three county-level cities (\u5e02; sh\u00ec):Qingdao City, located in Shandong Province, China, is a prefecture-level city with several aliases, including “Island City” and “Jiaozhou Bay”. Qingdao is a vice-provincial-level city, a separately listed city, and recognized as a major city.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4e2d\u56fd\u5c71\u4e1c\u7701\u7684\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u662f\u4e00\u5ea7\u526f\u7701\u7ea7\u5e02\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u4e03\u4e2a\u533a\uff08\u533a\uff1bq\u016b\uff09\u548c\u4e09\u4e2a\u53bf\u7ea7\u5e02\uff08\u5e02\uff1bsh\u00ec\uff09\uff1a\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u5c71\u4e1c\u7701\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u5ea7\u526f\u7701\u7ea7\u5e02\u3001\u8ba1\u5212\u5355\u5217\u5e02\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u5ea7\u91cd\u8981\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u522b\u540d\u5305\u62ec\u201c\u5c9b\u57ce\u201d\u548c\u201c\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the approval of the State Council, Qingdao is designated as an important coastal center city and a coastal resort tourism city in China, as well as an international port city. Qingdao City administers 7 districts and 3 county-level cities. These districts include Shinan District, Shibei District, Huangdao District, Laoshan District, Licang District, Chengyang District, and Jimo District, while the county-level cities consist of Jiaozhou City, Pingdu City, and Laixi City.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6839\u636e\u56fd\u52a1\u9662\u7684\u6279\u51c6\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u88ab\u6307\u5b9a\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6cbf\u6d77\u4e2d\u5fc3\u57ce\u5e02\u3001\u6cbf\u6d77\u65c5\u6e38\u5ea6\u5047\u57ce\u5e02\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u5316\u6e2f\u53e3\u57ce\u5e02\u3002\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u4e0b\u8f967\u4e2a\u533a\u548c3\u4e2a\u53bf\u7ea7\u5e02\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u533a\u5305\u62ec\u5e02\u5357\u533a\u3001\u5e02\u5317\u533a\u3001\u9ec4\u5c9b\u533a\u3001\u5d02\u5c71\u533a\u3001\u674e\u6ca7\u533a\u3001\u57ce\u9633\u533a\u548c\u5373\u58a8\u533a\uff0c\u800c\u53bf\u7ea7\u5e02\u5219\u5305\u62ec\u80f6\u5dde\u5e02\u3001\u5e73\u5ea6\u5e02\u548c\u83b1\u897f\u5e02\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.1 \u884c\u653f\u533a\u5212 | Administrative divisions<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u884c\u653f\u533a\u5212\u5e74\u8868<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u73b0\u8f967\u4e2a\u5e02\u8f96\u533a<\/a>\u548c3\u4e2a\u53bf\u7ea7\u5e02<\/a>\uff0c\u4e0b\u8f96108\u4e2a\u8857\u9053<\/a>\uff08\u542b\u5408\u7f72\u529e\u516c\u7684\u8857\u9053\uff09\u548c36\u4e2a\u9547<\/a>\uff0c\u7ec6\u5206\u4e3a1175\u4e2a\u5c45\u59d4\u4f1a<\/a>\uff08\u793e\u533a\uff09\u548c896\u4e2a\u6751\u59d4\u4f1a<\/a>\u3002[\u53c288]<\/a><\/sup>\u6839\u636e\u300a\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u57ce\u5e02\u603b\u4f53\u89c4\u5212\uff082011-2020\u5e74\uff09\u300b\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u4e2d\u5fc3\u57ce\u533a\u9762\u79ef\u4e3a1408\u5e73\u65b9\u5343\u7c73\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\u4e1c\u5cb8\u53ca\u5317\u5cb8\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5e02\u8f96\u533a\u4ee5\u53ca\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\u897f\u5cb8\u7684\u9752\u5c9b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6280\u672f\u5f00\u53d1\u533a<\/a>\u3002[\u53c289]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5e02\u8f96\u533a\uff1a \u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\u4e1c\u5cb8\uff1a\u5e02\u5357\u533a<\/a>\u3001\u5e02\u5317\u533a<\/a>\u3001\u674e\u6ca7\u533a<\/a> \u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\u5317\u5cb8\uff1a\u57ce\u9633\u533a<\/a>\uff08\u542b\u9752\u5c9b\u9ad8\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u4ea7\u4e1a\u5f00\u53d1\u533a<\/a>\uff09<\/small> \u5d02\u5c71-\u9ccc\u5c71\u6e7e\u897f\u5cb8\uff1a\u5d02\u5c71\u533a<\/a>\u3001\u5373\u58a8\u533a<\/a> \u7075\u5c71\u6e7e\u897f\u5cb8\uff1a\u9ec4\u5c9b\u533a<\/a>\uff08\u9752\u5c9b\u897f\u6d77\u5cb8\u65b0\u533a<\/a>\uff09\uff08\u542b\u9752\u5c9b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6280\u672f\u5f00\u53d1\u533a<\/a>\u3001\u9752\u5c9b\u8463\u5bb6\u53e3\u7ecf\u6d4e\u533a<\/a>\uff09<\/small><\/td>\u53bf\u7ea7\u5e02\uff08\u7531\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u4ee3\u7ba1\uff09\uff1a \u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\u897f\u5cb8\uff1a\u80f6\u5dde\u5e02<\/a> \u5317\u90e8\u5185\u9646\uff1a\u5e73\u5ea6\u5e02<\/a>\u3001\u83b1\u897f\u5e02<\/a>[\u53c220]<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u8868\u5185\u6ce86\uff1a2018\u5e74\u5ea6\u5168\u56fd\u571f\u5730\u53d8\u66f4\u8c03\u67e5\u7684\u6570\u636e
\u8868\u5185\u6ce87\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e03\u6b21\u5168\u56fd\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\uff082020\u5e7411\u67081\u65e5\u96f6\u65f6\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff09<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

3.2 \u515a\u653f\u673a\u6784<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a<\/a>\u548c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u884c\u653f\u9996\u957f\u5217\u8868<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a<\/a>\u662f\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u6267\u653f\u515a<\/a>\uff0c\u8bbe\u6709\u5176\u5730\u65b9\u7ec4\u7ec7\u2014\u2014\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a<\/a>\uff0c\u7531\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u4ea7\u751f\uff0c\u5411\u5176\u8d1f\u8d23\u5e76\u62a5\u544a\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u8d2f\u5f7b\u6267\u884c\u4e0a\u7ea7\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u65b9\u9488\u3001\u6307\u793a\u548c\u5e02\u515a\u4ee3\u4f1a\u7684\u51b3\u8bae\uff0c\u9886\u5bfc\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u73b0\u4efb\u5e02\u59d4\u4e66\u8bb0<\/a>\u4e3a\u66fe\u8d5e\u8363<\/a>\u3002\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c<\/a>\u662f\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u5730\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u673a\u5173\u7684\u6267\u884c\u673a\u5173\u548c\u5e02\u7ea7\u56fd\u5bb6\u884c\u653f\u673a\u5173\uff0c\u73b0\u4efb\u5e02\u957f<\/a>\u4e3a\u8d75\u8c6a\u5fd7<\/a>\u30022021\u5e74\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u79d1\u9662<\/a>\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u300a2020\u5e74\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u900f\u660e\u5ea6\u62a5\u544a\u300b\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u900f\u660e\u5ea6\u4e3a\u767e\u5206\u523684.82\u5206\uff0c\u5c45\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u5e02\u7b2c3\u4f4d[\u53c292]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236<\/a>\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u9646\u5404\u526f\u7701\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u57fa\u672c\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5c71\u4e1c\u7701\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7701\u8f96\u5e02\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u5e02\u59d4\u3001\u5e02\u653f\u5e9c\u7b49\u673a\u6784\u53d7\u5c71\u4e1c\u7701\u59d4\u3001\u7701\u653f\u5e9c\u7b49\u673a\u6784\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u6d3e\u548c\u4eba\u6c11\u56e2\u4f53\u6709\uff0c\u6c11\u9769<\/a>\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u59d4\u3001\u6c11\u76df<\/a>\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u59d4\u3001\u6c11\u5efa<\/a>\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u59d4\u3001\u6c11\u8fdb<\/a>\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u59d4\u3001\u519c\u5de5\u515a<\/a>\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u59d4\u3001\u81f4\u516c\u515a<\/a>\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u59d4\u3001\u4e5d\u4e09\u5b66\u793e<\/a>\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u59d4\u3001\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u5de5\u5546\u8054<\/a>\u3001\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u603b\u5de5\u4f1a<\/a>\u3001\u5171\u9752\u56e2<\/a>\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u59d4\u3001\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u5987\u8054<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe3-3\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

3.3 \u6cd5\u5236\u673a\u6784<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u4e2d\u7ea7\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662<\/a>\u662f\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5ba1\u5224\u673a\u5173\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f9d\u6cd5\u72ec\u7acb\u884c\u4f7f\u5728\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u884c\u4f7f\u5ba1\u5224\u6743\uff0c\u5176\u5ba1\u5224\u4e1a\u52a1\u5f52\u5c71\u4e1c\u7701\u9ad8\u7ea7\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662<\/a>\u76d1\u7763\u6307\u5bfc\uff0c\u5bf9\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u4eba\u6c11\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a\u53ca\u5176\u5e38\u52a1\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u62a5\u544a\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u73b0\u4efb\u9662\u957f\u4e3a\u5f20\u6b63\u667a<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u4eba\u6c11\u68c0\u5bdf\u9662<\/a>\u662f\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u4fdd\u8bc1\u5baa\u6cd5<\/a>\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b<\/a>\u7edf\u4e00\u5b9e\u65bd\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u76d1\u7763\u673a\u5173\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f9d\u6cd5\u72ec\u7acb\u884c\u4f7f\u5728\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u884c\u4f7f\u68c0\u5bdf\u6743\uff0c\u5176\u68c0\u5bdf\u5de5\u4f5c\u5f52\u5c71\u4e1c\u7701\u4eba\u6c11\u68c0\u5bdf\u9662<\/a>\u9886\u5bfc\uff0c\u5bf9\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u4eba\u6c11\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a\u53ca\u5176\u5e38\u52a1\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u62a5\u544a\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u73b0\u4efb\u68c0\u5bdf\u957f\u4e3a\u6bb5\u8fde\u624d<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u6d77\u4e8b\u6cd5\u9662<\/a>\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u6d77\u4e8b\u4e13\u95e8\u5ba1\u5224\u673a\u5173\uff0c\u4e3a\u9996\u6279\u8bbe\u7acb\u7684\u5168\u56fd\u516d\u4e2a\u6d77\u4e8b\u6cd5\u9662\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u7ba1\u8f96\u5c71\u4e1c\u6cbf\u6d77\u6d77\u5cb8\u53ca\u5176\u5ef6\u4f38\u6d77\u57df\u3001\u6d77\u5c9b<\/a>\u53ca\u5c71\u4e1c\u534a\u5c9b<\/a>\u6cbf\u6d77\u6240\u6709\u6e2f\u53e3<\/a>\uff0c\u4e13\u95e8\u53d7\u7406\u4e00\u5ba1\u6d77\u4e8b<\/a>\u6d77\u5546\u548c\u6d77\u4e8b\u884c\u653f\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u4e0e\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u4e2d\u7ea7\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662\u540c\u7ea7\uff0c\u5176\u4e0a\u8bc9\u5ba1\u6cd5\u9662\u4e3a\u5c71\u4e1c\u7701\u9ad8\u7ea7\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c\u73b0\u4efb\u9662\u957f\u4e3a\u5434\u9526\u6807<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0b\u8bbe\u7684\u5e02\u53f8\u6cd5\u5c40\u3001\u516c\u5b89\u5c40\u3001\u76d1\u5bdf\u5c40\u548c\u6cd5\u5236\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\u4e3a\u5e02\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u7ba1\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u3001\u7ef4\u62a4\u516c\u5171\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u7eaa\u68c0\u76d1\u5bdf\u548c\u6cd5\u5236\u4e8b\u52a1\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u90e8\u95e8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe3-4\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

3.4 \u5730\u65b9\u7acb\u6cd5<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

1986\u5e7412\u6708\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u51b3\u5b9a\u5728\u9752\u5c9b\u7b49\u5f53\u65f6\u76848\u4e2a\u8ba1\u5212\u5355\u5217\u5e02<\/a>\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u6cd5\u5236\u5efa\u8bbe\u8bd5\u70b9\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u81f3\u6b64\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u5f00\u59cb\u4eab\u6709\u5730\u65b9\u7acb\u6cd5\u6743\u3002\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u4eba\u5927\u5e38\u59d4\u4f1a\u53d1\u5e03\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u5730\u65b9\u6027\u6cd5\u89c4\u5236\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u300b\uff0c\u5bf9\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u5730\u65b9\u6027\u7acb\u6cd5\u7684\u5236\u5b9a\u8303\u56f4\u3001\u8d77\u8349\uff0c\u8bae\u6848\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\u548c\u5ba1\u8bae\uff0c\u5730\u65b9\u6027\u6cd5\u89c4\u7684\u901a\u8fc7\u548c\u516c\u5e03\u7b49\u505a\u51fa\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u7acb\u6cd5\u7531\u5e02\u4eba\u5927\u5e38\u59d4\u4f1a\u4f1a\u8bae\u5ba1\u8bae\u901a\u8fc7\uff0c\u7ecf\u62a5\u9001\u5c71\u4e1c\u7701\u4eba\u5927\u5e38\u59d4\u4f1a\u6279\u51c6\u540e\u65bd\u884c\u3002\u5e02\u4eba\u5927\u5e38\u59d4\u4f1a\u5728\u5236\u5b9a\u5730\u65b9\u6027\u6cd5\u89c4\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd8\u9700\u6e05\u7406\u8fc7\u53bb\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u6027\u6cd5\u89c4\uff0c\u53ca\u65f6\u4fee\u6539\u6216\u5e9f\u9664\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e0e\u4e0a\u4f4d\u6cd5\u76f8\u8fdd\u80cc\u548c\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u518d\u9002\u5e94\u5730\u65b9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u793e\u4f1a\u53d1\u5c55\u9700\u8981\u7684\u6cd5\u89c4\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. \u5730\u7406 | Geography<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u56fe4-1\u81f34-3\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

4.1 \u4f4d\u7f6e\u8303\u56f4<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u4f4d\u4e8e\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b<\/a>\u9ec4\u6d77<\/a>\u897f\u5cb8\uff0c\u4e0e\u671d\u9c9c<\/a>\u3001\u97e9\u56fd<\/a>\u3001\u65e5\u672c<\/a>\u9694\u6d77\u76f8\u671b\u3002\u5730\u57df\u8303\u56f4\u4e3a\u4e1c\u7ecf<\/a>119\u00b030\u2032\uff0d121\u00b000\u2032\uff0c\u5317\u7eac<\/a>35\u00b035\u2032\uff0d37\u00b009\u2032\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u4e1c\u7ecf120\u00b0\u7ecf\u7ebf<\/a>\u7a7f\u8fc7\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e<\/a>\u897f\u5cb8\u8f96\u533a\uff0c\u5168\u90e8\u5904\u4e8e\u56fd\u9645\u65f6\u533a<\/a>\u7684\u4e1c\u516b\u533a<\/a>\u5185\u3002\u5168\u5e02\u9646\u57df\u9762\u79ef\u7ea6\u4e3a11 282 km\u00b2<\/a>\uff0c\u6d77\u57df\u9762\u79ef\u7ea6\u4e3a12,240 km\u00b2[\u53c293]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u4e0e\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u9646\u4e0a\u76f8\u90bb\u7684\u7686\u4e3a\u5c71\u4e1c\u7701<\/a>\u8f96\u5e02\uff1a\u4e1c\u5317\u90e8\u6bd7\u90bb\u70df\u53f0\u5e02<\/a>\u3001\u897f\u90e8\u7d27\u9760\u6f4d\u574a\u5e02<\/a>\u3001\u897f\u5357\u90e8\u8fde\u63a5\u65e5\u7167\u5e02<\/a>\uff1b\u6d77\u4e0a\u5357\u9694\u6d77\u5dde\u6e7e<\/a>\u4e0e\u6c5f\u82cf\u7701<\/a>\u8fde\u4e91\u6e2f\u5e02<\/a>\u76f8\u5bf9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.2 \u5730\u8d28\u6784\u9020<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u5730\u5904\u201c\u4e2d\u671d\u51c6\u5730\u53f0\uff08\u534e\u5317\u5730\u53f0\uff09[\u4e00\u7ea7\u6784\u9020\u5355\u5143]<\/sup>\u201d\uff0d\u201c\u80f6\u8fbd\u9686\u8d77\u533a\uff08\u9c81\u4e1c\u5730\u76fe\uff09[\u4e8c\u7ea7\u6784\u9020\u5355\u5143]<\/sup>\u201d\uff0d\u201c\u80f6\u5317\u53f0\u62f1\u3001\u80f6\u83b1\u5773\u9677\u548c\u80f6\u5357\u9686\u8d77[\u4e09\u7ea7\u6784\u9020\u5355\u5143]<\/sup>\u201d\u7684\u90bb\u63a5\u90e8\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u6c82\u6cad\u548c\u54cd\u6c34\u53e3\uff0d\u5343\u91cc\u5ca9\u6df1\u65ad\u88c2\u5e26\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002\u672c\u5355\u5143\u533a\u5185\u7f3a\u5931\u6574\u4e2a\u53e4\u751f\u754c\u5730\u5c42\u53ca\u90e8\u5206\u4e2d\u751f\u754c\u5730\u5c42\uff0c\u4f46\u767d\u57a9\u7cfb<\/a>\u9752\u5c71<\/a>\u7ec4<\/a>\u55b7\u51fa\u5ca9<\/a>\u5c42\u53d1\u80b2\u5145\u5206\uff0c\u51fa\u9732\u5e7f\u6cdb\u3002\u5730\u8d28\u6f14\u5316\u6700\u5267\u70c8\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u4e3a\u4e2d\u751f\u4ee3\u71d5\u5c71\u665a\u671f\uff0c\u65ad\u88c2\u3001\u5ca9\u6d46\u6d3b\u52a8\u5267\u70c8\uff1b\u65b0\u751f\u4ee3\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u6784\u9020\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e0e\u665a\u4e2d\u751f\u4ee3\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u4f46\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u5f3a\u5ea6\u76f8\u5bf9\u51cf\u5f31\u3002\u706b\u6210\u5ca9<\/a>\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5143\u53e4\u5b99<\/a>\u80f6\u5357\u671f\u6708\u5b63\u5c71\u5f0f\u7247\u9ebb\u72b6\u82b1\u5c97\u5ca9<\/a>\u53ca\u4e2d\u751f\u4ee3<\/a>\u71d5\u5c71\u665a\u671f\u7684\u827e\u5c71\u5f0f\u82b1\u5c97\u95ea\u957f\u5ca9<\/a>\u548c\u5d02\u5c71<\/a>\u5f0f\u82b1\u5c97\u5ca9\uff0c\u5e02\u4e2d\u5fc3\u533a\u5168\u90e8\u5750\u843d\u4e8e\u8be5\u7c7b\u82b1\u5c97\u5ca9\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u5efa\u7b51\u5730\u57fa\u6761\u4ef6\u4f18\u826f\u3002\u672c\u5355\u5143\u533a\u4ee5\u65ad\u88c2\u6784\u9020\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u53e4\u8fd1\u7eaa<\/a>\u4ee5\u6765\u4ee5\u6574\u4f53\u6027\u8f83\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u65ad\u5757\u9686\u8d77\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u4e0a\u5347\u5e45\u5ea6\u4e00\u822c\u4e0d\u5927\u3002[\u53c294]<\/a>[\u53c295]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.3 \u5730\u5f62\u4e0e\u5730\u8c8c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u5730\u52bf<\/a>\u4e1c\u9ad8\u897f\u4f4e\u3001\u5357\u5317\u9686\u8d77\u3001\u4e2d\u90e8\u4f4e\u5e73\uff0c\u5448\u51f9\u5b57\u5f62\u3002\u5c71\u5730<\/a>\u7ea6\u5360\u603b\u9762\u79ef\u768415.5\u00a0%\uff08\u4e3b\u57ce\u533a\u5171\u670937\u4e2a\u81ea\u7136\u5c71\u5730\uff0c\u5360\u5730\u7ea639 km\u00b2\uff09\uff0c\u4e18\u9675\u536025.1\u00a0%\uff0c\u5e73\u539f<\/a>\u536037.7\u00a0%\uff0c\u6d3c\u5730<\/a>\u536021.7\u00a0%\u3002\u5206\u51fa\u660e\u663e\u76843\u4e2a\u5730\u5f62\u533a\uff1a\u5357\u90e8\u5265\u8680\u4e2d\u4f4e\u5c71\u4e18\u9675\u533a[\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\u8bf4\u9752\u5c9b\u4e3a\u6d77\u6ee8\u4e18\u9675\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u6307\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u533a\u57df]<\/sup>\u3001\u5317\u90e8\u5265\u8680\u4f4e\u5c71\u4e18\u9675\u533a\u548c\u4e2d\u90e8\u80f6\u83b1\u5e73\u539f\u533a\u3002\u8fd93\u4e2a\u5730\u5f62\u533a\u57fa\u672c\u4e0e3\u4e2a\u5730\u8d28\u4e09\u7ea7\u6784\u9020\u5355\u5143\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94\u3002[\u53c296]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The city has a 730.64-kilometer (454.00\u00a0mi)-long coastline. Five significant rivers exceeding 50 kilometers (31\u00a0mi) in length can be found in the region.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8be5\u5e02\u62e5\u6709\u957f\u8fbe730.64\u516c\u91cc\uff08454\u82f1\u91cc\uff09\u7684\u6d77\u5cb8\u7ebf\u3002\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u6709\u4e94\u6761\u4e3b\u8981\u6cb3\u6d41\uff0c\u957f\u5ea6\u5747\u8d85\u8fc750\u516c\u91cc\uff0831\u82f1\u91cc\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.4 \u6c14\u5019 | Climate<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u6c14\u5019\u6e29\u548c\u3001\u56db\u5b63\u5206\u660e\u3001\u53d7\u5b63\u98ce<\/a>\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5904\u4e8e\u526f\u70ed\u5e26\u6e7f\u6da6\u6c14\u5019<\/a>\u5230\u6e29\u5e26\u5927\u9646\u6027\u6e7f\u6da6\u6c14\u5019<\/a>\u7684\u8fc7\u6e21\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u4f46\u524d\u8005\u66f4\u663e\u8457\u3002\u51ac\u5b63\u5e72\u51b7\u591a\u98ce\uff0c\u590f\u5b63\u6e7f\u70ed\u4f46\u7f55\u89c1\u9177\u6691\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u662f\u4e34\u6d77\u534a\u5c9b\uff0c\u6625\u5b63\u6bd4\u4e2d\u56fd\u540c\u7eac\u5ea6\u5185\u9646\u5730\u533a\u665a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6708\u3002\u5e74\u65e5\u8f83\u5dee<\/a>\u53ea\u67096.3 \u00b0C<\/a>\uff0c\u79cb\u5b63\u6bd4\u4e2d\u56fd\u540c\u7eac\u5ea6\u5185\u9646\u66f4\u6e29\u548c\u3002[\u53c297]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u5904\u4e8e\u5317\u6e29\u5e26<\/a>\u4e1c\u4e9a\u5b63\u98ce\u533a<\/a>\uff0c\u5c5e\u6696\u6e29\u5e26\u5b63\u98ce\u6c14\u5019<\/a>\uff0c\u5e02\u533a\u6c14\u5019\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7279\u70b9\u662f\u201c\u7a7a\u6c14\u6e7f\u6da6\u3001\u96e8\u91cf\u5145\u6c9b\u3001\u6e29\u5ea6\u9002\u4e2d\u3001\u56db\u5b63\u5206\u660e\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u56db\u5b63\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u201c\u6625\u8fdf\u3001\u590f\u51c9\u3001\u79cb\u723d\u3001\u51ac\u957f\u201d\u3002\u6c14\u6e29\u5e74\u8f83\u5dee\u5c0f\uff0c\u6781\u7aef\u6e29\u5ea6\u548c\u7f13\u3002\u590f\u534a\u5e74\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b<\/a>\u7684\u4e1c\u5357\u5b63\u98ce<\/a>\u5e26\u6765\u5927\u91cf\u6696\u6e7f\u7a7a\u6c14\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u9752\u5c9b\u96e8\u70ed\u540c\u5b63\uff0c\u6c14\u5019\u6e7f\u70ed\u800c\u591a\u96e8\uff0c\u5448\u73b0\u4e3a\u6d77\u6d0b\u6027<\/a>\u6c14\u5019\u7279\u70b9\uff1b\u51ac\u534a\u5e74\uff0c\u5b63\u98ce\u81ea\u6b27\u4e9a\u5927\u9646<\/a>\u5439\u6765\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5728\u51b7\u9ad8\u538b\u6c14\u56e2\u63a7\u5236\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u6c14\u5019\u5e72\u71e5\u3001\u6e29\u5ea6\u504f\u4f4e\uff0c\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u5927\u9646\u6027<\/a>\u6c14\u5019\u7279\u70b9\u3002\u6d77\u6d0b\u5bf9\u9752\u5c9b\u6c14\u5019\u7684\u8c03\u8282\u4e3b\u8981\u6e90\u4e8e\u57ce\u533a\u8ddd\u6d77\u8f83\u8fd1\u548c\u6cbf\u6d77\u5c71\u5730\u8d70\u5411\u4e0e\u5b63\u98ce\u65b9\u5411\u5782\u76f4\u3002\u4ece\u6c14\u5019\u7279\u70b9\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5149\u70ed\u6c34\u914d\u6bd4\u534f\u8c03\u540c\u671f\uff0c\u6709\u6548\u6027\u5927\u3001\u53ef\u5229\u7528\u7a0b\u5ea6\u9ad8\uff0c\u5e74\u5e73\u5747\u65e0\u971c\u671f\u4e3a203\u5929\u3002\u5883\u5185\u5927\u6c14\u5019\u5dee\u5f02\u5c0f\uff0c\u5c0f\u6c14\u5019\u5dee\u5f02\u5927\uff08\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u662f\u5426\u9760\u6d77\u548c\u662f\u4f55\u79cd\u5730\u5f62\uff09\u3002\u5e72\u65f1<\/a>\uff08\u4ee5\u6625\u65f1\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff09\u4e3a\u9752\u5c9b\u6700\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u707e\u5bb3<\/a>\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u5219\u4e3a\u5076\u5c14\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u51b0\u96f9<\/a>\u3001\u5927\u98ce<\/a>\u3001\u66b4\u96e8<\/a>\u548c\u96f7\u7535<\/a>\u3002[\u53c298]<\/a><\/sup>[\u53c299]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u636e1898\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u6c14\u8c61\u8d44\u6599\u67e5\u8003\uff0c\u5e02\u533a\u5e74\u5e73\u5747\u6c14\u6e2912.7 \u00b0C\uff0c\u5168\u5e02\u6781\u7aef\u6700\u9ad8\u6c14\u6e2941.0 \u00b0C\uff082002\u5e747\u670815\u65e5\uff0c\u80f6\u5357\uff09\uff0c\u6781\u7aef\u6700\u4f4e\u6c14\u6e29-21.1 \u00b0C\uff081981\u5e741\u670827\u65e5\uff0c\u83b1\u897f\uff09\u3002\u5e02\u533a\u6781\u7aef\u6700\u9ad8\u6c14\u6e2938.9 \u00b0C\uff082002\u5e747\u670815\u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u5e02\u533a\u6781\u7aef\u6700\u4f4e\u6c14\u6e29-16.9 \u00b0C\uff081931\u5e741\u670810\u65e5\uff09\u3002\u5168\u5e748\u6708\u4efd\u6700\u70ed\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u6c14\u6e2925.3 \u00b0C\uff1b1\u6708\u4efd\u6700\u51b7\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u6c14\u6e29-0.5 \u00b0C\u3002\u65e5\u6700\u9ad8\u6c14\u6e29\u9ad8\u4e8e30 \u00b0C\u7684\u65e5\u6570\uff0c\u5e74\u5e73\u5747\u4e3a11.4\u5929\uff1b\u65e5\u6700\u4f4e\u6c14\u6e29\u4f4e\u4e8e-5 \u00b0C\u7684\u65e5\u6570\uff0c\u5e74\u5e73\u5747\u4e3a22\u5929\u3002\u964d\u6c34\u91cf\u5e74\u5e73\u5747\u4e3a662.1 mm<\/a>\uff0c\u6625\u3001\u590f\u3001\u79cb\u3001\u51ac\u56db\u5b63\u96e8\u91cf\u5206\u522b\u5360\u5168\u5e74\u964d\u6c34\u91cf\u768417 %\u300157 %\u300121 %\u30015 %\u3002\u5e74\u964d\u6c34\u91cf\u6700\u591a\u4e3a1,272.7 mm\uff081911\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u6700\u5c11\u4ec5308.2 mm\uff081981\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u964d\u6c34\u7684\u5e74\u53d8\u7387\u4e3a62%\u3002\u5e74\u5e73\u5747\u964d\u96ea\u65e5\u6570\u53ea\u670910\u5929\u3002\u5e74\u5e73\u5747\u98ce\u901f\u4e3a5.2m\/s<\/a>\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e1c\u5357\u98ce\u4e3a\u4e3b\u5bfc\u98ce\u5411\u3002\u5e74\u5e73\u5747\u6c14\u538b<\/a>\u4e3a100.86kPa<\/a>\u3002\u5e74\u5e73\u5747\u76f8\u5bf9\u6e7f\u5ea6\u4e3a73%\uff0c7\u6708\u4efd\u6700\u9ad8\uff0c\u4e3a89%\uff1b12\u6708\u4efd\u6700\u4f4e\uff0c\u4e3a68%\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u9ec4\u6d77\u6c34\u56e2\u548c\u98ce\u5411\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u591a\u5e73\u6d41\u96fe<\/a>\uff0c\u5e74\u5747\u96fe\u65e550\u4f59\u5929\uff0c\u6700\u5c1130\u4f59\u5929\uff0c\u6700\u591a90\u4f59\u5929\uff1b\u6708\u5e73\u5747\u6e7f\u5ea672%\u3002[\u53c2100]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.5 \u6c34\u6587<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u56fe4-4\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u5730\u8868\u6c34\u5b8c\u5168\u53d7\u5927\u6c14\u964d\u6c34\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u5c11\u90e8\u5206\u6e17\u5165\u5730\u4e0b\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6c47\u96c6\u5165\u6cb3\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u5730\u9762\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5730\u5f62\u5236\u7ea6\uff0c\u6cb3\u6d41\u591a\u4e3a\u72ec\u6d41\u5165\u6d77\u7684\u5c71\u6eaa\u6027\u5c0f\u6cb3\u3002\u5168\u5e02\u5171\u6709\u6cb3\u6d41<\/a>224\u6761\uff0c\u5747\u4e3a\u5b63\u98ce\u533a\u96e8\u6e90\u578b\uff0c\u6d41\u57df\u9762\u79ef<\/a>\u5728100 km\u00b2\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u8f83\u5927\u6cb3\u6d4133\u6761\uff0c\u5206\u4e3a\u5927\u6cbd\u6cb3<\/a>\u3001\u5317\u80f6\u83b1\u6cb3<\/a>\u4ee5\u53ca\u6cbf\u6d77\u8bf8\u6cb3\u4e09\u5927\u6c34\u7cfb\u3002[\u53c2105]<\/a><\/sup>\u5e02\u533a\u603b\u6d41\u57df\u9762\u79ef\u7ea6194 km\u00b2\uff0c\u5206\u4e3a\u56e2\u5c9b\u6d41\u57df[\u53d1\u6e90\u4e8e\u5d02\u5c71\u533a\u6d6e\u5c71\u897f\u5317\u9e93\uff0c\u5411\u897f\u7ecf\u5e02\u5317\u533a\u6d41\u5165\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\uff0c\u4e3b\u6cb3\u9053\u5168\u957f7.8 km\uff0c\u6d41\u57df\u9762\u79ef\u7ea627 km\u00b2]<\/sup>\u3001\u9ea6\u5c9b\u6d41\u57df[\u53d1\u6e90\u4e8e\u5d02\u5c71\u533a\u6d6e\u5c71\u897f\u5317\u9e93\uff0c\u5411\u897f\u7ecf\u5e02\u5317\u533a\u6d41\u5165\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\uff0c\u4e3b\u6cb3\u9053\u5168\u957f7.8 km\uff0c\u6d41\u57df\u9762\u79ef\u7ea627 km\u00b2]<\/sup>\u3001\u6d77\u6cca\u6cb3\u6d41\u57df[\u53d1\u6e90\u4e8e\u5d02\u5c71\u533a\u6d6e\u5c71\u897f\u5317\u9e93\uff0c\u5411\u897f\u7ecf\u5e02\u5317\u533a\u6d41\u5165\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\uff0c\u4e3b\u6cb3\u9053\u5168\u957f7.8 km\uff0c\u6d41\u57df\u9762\u79ef\u7ea627 km\u00b2]<\/sup>\u3001\u674e\u6751\u6cb3\u6d41\u57df[\u53d1\u6e90\u4e8e\u674e\u6ca7\u533a\u6bd5\u5bb6\u4e0a\u6d41\u6c34\u5e93\uff0c\u7ecf\u674e\u6ca7\u4e1c\u90e8\u3001\u674e\u6751\u5546\u5708\uff0c\u5728\u960e\u5bb6\u5c71\u5904\u4e0e\u5f20\u6751\u6cb3\u6c47\u6d41\uff0c\u6d41\u5165\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\uff0c\u4e3b\u6cb3\u9053\u5168\u957f\u7ea616.7 km\uff0c\u6d41\u57df\u9762\u79ef137 km\u00b2]<\/sup>\u548c\u697c\u5c71[\u201c\u697c\u5c71\u201d\u53c8\u4f5c\u201c\u5a04\u5c71\u201d\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7edf\u4e00\u4f5c\u201c\u697c\u5c71\u201d]<\/sup>\u6cb3\u6d41\u57df[\u5305\u62ec\u697c\u5c71\u540e\u6cb3\u3001\u697c\u5c71\u6cb3\u3001\u5218\u5bb6\u5b8b\u54e5\u5e84\u6cb3\u4e09\u6761\u6cb3\u6d41\uff0c\u603b\u957f\u5ea6\u7ea614.8 km\uff0c\u6d41\u57df\u9762\u79ef30 km\u00b2]<\/sup>\u7b49\u4e94\u5927\u6d41\u57df\uff0c\u753124\u6761\u4e3b\u8981\u6cb3\u9053\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u6cb3\u9053\u603b\u957f\u5ea6\u7ea6100 km\uff08\u5176\u4e2d\u4e3b\u57ce\u533a83 km\uff09[\u53c2106]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u4f4d\u4e8e\u83b1\u897f\u7684\u4ea7\u829d\u6c34\u5e93<\/a>\uff08\u83b1\u897f\u6e56\uff09\u4e3a\u9752\u5c9b\u6700\u5927\u7684\u6c34\u5e93<\/a>\uff0c\u5e93\u5bb9\u7ea64\u4ebf m\u00b3<\/a>\uff1b\u800c\u5e02\u533a\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u6c34\u6e90\u5730\u5219\u4e3a\u5f15\u9ec4\u6d4e\u9752<\/a>\u7684\u68d8\u6d2a\u6ee9\u6c34\u5e93<\/a>\uff08\u5e93\u5bb9\u7ea61.5\u4ebf m\u00b3\uff09\uff0c\u53e6\u5916\u5d02\u5c71\u6c34\u5e93<\/a>\uff08\u6708\u5b50\u53e3\u6c34\u5e93\uff0c\u5e93\u5bb9\u7ea60.56\u4ebf m\u00b3\uff09\u4e5f\u662f\u9752\u5c9b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6de1\u6c34\u6c34\u6e90[\u53c2107]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.6 \u571f\u58e4\u4e0e\u690d\u88ab<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u56fe4-5\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u5171\u6709\u571f\u58e4<\/a>8 255 km\u00b2\uff0c\u5360\u571f\u5730\u603b\u9762\u79ef\u768474.35\u00a0%\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8015\u5730<\/a>4 988 km\u00b2\uff0c\u6797\u5730<\/a>1 353 km\u00b2\uff0c\u8352\u5c71\u8352\u5730722 km\u00b2\u3002\u571f\u58e4\u7684\u4e3b\u5bfc\u6210\u571f\u65b9\u5411\u4e3a\u6dcb\u6eb6\u578b\u7684\u68d5\u58e4\u5730\u5e26\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u67098\u5927\u4e3b\u8981\u571f\u7c7b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u67095\u7c7b\uff0c\u5373\u68d5\u58e4<\/a>59.8\u00a0%\u3001\u7802\u59dc\u9ed1\u571f<\/a>21.42\u00a0%\u3001\u6f6e\u571f<\/a>17.55\u00a0%\u3001\u8910\u571f<\/a>0.77 %\u548c\u76d0\u571f<\/a>0.44\u00a0%[\u6309\u5168\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u571f\u58e4\u666e\u67e5\u571f\u5730\u5206\u7c7b\u7cfb\u7edf\u5206\u7c7b]<\/sup>\uff0c\u4e9a\u7c7b16\u4e2a\uff0c\u571f\u5c5e29\u4e2a\uff0c\u571f\u79cd51\u4e2a\u3002[\u53c2108]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u96b6\u5c5e\u6cdb\u5317\u6781\u690d\u7269\u533a\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0d\u65e5\u672c\u68ee\u6797\u690d\u7269\u4e9a\u533a\u534e\u5317\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u5904\u4e8e\u6696\u6e29\u5e26\u6e7f\u6da6\u843d\u53f6\u9614\u53f6\u6797\u751f\u7269\u6c14\u5019\u533a\u57df\u3001\u6696\u6e29\u5e26\u843d\u53f6\u9614\u53f6\u6797\u5730\u5e26\u3001\u6696\u6e29\u5e26\u5357\u90e8\u843d\u53f6\u680e\u6797\u4e9a\u5730\u5e26\u3001\u80f6\u4e1c\u4e18\u9675\u683d\u57f9\u690d\u88ab\u8d64\u677e\u9ebb\u680e\u6797\u533a\u3002\u690d\u88ab\u53ef\u88ab\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u843d\u53f6\u9614\u53f6\u6797<\/a>\u3001\u9488\u53f6\u6797<\/a>\u3001\u7af9\u6797<\/a>\u3001\u704c\u4e1b\u3001\u704c\u8349\u4e1b\u3001\u8349\u7538\u3001\u6cbc\u6cfd\u3001\u6c99\u751f\u690d\u88ab\u3001\u76d0\u751f\u690d\u88ab\u3001\u6c34\u751f\u690d\u88ab\u7b4911\u4e2a\u7c7b\u578b33\u4e2a\u7fa4\u7cfb\u7ec475\u4e2a\u7fa4\u7cfb\u3002\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u539f\u751f\u690d\u88ab\u5df2\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u6240\u89c1\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u690d\u88ab\u5747\u4e3a\u6b21\u751f<\/em>\uff0c\u68ee\u6797\u8d44\u6e90\u5305\u62ec\u5929\u7136\u548c\u4eba\u5de5\u6b21\u751f\u6797\uff0c\u5e7c\u3001\u4e2d\u9f84\u6797\u8f83\u591a\u3002\u5168\u5e02\u68ee\u6797<\/a>\u603b\u84c4\u79ef\u91cf\u7ea6\u4e3a420\u4e07 m\u00b3\uff0c\u68ee\u6797\u8986\u76d6\u7387\u7ea627 %\uff1b\u690d\u88ab\u9762\u79ef\u7ea67 846 km\u00b2\uff0c\u690d\u88ab\u603b\u8986\u76d6\u7387\u7ea673.6 %\u3002\u690d\u7269\u79cd\u7c7b\u8d44\u6e90\u8fbe152\u79d1654\u5c5e1237\u79cd\uff08\u53d8\u79cd\uff09\u3002\u53d1\u73b0\u6709\u9752\u5c9b\u767e\u5408<\/a>\u3001\u9752\u5c9b\u8001\u9e73\u8349<\/a>\u3001\u9752\u5c9b\u536b\u8305<\/a>\u3001\u9752\u5c9b\u85b9\u8349<\/a>\u3001\u9752\u5c9b\u85e8\u8349<\/a>\u3001\u9752\u5c9b\u8010\u51ac<\/a>\u7b495\u79cd\u4ee5\u9752\u5c9b\u51a0\u540d\u7684\u7279\u6709\u73cd\u7a00\u690d\u7269\u3002[\u53c2109]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.7 \u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u56fe4-6\u548c4-7\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u5728\u810a\u690e\u52a8\u7269<\/a>\u5730\u7406\u5206\u5e03\u533a\u5212\u4e0a\u96b6\u5c5e\u53e4\u5317\u754c\u534e\u5317\u533a\u9ec4\u6dee\u5e73\u539f\u4e9a\u533a\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u6c14\u5019\u9002\u5b9c\uff0c\u690d\u88ab\u751f\u957f\u826f\u597d\uff0c\u9002\u5b9c\u52a8\u7269\u6816\u606f\u7e41\u884d\uff0c\u4f46\u4ee5\u5c0f\u578b\u52a8\u7269\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u5927\u578b\u517d\u7c7b\u8f83\u5c11\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u4e3a\u54fa\u4e73\u7c7b<\/a>\u3001\u4e24\u6816\u7c7b<\/a>\u3001\u722c\u884c\u7c7b<\/a>\u548c\u9e1f\u7c7b<\/a>\u3002\u6709\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e00\u7ea7\u91cd\u70b9\u4fdd\u62a4\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269<\/a>52\u79cd\uff0c\u53e6\u6709\u767d\u6c99\u6cb3<\/a>\u4ed9\u80ce\u9c7c<\/a>\u7b49\u7279\u6709\u73cd\u7a00\u52a8\u7269\u3002[\u53c2110]<\/a><\/sup>\u5176\u4e2d\u9e1f\u7c7b\u8d44\u6e90\u4e30\u5bcc\uff0c\u5883\u5185\u622a\u81f32016\u5e744\u6708\u5df2\u8bb0\u5f55\u6709\u9e1f\u7c7b\u4e3b\u8981\u5305\u62ec\u6e38\u79bd<\/a>\u3001\u6d89\u79bd<\/a>\u3001\u9646\u79bd<\/a>\u3001\u731b\u79bd<\/a>\u3001\u6500\u79bd<\/a>\u53ca\u9e23\u79bd<\/a>\u7b496\u5927\u7c7b19\u76ee58\u79d1114\u5c5e391\u79cd\uff0c\u5360\u5168\u56fd1 458\u79cd\u9e1f\u7c7b\u768426.8\u00a0%\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\u6e7f\u5730\u7684\u9e1f\u7c7b\u4e3a160\u79cd\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e00\u7ea7\u4fdd\u62a4\u73cd\u79bd11\u79cd[\u53c2111]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.8 \u975e\u751f\u7269\u8d44\u6e90<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u56fe4-8\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u8fc4\u4eca\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u5404\u7c7b\u77ff\u4ea7<\/a>66\u79cd\uff0c\u591a\u4e3a\u975e\u91d1\u5c5e\u77ff<\/a>\uff0c\u591a\u5206\u5e03\u4e8e\u6cbf\u6d77\u3002\u5df2\u88ab\u5f00\u53d1\u5229\u7528\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u77ff\u4ea7\u8d44\u6e90\u6709\u77f3\u58a8<\/a>\u3001\u8424\u77f3<\/a>\u3001\u6cb8\u77f3<\/a>\u3001\u6ed1\u77f3<\/a>\u3001\u900f\u8f89\u77f3<\/a>\u3001\u73cd\u73e0\u5ca9<\/a>\u3001\u9970\u6750\u82b1\u5c97\u5ca9<\/a>\u3001\u9970\u6750\u5927\u7406\u77f3<\/a>\u3001\u91cd\u6676\u77f3<\/a>\u3001\u86c7\u7eb9\u5ca9<\/a>\u7b4930\u591a\u79cd\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u77f3\u58a8\u5f00\u91c7\u8f83\u591a\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5206\u5e03\u4e8e\u5e73\u5ea6\u3001\u83b1\u897f\u548c\u9ec4\u5c9b\uff1b\u82b1\u5c97\u5ca9\u8d28\u5730\u4f18\u826f\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5206\u5e03\u4e8e\u5d02\u5c71<\/a>\u3001\u5e73\u5ea6\u3001\u5373\u58a8\u548c\u9ec4\u5c9b<\/a>\u3002\u91d1\u5c5e\u77ff\u4ee5\u91d1<\/a>\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u5e73\u5ea6\u5206\u5e03\u8f83\u591a\uff0c\u5176\u6b21\u662f\u94c1<\/a>\u3002[\u53c2112]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u70ed\u80fd<\/a>\u8d44\u6e90\u4e30\u5bcc\uff0c\u5927\u4e8e\u6216\u7b49\u4e8e0 \u00b0C\u79ef\u6e29\u591a\u5e74\u5e73\u5747\u4e3a4 539.1 \u00b0C\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u65e5\u6570206.4 d\uff0c\u6ee1\u8db3\u591a\u6570\u519c\u4f5c\u7269\u7684\u751f\u957f\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u533a\uff08\u5982\u5d02\u5c71\uff09\u9002\u5b9c\u8336\u3001\u7af9\u7b49\u4e9a\u70ed\u5e26<\/a>\u690d\u7269\u683d\u57f9\u3002\u5149\u80fd<\/a>\u548c\u98ce\u80fd<\/a>\u8d44\u6e90\u8f83\u4e30\u5bcc\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u6f5c\u529b\u5927\uff1a\u5168\u5e74\u592a\u9633\u8f90\u5c04<\/a>\u603b\u91cf\u5927\u4e8e500 kJ<\/a>\/cm\u00b2<\/a>\uff0c\u5e74\u5e73\u5747\u65e5\u7167<\/a>\u65f6\u65702 550.7 h<\/a>\uff0c\u65e5\u7167\u738758 %\uff1b\u6709\u6548\u98ce\u80fd\u5e74\u5e73\u5747\u65f6\u95f46 485 h\uff0c\u6709\u6548\u98ce\u80fd\u5bc6\u5ea6240.3 W<\/a>\/m\u00b2<\/a>\u3002[\u53c2113]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0b\u8fbe\u5e02\u7ea7\u63a7\u5236\u8303\u56f4\u754c\u7ebf\u5185\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5168\u5e02\u571f\u5730\u603b\u9762\u79ef11 281.996 3 km\u00b2\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff1a\u8015\u57305 350.315 8 km\u00b2\u3001\u57fa\u672c\u519c\u75304 804.042 2 km\u00b2\u3001\u8015\u5730\u540e\u5907\u8d44\u6e9081.293 3 km\u00b2\uff0c\u56ed\u5730395.816 9 km\u00b2\u3001\u6797\u57301 245.097 4 km\u00b2\u3001\u8349\u5730\uff08\u8352\u8349\u5730\uff09233.748 8 km\u00b2\uff0c\u57ce\u9547\u6751\u53ca\u5de5\u77ff\u7528\u57301 835.892 5 km\u00b2\u3001\u4ea4\u901a\u8fd0\u8f93\u7528\u5730537.809 5 km\u00b2\u3001\u6c34\u57df\u53ca\u6c34\u5229\u8bbe\u65bd\u7528\u57301 179.556 1 km\u00b2\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u571f\u5730503.759 3 km\u00b2\u3002\u5168\u5e02\u4eba\u5747\u8015\u5730\u7ea6700 m\u00b2\uff0c\u4f4e\u4e8e\u5168\u56fd\u4eba\u5747\u8015\u5730\u7ea61 010 m\u00b2\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u571f\u5730\u8d44\u6e90\u8f83\u4e3a\u7d27\u7f3a\u3002[\u53c2114]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u6de1\u6c34<\/a>\u8d44\u6e90\u532e\u4e4f\uff0c\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u5317\u65b9\u4e25\u91cd\u7f3a\u6c34\u57ce\u5e02\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u6bcf\u5e74\u5e73\u5747\u5f00\u91c7\u5730\u4e0b\u6c34<\/a>\u91cf\u8d85\u8fc76.5\u4ebf m\u00b3\uff0c\u534a\u6570\u7528\u4e8e\u519c\u4e1a\u704c\u6e89\uff0c\u5f00\u91c7\u8fc7\u5ea6\u3002\u591a\u5e74\u5e73\u5747\u5730\u8868\u6c34<\/a>\u8d44\u6e90\u91cf\u7ea6\u4e3a21.5\u4ebf m\u00b3\uff0c\u5730\u4e0b\u6c34<\/a>\u8d44\u6e90\u7ea6\u4e3a10\u4ebf m\u00b3\uff0c\u6263\u9664\u91cd\u590d\u91cf\u5171\u8ba1\u6c34\u8d44\u6e90\u603b\u91cf\u7ea6\u4e3a22\u4ebf m\u00b3\uff08\u5176\u4e2d\u53ef\u5229\u7528\u91cf\u7ea6\u4e3a13.69\u4ebf m\u00b3\uff09\u3002\u4eba\u5747\u5360\u6709\u6c34\u8d44\u6e90\u91cf247 m\u00b3\uff0c\u4e3a\u5168\u56fd\u5e73\u5747\u503c\u768411 %\uff0c\u4f4e\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u516c\u8ba4\u7684\u4eba\u5747500 m\u00b3\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u7f3a\u6c34\u6807\u51c6\u3002[\u53c2115]<\/a><\/sup>[\u53c2116]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. \u6d77\u6d0b<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u56fe5-1\u548c5-2\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

5.1 \u6d77\u6d0b\u5730\u8d28\u4e0e\u5730\u8c8c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u7ba1\u8f96\u6d77\u57df\u4e3a\u9ec4\u6d77<\/a>\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5357\u9ec4\u6d77\u5927\u9646\u67b6\u7684\u5343\u91cc\u5ca9\u9686\u8d77\u548c\u5317\u90e8\u51f9\u9677\uff0c\u6d77\u6d0b\u5730\u8d28\u590d\u6742\u3002\u81ea\u592a\u53e4\u4ee3<\/a>\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u957f\u671f\u5904\u4e8e\u7a33\u5b9a\u4e0a\u5347\u3001\u5265\u8680\u5937\u5e73\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u7f3a\u5931\u9707\u65e6\u4e9a\u754c\u3001\u53e4\u751f\u754c\u53ca\u4e2d\u751f\u754c\u4e09\u53e0\u7cfb\u5730\u5c42\u3002\u9752\u5c9b\u6d77\u6d0b\u5730\u8d28\u4e3b\u8981\u5305\u62ec\u7b2c\u56db\u7eaa<\/a>\u5730\u8d28\u4e0e\u5730\u5c42\u3001\u9ec4\u6d77\u7684\u57fa\u5e95\u4e0e\u76d6\u5c42\u3001\u8fd1\u6d77\u5e95\u8d28\u6c89\u79ef\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u7279\u5f81\u3001\u8fd1\u6d77\u5e95\u8d28\u7c7b\u578b\u53ca\u5206\u5e03\u3001\u8fd1\u5cb8\u5ca9\u77f3\u7b49\u3002[\u53c2117]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u6cbf\u6d77\u9646\u5730\u5730\u8c8c\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u662f\u7531\u5d02\u5c71<\/a>\u3001\u73e0\u5c71\u4e2d\u4f4e\u5c71\u4e18\u9675\u548c\u5373\u58a8\u5265\u8680\u5e73\u539f\u4e09\u4e2a\u5355\u5143\u6784\u6210\u3002\u6d77\u5e95\u5730\u5f62\u603b\u4f53\u4e0a\u662f\u5411\u4e1c\u5357\u503e\u659c\u3002\u6d77\u5cb8\u5730\u8c8c\u4e3b\u8981\u53d7\u6d77\u8680<\/a>\u548c\u6d77\u79ef<\/a>\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u6d77\u5e95\u5730\u8c8c\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8868\u73b0\u5f62\u6001\u6709\u6d77\u8680\u5730\u8c8c\u3001\u6d77\u79ef\u5730\u8c8c\u3001\u6c34\u4e0b\u5730\u8c8c\u548c\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32<\/a>\u5730\u8c8c4\u5927\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u6d77\u8680\u5730\u8c8c\u6709\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e<\/a>\u3001\u7405\u740a\u6e7e\u3001\u7ea2\u5c9b\u3001\u9ec4\u5c9b\u3001\u56e2\u5c9b\u3001\u6c47\u6cc9\u89d2\u7b49\u6cbf\u5cb8\u53ca\u6c34\u4e0b\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u6d77\u8680\u5e73\u53f0\u3001\u6d77\u8680\u5d16\u3001\u6d77\u8680\u6d1e\u53ca\u6c34\u4e0b\u4fb5\u8680\u69fd\u7b49\u3002\u6d77\u79ef\u5730\u8c8c\u4e3b\u8981\u5206\u5e03\u4e8e\u5404\u6e2f\u6e7e\u9876\u90e8\u3001\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\u5317\u90e8\u3001\u9ec4\u5c9b\u524d\u6e7e\u3001\u6d77\u897f\u6e7e\u7684\u8fd1\u5cb8\u6d45\u6c34\u533a\u3002\u6c34\u4e0b\u5730\u8c8c\u5728\u5404\u6e2f\u6e7e\u53e3\u95e8\u9644\u4ef6\u53ca\u8fd1\u6d77\u5747\u6709\u5206\u5e03\u3002\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32\u5730\u8c8c\u5728\u6cbf\u5cb8\u5404\u6cb3\u53e3\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\u53ef\u89c1\u5206\u5e03\u3002[\u53c2118]<\/a><\/sup>[\u53c2119]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u6d77\u5cb8\u5317\u8d77\u5373\u58a8<\/a>\u4e0e\u83b1\u9633<\/a>\u7684\u4e01\u5b57\u6e7e<\/a>\u83b2\u9634\u6cb3\u53e3\uff0c\u5357\u6b62\u9ec4\u5c9b<\/a>\u4e0e\u65e5\u7167<\/a>\u7684\u767d\u9a6c\u6cb3\u4e0e\u5409\u5229\u6cb3\u53e3[\u53c2120]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5927\u9646\u6d77\u5cb8\u7ebf<\/a>\u957f730.64 km\uff0c\u5360\u5168\u56fd\u76844\u00a0%\u3002\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u6d77\u6e7e<\/a>\u4f17\u591a\uff0c\u8f83\u5927\u768449\u4e2a\u6d77\u6e7e\u603b\u9762\u79ef1 369.13 km\u00b2[\u53c2121]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u73b0\u6709\u6d77\u5c9b<\/a>69\u4e2a[\u542b2010\u5e74\u5ba1\u8bae\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u300a\u9ec4\u5c9b\u533a\u6d77\u6d0b\u529f\u80fd\u533a\u5212\u300b\u4e2d\u7ecf\u6cd5\u56fd\u536b\u661f\u9065\u611f\u6d4b\u5b9a\u65b0\u589e\u76843\u4e2a\u5c9b\u5c7f\uff0c\u4e0d\u542b\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b8c\u5168\u8def\u8fde\u5931\u53bb\u5c9b\u5c7f\u5c5e\u6027\u76842\u4e2a\u5c9b\u5c7f][\u53c2122]<\/a>[\u53c2123]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u591a\u4ee5\u5c9b\u7fa4\u5f62\u5f0f\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u6d77\u5c9b\u603b\u9762\u79ef\u7ea6\u4e3a23 km\u00b2\uff0c\u5cb8\u7ebf\u603b\u957f\u4e3a140 km\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

5.2 \u6d77\u6d0b\u6c14\u8c61<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u6d77\u57df\u5904\u4e8e\u5178\u578b\u7684\u4e1c\u4e9a\u5b63\u98ce<\/a>\u6c14\u5019\u533a\uff0c\u5929\u6c14\u548c\u6c14\u5019\u53d7\u6d77\u9646\u4e92\u76f8\u5f71\u54cd\u800c\u5177\u6709\u5927\u9646\u6027\u548c\u6d77\u6d0b\u6027\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fc7\u6e21\u578b\u7279\u5f81\uff1a\u5e02\u4e2d\u5fc3\u533a\u57df\u6cbf\u6d77\u6c14\u6e29\u65e5\u8f83\u5dee\u4e3a7.6 \u00b0C<\/a>\uff0c\u8fd1\u6d77\u6f6e\u8fde\u5c9b<\/a>\u4ec54.6 \u00b0C\uff1b\u800c\u5185\u9646\u83b1\u897f<\/a>\u7684\u65e5\u8f83\u5dee\u8fbe\u523011.3 \u00b0C\u3002\u6d77\u6d0b\u70ed\u529b\u8c03\u8282\u81f4\u4f7f\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u6c14\u5019\u63a8\u8fdf\u7ea61\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4e14\u79cb\u6e29\u9ad8\u4e8e\u6625\u6e29\uff0c\u590f\u5b63\u65e0\u6781\u7aef\u6e29\u5ea6\uff0c\u5168\u5e74\u65e5\u5747\u6e29\u5927\u4e8e35 \u00b0C\u7684\u5929\u6570\u4ec5\u4e3a0.2 d<\/a>\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u6d77\u9762\u7c97\u7cd9\u5ea6\u4f4e\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u8fd1\u6d77\u5343\u91cc\u5ca9\u5c9b\u5730\u9762\u5e74\u5747\u98ce\u901f\u8fbe\u52307.4 m\/s<\/a>\uff0c\u8fdc\u5927\u4e8e\u5185\u9646\u3002\u6d77\u96fe\u3001\u53f0\u98ce<\/a>\u3001\u5bd2\u6f6e<\/a>\u3001\u5927\u98ce\u7b49\u6210\u4e3a\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u6d77\u6d0b\u6027\u707e\u5bb3\u5929\u6c14\u3002[\u53c2124]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.3 \u6d77\u6d0b\u6c34\u6587<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u56fe5-3\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

5.3.1 \u6c34\u6e29\u4e0e\u76d0\u5ea6<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u6d77\u57df\u53d7\u592a\u9633\u8f90\u5c04<\/a>\u3001\u6d77\u6d41\u7684\u5e73\u6d41\u6548\u5e94\u548c\u6f6e\u6548\u5e94\u3001\u6c14\u8c61\u56e0\u5b50\u3001\u6da1\u52a8\u6df7\u548c\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u6d77\u6c34\u6e29\u5ea6\u5177\u6709\u660e\u663e\u7684\u5b63\u8282\u6027\uff0c\u4e14\u5c42\u5316\u73b0\u8c61\u660e\u663e\u3002\u9752\u5c9b\u5916\u6d77\u6c34\u6e29\u7684\u5468\u65e5\u53d8\u5316\u3001\u5e74\u53d8\u5316\u76f8\u5bf9\u6e24\u6d77<\/a>\u548c\u5317\u9ec4\u6d77\u8f83\u5c0f\u3002\u6700\u9ad8\u6c34\u6e29\u6700\u9ad8\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u516b\u6708\u5e95\uff0c\u524d\u540e\u51714\u4e2a\u6708\u5747\u9002\u5408\u4e0b\u6c34\u6e38\u6cf3\u3002[\u53c2125]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u56e0\u53d7\u590f\u5b63\u964d\u6c34\u3001\u5165\u6d77\u6cb3\u6d41\u7b49\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u6d77\u6c34\u76d0\u5ea6\u53d8\u5316\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u6625\u79cb\u5b63\u76d0\u5ea6\u9ad8\uff0c\u51ac\u590f\u5b63\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u4f4e\uff0c\u4e00\u5e74\u4e2d\u5927\u591a\u5904\u4e8e\u5782\u76f4\u5747\u5300\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u76d0\u5ea6<\/a>\u5206\u5e03\u51ac\u5b63\u5747\u5300\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e09\u5b63\u5219\u662f\u6cbf\u5cb8\u53ca\u6d45\u6c34\u9ad8\u4e8e\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\u4e2d\u90e8\uff0c\u6e7e\u5185\u9ad8\u4e8e\u6e7e\u5916\u3002\u6574\u4e2a\u6d77\u57df\u8868\u5c42\u76d0\u5ea6\u5e73\u5747\u4e3a31.8 \u2030\u5de6\u53f3\u3002[\u53c2126]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.3.2 \u6f6e\u6c50\u4e0e\u6c34\u51c6\u539f\u70b9<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u6cbf\u6d77\u4e3a\u6b63\u89c4\u534a\u65e5\u6f6e\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u592a\u9634\u65e5<\/a>\uff0824 h<\/a> 50 min<\/a>\uff09\u6709\u4e24\u6b21\u9ad8\u6f6e\u548c\u4e24\u6b21\u4f4e\u6f6e\u3002\u6f6e\u5dee\u4e3a1.9 ~ 3.5 m<\/a>\uff0c\u5927\u6f6e\u5dee\u53d1\u751f\u4e8e\u6714<\/a>\u6216\u671b<\/a>\u65e5\u540e2 ~ 3 d\u3002\u4e00\u822c8\u6708\u6bd41\u6708\u6f6e\u4f4d\u9ad80.5 m\u3002[\u53c2127]<\/a><\/sup>\u7531\u4e8e\u9752\u5c9b\u6240\u5728\u7684\u9ec4\u6d77\u6d77\u57df\u6c34\u4e0b\u5730\u58f3<\/a>\u76f8\u5bf9\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u6c34\u51c6\u539f\u70b9\u843d\u6237\u5728\u9752\u5c9b\u3002\u9752\u5c9b\u5927\u6e2f<\/a>\u9a8c\u6f6e\u7ad91952\u81f31979\u5e74\u89c2\u6d4b\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u6f6e\u4f4d\u88ab\u547d\u540d\u4e3a\u201c1985\u5e74\u9ec4\u6d77\u9ad8\u7a0b\u7cfb\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5728\u9752\u5c9b\u89c2\u8c61\u5c71\u56fd\u5bb6\u6c34\u51c6\u539f\u70b9\u4e0b72.260 m\uff0c\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u9ad8\u7a0b<\/a>\u57fa\u51c6\u3002\u6b64\u524d\u76841950\u81f31956\u5e74\u89c2\u6d4b\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u6f6e\u4f4d\u88ab\u547d\u540d\u4e3a\u201c1956\u5e74\u9ec4\u6d77\u9ad8\u7a0b\u7cfb\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5728\u9752\u5c9b\u89c2\u8c61\u5c71\u56fd\u5bb6\u6c34\u51c6\u539f\u70b9\u4e0b72.289 m\u3002[\u53c2128]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.4 \u6d77\u6d0b\u751f\u7269<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u56fe5-4\u548c5-5\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u8fd1\u6d77\u5904\u4e8e\u6cbf\u6d77\u5cb8\u5357\u4e0b\u7684\u4f4e\u76d0\u3001\u9ad8\u8425\u517b\u7684\u6cbf\u5cb8\u6d41\u548c\u9ec4\u6d77\u5916\u6d77\u4ea4\u6c47\u7684\u950b\u9762\u9644\u8fd1\uff0c\u6d6e\u6e38\u751f\u7269<\/a>\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e30\u5bcc\uff0c\u4e14\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\u5185\u9ad8\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u6d77\u57df\uff0c\u6cbf\u5cb8\u6c34\u57df\u9ad8\u4e8e\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u6e7e\u5317\u90e8\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u8fdc\u9ad8\u4e8e\u6e7e\u5357\u90e8\u3002\u6709\u6d6e\u6e38\u690d\u7269<\/a>174\u79cd\uff0c\u7845\u85fb\u95e8<\/a>44\u5c5e127\u79cd\uff0c\u7532\u85fb\u95e8<\/a>9\u5c5e46\u79cd\uff0c\u91d1\u85fb\u95e8<\/a>1\u79cd\u3002\u6d6e\u6e38\u52a8\u7269<\/a>\u7ea6148\u79cd\uff0c\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4e3a\u6696\u6e29\u5e26\u6cbf\u5cb8\u79cd\uff0c\u6cb3\u53e3\u534a\u54b8\u6c34\u4e2d\u6b21\u4e4b\u3002\u5e95\u6816\u751f\u7269\u6709300\u4f59\u79cd\uff1b\u751f\u7269\u91cf\u5b63\u8282\u53d8\u5316\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u590f\u5b63\u6700\u591a\u3002\u6709\u9752\u5c9b\u6587\u660c\u9c7c\uff08Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense<\/em>\uff09\u3001\u7ec6\u96d5\u523b\u808b\u6d77\u80c6\uff08Temnopleurus toreumaticus<\/em>\uff09\uff0d\u65e5\u672c\u500d\u68d8\u86c7\u5c3e\uff08Amphiura japonicus<\/em>\uff09\u3001\u68d8\u523a\u951a\u53c2<\/a>\uff0d\u65e5\u672c\u80e1\u6843\u86e4<\/a>\u3001\u52d2\u7279\u86e4\uff08Raeta plicatella <\/em>\uff09\uff0d\u83f2\u5f8b\u5bbe\u86e4\u4ed4<\/a>\u7b496\u4e2a\u7fa4\u843d\u3002[\u53c2129]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fd1\u6d77\u5ca9\u7901\u5e95\u6816\u751f\u7269\u7ea649\u79cd\u3002\u6f6e\u95f4\u5e26\u751f\u7269\u6709\u85fb\u7c7b<\/a>112\u79cd\uff0c\u52a8\u7269325\u79cd\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8f6f\u4f53\u52a8\u7269\u95e8<\/a>168\u79cd\uff0c\u7532\u58f3\u4e9a\u95e8<\/a>90\u79cd\uff0c\u591a\u6bdb\u7eb2<\/a>54\u79cd\uff0c\u6781\u5c11\u6570\u68d8\u76ae\u52a8\u7269<\/a>\u3001\u8154\u80a0\u52a8\u7269<\/a>\u3001\u661f\u866b\u52a8\u7269<\/a>\u548c\u9c7c\u7c7b<\/a>\u3002\u9752\u5c9b\u6cbf\u6d77\u9c7c\u7c7b\u6709170\u4f59\u79cd\uff0c\u4f18\u52bf\u79cd\u6709\u6591\ud873\uddad<\/a>\u3001\u68ad\u9c7c<\/a>\u3001\u9752\u9cde\u9c7c<\/a>\u548c\u7259\u9c86<\/a>\u7b4923\u79cd\u3002\u6709\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u6d77\u6d0b\u65e0\u810a\u690e\u52a8\u7269<\/a>\u8d44\u6e90\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u7532\u58f3\u7c7b\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u867e<\/a>\u3001\u9e70\u722a\u867e<\/a>\u3001\u5468\u6c0f\u65b0\u5bf9\u867e<\/a>\u3001\u4e09\u75a3\u68ad\u5b50\u87f9<\/a>\u3001\u53e3\u867e\u86c4<\/a>\u548c\u5934\u8db3\u7eb2<\/a>\u7684\u66fc\u6c0f\u65e0\u9488\u4e4c\u8d3c<\/a>\u3001\u91d1\u4e4c\u8d3c<\/a>\u3001\u67aa\u4e4c\u8d3c<\/a>\u7b49\u3002[\u53c2130]<\/a><\/sup>[\u53c2131]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. \u73af\u5883<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

6.1 \u73af\u5883\u8d28\u91cf\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u4fdd\u62a4<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5efa\u7f6e\u540e\u7684\u524d60\u591a\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u89c4\u6a21\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u5de5\u519c\u4e1a\u751f\u4ea7\u3001\u4ea4\u901a\u8fd0\u8f93<\/a>\u4e0e\u5c45\u6c11\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5e9f\u5f03\u7269\u6570\u91cf\u5c11\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u751f\u6001<\/a>\u7834\u574f\u91cf\u4e0d\u5927\uff0c\u73af\u5883\u6c61\u67d3<\/a>\u4e0d\u660e\u663e\u3002\u4ece1958\u5e74\u8d77\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u5316\u5de5<\/a>\u3001\u94a2\u94c1<\/a>\u3001\u9020\u8239<\/a>\u7b49\u5de5\u4e1a\u8fc5\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u201c\u5927\u8dc3\u8fdb<\/a>\u201d\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u6811\u6728\u88ab\u5927\u91cf\u780d\u4f10\u7528\u4ee5\u70bc\u94a2\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u5c45\u6c11\u5bc6\u96c6\u7684\u8857\u533a\u90fd\u51fa\u73b0\u7a7a\u6c14\u6c61\u6d4a\u3001\u5e9f\u6e23\u904d\u5730\u3001\u6c61\u6c34\u6a2a\u6d41\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u4f7f\u751f\u6001\u73af\u5883\u7834\u574f\u4e25\u91cd\u3002\u6587\u9769\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u73af\u4fdd<\/a>\u7684\u6cd5\u89c4\u53d7\u5230\u6279\u5224\uff0c\u81f4\u4f7f\u4e00\u5ea6\u5728\u5c45\u6c11\u533a\u5efa\u8d77\u94dc\u94dd\u3001\u7535\u9540<\/a>\u3001\u5851\u6599\u5382\u7b49\u6c61\u67d3\u578b\u8857\u9053\u5de5\u4e1a\uff0c\u56e0\u7ba1\u7406\u5931\u63a7\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u57ce\u533a\u4e8c\u6c27\u5316\u786b<\/a>\u6d53\u5ea6\u8d85\u6807\uff0c\u9178\u96e8<\/a>\u9891\u53d1\uff0c\u6cb3\u6d41\u6c61\u67d3\uff0c\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\u6cbf\u5cb8\u53ca\u6d77\u57df\u6c61\u67d3\u4e25\u91cd\u3002\u968f\u7740\u4ea4\u901a\u8fd0\u8f93\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u4ea4\u901a\u566a\u58f0<\/a>\u8f83\u5927\uff0c\u6d77\u4e0a\u8239\u8236\u6ea2\u6cb9\u4e8b\u6545\u5c61\u6709\u53d1\u751f\u3002[\u53c2132]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1973\u5e74\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u5236\u8ba2\u4e86\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u4fdd\u62a4\u548c\u6539\u5584\u73af\u5883\u7684\u82e5\u5e72\u89c4\u5b9a\u300b\uff0c\u5e76\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u201c\u5168\u9762\u89c4\u5212\u3001\u5408\u7406\u5e03\u5c40\u3001\u7efc\u5408\u5229\u7528\u3001\u5316\u5bb3\u4e3a\u5229\u3001\u4f9d\u9760\u7fa4\u4f17\u3001\u5927\u5bb6\u52a8\u624b\u3001\u4fdd\u62a4\u73af\u5883\u3001\u9020\u798f\u4eba\u6c11\u201d\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4fdd\u62a4\u5de5\u4f5c\u65b9\u9488\u30021974\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u73af\u5883\u4fdd\u62a4\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\uff0c1976\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u73af\u5883\u4fdd\u62a4\u9886\u5bfc\u5c0f\u7ec4\uff0c1979\u5e74\u5e02\u73af\u4fdd\u529e\u6539\u4e3a\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u73af\u5883\u4fdd\u62a4\u5c40\u30021980\u5e74\u7ec4\u5efa\u4e86\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u73af\u5883\u76d1\u62a4\u76d1\u6d4b\u7ad9\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u5b9a\u671f\u76d1\u6d4b\u5927\u6c14\u3001\u6c34\u8d28\u3001\u566a\u58f0\u7b49\uff0c\u540e\u671f\u53c8\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u5bf9\u8fd1\u6d77\u6c34\u8d28\u3001\u6f6e\u95f4\u5e26\u3001\u6de1\u6c34\u6c34\u751f\u7269\u3001\u5e95\u8d28\u3001\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u7b49\u4f8b\u884c\u76d1\u6d4b\u3002[\u53c2132]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1990\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u73af\u5883\u4fdd\u62a4\u88ab\u7eb3\u5165\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u89c4\u5212\uff0c\u4e00\u6279\u7ea6\u675f\u6027\u5de5\u4f5c\u8ba1\u5212\u3001\u63a7\u5236\u6027\u6307\u6807\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6cd5\u89c4\u7684\u51fa\u53f0\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u6c61\u67d3\u72b6\u51b5\u5f00\u59cb\u7f13\u89e3\uff0c\u6c34\u73af\u5883\u548c\u58f0\u73af\u5883\u6062\u590d\u826f\u597d\uff0c\u4f46\u5e02\u533a\u5de5\u4e1a\u6392\u653e\u6c61\u67d3\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728[\u53c2133]<\/a><\/sup>\u30022000\u5e74\uff0c\u5e02\u533a\u4e8c\u6c27\u5316\u786b\u5e74\u5747\u6d53\u5ea6\u9996\u6b21\u8fbe\u5230\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e8c\u7ea7\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u751f\u6d3b\u6c34\u6e90\u5730\u6c34\u8d28\u8fbe\u5230\u5730\u8868\u6c34\u4e09\u7c7b\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u5e02\u533a\u566a\u58f0\u4e5f\u8fbe\u5230\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u88ab\u8bc4\u4e3a\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u73af\u5883\u4fdd\u62a4\u6a21\u8303\u57ce\u5e02\u201d[\u53c2134]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5386\u53f2\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u9ad8\u6c61\u67d3\u7684\u5927\u578b\u5de5\u4e1a\u4f01\u4e1a\u66fe\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e8e\u5317\u90e8\u5185\u9646\u548c\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\u6cbf\u5cb8\uff0c\u4e00\u5ea6\u4f7f\u5f97\u7a7a\u6c14\u548c\u6c34\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\u8f83\u5dee\u3002\u968f\u7740\u201c\u73af\u6e7e\u4fdd\u62a4\u201d\u6784\u60f3\u7684\u63a8\u8fdb\uff0c\u5de5\u4e1a\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u5de5\u827a\u63d0\u5347\u548c\u642c\u8fc1\u6539\u9020\uff0c\u8001\u5de5\u4e1a\u533a\u7684\u73af\u5883\u5f97\u5230\u6539\u5584[\u53c2135]<\/a><\/sup>[\u53c2136]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9488\u5bf9\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u673a\u52a8\u8f66<\/a>\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5c3e\u6c14<\/a>\u6392\u653e\u9020\u6210\u7684\u7a7a\u6c14\u6c61\u67d3<\/a>\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u52a0\u5927\u673a\u52a8\u8f66\u5c3e\u6c14\u68c0\u6d4b\u529b\u5ea6\uff0c\u7efc\u5408\u6574\u6cbb\u5168\u5e02\u7684\u52a0\u6cb9\u7ad9<\/a>\u3001\u6cb9\u7f50\u8f66<\/a>\u3001\u6cb9\u5e93[\u53c2137]<\/a><\/sup>\uff1b\u63d0\u9ad8\u516c\u5171\u4ea4\u901a<\/a>\u7eaf\u7535\u52a8\u8f66\u8f86<\/a>\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u6bd4\u4f8b[\u53c2138]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u63a8\u5e7f\u65b0\u80fd\u6e90\u6c7d\u8f66\u7684\u4f7f\u7528[\u53c2139]<\/a><\/sup> \uff1b\u9ec4\u6807\u8f66\u201c\u9ec4\u6539\u7eff\u201d[\u53c2140]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u6ce8\u9500\u62a5\u5e9f\u5c3e\u6c14\u68c0\u6d4b\u4e0d\u8fbe\u6807\u7684\u9ec4\u6807\u8f66[\u53c2141]<\/a><\/sup>\uff1b\u63a8\u884c\u8001\u5e02\u533a\u5355\u5411\u4ea4\u901a\u7f51\u7edc[\u53c2142]<\/a><\/sup>\u548c\u5c45\u4f4f\u793e\u533a\u4ea4\u901a\u201c\u5fae\u5faa\u73af\u201d\u8c03\u6d41[\u53c2143]<\/a><\/sup>\u7b49\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u5bf9\u57ce\u5e02\u73af\u5883\u76d1\u63a7\u529b\u5ea6\u52a0\u5927\uff0c\u8bbe\u7f6e\u73af\u5883\u76d1\u6d4b\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7ad9\u3001\u73af\u5883\u76d1\u5bdf\u961f\u7b49\u591a\u4e2a\u73af\u4fdd\u673a\u6784[\u53c2144]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e2012\u5e7410\u6708\u8d77\u5728\u5168\u56fd\u7387\u5148\u5f00\u59cb\u516c\u5e03\u5bf9\u7ec6\u9897\u7c92\u7269\u7b49\u5927\u6c14\u6c61\u67d3\u7269\u7684\u76d1\u6d4b\u7ed3\u679c[\u53c2145]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u76f8\u5bf9\u5730\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u57ce\u533a\u6cb3\u9053\u6c34\u8d28\u5728\u5185\u7684\u73af\u5883\u5f62\u52bf\u4f9d\u7136\u4e25\u5cfb\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4f5c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u6cbb\u7406[\u53c2146]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6.2 \u56ed\u6797\u7eff\u5316<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u56fe6-1\u548c6-2\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u56ed\u6797<\/a>\u7eff\u5316\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u53e4\u4ee3\u5bfa\u5e99<\/a>\u56ed\u6797\u3001\u660e\u6e05\u79c1\u5bb6\u56ed\u6797<\/a>\u3001\u897f\u5f0f\u522b\u5885<\/a>\u82b1\u56ed\u3001\u8fd1\u4ee3\u57ce\u5e02\u56ed\u6797\u548c\u73b0\u4ee3\u57ce\u5e02\u56ed\u6797\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002[\u53c2147]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5510\u5b8b\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u5d02\u5c71\u7684\u5e99\u5b87<\/a>\u6bbf\u5802\u5efa\u7b51\u4e0e\u56ed\u6797\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u4e0d\u65ad\u5b8c\u5584\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u56ed\u6797\u98ce\u683c\uff0c\u81f3\u660e\u6e05\u4e24\u4ee3\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u62e5\u6709\u201c\u4e5d\u5bab\u516b\u89c2\u4e03\u5341\u4e8c\u5eb5\u201d\u7684\u9053\u6559<\/a>\u4e1b\u6797\u57fa\u5730\uff0c\u5728\u827a\u672f\u4e0a\u5f62\u6210\u8f83\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u5317\u65b9\u5bfa\u5e99\u56ed\u6797\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u5b58\u5927\u6279\u53e4\u6811\u540d\u6728[\u53c2148]<\/a><\/sup> \u3002\u660e\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u672c\u5730\u4eac\u5b98\u5bb6\u65cf\u6548\u4eff\u5357\u65b9\u98ce\u683c\u5efa\u8d77\u79c1\u5bb6\u56ed\u6797\uff0c\u81f3\u6e05\u671d\u4e2d\u671f\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u5b9a\u89c4\u6a21\u3002[\u53c2147]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u8fd1\u73b0\u4ee3\u57ce\u5e02\u7eff\u5316\u5728\u5fb7\u79df\u65f6\u671f\u4e0e\u57ce\u5e02\u5efa\u8bbe\u540c\u6b65\u5c55\u5f00\uff0c\u4e00\u6279\u897f\u5f0f\u522b\u5885\u82b1\u56ed\u5f00\u59cb\u5174\u5efa[\u53c2149]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u57ce\u533a\u65b0\u5efa\u9053\u8def\u4e24\u4fa7\u79cd\u690d\u884c\u9053\u6811\uff0c\u7ee7\u800c\u5efa\u8bbe\u8857\u5934\u7eff\u5730\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u6811\u79cd\u6709\u96ea\u677e<\/a>\u3001\u60ac\u94c3\u6728<\/a>\u3001\u56fd\u69d0<\/a>\u3001\u4e94\u89d2\u67ab<\/a>\u3001\u7389\u5170<\/a>\u3001\u8010\u51ac<\/a>\u3001\u7ea2\u53f6\u6768<\/a>\u7b49\uff0c\u53e6\u5916\u767d\u8721<\/a>\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ea2\u67ab<\/a>\u3001\u6842\u82b1<\/a>\u3001\u94f6\u674f<\/a>\u3001\u683e\u6811<\/a>\u3001\u77f3\u6960<\/a>\u3001\u6994\u6986<\/a>\u3001\u897f\u5e9c\u6d77\u68e0<\/a>\u3001\u91d1\u53f6\u69ed<\/a>\u3001\u5782\u6a31<\/a>\u3001\u5357\u5929\u7af9<\/a>\u7b49\u690d\u7269\u4e5f\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u5de5\u7a0b\u4e2d\u89c4\u6a21\u91c7\u7528[\u53c2150]<\/a><\/sup>\u30021903\u5e74\u5efa\u6210\u7684\u80f6\u6fb3\u603b\u7763\u5b98\u90b8<\/a>\u7684\u5ead\u9662\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u4ee5\u897f\u5f0f\u56ed\u6797\u98ce\u683c\u914d\u7f6e\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u9752\u5c9b\u9996\u5ea7\u897f\u5f0f\u522b\u5885\u82b1\u56ed[\u53c2151]<\/a><\/sup>\uff1b\u6b21\u5e74\u5728\u4f1a\u524d\u6751\u539f\u5740\u5efa\u8d77\u690d\u7269\u8bd5\u9a8c\u573a\uff08\u4eca\u4e2d\u5c71\u516c\u56ed<\/a>\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u5e02\u533a\u8f9f\u5efa\u516c\u56ed<\/a>\uff0c\u5404\u5c71\u5934\u690d\u6811\u9020\u6797[\u53c2152]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u5728\u65e5\u636e\u65f6\u671f\u65b0\u5efa\u7684\u4e00\u6279\u516c\u56ed\u6e38\u56ed\u5728\u56de\u5f52\u6c11\u56fd\u540e\u91cd\u65b0\u547d\u540d\uff0c\u7ee7\u800c\u65b0\u5efa\u6808\u6865\u516c\u56ed\u548c\u6ee8\u6d77\u516c\u56ed\uff08\u4eca\u9c81\u8fc5\u516c\u56ed<\/a>\uff09\u7b49[\u53c2153]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u5e76\u7eff\u5316\u53f0\u897f\u9547<\/a>[\u53c2150]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u6210\u7acb\u540e\uff0c\u5148\u540e\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u6279\u516c\u56ed\u548c\u57ce\u5e02\u7eff\u5730\u6e38\u56ed\uff0c\u4e03\u516b\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u5efa\u6210\u513f\u7ae5\u516c\u56ed\uff08\u4eca\u8d2e\u6c34\u5c71\u516c\u56ed\uff09\u3001\u5e02\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u3001\u5e02\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u548c\u82e5\u5e72\u5ea7\u5c71\u5934\u516c\u56ed[\u53c2154]<\/a><\/sup>\u30021999\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u6210\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e94\u6279\u56fd\u5bb6\u56ed\u6797\u57ce\u5e02<\/a>\u4e4b\u4e00[\u53c2155]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u8fdb\u516521\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u5728\u5e02\u533a\u4e1c\u90e8\u76f8\u7ee7\u5efa\u6210\u6c47\u6cc9\u5e7f\u573a<\/a>\u3001\u4e94\u56db\u5e7f\u573a<\/a>\u7b49\u5927\u578b\u516c\u5171\u7eff\u5730\u548c\u68ee\u6797\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u4e16\u754c\u3001\u77f3\u8001\u4eba\u89c2\u5149\u56ed\u7b49\u57ce\u5e02\u516c\u56ed\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u622a\u81f32015\u5e74\u672b\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u4eba\u5747\u62e5\u6709\u516c\u5171\u7eff\u5730\u9762\u79ef14.6\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff1b\u5168\u5e02\u62e5\u6709\u516c\u56ed\u3001\u52a8\u7269\u56ed108\u4e2a\u3002[\u53c2156]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe6-3\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

6.3 \u73af\u5883\u536b\u751f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u7684\u73af\u5883\u536b\u751f<\/a>\u7ba1\u7406\u59cb\u4e8e\u5fb7\u79df\u65f6\u671f\u768419\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u30021898\u5e74\uff0c\u80f6\u6fb3\u603b\u7763\u5e9c\u9881\u5e03\u6574\u6cbb\u5e02\u5bb9\u548c\u73af\u5883\u536b\u751f\u7684\u89c4\u7ae0\uff0c\u57cb\u8bbe\u5730\u4e0b\u6c61\u6c34\u7ba1\u9053\uff0c\u76d1\u5236\u5e76\u79df\u8d41\u536b\u751f\u6d01\u5177\u4f9b\u5c45\u6c11\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u751f\u6d3b\u5e9f\u5f03\u7269\u7531\u53f0\u897f\u9547\u7ecf\u6c34\u8def\u8f6c\u8fd0\u81f3\u519c\u6751\u4f9b\u5806\u80a5<\/a>\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u62db\u5546\u627f\u529e\u73af\u5883\u536b\u751f\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u96c6\u4e2d\u5904\u7406\u5783\u573e<\/a>\u3002[\u53c2157]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u7279\u522b\u5e02\u6210\u7acb\u540e\uff0c\u5e02\u653f\u5e9c\u516c\u5e03\u5b9e\u65bd7\u9879\u6709\u5173\u73af\u5883\u536b\u751f\u7684\u89c4\u7ae0\u30021935\u5e74\uff0c\u536b\u751f\u4e8b\u52a1\u8ba8\u8bba\u4f1a\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u7814\u8ba8\u536b\u751f\u4e8b\u5b9c\uff0c\u6539\u5584\u536b\u751f\u8bbe\u65bd\uff1b\u81f3\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u6c11\u56fd\u5386\u5c4a\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u57ce\u5e02\u536b\u751f\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u5747\u7531\u8b66\u5bdf\u6216\u536b\u751f\u90e8\u95e8\u8d1f\u8d23\uff0c\u7531\u5b98\u529e\u6216\u5546\u529e\u4f01\u4e1a\u5177\u4f53\u5b9e\u65bd\u3002[\u53c2157]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u521d\u5e74\uff0c\u73af\u536b\u7ba1\u7406\u7531\u5e02\u516c\u5b89\u5c40\u6e05\u6d01\u961f\u8d1f\u8d23\u30021952\u5e74\uff0c\u5168\u5e02\u5f00\u5c55\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u6e05\u7406\u57ce\u5e02\u73af\u5883\u536b\u751f\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u88ab\u8bc4\u4e3a\u201c\u5168\u56fd\u536b\u751f\u6a21\u8303\u57ce\u5e02\u201d[\u53c2158]<\/a><\/sup>\u30021953\u81f31958\u5e74\uff0c\u5f00\u5c55\u201c\u9664\u56db\u5bb3<\/a>\u3001\u8bb2\u536b\u751f\u201d\u7fa4\u4f17\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u4e94\u6d01\u56db\u65e0\u201d\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u201c\u5168\u56fd\u536b\u751f\u5148\u8fdb\u57ce\u5e02\u201d\u79f0\u53f7\u3002[\u53c2157]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1990\u5e74\uff0c\u5168\u56fd\u7231\u56fd\u536b\u751f\u8fd0\u52a8\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u516c\u5e03\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u4e3a\u201c\u536b\u751f\u57ce\u5e02\u201d[\u53c2157]<\/a><\/sup>\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5e02\u5185\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u5c40\u90e8\u5783\u573e\u6536\u96c6\u6e05\u8fd0\u5bc6\u95ed\u5316\u30021992\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u5168\u5e02\u65b0\u5efa\u5783\u573e\u8f6c\u8fd0\u7ad936\u5ea7\u30021995\u5e74\uff0c\u88ab\u8bc4\u4e3a\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u6d01\u51c0\u57ce\u5e02\u201d\uff1b1997\u5e74\uff0c\u88ab\u8bc4\u4e3a\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u536b\u751f\u57ce\u5e02\u201d[\u53c2159]<\/a><\/sup>\u30021999\u5e74\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u751f\u6d3b\u5783\u573e\u5927\u578b\u7efc\u5408\u5904\u7406\u5e02\u7ea7\u91cd\u70b9\u5de5\u7a0b\u5f00\u5de5\u5efa\u8bbe\u30022002\u5e74\uff0c\u5c0f\u6da7\u897f\u5783\u573e\u5904\u7f6e\u573a\u88ab\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u8bbe\u90e8\u8bc4\u5b9a\u4e3a\u4e00\u7ea7\u5783\u573e\u65e0\u5bb3\u5316\u5904\u7406\u573a\uff1b2006\u5e74\uff0c\u80f6\u5dde\u3001\u5373\u58a8\u3001\u83b1\u897f\u7684\u5783\u573e\u5904\u7f6e\u573a\u5747\u83b7\u5f97\u8be5\u9879\u8bc4\u5b9a[\u53c2160]<\/a><\/sup>\u30022010\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u542f\u52a8\u5783\u573e\u6e05\u8fd0\u5904\u7f6e\u5de5\u7a0b\uff1a\u66f4\u65b0\u5e02\u533a\u5783\u573e\u8fd0\u8f93\u8f66\u8f86\uff0c\u5168\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5bc6\u95ed\u5316\u8c03\u63a7\u7ba1\u7406\uff1b\u6539\u9020\u5783\u573e\u6536\u96c6\u8f6c\u8fd0\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u5177\u5907\u5206\u7c7b\u6536\u96c6\u529f\u80fd\uff1b\u5efa\u8bbe\u73af\u536b\u7efc\u5408\u5904\u7f6e\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\uff0c\u5373\u711a\u70e7\u53d1\u7535\u5382\u3001\u9910\u53a8\u5783\u573e\u5904\u7406\u5382\u3001\u5c0f\u6da7\u897f\u586b\u57cb\u573a\u4e8c\u671f\u3001\u5927\u578b\u5783\u573e\u4e2d\u8f6c\u7ad9\u7b49\u9879\u76ee[\u53c2161]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6.3+1 \u6c14\u8c61<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u6bb5\u843d\u4e3b\u8981\u4ecb\u7ecd\u7684\u662f\u6c14\u8c61\u4e8b\u4e1a\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u5929\u6587\u4e8b\u4e1a\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u89c1\u201c\u9752\u5c9b\u89c2\u8c61\u53f0<\/a><\/strong>\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u7684\u6c14\u8c61<\/a>\u4e8b\u4e1a\u8d77\u4e8e1898\u5e743\u6708\u8bbe\u7acb\u7684\u201c\u9752\u5c9b\u6c14\u8c61\u5929\u6d4b\u6240\u201d\uff0c\u4e0e\u9999\u6e2f<\/a>\u3001\u4e0a\u6d77<\/a>\u5e76\u79f0\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6700\u65e9\u5f00\u521b\u5e76\u53d1\u5c55\u6c14\u8c61\u4e8b\u4e1a\u7684\u4e09\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u30021905\u5e74\u89c2\u8c61\u53f0<\/a>\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c1911\u5e74\u5b9a\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u7687\u5bb6\u9752\u5c9b\u89c2\u8c61\u53f0\u201d\uff0c\u65e5\u636e\u65f6\u671f\u6539\u79f0\u201c\u9752\u5c9b\u6d4b\u5019\u6240\u201d[\u53c2162]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u5f00\u5c55\u6c14\u8c61\u7535\u62a5\u3001\u5730\u78c1\u89c2\u6d4b\u548c\u5929\u6c14\u9884\u62a5<\/a>\u7b49\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1924\u5e74\uff0c\u6d4b\u5019\u6240\u6539\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u80f6\u6fb3\u5546\u57e0\u89c2\u8c61\u53f0\u201d[\u53c2163]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u540c\u5e74\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c14\u8c61\u5b66\u4f1a<\/a>\u5728\u9752\u5c9b\u6210\u7acb[\u53c2164]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u521b\u5efa\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u670d\u52a1\u7cfb\u7edf[\u53c2165]<\/a><\/sup>\u30021929\u5e74\u89c2\u8c61\u53f0\u968f\u57ce\u5e02\u4e00\u8d77\u88ab\u5b9a\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u9752\u5c9b\u7279\u522b\u5e02\u89c2\u8c61\u53f0\u201d\uff1b1930\u5e74\uff0c\u6539\u79f0\u201c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u89c2\u8c61\u53f0\u201d\u30021932\u5e74\u89c2\u8c61\u53f0\u5f00\u59cb\u9ad8\u7a7a\u98ce\u63a2\u6d4b\u4e1a\u52a1\u30021938\u5e74\u89c2\u8c61\u53f0\u518d\u5ea6\u88ab\u65e5\u672c\u519b\u653f\u5f53\u5c40\u66f4\u540d\u4e3a\u6d4b\u5019\u6240\uff0c1945\u5e74\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u63a5\u7ba1\u540e\u6062\u590d\u539f\u540d\u30021946\u5e743\u6708\u6062\u590d\u6c14\u8c61\u89c2\u6d4b\u4e1a\u52a1\uff0c7\u6708\u5f00\u59cb\u7528\u6c14\u7403\u643a\u5e26\u63a2\u7a7a\u4eea\u8fdb\u884c\u9ad8\u7a7a\u6c14\u8c61\u63a2\u6d4b\u30021948\u5e74\uff0c\u89c2\u8c61\u53f0\u7cfb\u7edf\u6574\u7406\u51fa\u724860\u4e07\u5b57\u7684\u300a\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u89c2\u8c61\u53f0\u4e94\u5341\u5468\u5e74\u7eaa\u5ff5\u7279\u520a\u300b\uff0c\u5e76\u5148\u540e\u4e0e30\u591a\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u5730\u533a\u768450\u591a\u4e2a\u6c14\u8c61\u673a\u6784\u5efa\u7acb\u4e1a\u52a1\u8054\u7cfb\u3002[\u53c2163]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u6210\u7acb\u540e\uff0c\u89c2\u8c61\u53f0\u88ab\u6d77\u519b\u63a5\u7ba1\uff0c\u4ec5\u4f9b\u5185\u90e8\u4f7f\u7528\u30021952\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u5929\u6587\u6c14\u8c61\u5b66\u4f1a\u6210\u7acb\u30021956\u5e74\u56fd\u5bb6\u64a4\u9500\u6c14\u8c61\u4fdd\u5bc6\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5929\u6c14\u9884\u62a5\u5f00\u59cb\u901a\u8fc7\u5e7f\u64ad\u53d1\u5e03\u30021957\u5e74\uff0c\u5929\u6587\u548c\u6c14\u8c61\u4e1a\u52a1\u5206\u7f6e\u3002\u201c\u9752\u5c9b\u6d77\u6d0b\u6c34\u6587\u6c14\u8c61\u53f0\u201d\u4e8e1960\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\uff0c1963\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u53d1\u5e03\u6d77\u6d6a\u3001\u6d77\u6d41\u3001\u6c34\u6e29\u548c\u6e14\u60c5\u4fe1\u606f\u30021965\u5e74\uff0c\u201c\u9752\u5c9b\u6d77\u6d0b\u9884\u62a5\u53f0\u201d\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u9010\u6b65\u63a5\u7ba1\u6d77\u6d0b\u6c34\u6587\u4e1a\u52a1\u30021966\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u6d77\u6d0b\u6c34\u6587\u6c14\u8c61\u53f0\u6539\u79f0\u201c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u6c14\u8c61\u53f0\u201d\u5e76\u6b63\u5f0f\u5bf9\u5916\u53d1\u5e03\u6c14\u8c61\u9884\u62a5\u3002[\u53c2166]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1980\u5e74\uff0c\u6c14\u8c61\u53f0\u5f00\u59cb\u53d1\u5e03\u4e2d\u671f\u5929\u6c14\u9884\u62a5\uff0c1983\u5e74\u589e\u52a0\u76f8\u5bf9\u6e7f\u5ea6<\/a>\u9884\u62a5\u30021999\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u6c14\u8c61\u53f0\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u5929\u6c14\u8bc4\u8ff0\uff0c\u516c\u5e03\u964d\u6c34<\/a>\u6982\u7387\u9884\u62a5\uff1b\u6269\u5927\u6c14\u8c61\u670d\u52a1\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u53d1\u51fa\u7a7a\u6c14\u6c61\u67d3<\/a>\u6c14\u8c61\u6761\u4ef6\u3001\u4eba\u4f53\u8212\u9002\u5ea6\u9884\u62a5\u4ee5\u53ca\u57ce\u5e02\u751f\u6d3b\u6307\u6570\u3001\u7d2b\u5916\u7ebf<\/a>\u6307\u6570\u3001\u5564\u9152<\/a>\u6307\u6570\u3001\u6668\u7ec3\u6307\u6570\u3001\u7a7f\u8863\u6307\u6570\u3001\u5782\u9493<\/a>\u6307\u6570\u3001\u68ee\u6797\u706b\u9669<\/a>\u7b49\u7ea7\u7b49\u7279\u8272\u670d\u52a1\u9879\u76ee\u30022002\u5e74\uff0c\u4e13\u4e1a\u6c14\u8c61\u670d\u52a1\u7f51\u7ad9<\/a>\u548c\u624b\u673a\u77ed\u4fe1<\/a>\u6c14\u8c61\u670d\u52a1\u5e73\u53f0\u5f00\u901a\u3002[\u53c2167]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

6.5 \u5730\u9707<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u5468\u8fb9\u6709\u4e09\u6761\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u5730\u9707\u5e26<\/a>\uff0c\u5373\u90ef\u5e90\u5730\u9707\u5e26\u3001\u5357\u9ec4\u6d77\u5730\u9707\u5e26\u548c\u71d5\u5a01\u5730\u9707\u5e26\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u8fd9\u51e0\u6761\u5730\u9707\u5e26\u90fd\u53d1\u751f\u8fc76\u7ea7\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u5730\u9707\uff0c\u5bf9\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u533a\u4ea7\u751f\u8fc7\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u9752\u5c9b\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u6ca1\u6709\u56e0\u5730\u9707\u5f15\u53d1\u6d77\u5578<\/a>\u7684\u8bb0\u8f7d\u3002\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u5efa\u7b51\u6297\u9707\u8bbe\u9632\u57fa\u672c\u70c8\u5ea6<\/a>\u9664\u5e73\u5ea6\u3001\u80f6\u5dde\u3001\u9ec4\u5c9b\u4e09\u533a\u5e02\u4e3a7\u5ea6\u5916\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u533a\u5e02\u5efa\u7b51\u662f\u63096\u5ea6\u6807\u51c6\u5efa\u8bbe[\u53c2168]<\/a><\/sup>\uff1b\u5404\u533a\u5e02\u533b\u9662\u3001\u5b66\u6821\u3001\u751f\u547d\u7ebf\u5de5\u7a0b\uff08\u4f9b\u7535\u3001\u4f9b\u6c34\u3001\u71c3\u6c14\u7b49\uff09\u7b49\u5927\u578b\u516c\u5171\u5efa\u7b51\u6297\u9707\u7ea7\u522b\u81ea\u52a8\u63d0\u53471\u5ea6\uff0c\u666e\u904d\u80fd\u591f\u62b5\u62975\u7ea7\u5de6\u53f3\u7684\u5730\u9707<\/a>[\u53c2169]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5168\u5e02\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u6570\u5b57\u9065\u6d4b\u5730\u9707\u53f0\u7f51\u3001\u6570\u5b57\u5730\u9707\u524d\u5146\u53f0\u7f51\uff0c\u5efa\u670910\u4e2a\u5f3a\u9707\u89c2\u6d4b\u53f0\u548c2\u4e2a\u79fb\u52a8\u89c2\u6d4b\u53f0\uff1b\u8bbe\u6709100\u4e2a\u5b8f\u89c2\u5730\u9707\u76d1\u6d4b\u70b9[\u53c2170]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u6709\u5e02\u7ea7\u907f\u96be\u758f\u6563\u573a\u62402\u5904\u3001\u7efc\u5408\u907f\u96be\u573a\u62406\u5904\u3001\u4e34\u65f6\u907f\u96be\u6240179\u4e2a\uff0c\u5168\u5e02\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8857\u9053<\/a>\u793e\u533a<\/a>\u90fd\u5df2\u8bbe\u7acb\u6709\u4e34\u65f6\u5e94\u6025\u907f\u96be\u573a\u6240\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u5730\uff0c\u5373\u5c06\u6216\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d1\u751f5\u7ea7\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u5730\u9707\u4fbf\u4f1a\u7acb\u5373\u542f\u52a8\u7834\u574f\u6027\u5730\u9707\u5e94\u6025\u9884\u6848\u548c\u907f\u96be\u573a\u6240\uff0c\u5e02\u6c11\u53ef\u5728\u907f\u96be\u6240\u5f97\u5230\u7269\u8d28\u3001\u533b\u7597\u3001\u4f9b\u6c34\u3001\u4f9b\u7535\u3001\u4f4f\u5bbf\u7b49\u7d27\u6025\u6551\u52a9\uff1b\u5168\u5e02\u4e34\u65f6\u6307\u6325\u4e2d\u5fc3\u8bbe\u4e8e\u5e02\u7ea7\u907f\u96be\u758f\u6563\u573a\u6240\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u5168\u5e02\u6297\u9707\u6551\u707e\u6307\u6325\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u5e02\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u90e8\u5206\u5927\u578b\u5546\u573a\u548c\u8d85\u5e02\u7b7e\u8ba2\u5e94\u6025\u7269\u8d44\u4f9b\u5e94\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u672c\u5e02\u5e94\u6025\u7269\u8d44\u50a8\u5907\u5e93\uff0c\u9047\u7a81\u53d1\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6025\u9700\u7269\u8d44\u8c03\u914d\u65f6\u53ef\u5148\u5f81\u7528\u540e\u7ed3\u7b97\uff0c\u5c06\u4fdd\u8bc1\u5404\u79cd\u751f\u6d3b\u7c7b\u5e94\u6025\u7269\u8d44\u7684\u53ca\u65f6\u66f4\u65b0\u3002[\u53c2169]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

7. \u57ce\u5efa<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u56fe7-1\u81f37-5\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5728\u5b8b\u5143\u4ee5\u540e\u9010\u6e10\u6210\u4e3a\u5546\u8239\u5bc4\u6cca\u4e4b\u6240\u30021467\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u6751\u5efa\u8d77\u5929\u540e\u5bab<\/a>\uff0c\u5176\u540e\u968f\u7740\u53e3\u5cb8\u7684\u5f00\u653e\u548c\u90ae\u52a1\u603b\u5c40\u7684\u8bbe\u7acb\uff0c\u524d\u6d77\u5468\u8fb9\u53d1\u5c55\u6210\u4e3a\u5e02\u8857\u30021891\u5e74\u5efa\u7f6e\u540e\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u9010\u6e10\u53d1\u5c55\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u57ce\u9547\u3002\u5fb7\u79df\u65f6\u671f\u9752\u5c9b\u5f00\u59cb\u73b0\u4ee3\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u5efa\u8bbe\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u8f83\u65e9\u5f15\u5165\u897f\u65b9\u57ce\u5e02\u89c4\u5212\u7406\u5ff5\u5e76\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u3002\u65e9\u671f\u4ee5\u519b\u4e8b\u8bbe\u65bd\u548c\u5e94\u6025\u623f\u5c4b\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u5373\u65b0\u5efa\u5175\u8425<\/a>\u3001\u70ae\u53f0<\/a>\u3001\u7801\u5934<\/a>\u3001\u533b\u9662<\/a>\u3001\u6d77\u5173<\/a>\u3001\u4f4f\u5b85\uff0c\u6539\u5efa\u9632\u6ce2\u5824<\/a>\u3001\u6808\u6865<\/a>\uff0c\u7b51\u7acb\u706f\u5854<\/a>\uff0c\u5f00\u8f9f\u6c34\u6e90\uff0c\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6c34\u9053\uff0c\u89c4\u5212\u5efa\u8bbe\u519b\u6e2f<\/a>\u3002[\u53c2171]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1900\u5e74\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u89c4\u5212\u5236\u5b9a\uff0c\u786e\u5b9a\u57ce\u5e02\u6027\u8d28\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u5e03\u5c40\u3002\u968f\u540e\u5174\u5efa\u94c1\u8def<\/a>\u548c\u6e2f\u53e3<\/a>\uff0c\u5c06\u6c34\u9646\u4ea4\u901a\u8fde\u6210\u4e00\u4f53\uff1b\u7ed3\u5408\u5730\u5f62\u5730\u52bf\u4fee\u5efa\u57ce\u533a\u9053\u8def\uff1b\u534e\u6d0b\u5206\u6cbb\u5efa\u8bbe\u5c45\u4f4f\u3001\u5546\u8d38\u3001\u5de5\u4e1a\u3001\u4f11\u95f2\u548c\u529e\u516c\u533a\uff1b\u5174\u5efa\u516c\u5171\u5efa\u7b51\uff0c\u7eff\u5316<\/a>\u57ce\u533a\uff0c\u5efa\u8bbe\u516c\u56ed<\/a>\u3002\u5728\u53d1\u5c55\u5230\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u540e\u53d6\u6d88\u534e\u6d0b\u5206\u6cbb\u7684\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba1\u5212\u5c06\u53f0\u897f\u9547<\/a>\u548c\u53f0\u4e1c\u9547\u7eb3\u5165\u5e02\u533a\uff0c\u4f46\u7ec8\u56e0\u6218\u8d25\u800c\u672a\u80fd\u5b9e\u65bd\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u65e5\u636e\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u57ce\u5efa\u57fa\u672c\u5ef6\u7eed\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u89c4\u5212\uff0c\u5c40\u90e8\u8c03\u6574\uff0c\u65b0\u8f9f\u6c34\u6e90\u5730\uff0c\u65b0\u5efa\u53d1\u7535\u6240<\/a>\uff0c\u5174\u529e\u5b66\u6821<\/a>\u3001\u533b\u9662\u548c\u5546\u5e97\uff0c\u5728\u5927\u9c8d\u5c9b<\/a>\u5317\u4fa7\u5efa\u8bbe\u65b0\u753a\uff0c\u897f\u4fa7\u5efa\u8bbe\u91d1\u878d\u533a\uff0c\u5728\u56db\u65b9\u3001\u6ca7\u53e3<\/a>\u94c1\u8def\u4e00\u5e26\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5de5\u4e1a\u533a\uff0c\u6269\u5efa\u8f66\u7ad9\u3001\u7801\u5934\u548c\u522b\u5885\u533a\uff08\u4eca\u516b\u5927\u5173<\/a>\u4e00\u5e26\uff09\u3002[\u53c2172]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1929\u5e74\u9752\u5c9b\u7279\u522b\u5e02\u5efa\u7acb\u540e\uff0c\u57ce\u5efa\u7ee7\u7eed\u5145\u5b9e\u8001\u5e02\u533a\uff0c\u8f9f\u5efa\u65b0\u5e02\u533a\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u5c71\u8def<\/a>\u3001\u6cb3\u5357\u8def\u3001\u9986\u9676\u8def\u4e00\u5e26\u8bbe\u7acb\u94f6\u884c\u8857\uff0c\u5efa\u8bbe\u5267\u9662\u3001\u996d\u5e97\uff0c\u5728\u524d\u6d77\u4e00\u5e26\u5efa\u8bbe\u97f3\u4e50\u5385\u3001\u4f1a\u5802\u3001\u4f53\u80b2\u573a<\/a>\u53ca\u5b97\u6559\u573a\u9986\uff0c\u6269\u5efa\u522b\u5885\u533a\u30021932\u5e74\uff0c\u540e\u6d77<\/a>\u5f00\u59cb\u589e\u5efa\u6e2f\u53e3\u7801\u5934\uff0c\u5728\u53f0\u897f<\/a>\u5efa\u7acb\u5e73\u6c11\u4f4f\u5b85\u533a\u30021938\u5e74\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u65e5\u636e\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5efa\u8bbe\u65b9\u5411\u4ee5\u670d\u52a1\u519b\u4e8b\u7684\u516c\u5171\u5efa\u7b51\u548c\u4f4f\u5b85\u4e3a\u4e3b\u30021945\u5e74\u56e0\u56fd\u5171\u5185\u6218<\/a>\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u57ce\u5efa\u53d7\u5230\u4e25\u91cd\u7834\u574f\u3002\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u6210\u7acb\u540e\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u7684\u5efa\u8bbe\u91cd\u70b9\u8f6c\u4e3a\u6c11\u5b85\u548c\u516c\u5171\u5efa\u7b51\uff1b\u540c\u671f\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u5c71\u4e1c\u7701\u6709\u5173\u5355\u4f4d\u5728\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u90ca\u6ee8\u6d77\u5174\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u6279\u7597\u517b\u9662<\/a>[\u53c2173]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u4ec5\u4f9b\u6781\u5c11\u6570\u9ad8\u5e72\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u6839\u636e\u65b0\u7f16\u5236\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u603b\u4f53\u89c4\u5212\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5927\u578b\u5de5\u7a0b\u6539\u5584\u57ce\u533a\u9762\u8c8c\u30021980\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u5e02\u5357\u533a\u5728\u53f0\u897f\u7684\u5357\u90e8\u586b\u6d77\u5174\u5efa\u9ad8\u7ea7\u5c45\u4f4f\u533a\uff0c\u5373\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u516b\u5927\u5ce1<\/a>\u30021990\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u5f00\u59cb\u4e1c\u90e8\u5927\u5f00\u53d1\uff0c\u5e02\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e1c\u79fb\uff1b\u6d41\u4ead\u673a\u573a<\/a>\u79fb\u4ea4\u5730\u65b9\uff1b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u897f\u79fb\u81f3\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\u897f\u5cb8\uff0c\u57ce\u533a\u7ed3\u6784\u7531\u5357\u5317\u72ed\u957f\u7684\u5e26\u72b6\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f53\u4e24\u7ffc\u7684\u54c1\u5b57\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u8fdb\u516521\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u6b63\u5f0f\u63d0\u51fa\u201c\u73af\u6e7e\u4fdd\u62a4\u3001\u62e5\u6e7e\u53d1\u5c55\u201d\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u53d1\u5c55\u6218\u7565[\u53c2174]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u897f\u6d77\u5cb8\u65b0\u533a<\/a>\u3001\u7ea2\u5c9b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u533a<\/a>\u3001\u84dd\u8272\u7845\u8c37\u6838\u5fc3\u533a<\/a>\u89c4\u5212\u7684\u51fa\u53f0\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5f00\u59cb\u73af\u7ed5\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\u5174\u5efa\u771f\u6b63\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u56fd\u9645\u57ce\u5e02\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.1 \u57ce\u5e02\u89c4\u5212<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u56fe7-6\u81f37-8\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

1900\u5e74\uff0c\u80f6\u6fb3\u603b\u7763\u5e9c\u5de5\u52a1\u90e8\u7f16\u5236\u9752\u5c9b\u53f2\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u57ce\u5e02\u89c4\u5212<\/a>\u2014\u2014\u300a\u9752\u5c9b\u57ce\u5e02\u89c4\u5212\u300b\uff0c\u89c4\u5212\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u533a\u9762\u79ef12 km\u00b2<\/a>\uff0c\u4eba\u53e310\u4e07\u30021910\u5e74\uff0c\u53c8\u7f16\u5236\u300a\u9752\u5c9b\u6269\u5f20\u8ba1\u5212\u300b\uff0c\u89c4\u5212\u9762\u79ef\u7ea650 km\u00b2\uff0c\u4eba\u53e315\u4e07\uff0c\u5c06\u5185\u754c\u7684\u53f0\u897f\u9547\u3001\u53f0\u4e1c\u9547\u548c\u5916\u754c\u7684\u56db\u65b9\u3001\u6ca7\u53e3\u7b49\u7eb3\u5165\u89c4\u5212\uff0c\u786e\u7acb\u9752\u5c9b\u5357\u5317\u72ed\u957f\u7684\u5e26\u72b6\u57ce\u5e02\u683c\u5c40\uff0c\u4f46\u56e01914\u5e74\u6218\u8d25\u800c\u672a\u80fd\u5168\u9762\u5b9e\u65bd\u30021935\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u7279\u522b\u5e02\u653f\u5e9c\u51fa\u53f0\u300a\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u65bd\u884c\u57ce\u5e02\u89c4\u5212\u65b9\u6848\u300b\uff0c\u89c4\u5212\u9762\u79ef137.7 km\u00b2\uff0c\u4eba\u53e3100\u4e07\uff0c\u5e02\u4e2d\u5fc3\u548c\u5ba2\u8fd0\u7ad9<\/a>\u5317\u79fb\uff0c\u786e\u7acb\u9752\u5c9b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e94\u5927\u7ecf\u6d4e\u533a[\u7531\u5317\u5411\u5357\u5206\u522b\u4e3a\u4e1c\u5317\u533a\u5927\u8fde\u3001\u71d5\u8499\u533a\u5929\u6d25\u3001\u9ec4\u6cb3\u533a\u9752\u5c9b\u3001\u957f\u6c5f\u533a\u4e0a\u6d77\u3001\u73e0\u6c5f\u533a\u5e7f\u5dde]<\/sup>\u4e2d\u9ec4\u6d77\u533a\u7684\u51fa\u6d77\u53e3\u201d\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u89c4\u5212\u5efa\u8bbe\u7ecf\u65b0\u7586<\/a>\u76f4\u901a\u6b27\u6d32<\/a>\u7684\u94c1\u8def\uff0c\u6027\u8d28\u4e3a\u5de5\u5546\u4e1a\u3001\u5c45\u4f4f\u548c\u65c5\u6e38\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u4f46\u672a\u80fd\u5168\u9762\u5b9e\u65bd\u30021939\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u65e5\u636e\u65f6\u671f\u5236\u5b9a\u300a\u9752\u5c9b\u7279\u522b\u5e02\u5730\u65b9\u8ba1\u5212\u300b\u548c\u300a\u9752\u5c9b\u7279\u522b\u5e02\u6bcd\u5e02\u8ba1\u5212\u300b\uff0c\u5c06\u5373\u58a8\u548c\u80f6\u53bf\u5212\u5165\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u201c\u5927\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u201d\uff0c\u89c4\u5212\u9762\u79ef8579 km\u00b2\uff0c\u4eba\u53e3180\u4e07\uff0c\u6027\u8d28\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb<\/a>\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3001\u6e2f\u53e3\u3001\u5de5\u4e1a<\/a>\u548c\u65c5\u6e38<\/a>\u57ce\u5e02[\u53c2175]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u4f46\u4ea6\u672a\u80fd\u5b9e\u65bd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1950\u5e74\uff0c\u5e02\u653f\u5e9c\u57ce\u5e02\u5efa\u8bbe\u5c40\u7f16\u5236\u300a\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u90fd\u5e02\u8ba1\u5212\u7eb2\u8981\uff08\u521d\u7a3f\uff09\u300b\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u6027\u8d28\u786e\u5b9a\u4e3a\u8f7b\u5de5\u4e1a<\/a>\u3001\u8fdb<\/a>\u51fa\u53e3<\/a>\u3001\u6d77\u519b\u57fa\u5730<\/a>\u3001\u98ce\u666f\u65c5\u6e38\u548c\u7597\u517b<\/a>\u533a\u30021957\u5e74\uff0c\u5236\u5b9a\u300a\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u57ce\u5e02\u521d\u6b65\u89c4\u5212\u300b\uff0c\u786e\u5b9a\u9752\u5c9b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u9632<\/a>\u3001\u5de5\u4e1a\u3001\u5bf9\u5916\u8d38\u6613<\/a>\u548c\u7597\u517b\u7684\u591a\u529f\u80fd\u57ce\u5e02\u30021960\u5e74\uff0c\u300a\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u57ce\u5e02\u603b\u4f53\u89c4\u5212\u300b\u7f16\u5236\u5b8c\u6210\uff0c\u786e\u5b9a\u57ce\u5e02\u6027\u8d28\u4e3a\u201c\u56fd\u9632\u3001\u5de5\u4e1a\u3001\u6e2f\u53e3\u548c\u7597\u517b\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u57ce\u5e02\u201d\uff0c\u5e02\u533a\u4eba\u53e3100\u4e07\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u7528\u573098 km\u00b2\uff1b\u7531\u4e8e\u6587\u9769\u671f\u95f4\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u6267\u884c\u89c4\u5212\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f971975\u5e74\u9752\u5c9b\u57ce\u5e02\u603b\u7528\u5730\u768463 km\u00b2\u4e2d\uff0c\u751f\u6d3b\u5c45\u4f4f\u7528\u573020 km\u00b2\uff0c\u5de5\u4e1a\u4ed3\u50a8\u7b49\u7528\u573040 km\u00b2\uff0c\u4e8c\u8005\u5360\u5230\u4e8690%\u4ee5\u4e0a[\u53c2176]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u98ce\u666f\u65c5\u6e38\u529f\u80fd\u4e27\u5931\u6b86\u5c3d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1978\u5e74\uff0c\u603b\u4f53\u89c4\u5212\u91cd\u65b0\u7f16\u5236\uff0c1984\u5e74\u56fd\u52a1\u9662\u6279\u51c6\u5b9e\u65bd\u300a\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u57ce\u5e02\u603b\u4f53\u89c4\u5212\uff081980~2000\u5e74\uff09\u300b\uff0c1989\u5e74\u8fdb\u884c\u8865\u5145\u3001\u8c03\u6574\u548c\u5b8c\u5584\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u5e03\u5c40\u8c03\u6574\u4e3a\u4e00\u5fc3\uff08\u4e3b\u57ce\u533a\u4e0e\u9ec4\u5c9b\uff09\u3001\u4e00\u73af\uff08\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\u6cbf\u5cb8\u57ce\u9547\uff09\u3001\u4e00\u7fa4\uff08\u5e02\u90ca\u4e94\u5e02\u536b\u661f\u57ce\uff09\u30021999\u5e74\uff0c\u5efa\u8bbe\u90e8\u786e\u5b9a\u9752\u5c9b\u4e3a\u5168\u56fd\u57ce\u5e02\u89c4\u5212\u7ba1\u7406\u6539\u9769\u8bd5\u70b9\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u56fd\u52a1\u9662\u6b63\u5f0f\u6279\u590d\u300a\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u57ce\u5e02\u603b\u4f53\u89c4\u5212\uff081995~2010\u5e74\uff09\u300b\uff0c\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e1c\u90e8\u6cbf\u6d77\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u548c\u6e2f\u53e3\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5386\u53f2\u6587\u5316\u540d\u57ce<\/a>\u548c\u98ce\u666f\u65c5\u6e38\u80dc\u5730\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u89c4\u5212\u533a\u9762\u79ef1946.22 km\u00b2\u30022009\u5e74\uff0c\u5e02\u89c4\u5212\u5c40\u7f16\u5236\u7684\u300a\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u603b\u4f53\u89c4\u5212\uff082006~2020\u5e74\uff09\u300b\u5b9a\u7a3f\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u6027\u8d28\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e1c\u90e8\u6cbf\u6d77\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u57ce\u5e02\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u5386\u53f2\u6587\u5316\u540d\u57ce\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u6e2f\u53e3\u57ce\u5e02\u3001\u6ee8\u6d77\u65c5\u6e38\u5ea6\u5047\u57ce\u5e02\uff1b\u57ce\u5e02\u804c\u80fd\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e1c\u90e8\u6cbf\u6d77\u7684\u533a\u57df\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3001\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u670d\u52a1\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3001\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u6d77\u6d0b\u79d1\u7814\u53ca\u6d77\u6d0b\u4ea7\u4e1a\u5f00\u53d1\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u5236\u9020\u4e1a\u53ca\u9ad8\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u4ea7\u4e1a\u57fa\u5730\uff0c\u4e1c\u5317\u4e9a<\/a>\u56fd\u9645\u822a\u8fd0\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u533a\u57df\u6027\u822a\u7a7a\u6e2f\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u6ee8\u6d77\u65c5\u6e38\u5ea6\u5047\u80dc\u5730\u3002\u5e02\u57df\u57ce\u9547\u4f53\u7cfb<\/a>\u7531\u4e2d\u5fc3\u57ce\u533a\uff086\u4e2a\u5e02\u8f96\u533a\uff09\u3001\u6b21\u4e2d\u5fc3\u57ce\u5e02<\/a>\uff084\u4e2a\u53bf\u7ea7\u5e02\uff09\u3001\u91cd\u70b9\u9547<\/a>\uff0824\u4e2a\uff09\u3001\u4e00\u822c\u9547\uff0849\u4e2a\uff09\u7b49\u4e94\u90e8\u5206\u7ec4\u6210\u3002[\u53c2177]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.2 \u5e02\u653f\u8bbe\u65bd\u4e0e\u516c\u7528\u4e8b\u4e1a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

7.2.1 \u57ce\u5e02\u8def\u6865<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u66f4\u591a\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u533a\u9053\u8def\u65b0\u65e7\u540d\u79f0\u5bf9\u7167\u8868<\/a>\u548c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u533a\u5355\u884c\u9053\u53ca\u516c\u4ea4\u4e13\u7528\u9053\u5217\u8868<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe7-9\u548c7-10\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5efa\u7f6e\u65f6\uff0c\u4ec5\u67094\u6761\u9aa1\u9a6c\u5927\u8f66\u9053\uff0c\u53e6\u67096\u6761\u4ec5\u80fd\u591f\u901a\u884c\u72ec\u8f6e\u63a8\u8f66\u7684\u9053\u8def\uff0c\u5176\u4f59\u5747\u4e3a\u7f8a\u80a0\u5c0f\u9053\u3002\u5fb7\u79df\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u8f9f\u5efa\u9053\u8def\uff0c\u81f31914\u5e74\uff0c\u5171\u8f9f\u5efa\u9053\u8def75\u6761\uff0c\u5168\u957f\u903e80 km<\/a>\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u65e5\u636e\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7b51\u8def\uff0c\u81f31922\u5e74\uff0c\u5e02\u533a\u9053\u8def\u589e\u81f3230\u6761\u30021929\u5e74\u5357\u4eac\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7edf\u6cbb\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5efa\u8bbe\u5b8c\u5584\u5e02\u533a\u5916\u56f4\u7684\u9053\u8def\uff0c\u622a\u81f3\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u6210\u7acb\u524d\uff0c\u5e02\u533a\u9053\u8def\u5171\u6709440\u6761\uff0c\u603b\u957f243 km\uff0c\u603b\u9762\u79ef2.056 km\u00b2\u3002\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u6210\u7acb\u540e\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u6bcf\u5e74\u90fd\u62d3\u5bbd\u548c\u8f9f\u5efa\u9053\u8def\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u6295\u8d44\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u9053\u8def\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\u5e76\u65e0\u660e\u663e\u63d0\u9ad8\uff0c\u65b0\u5efa\u7684\u6548\u7387\u4e5f\u8f83\u4f4e\uff1b\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\u540e\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u5174\u5efa\u4e00\u6279\u8f83\u4e3a\u5bbd\u9614\u7684\u4e3b\u5e72\u9053\u3002\u622a\u81f31980\u5e74\uff0c\u5168\u5e02\u9053\u8def\u603b\u957f\u4ec5\u4e3a408 km\uff0c\u603b\u9762\u79ef3.77 km\u00b2\uff0c30\u5e74\u95f4\u7684\u5efa\u8bbe\u91cf\u672a\u8fbe\u5230\u5efa\u56fd\u524d\u76842\u500d\u3002\u52302011\u5e74\u672b\uff0c\u5e02\u5185\u4e03\u533a\u9053\u8def\u957f\u5ea63705 km\uff1b\u9053\u8def\u8def\u7f51\u5bc6\u5ea62.63 km\/km\u00b2\uff1b\u4eba\u5747\u9053\u8def\u9762\u79ef23.84 m\u00b2<\/a>\u3002[\u53c2178]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u76ee\u524d\uff0c\u4e3b\u57ce\u897f\u90e8\u7684\u8001\u57ce\u533a\u4ecd\u591a\u4e3a\u4f20\u7edf\u98ce\u683c\u7684\u9053\u8def\uff0c\u4fdd\u6301\u7740\u5fb7\u79df\u65f6\u671f\u59cb\u5efa\u65f6\u7684\u5f62\u6001\uff0c\u9053\u8def\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\u653e\u5c04\u5f0f\u548c\u68cb\u76d8\u5f0f\u4e24\u79cd\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u5206\u5e03\u4e8e\u539f\u6b27\u4eba\u533a\u548c\u534e\u4eba\u533a\uff0c\u517c\u987e\u5730\u52bf\u7684\u8d77\u4f0f\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u3002\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u9053\u8def\u5747\u5bbd10 m<\/a>\u5de6\u53f3[\u53c2179]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u8def\u7f51\u8f83\u5bc6\u3002\u65e2\u9c9c\u89c1\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u6c11\u5c45\u4e2d\u7684\u5c0f\u5df7<\/a>\uff0c\u4e5f\u7f3a\u5c11\u73b0\u4ee3\u90fd\u5e02\u4e2d\u5bbd\u9614\u7684\u5e72\u9053\u3002\u4e3a\u7f13\u89e3\u4ea4\u901a\u538b\u529b\uff0c\u5f00\u8f9f\u8f83\u591a\u7684\u5355\u884c\u9053<\/a>\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8001\u57ce\u533a\u7684\u9053\u8def\u591a\u4ee5\u201c\u5343\u7c73\u6613\u8def\u540d\u201d\u7684\u539f\u5219\u5c06\u8f83\u957f\u7684\u9053\u8def\u5206\u6bb5\u547d\u540d\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4e8e\u5b9a\u4f4d\u548c\u67e5\u627e\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e00\u5343\u7c73\uff0c\u5374\u4ecd\u53eb\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57\u7684\u9053\u8def\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5fb7\u79df\u548c\u65e5\u636e\u65f6\u671f\u9053\u8def\u5206\u522b\u4ee5\u5fb7\u8bed<\/a>\u548c\u65e5\u8bed<\/a>\u547d\u540d\uff0c\u56de\u5f52\u540e\u5168\u90e8\u4e88\u4ee5\u66f4\u540d\uff0c\u73b0\u591a\u4ee5\u4e2d\u56fd<\/a>\u4e3b\u8981\u57ce\u5e02\u6216\u5c71\u4e1c\u7701<\/a>\u4e3b\u8981\u5e02\u53bf\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u547d\u540d\uff0c\u5e76\u5927\u81f4\u6839\u636e\u5176\u5b9e\u9645\u5206\u5e03\u60c5\u51b5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e8e\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u57ce\u533a\u4e2d\u3002\u4e1c\u90e8\u7684\u65b0\u57ce\u533a\u548c\u901a\u5f80\u5317\u90e8\u57ce\u533a\u7684\u9053\u8def\u591a\u4e3a\u65b0\u5efa\u7684\u5bbd\u9614\u9053\u8def\uff0c\u4e0e\u8001\u57ce\u533a\u5f62\u6210\u9c9c\u660e\u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4\uff0c\u5e76\u51fa\u73b0\u8bb8\u591a\u957f\u7ea6\u6570\u5343\u7c73\u4f46\u4ecd\u53eb\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57\u7684\u9053\u8def\u30022011\u5e74\uff0c\u8fde\u63a5\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u4e3b\u57ce\u533a\u4e0e\u897f\u6d77\u5cb8\uff0c\u5168\u957f7.8\u5343\u7c73\u7684\u53cc\u5411\u516d\u8f66\u9053\u9752\u5c9b\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\u96a7\u9053<\/a>\u5efa\u6210\u901a\u8f66\u3002[\u53c2180]<\/a><\/sup>\u622a\u81f32011\u5e74\u672b\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u673a\u52a8\u8f66<\/a>\u4fdd\u6709\u91cf\u4e3a176.846\u4e07\u8f86\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6c7d\u8f66116.585\u4e07\u8f86\uff08\u8f7d\u5ba2\u6c7d\u8f66968519\u8f86\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u79c1\u5bb6\u8f66895124\u8f86\uff09\u3002\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u533a\u4e3b\u5e72\u9053\u4ea4\u901a\u57fa\u672c\u5904\u4e8e\u9971\u548c\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u4e2d\u5fc3\u57ce\u533a\u9053\u8def\u5e73\u5747\u8f66\u901f\u4ec521.7 km\/h<\/a>\u3002[\u53c2181]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u5e02\u653f\u6865\u6881\u5efa\u8bbe\u59cb\u81ea1893\u5e74\u4fee\u5efa\u7684\u524d\u6d77\u6808\u6865<\/a>\u3002\u81f31949\u5e74\u5171\u5efa\u57ce\u5e02\u6865\u688183\u5ea7\uff0c\u591a\u4e3a\u6728\u6865\u548c\u5c0f\u578b\u94a2\u6df7\u6865\u30021970\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u539f\u6cf0\u4e91\u6865\u5904\u5efa\u6210\u5168\u5e02\u7b2c\u4e00\u5ea7\u4eba\u884c\u94a2\u6df7\u53cc\u66f2\u62f1\u6865\uff0c\u79f0\u8dc3\u8fdb\u6865\u30021975\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u674e\u6751\u6cb3\u4e0a\u5efa\u6210\u5927\u578b\u94a2\u6df7\u53cc\u66f2\u62f1\u6865\u2014\u2014\u80dc\u5229\u6865\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u8fdb\u5165\u5efa\u8bbe\u5927\u6865\u7684\u9636\u6bb5\u30021984\u5e74\uff0c\u6d77\u6cca\u6cb3\u7554\u5efa\u6210\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e00\u5ea7\u540e\u6da8\u9884\u5e94\u529b\u8fde\u7eed\u7bb1\u578b\u5f2f\u6865\u2014\u2014\u676d\u5dde\u8def\u7acb\u4ea4\u6865\u30021986\u5e74\u8d77\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u8fdb\u5165\u5efa\u6865\u5927\u53d1\u5c55\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5148\u540e\u5efa\u6210\u4e86\u5305\u62ec\u5ef6\u5b81\u7acb\u4ea4\u6865\uff08\u73b0\u540d\u6d77\u4fe1\u7acb\u4ea4\u6865\uff09\u548c\u80f6\u5dde\u8def\u53e3\u4eba\u884c\u5929\u6865\u5728\u5185\u7684\u591a\u5ea7\u7acb\u4ea4\u6865\u548c\u4eba\u884c\u5929\u6865[\u53c2182]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.2.2 \u57ce\u5e02\u6392\u6c34<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u6392\u6c34\u7cfb\u7edf\u59cb\u5efa\u4e8e\u5fb7\u79df\u65f6\u671f\u768419\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\uff0c\u5176\u95f4\u5171\u94fa\u8bbe\u96e8\u6c34\u7ba1\u905329.97 km\uff0c\u6c61\u6c34<\/a>\u7ba1\u905341.07 km\uff0c\u5efa\u6709\u6392\u6c34<\/a>\u6cc4\u6d2a\u59044\u5ea7\u3002\u81f3\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u6210\u7acb\u524d\uff0c\u5168\u5e02\u5171\u6709\u96e8\u6c34\u7ba1\u905364 km\uff0c\u6c61\u6c34\u7ba1\u9053106 km\uff0c\u96e8\u6c61\u5408\u6d41\u7ba1\u905364 km\u30021990\u5e74\u4ee3\u8d77\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5f00\u59cb\u5efa\u8bbe\u6c61\u6c34\u5904\u7406\u5382\u3002\u622a\u81f32011\u5e74\u672b\uff0c\u5168\u5e02\u6392\u6c34\u7ba1\u9053\u957f\u5ea6\u4e3a5 187 km\u3002[\u53c2178]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.2.3 \u57ce\u5e02\u4f9b\u6c34<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5728\u5212\u4e3a\u5fb7\u56fd\u79df\u501f\u5730\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u751f\u6d3b\u751f\u4ea7\u7528\u6de1\u6c34<\/a>\u9760\u51ff\u4e95<\/a>\u6216\u4ece\u6cb3\u6d41<\/a>\u53d6\u6c34\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u79df\u501f\u540e\uff0c\u4e8e1899\u5e74\u5728\u6d77\u6cca\u6cb3\u4e0b\u6e38\u5efa\u7acb\u9996\u4e2a\u6c34\u6e90\u5730\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u7ba1\u9053\u9001\u5f80\u6c34\u9053\u5c71\uff08\u73b0\u89c2\u8c61\u5c71\uff09\u84c4\u6c34\u6c60\u4f9b\u5e02\u533a\u7528\u6c34\uff0c\u65e5\u4f9b\u6c34\u91cf400 m\u00b3<\/a>\uff0c\u63ed\u5f00\u9752\u5c9b\u4f9b\u6c34\u7684\u5e8f\u5e55\u3002\u968f\u7740\u57ce\u5e02\u7528\u6c34\u91cf\u7684\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u53c8\u5728\u674e\u6751\u6cb3<\/a>\u6c34\u6e90\u5730\u5efa\u7acb\u6c34\u5382\uff0c\u9065\u67b615 km\u7ba1\u9053\u5c06\u6c34\u5f15\u81f3\u4eca\u8d2e\u6c34\u5c71<\/a>\uff0c\u5728\u4e1c\u5317\u5761\u4e0a\u4fee\u8d77\u4e24\u4e2a\u5bb9\u79ef2000 m\u00b3\u7684\u84c4\u6c34\u6c60\uff0c\u5411\u5168\u5e02\u4f9b\u6c34\u91cf\u6070\u8db3\u5168\u5e02\u4e00\u65e5\u4e4b\u7528\uff0c\u6210\u4e86\u57ce\u5e02\u4e00\u9053\u98ce\u666f\u30021940\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u5efa\u8d77\u56db\u65b9\u5c71\u84c4\u6c34\u6c60\uff0c\u53f7\u79f0\u4e9a\u6d32<\/a>\u7b2c\u4e00\u5927\u6c34\u6c60\uff0c\u73b0\u4ecd\u662f\u9752\u5c9b\u6700\u5927\u7684\u84c4\u6c34\u6c60\u3002\u5f15\u9ec4\u6d4e\u9752\u5de5\u7a0b<\/a>1989\u5e74\u6b63\u5f0f\u901a\u6c34\u30021994\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u7528\u6c34\u666e\u53ca\u7387\u8fbe\u5230100%\u30021999\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed9\u5bb6\u5be8\u51c0\u6c34\u5382\u5de5\u7a0b\u5f00\u5efa\u3002\u622a\u81f32011\u5e74\u672b\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u81ea\u6765\u6c34\u4f9b\u6c34\u7ba1\u9053\u957f\u5ea6\u4e3a5121 km\uff0c\u5168\u5e74\u4f9b\u6c34\u603b\u91cf34109\u4e07 m\u00b3\u3002[\u53c2178]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7531\u4e8e\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u6de1\u6c34\u8d44\u6e90\u532e\u4e4f\uff0c\u9664\u6de1\u6c34\u76f4\u63a5\u4f9b\u7ed9\u4e4b\u5916\u8fd8\u9700\u5f00\u53d1\u57ce\u5e02\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6c34\u6e90\uff0c\u5982\u52a0\u5927\u4e2d\u6c34<\/a>\u548c\u6d77\u6c34<\/a>\u7684\u5229\u7528\u529b\u5ea6\u3002\u6d77\u6c34\u5728\u57ce\u5e02\u4f9b\u6c34\u7d27\u5f20\u65f6\u671f\u8d77\u5230\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u6d77\u6c34\u7684\u5355\u4f4d\u6700\u591a\u65f6\u66fe\u8fbe30\u4f59\u5bb6\uff0c\u6d77\u6c34\u76f4\u63a5\u5229\u7528\u91cf240\u591a\u4e07 m\u00b3\/d<\/a>\uff0c\u6d77\u6c34\u5229\u7528\u603b\u91cf\u903e8\u4ebf m\u00b3\/a<\/a>\u3002\u9752\u5c9b\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u53cd\u6e17\u900f<\/a>\u6d77\u6c34\u6de1\u5316<\/a>\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u53d1\u6e90\u5730\uff0c\u5e74\u5229\u7528\u6d77\u6c34\u6298\u5408\u6de1\u6c34\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u53ef\u8d85\u8fc74\u4e07 m\u00b3\uff0c\u5360\u57ce\u5e02\u6de1\u6c34\u4f9b\u5e94\u603b\u91cf\u76841\/4\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u5df2\u5728\u90e8\u5206\u6d77\u5c9b\u5efa\u8bbe\u5c0f\u578b\u6d77\u6c34\u6de1\u5316\u88c5\u7f6e\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u89e3\u51b3\u6d77\u5c9b\u5403\u6c34\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u73b0\u9664\u5df2\u5efa\u6210\u7684\u591a\u5904\u6d77\u6c34\u6de1\u5316\u88c5\u7f6e\u5916\uff0c\u5168\u5e02\u5728\u5efa\u548c\u62df\u5efa\u7684\u6d77\u6c34\u6de1\u5316\u88c5\u7f6e\u65e5\u4ea7\u91cf\u8d85\u8fc710\u4e07 m\u00b3\uff0c\u5177\u5907\u6d77\u6c34\u6de1\u5316\u4ea7\u4e1a\u5316\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u901a\u8fc7\u5efa\u8bbe\u4e2d\u6c34\u5229\u7528\u5de5\u7a0b\u548c\u51fa\u53f0\u4e2d\u6c34\u5229\u7528\u5730\u65b9\u6027\u6cd5\u89c4\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e2d\u6c34\u7684\u5229\u7528\u91cf\u8d85\u8fc71\u4e07 m\u00b3\/d[\u53c2183]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.2.4 \u57ce\u5e02\u4f9b\u6c14\u4e0e\u4f9b\u70ed<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u71c3\u6c14<\/a>\u5efa\u8bbe\u8d77\u6b65\u4e8e1972\u5e74\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u77f3\u6cb9\u5de5\u4e1a\u90e8<\/a>\u5c06\u9752\u5c9b\u6db2\u5316\u77f3\u6cb9\u6c14<\/a>\u4f9b\u5e94\u5217\u5165\u56fd\u5bb6\u7edf\u4e00\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u540c\u5e74\u9752\u5c9b\u5efa\u8d77\u9996\u5ea7\u6db2\u5316\u77f3\u6cb9\u6c14\u7ad9\u30021984\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u5f00\u59cb\u5efa\u8bbe\u7164\u5236\u6c14<\/a>\u5382\uff1b2002\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u9996\u5ea6\u7528\u4e0a\u5929\u7136\u6c14\u30022003\u5e74\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u6c14\u5316\u666e\u53ca\u7387\u8fbe\u5230100 %\u3002\u622a\u81f32011\u5e74\u672b\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u4f7f\u7528\u5404\u7c7b\u71c3\u6c14\u7684\u603b\u6237\u6570\u8fbe\u523098.21\u4e07\u6237\uff0c\u5168\u5e74\u4f9b\u5e94\u6db2\u5316\u6c14\u603b\u91cf8\u4e07 t<\/a>\uff1b\u4f9b\u5e94\u7164\u5236\u6c14\u603b\u91cf9137\u4e07 m\u00b3\uff1b\u4f9b\u5e94\u5929\u7136\u6c14\u603b\u91cf48308\u4e07 m\u00b3\uff0c\u4f9b\u5e94\u80fd\u529b\u8fbe\u52306.18\u4ebf m\u00b3\/a\uff1b\u5e02\u533a\u7ba1\u9053\u71c3\u6c14\u6c14\u5316\u7387\u8fbe\u523078 %\u3002[\u53c2156]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u96c6\u4e2d\u4f9b\u70ed<\/a>\u59cb\u81ea1982\u5e74\u30021991\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u70ed\u7535\u516c\u53f8\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u7b79\u5efa\u7b2c\u4e00\u70ed\u7535\u5382\uff0c\u5e76\u5148\u540e\u5efa\u8bbe\u9752\u5c9b\u7535\u5382\u70ed\u7f51\u6539\u9020\u548c\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5546\u7528\u3001\u4f4f\u5b85\u5c0f\u533a\u7684\u4f9b\u70ed\u7ad9\u30022000\u5e74\uff0c\u201c\u5168\u5e02\u63a8\u884c\u57ce\u5e02\u4f9b\u3001\u7528\u70ed\u5408\u540c\u201d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5927\u578b\u5de5\u5382\u548c\u71c3\u6c14\u516c\u53f8\u5229\u7528\u5bcc\u4f59\u70ed\u6e90\u5b9e\u73b0\u5bf9\u5916\u4f9b\u70ed\u6cb3\u70ed\u7535\u8054\u4ea7\u3002\u622a\u81f32011\u5e74\u672b\uff0c\u5168\u5e02\u96c6\u4e2d\u4f9b\u70ed\u9762\u79ef\u8fbe\u52308235\u4e07 m\u00b2\uff0c\u5e02\u533a\u96c6\u4e2d\u4f9b\u70ed\u666e\u53ca\u7387\u8fbe\u523070 %\u3002[\u53c2156]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.2.5 \u57ce\u5e02\u7528\u7535<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u7528\u7535\u59cb\u4e8e1898\u5e74\uff0c\u521d\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u6d25\u8def\u6cb3\u5357\u8def\u8def\u53e3\u9644\u8fd1\u5efa\u7acb\u77f3\u6cb9\u6c14<\/a>\u53d1\u7535\u7ad9\uff0c\u4f9b\u91cd\u8981\u673a\u5173\u53ca\u8bbe\u65bd\u7528\u7535\u30021903\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5e93\u9ea6\u5c14\u7535\u5668\u80a1\u4efd\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u4eca\u5e7f\u5dde\u8def\u5efa\u6210\u9752\u5c9b\u7535\u706f\u5382<\/a>\uff0c\u662f\u4e3a\u9752\u5c9b\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u53d1\u7535\u5382\uff0c\u540e\u6539\u4e3a\u5b98\u8425\u3002\u81f31907\u5e74\uff0c\u662f\u65f6\u5e02\u533a\u7684\u4f9b\u7535<\/a>\u7f51\u7edc\u521d\u6b65\u5f62\u6210\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u65e5\u636e\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u7535\u706f\u6574\u7406\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u63a5\u7ba1\u9752\u5c9b\u7535\u706f\u5382\uff0c\u6539\u79f0\u9752\u5c9b\u53d1\u7535\u6240\u30021936\u5e74\u5efa\u6210\u56db\u65b9\u53d1\u7535\u6240\u30021975\u5e74\uff0c\u6f4d\u574a\u5230\u9752\u5c9b\u7684220\u5343\u4f0f\u574a\u9752\u9ad8\u538b\u8f93\u7535\u7ebf\u8def\u6295\u5165\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u7535\u7f51<\/a>\u4e0e\u534e\u5317\u7535\u7f51<\/a>\u9996\u6b21\u76f8\u8fde\uff0c\u7ed3\u675f\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u72ec\u7acb\u7535\u7f51\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3002\u622a\u81f32011\u5e74\u672b\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u53d1\u7535\u8bbe\u5907\u603b\u5bb9\u91cf\u8fbe\u52303869.3 MW<\/a>\uff0c\u5168\u793e\u4f1a\u5168\u5e74\u7528\u7535\u91cf313.44\u4ebf kW\u00b7h<\/a>\uff0c\u5168\u5e74\u53d1\u7535\u91cf184.43\u4ebf kW\u00b7h\u30022012\u5e747\u6708\u8d77\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u6839\u636e\u56fd\u5bb6\u53d1\u5c55\u6539\u9769\u59d4\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u6267\u884c\u5c71\u4e1c\u7701\u7269\u4ef7\u5c40\u516c\u5e03\u7684\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u5c45\u6c11\u751f\u6d3b\u7528\u7535\u8bd5\u884c\u9636\u68af\u7535\u4ef7\u7684\u901a\u77e5\u300b[\u53c2184]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.3 \u57ce\u5e02\u4f4f\u5b85\u4e0e\u623f\u5730\u4ea7\u4e1a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u56fe7-11\u548c7-12\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u4f4f\u5b85<\/a>\u5efa\u8bbe\u7ba1\u7406\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u623f\u5730\u4ea7<\/a>\u4e1a\u59cb\u4e8e19\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u5efa\u7f6e\u30021898\u5e74\uff0c\u80f6\u6fb3\u603b\u7763\u5e9c\u9881\u5e03\u300a\u7f6e\u4e70\u7530\u5730\u7ae0\u7a0b\u300b\uff0c\u7981\u6b62\u6c11\u95f4\u623f\u5730\u4ea7\u7684\u79c1\u81ea\u4ea4\u6613\uff0c\u4ee5\u5bf9\u79df\u501f\u5730\u5185\u7684\u571f\u5730\u5b9e\u65bd\u8ba1\u5212\u6027\u6536\u8d2d\uff0c\u518d\u5c06\u5176\u7ade\u6807\u51fa\u552e\u7528\u4e8e\u57ce\u5efa\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5236\u5b9a\u79df\u4ef7\u6807\u51c6\u30021900\u5e74\uff0c\u300a\u5fb7\u5c5e\u5883\u57df\u5212\u5206\u5185\u5916\u4e24\u754c\u7ae0\u7a0b\u300b\u9881\u5e03\uff0c\u4f4f\u5b85\u533a\u88ab\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u6b27\u4eba\u533a\u548c\u534e\u4eba\u533a\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u6807\u51c6\u5206\u522b\u5efa\u8bbe\uff0c\u5efa\u3001\u79df\u623f\u9700\u7ecf\u7763\u5bdf\u6279\u51c6\u3002\u65e5\u636e\u65f6\u671f\u5927\u4e3e\u5efa\u8bbe\u65e5\u5f0f\u4f4f\u5b85\u53ca\u5de5\u5546\u4e1a\u7528\u623f\uff0c\u5728\u623f\u5730\u4ea7\u5f00\u53d1\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u4ea4\u6613\u4e0a\u4e5f\u6709\u76f8\u5e94\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u516c\u6709\u623f\u4ea7\u589e\u81f3100\u4f59\u5904\u30021922\u5e74\u9752\u5c9b\u56de\u5f52\u540e\uff0c\u80f6\u6fb3\u5546\u57e0\u901a\u8fc7\u63a5\u7ba1\u3001\u6ca1\u6536\u3001\u4ef7\u8d2d\u83b7\u5f97\u516c\u623f368\u5904\uff0c\u9762\u79ef\u8fbe51\u4e07 m\u00b2\u3002\u81f31929\u5e74\u9752\u5c9b\u7279\u522b\u5e02\u6b63\u5f0f\u8bbe\u7acb\u524d\uff0c\u65b0\u5efa\u623f700\u4f59\u5904\uff08\u5176\u4e2d\u7531\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u65b0\u5efa\u7684\u7ea6\u536070 %\uff09\uff0c\u5efa\u7b51\u9762\u79ef\u7ea615\u4e07 m\u00b2\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u53f0\u897f\u9547\u53ca\u89c2\u6d77\u5c71<\/a>\u4e00\u5e26\u3002\u5176\u95f4\uff0c\u4e3a\u52a0\u5f3a\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u80f6\u6fb3\u5546\u57e0\u7763\u529e\u516c\u7f72\u5148\u540e\u9881\u5e03\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u89c4\u7ae0\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u65e5\u636e\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4e8e1939\u5e74\u9881\u5e03\u300a\u90fd\u5e02\u8ba1\u5212\u6536\u7528\u571f\u5730\u53ca\u7981\u6b62\u4e70\u5356\u529e\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u5e02\u533a\u623f\u5730\u4ea7\u5168\u90e8\u505c\u6b62\u6743\u5229\u8f6c\u79fb\uff0c\u5de5\u5382\u3001\u4f01\u4e1a\u81ea\u6709\u623f\u4ea7\u591a\u88ab\u65e5\u672c\u519b\u653f\u5e9c\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u5176\u540e\u5386\u7ecf\u591a\u5e74\u5efa\u8bbe\uff0c\u81f31949\u5e74\uff0c\u5168\u5e02\u5171\u6709\u57ce\u5e02\u4f4f\u5b85355\u4e07 m\u00b2\u3002\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u521d\u5e74\uff0c\u623f\u5730\u4ea7\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u7f13\u6162\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5efa\u8bbe\u4e00\u4e9b\u68da\u6237\u533a<\/a>\u6539\u9020\u7684\u89e3\u56f0\u623f\u3002\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\u81f3\u4eca\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u623f\u5730\u4ea7\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u53d8\u5f97\u706b\u70ed\uff0c\u623f\u4ef7\u4f4d\u4e8e\u56fd\u5185\u4e8c\u7ebf\u57ce\u5e02\u524d\u5217\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.4 \u57ce\u5e02\u5efa\u7b51<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u56fe7-13\u81f37-17\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

7.4.1 \u516c\u5171\u5efa\u7b51<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5efa\u7f6e\u540e\uff0c1892\u5e74\u5728\u524d\u6d77\u5efa\u8d77\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u6837\u5f0f\u7684\u603b\u5175\u8859\u95e8\uff0c\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u9752\u5c9b\u516c\u5171\u5efa\u7b51\u7684\u53d1\u7aef[\u5929\u540e\u5bab\u7b49\u5efa\u7f6e\u524d\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u5efa\u7b51\u4e0d\u5728\u6b64\u5217]<\/sup>\u30021897\u5e74\u5fb7\u56fd\u79df\u501f\u540e\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u5efa\u8bbe\u5177\u6709\u6b27\u5f0f\u98ce\u683c\u7684\u516c\u5171\u5efa\u7b51\uff0c\u5982\u4ffe\u65af\u9ea6\u5175\u8425\u3001\u80f6\u6fb3\u603b\u7763\u5e9c<\/a>\u3001\u80f6\u5dde\u5e1d\u56fd\u6cd5\u9662<\/a>\u3001\u80f6\u6d77\u5173<\/a>\u529e\u516c\u697c\u3001\u5c71\u4e1c\u94c1\u9053\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u5fb7\u534e\u94f6\u884c<\/a>\u9752\u5c9b\u5206\u884c\u3001\u80f6\u6fb3\u5de1\u6355\u623f\u3001\u80f6\u6fb3\u90ae\u653f\u5c40\u3001\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5802\u3001\u91ce\u6218\u533b\u9662\u7b49\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5efa\u7b51\u591a\u7531\u5fb7\u56fd\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e08\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5efa\u7b51\u516c\u53f8\u65bd\u5de5\u5efa\u9020\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u65e5\u636e\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5efa\u8bbe\u4e00\u4e9b\u533b\u9662<\/a>\u548c\u5b66\u6821<\/a>\u7b49\uff0c\u5982\u9752\u5c9b\u75c5\u9662[\u4eca\u9752\u5c9b\u5927\u5b66\u533b\u5b66\u9662\u9644\u5c5e\u533b\u9662\u897f\u9662\u533a]<\/sup>\u548c\u666e\u6d4e\u533b\u9662[\u4eca\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u5e02\u7acb\u533b\u9662]<\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1922\u5e74\u9752\u5c9b\u56de\u5f52\u540e\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u5728\u4e2d\u5c71\u8def\u3001\u9986\u9676\u8def\u4e00\u5e26\u5efa\u8bbe\u94f6\u884c<\/a>\u3001\u5f71\u5267\u9662<\/a>\u3001\u5546\u5e97<\/a>\u3001\u996d\u5e97<\/a>\u7b49\u30021930\u5e74\u4ee3\u5efa\u8bbe\u8bb8\u591a\u5b97\u6559\u5efa\u7b51\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u591a\u662f\u7531\u5f52\u56fd\u7559\u5b66\u751f<\/a>\u6216\u4fa8\u5c45\u7684\u5916\u56fd\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e08\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u98ce\u683c\u591a\u6837\u3001\u4e2d\u897f\u5408\u74a7\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u65e5\u636e\u81f3\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u521d\u5e74\uff0c\u4ec5\u6709\u5c11\u91cf\u519b\u4e8b\u5efa\u7b51\u5efa\u6210\u30021950\u81f31970\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u5efa\u8bbe\u4e00\u4e9b\u533b\u9662<\/a>\u548c\u7597\u517b\u9662<\/a>\uff0c\u4f1a\u5802<\/a>\u548c\u793c\u5802<\/a>\u3002\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\u540e\uff0c\u7ecf\u8425\u6027\u5efa\u7b51\u5f00\u59cb\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u7684\u5927\u578b\u9152\u5e97\u5927\u697c\u3001\u90ae\u7535\u5927\u53a6\u548c\u4f53\u80b2\u9986<\/a>\u5efa\u6210\u30021990\u5e74\u4ee3\u81f3\u4eca\uff0c\u516c\u5171\u5efa\u7b51\u4ee5\u4e1c\u90e8\u7684\u65b0\u5e02\u5e9c\u5927\u697c\u4e3a\u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u65b0\u4e00\u8f6e\u516c\u5171\u5efa\u7b51\u5efa\u8bbe\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4ee5\u96d5\u5851\u56ed\u3001\u5e7f\u7535\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3001\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3001\u4e16\u8d38\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3001\u4f1a\u5c55\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3001\u5e02\u535a\u7269\u9986\u3001\u5e02\u4e2d\u7ea7\u6cd5\u9662\u529e\u516c\u697c\u3001\u5927\u5267\u9662\u3001\u4f53\u80b2\u573a\u3001\u4e1c\u90e8\u533b\u9662\u7b49\u6700\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.4.2 \u5de5\u4e1a\u5efa\u7b51<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

1897\u5e74\u5fb7\u56fd\u79df\u501f\u540e\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u6295\u8d44\u5efa\u5382\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u8bf8\u5982\u5c60\u5bb0\u573a<\/a>\u3001\u7f2b\u4e1d\u5382\u3001\u9020\u8239\u5382\u3001\u5564\u9152\u5382\u3001\u673a\u8f66\u5382\u7b49\u4e00\u5927\u6279\u8fd1\u4ee3\u5de5\u4e1a\u5efa\u7b51\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u65e5\u636e\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5728\u56db\u65b9\u3001\u6ca7\u53e3\u4e00\u5e26\u5efa\u8d77\u82e5\u5e72\u7eba\u7eb1\u5382\uff0c\u534e\u5546\u4e5f\u5efa\u8bbe\u534e\u65b0\u7eb1\u5382\u30021930\u81f31940\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6218\u4e71\u7b49\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5de5\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u7f13\u6162\uff0c\u5de5\u4e1a\u5efa\u7b51\u589e\u52a0\u4e0d\u591a\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u906d\u5230\u7834\u574f\u30021950\u81f31970\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u6cb9\u7801\u5934\u3001\u6a61\u80f6\u516d\u5382\uff08\u4eca\u53cc\u661f<\/a>\uff09\u3001\u78b1\u5382\u3001\u5317\u6d77\u8239\u5382\u3001\u6c61\u6c34\u5904\u7406\u5382\u7b49\u5927\u4e2d\u4f01\u4e1a\u5efa\u7b51\u3002\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\u540e\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u9752\u5c9b\u7535\u51b0\u7bb1\u5382\uff08\u4eca\u6d77\u5c14<\/a>\uff09\u3001\u9752\u5c9b\u7535\u89c6\u673a\u5382\uff08\u4eca\u6d77\u4fe1<\/a>\uff09\u7b49\u77e5\u540d\u5de5\u4e1a\u4f01\u4e1a\u30021990\u5e74\u4ee3\u81f3\u4eca\uff0c\u5728\u5f00\u53d1\u533a\u3001\u9ad8\u65b0\u533a\u3001\u4fdd\u7a0e\u6e2f\u533a\u3001\u8f6f\u4ef6\u56ed\u3001\u82e5\u5e72\u4e2a\u5de5\u4e1a\u56ed\u4ee5\u53ca\u65b0\u5f00\u8f9f\u7684\u7ea2\u5c9b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u533a\u3001\u84dd\u8272\u7845\u8c37\u6838\u5fc3\u533a\u7b49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u91cd\u70b9\u56ed\u533a\u5185\u5efa\u8d77\u4e00\u5927\u6279\u5177\u6709\u56fd\u9645\u5148\u8fdb\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u5efa\u7b51\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.4.3 \u5c45\u4f4f\u5efa\u7b51<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5efa\u7f6e\u524d\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u6c11\u5c45\u591a\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u6751\u843d<\/a>\u4e2d\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u4e09\u5408\u9662<\/a>\u3001\u56db\u5408\u9662<\/a>\u3002\u5fb7\u79df\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4f9d\u636e\u5176\u57ce\u5e02\u89c4\u5212\uff0c\u5206\u533a\u57df\u5efa\u8bbe\u6c11\u5c45\u3002\u5728\u4eca\u6c5f\u82cf\u8def\u3001\u6c82\u6c34\u8def\u3001\u5fb7\u53bf\u8def\u4e00\u5e26\u5efa\u8bbe\u5fb7\u5f0f\u5ead\u9662\u5efa\u7b51\uff0c\u5728\u4eca\u6816\u971e\u8def\u3001\u83b1\u9633\u8def\u4e00\u5e26\u5efa\u8bbe\u522b\u5885<\/a>\uff0c\u5728\u53f0\u897f\u9547<\/a>\u3001\u53f0\u4e1c\u9547\u548c\u5927\u5c0f\u9c8d\u5c9b\u7b49\u534e\u4eba\u5c45\u4f4f\u533a\u6cbf\u8857\u5efa\u8bbe\u5468\u8fb9\u5f0f\u4f4f\u5b85\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u65e5\u636e\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5728\u5927\u9c8d\u5c9b\u5317\u4fa7\u3001\u9986\u9676\u8def\u5efa\u8bbe\u65e5\u5f0f\u98ce\u683c\u4f4f\u5b85\u533a\uff0c\u6cbf\u8857\u4e00\u5c42\u4e3a\u5546\u94fa\uff0c\u4e8c\u697c\u4e3a\u4f4f\u5b85\uff1b\u540c\u65f6\u5728\u53f0\u897f\u9547\u5317\u4fa7\u3001\u5927\u9c8d\u5c9b\u5357\u4fa7\u5efa\u8bbe\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f0f\u7684\u5929\u4e95\u91cc\u9662<\/a>\uff0c\u5728\u56db\u65b9\u3001\u6ca7\u53e3\u5de5\u4e1a\u533a\u5efa\u8bbe\u7b80\u6613\u52b3\u5de5\u5bbf\u820d<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1922\u5e74\u9752\u5c9b\u56de\u5f52\u540e\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u793e\u4f1a\u5404\u9636\u5c42\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6761\u4ef6\u548c\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5c45\u4f4f\u5efa\u7b51\u4e3b\u8981\u5206\u6210\u4e86\u522b\u5885\u3001\u5ead\u9662\u3001\u516c\u5bd3<\/a>\u3001\u91cc\u9662\u3001\u68da\u6237<\/a>\u7b49\u51e0\u7c7b\u30021930\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u5728\u4eca\u516b\u5927\u5173<\/a>\u4e00\u5e26\u5efa\u8d77\u6ee8\u6d77\u522b\u5885\u5efa\u7b51\u7fa4\uff0c\u56e0\u5176\u98ce\u683c\u591a\u6837\u522b\u5177\u7279\u8272\u800c\u88ab\u8a89\u4e3a\u201c\u4e07\u56fd\u5efa\u7b51\u535a\u89c8\u4f1a\u201d\uff1b\u540c\u65f6\u4e3a\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e0b\u5c42\u5e02\u6c11\u5c45\u4f4f\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5728\u53f0\u897f\u9547\u5efa\u8bbe10\u4f59\u4e2a\u5e73\u6c11\u5c45\u4f4f\u533a\uff0c\u56e0\u5c45\u4f4f\u8d28\u91cf\u76f8\u8f83\u4e8e\u68da\u6237\u6709\u4e86\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u63d0\u5347\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u201c\u53f0\u897f\u5341\u5927\u516c\u9986\u201d\u7684\u96c5\u53f7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u65e5\u636e\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5728\u4eca\u5408\u6c5f\u8def\u4e00\u5e26\u5efa\u8d77\u516c\u5bd3\uff0c\u5728\u5c0f\u9c8d\u5c9b\u4e00\u5e26\u548c\u83b1\u9633\u8def\u5468\u8fb9\u5efa\u8d77\u5c0f\u4f4f\u5b85\u3002\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u521d\u5e74\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7b49\u8bf8\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4f4f\u5b85\u5efa\u8bbe\u53d1\u5c55\u51e0\u8fd1\u505c\u6ede\u3002\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\u540e\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5f00\u59cb\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u5e02\u533a\u68da\u6237\u6539\u9020\uff0c\u81f31980\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u5e02\u533a\u4ec5\u5269\u4e0d\u52301 %\u7684\u68da\u6237\u30021990\u5e74\u4ee3\u81f3\u4eca\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u4e1c\u90e8\u5927\u5f00\u53d1\u548c\u5317\u4e0a\u897f\u8fdb\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u5e02\u533a\u9762\u79ef\u5728\u9010\u6b65\u6269\u5927\uff0c\u65b0\u5efa\u7684\u9ad8\u5c42\u3001\u5c01\u95ed\u5f0f\u3001\u7269\u4e1a<\/a>\u670d\u52a1\u5c45\u4f4f\u533a\u904d\u5730\u5f00\u82b1\uff1b\u4e3a\u89e3\u51b3\u57ce\u5e02\u4e2d\u4f4e\u6536\u5165\u5c45\u6c11\u7684\u4f4f\u623f\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5ec9\u79df\u623f<\/a>\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u9002\u7528\u623f<\/a>\u76f8\u7ee7\u5728\u57ce\u5e02\u65b0\u5efa\u533a\u6216\u65e7\u57ce\u6539\u9020\u533a\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8. \u4ea4\u901a | Transport<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u5904\u4e8e\u73af\u6e24\u6d77\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5708<\/a>\u5185\uff0c\u534e\u4e1c<\/a>\u3001\u534e\u5317<\/a>\u4e24\u5927\u5730\u533a\u7ed3\u5408\u5730\u5e26\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u4e1c\u5317<\/a>\u8de8\u6d77\u76f8\u8fde\uff0c\u4e0e\u65e5\u97e9\u9694\u6d77\u76f8\u671b\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u53d1\u5c55\u9646\u6d77\u7a7a\u7efc\u5408\u4ea4\u901a\u8fd0\u8f93\u7684\u5730\u7f18\u4f18\u52bf\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u9752\u5c9b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u7efc\u5408\u4ea4\u901a\u67a2\u7ebd\uff08\u8282\u70b9\u57ce\u5e02\uff09\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5e03\u5c40\u5efa\u8bbe\u4e0e\u9ad8\u901f\u516c\u8def<\/a>\u3001\u94c1\u8def<\/a>\u5ba2\u8fd0\u4e13\u7ebf\u548c\u6c11\u822a<\/a>\u673a\u573a<\/a>\u76f8\u8854\u63a5\u7684\u4ea4\u901a\u67a2\u7ebd\uff1b\u5efa\u8bbe\u4ee5\u6e2f\u53e3<\/a>\u4e3a\u67a2\u7ebd\u7684\u8d27\u7269\u96c6\u758f\u8fd0\u914d\u5957\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u91cd\u70b9\u63d0\u9ad8\u7164\u70ad<\/a>\u3001\u77ff\u77f3<\/a>\u3001\u6cb9\u6c14\u3001\u96c6\u88c5\u7bb1<\/a>\u4e13\u4e1a\u6e2f\u53e3\u7684\u540e\u65b9\u94c1\u8def\u3001\u9ad8\u901f\u516c\u8def\u548c\u7ba1\u9053<\/a>\u96c6\u758f\u8fd0\u80fd\u529b\uff1b\u4ee5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5185\u9646\u591a\u5f0f\u8054\u8fd0\u4e3a\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u5efa\u8bbe\u96c6\u88c5\u7bb1\u4e2d\u8f6c\u67a2\u7ebd\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u6280\u672f\u6807\u51c6\u4e0a\u4e0e\u56fd\u9645\u6807\u51c6\u76f8\u7edf\u4e00\uff0c\u5728\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u4e0a\u4e00\u4f53\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5168\u56fd\u7efc\u5408\u8fd0\u8f93\u5927\u901a\u9053\u9ed1\u6cb3<\/a>\u81f3\u4e09\u4e9a<\/a>\u7684\u5357\u5317\u6cbf\u6d77\u8fd0\u8f93\u5927\u901a\u9053\u7684\u4e2d\u70b9\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e32\u8054\u8d77\u4e2d\u56fd\u6d77\u5cb8\u7ebf<\/a>\u5357\u5317\u4e3b\u8981\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u5173\u952e\u70b9\uff1b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5357\u4e9a<\/a>\u56fd\u9645\u8fd0\u8f93\u901a\u9053\u4e3b\u8f74\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u6c9f\u901a\u4e1c\u90e8\u6cbf\u6d77\u4e0e\u5185\u9646\uff0c\u88ab\u8a89\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6761\u4e9a\u6b27\u5927\u9646\u6865<\/a>\u7684\u9752\u5c9b\u81f3\u62c9\u8428<\/a>\u8fd0\u8f93\u5927\u901a\u9053\u4ee5\u9752\u5c9b\u6e2f<\/a>\u4e3a\u67a2\u7ebd\u6c9f\u901a\u56fd\u9645\u6d77\u4e0a\u8fd0\u8f93\u7f51\u7edc\u3002[\u53c2185]<\/a><\/sup>[\u53c2186]<\/a><\/sup>\u9752\u5c9b\u662f\u5168\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6279\u4f4e\u78b3\u4ea4\u901a\u8fd0\u8f93\u4f53\u7cfb\u5efa\u8bbe\u8bd5\u70b9\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u4f18\u5316\u516c\u5171\u4ea4\u901a<\/a>\u89c4\u5212\uff0c\u4f18\u5148\u53d1\u5c55\u8f68\u9053\u4ea4\u901a<\/a>\uff0c\u5927\u529b\u63a8\u5e7f\u73af\u4fdd<\/a>\u8282\u80fd\u8f66\u8f86\uff1b\u4f18\u5316\u9053\u8def\u8fd0\u8f93\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u5efa\u8bbe\u667a\u80fd\u4ea4\u901a\u5de5\u7a0b\uff1b\u5b8c\u5584\u4ea4\u901a\u516c\u4f17\u4fe1\u606f\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u79ef\u6781\u63a8\u8fdb\u4f4e\u78b3<\/a>\u4ea4\u901a\u8fd0\u8f93\u4f53\u7cfb\u5efa\u8bbe\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8.1 \u516c\u8def<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u56fe8-1\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u622a\u81f32015\u5e74\u672b\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u57df\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u516c\u8def\u901a\u8f66\u91cc\u7a0b\u8fbe\u523016 301 km<\/a>\uff08\u5176\u4e2d\u56fd\u9053<\/a>\u3001\u7701\u9053<\/a>\u901a\u8f66\u91cc\u7a0b3 177 km\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u9ad8\u901f\u516c\u8def<\/a>\u3001\u7701\u9ad8\u901f<\/a>\u901a\u8f66\u91cc\u7a0b818.4 km\uff09\uff0c\u516c\u8def\u5bc6\u5ea61.445 km\/km\u00b2<\/a>\uff1b\u9ad8\u901f\u516c\u8def\u901a\u8f66\u91cc\u7a0b\u5c45\u5168\u56fd\u526f\u7701\u7ea7\u57ce\u5e02<\/a>\u7b2c2\u4f4d\uff0c\u4e8c\u7ea7\u4ee5\u4e0a\u9ad8\u7b49\u7ea7\u516c\u8def\u901a\u8f66\u91cc\u7a0b\u5c45\u526f\u7701\u7ea7\u57ce\u5e02\u9996\u4f4d\uff0c\u5e02\u57df\u201c\u4e00\u5c0f\u65f6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5708\u201d\u57fa\u672c\u5efa\u6210\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u8f83\u4e3a\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\u516c\u8def\u4ea4\u901a\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u533a\u73b0\u5171\u8bbe\u67099\u4e2a\u516c\u8def\u6c7d\u8f66\u7ad9<\/a>\uff0c\u6709\u901a\u5f80\u5468\u8fb9\u53ca\u56fd\u5185\u5404\u4e3b\u8981\u5730\u533a\uff0827\u4e2a\u7701\u7ea7\u884c\u653f\u5355\u4f4d\uff09\u7684\u957f\u9014\u6c7d\u8f66<\/a>\u7ebf\u8def658\u6761\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

8.2 \u94c1\u8def\u4e0e\u8f66\u7ad9 | Intercity rail<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u56fe8-2\u81f38-4\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u94c1\u8def<\/a>\u5efa\u8bbe\u59cb\u4e8e1899\u5e74\u3002\u8fde\u63a5\u6d4e\u5357\u7684\u80f6\u6d4e\u7ebf<\/a>\u4e8e1904\u5e74\u5efa\u6210\u901a\u8f66\uff0c\u662f\u5168\u5e02\u9996\u6761\u4e5f\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u94c1\u8def\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u622a\u81f32015\u5e74\u672b\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u57df\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u5e72\u7ebf\u94c1\u8def8\u6761\u3001\u8425\u8fd0\u91cc\u7a0b390.9 km\uff0c\u4e13\u7528\u7ebf\u94c1\u8def47\u6761\u3001\u91cc\u7a0b50\u4f59km\uff0c\u94c1\u8def\u9053\u53e340\u5904\u3002[\u53c2178]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u94c1\u8def\u67a2\u7ebd<\/a>\u662f\u534e\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u94c1\u8def\u67a2\u7ebd\u3002\u67a2\u7ebd\u5185\u6d89\u53ca\u591a\u6761\u5ba2\u8fd0\u4e13\u7ebf<\/a>\u3001\u57ce\u9645\u7ebf<\/a>\u548c\u9ad8\u901f\u7ebf<\/a>\uff0c\u6db5\u76d6\u80f6\u4e1c\u534a\u5c9b<\/a>\uff0c\u5411\u5185\u8f90\u5c04\u5c71\u4e1c\u4e43\u81f3\u4eac<\/a>\u6caa<\/a>\u3001\u8fde\u901a\u897f\u5317\u5730\u533a<\/a>\u3002\u59cb\u5efa\u4e8e1900\u5e741\u6708\u7684\u9752\u5c9b\u7ad9<\/a>\u662f\u80f6\u6d4e\u7ebf\u548c\u80f6\u6d4e\u5ba2\u8fd0\u4e13\u7ebf<\/a>\uff08\u9752\u94f6\u901a\u9053<\/a>\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff09\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\u7ad9\u548c\u76ee\u524d\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u7279\u7b49<\/a>\u5ba2\u8fd0\u8f66\u7ad9\uff0c\u8ddd\u79bb\u6d77\u6ee8\u4e0d\u8db3200 m\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5f00\u901a\u76f4\u8fbe\u56fd\u5185\u4e3b\u8981\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u52a8\u8f66\u7ec4\u5217\u8f66\u3002\u4f4d\u4e8e\u674e\u6ca7\u533a<\/a>\u7684\u9752\u5c9b\u5317\u7ad9<\/a>\u5219\u627f\u62c5\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u666e\u901a\u65c5\u5ba2\u5217\u8f66\u3001\u9752\u8363<\/a>\u95f4\u7ad9\u7ad9\u505c\u7684\u52a8\u8f66\u7ec4\u5217\u8f66\u3001\u9752\u76d0<\/a>\u57ce\u9645\u5217\u8f66\u7684\u59cb\u53d1\u4e0e\u7ec8\u5230\u5ba2\u8fd0\u4e1a\u52a1\u3002\u4f4d\u4e8e\u897f\u6d77\u5cb8\u65b0\u533a<\/a>\u7684\u9752\u5c9b\u897f\u7ad9<\/a>\u548c\u7ea2\u5c9b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u533a<\/a>\u7684\u7ea2\u5c9b\u7ad9<\/a>\u4e3a\u67a2\u7ebd\u53e6\u5916\u4e24\u5927\u5ba2\u8fd0\u8f66\u7ad9\u3002\u67a2\u7ebd\u5185\u6700\u5927\u7684\u7f16\u7ec4\u7ad9<\/a>\u84dd\u6751\u897f\u7ad9<\/a>\u5219\u4f4d\u4e8e\u80f6\u5dde\u5e02<\/a>\u674e\u54e5\u5e84\u9547<\/a>\u3002\u57ce\u9633\u533a\u62e5\u6709\u57ce\u9633\u7ad9\u3002\u6b64\u5916\u9752\u5c9b\u80f6\u4e1c\u56fd\u9645\u673a\u573a<\/a>\u4e2d\u5185\u7f6e\u9752\u5c9b\u673a\u573a\u7ad9<\/a>\uff0c\u548c\u9752\u5c9b\u5730\u94c1<\/a>\u4e00\u540c\u5206\u62c5\u673a\u573a\u5ba2\u6d41\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

8.3 \u6d77\u8fd0\u4e0e\u6e2f\u53e3 | Marine<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

See also: Port of Qingdao<\/a>\u3010\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a\u9752\u5c9b\u6e2f\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe8-5\u548c8-6\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u5f00\u8f9f\u6e2f\u53e3<\/a>\u8fdb\u884c\u6d77\u8fd0<\/a>\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u60a0\u4e45\uff0c\u4e1c\u5468\u81f3\u5b8b\u5143\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u90fd\u6709\u6d77\u6e2f\u548c\u822a\u6d77\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u8bb0\u8f7d\u30021892\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u7b2c\u4e00\u5ea7\u4eba\u5de5\u7801\u5934<\/a>\u5174\u5efa\uff0c\u5373\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u6808\u6865<\/a>\u30021898\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5728\u79df\u501f\u5730\u5185\u5f00\u5efa\u9752\u5c9b\u5927\u6e2f<\/a>\uff0c\u5efa\u6210\u540e\u5373\u88ab\u8a89\u4e3a\u4e1c\u4e9a<\/a>\u7b2c\u4e00\u826f\u6e2f[\u53c2187]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c9\u6708\u4f5c\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u6e2f<\/a>\u5411\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u5f00\u653e\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u9042\u9010\u6b65\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6e2f\u53e3\u57ce\u5e02\u4e4b\u4e00\u30021998\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u6e2f\u6210\u4e3a\u56fd\u5185\u7b2c3\u4e2a\u541e\u5410\u91cf\u8fbe\u5230\u4ebf\u5428\u7684\u5927\u6e2f\u30022002\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u6e2f\u5b8c\u6210\u897f\u79fb\uff0c\u524d\u6e7e\u6e2f\u8dfb\u8eab\u56fd\u9645\u96c6\u88c5\u7bb1<\/a>\u5927\u6e2f\u884c\u5217\uff0c\u540e\u671f\u914d\u5efa\u4fdd\u7a0e\u6e2f\u533a<\/a>\u3002\u622a\u81f32013\u5e74\uff0c\u4e07\u5428\u7ea7\u4ee5\u4e0a\u6cca\u4f4d74\u4e2a\uff0c\u6d77\u4e0a\u822a\u7ebf153\u6761\uff08\u5176\u4e2d\u56fd\u9645\u96c6\u88c5\u7bb1\u822a\u7ebf124\u6761\uff09\uff0c\u8d27\u7269\u541e\u5410\u91cf\u8d85\u8fc74.58\u4ebf t\uff08\u5176\u4e2d\u5916\u8d38\u541e\u5410\u91cf3.14\u4ebf t\uff09\uff0c\u96c6\u88c5\u7bb1\u541e\u5410\u91cf\u5b8c\u62101552\u4e07TEU<\/a>\u3002[\u53c2188]<\/a><\/sup>\u9752\u5c9b\u6e2f\u7684\u5168\u5e74\u8d27\u7269\u541e\u5410\u91cf\u548c\u96c6\u88c5\u7bb1\u541e\u5410\u91cf\u5c45\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c7\u4f4d\uff0c\u5916\u8d38\u541e\u5410\u91cf\u5c45\u56fd\u5185\u7b2c3\u4f4d\uff0c\u96c6\u88c5\u7bb1\u541e\u5410\u91cf\u5c45\u56fd\u5185\u7b2c4\u4f4d\u3002\u5ba2\u8fd0\u7ad9\u6709\u901a\u8fbe\u97e9\u56fd\u4ec1\u5ddd<\/a>\u7684\u5ba2\u8f6e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u968f\u7740\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u56fd\u5185\u5916\u7684\u6d77\u8fd0\u8d38\u6613\u91cf\u731b\u589e\uff0c\u539f\u6709\u9752\u5c9b\u6e2f\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u6e2f\u533a\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u80fd\u9002\u5e94\u8fd0\u8f93\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u6e2f\u89c4\u5212\u5efa\u8bbe\u6ee8\u6d77\u65b0\u57ce\u3001\u6d77\u897f\u6e7e\u3001\u8463\u5bb6\u53e3<\/a>\u548c\u9ccc\u5c71\u6e7e\u56db\u5927\u6e2f\u533a\u3002\u8001\u6e2f\u533a\uff08\u5927\u6e2f\uff09\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u5c06\u8c03\u6574\u4e3a\u5ba2\u8fd0\uff0c\u5efa\u8bbe\u90ae\u8f6e\u6bcd\u6e2f<\/a>\uff0c\u8d27\u8fd0\u529f\u80fd\u8c03\u6574\u5230\u8463\u5bb6\u53e3\u7b49\u6e2f\u533a\uff0c\u89c4\u5212\u5f62\u6210\u4ee5\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\u6e2f\u53e3\u7efc\u5408\u8fd0\u8f93\u67a2\u7ebd\u4e3a\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u9ccc\u5c71\u6e7e\u548c\u8463\u5bb6\u53e3\u6e2f\u533a\u4e3a\u4e24\u7ffc\uff0c\u5730\u65b9\u5c0f\u578b\u6e2f\u7ad9\u3001\u7efc\u5408\u65c5\u6e38\u6e2f\u70b9\u4e3a\u8865\u5145\u7684\u591a\u5c42\u6b21\u6e2f\u53e3\u53d1\u5c55\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u201c\u5341\u4e8c\u4e94\u201d\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5c06\u7ed3\u5408\u6cbf\u6d77\u5927\u578b\u94a2\u94c1\u57fa\u5730\u5e03\u5c40\u548c\u94c1\u8def\u65b0\u901a\u9053\uff0c\u914d\u5957\u5efa\u8bbe\u6e2f\u53e3\u5927\u578b\u94c1\u77ff\u77f3\u63a5\u5378\u7801\u5934\uff1b\u5efa\u8bbe\u5927\u578b\u6df1\u6c34\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\u96c6\u88c5\u7bb1\u548c\u80fd\u6e90\u8fd0\u8f93\u7801\u5934\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8.4 \u822a\u7a7a\u4e0e\u673a\u573a | Aviation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u9752\u5c9b\u80f6\u4e1c\u56fd\u9645\u673a\u573a<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe8-7\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u822a\u7a7a<\/a>\u8fd0\u8f93\u8d77\u6b65\u4e8e1930\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u5174\u529e\u6c11\u7528\u822a\u7a7a<\/a>\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u4e4b\u4e00\u30021933\u5e74\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u7ecf\u9752\u5c9b\u81f3\u5317\u5e73<\/a>\u7684\u7a7a\u4e2d\u822a\u7ebf\u5f00\u901a\uff0c\u843d\u505c\u6ca7\u53e3\u673a\u573a<\/a>\u30021992\u5e74\uff0c\u6d41\u4ead\u673a\u573a<\/a>\u83b7\u51c6\u8f9f\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u673a\u573a<\/a>\uff1b1999\u5e74\u6b63\u5f0f\u4ea4\u4e0e\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u7ba1\u7406\u4f7f\u7528\u30022010\u5e7411\u6708\uff0c\u6d41\u4ead\u673a\u573a\u5b9e\u73b0\u65c5\u5ba2\u541e\u5410\u91cf1000\u4e07\u4eba\u6b21\uff1b2016\u5e7412\u6708\uff0c\u65c5\u5ba2\u541e\u5410\u91cf\u8d852000\u4e07\u4eba\u6b21\u3002\u57fa\u672c\u5f62\u6210\u201c\u6c9f\u901a\u5357\u5317\u3001\u8f90\u5c04\u897f\u90e8\u3001\u8fde\u63a5\u65e5\u97e9\u3001\u9762\u5411\u4e16\u754c\u201d\u7684\u5f00\u653e\u578b\u822a\u7ebf\u5e03\u5c40[\u53c2189]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u5ba2\u8d27\u8fd0\u91cf\uff0c\u6d41\u4ead\u673a\u573a\u8d85\u9971\u548c\u6ee1\u8d1f\u8377\u8fd0\u8f6c\u30022014\u5e7410\u6708\uff0c\u56fd\u52a1\u9662\u548c\u4e2d\u592e\u519b\u59d4\u6279\u590d\u5efa\u8bbe\u80f6\u4e1c\u673a\u573a<\/a>\u30022021\u5e748\u6708\uff0c\u80f6\u4e1c\u673a\u573a\u6295\u5165\u8fd0\u8425\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u6d41\u4ead\u673a\u573a\u5173\u95ed\u3002\u80f6\u4e1c\u673a\u573a\u53ef\u4e3a\u5305\u62ec\u9752\u5c9b\u822a\u7a7a<\/a>\uff08\u603b\u90e8\uff09\u3001\u5c71\u4e1c\u822a\u7a7a<\/a>\uff08\u9752\u5c9b\u5206\u516c\u53f8\uff09\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e1c\u65b9\u822a\u7a7a<\/a>\uff08\u5c71\u4e1c\u5206\u516c\u53f8\uff093\u5bb6\u57fa\u5730\u822a\u7a7a\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u5185\u768447\u5bb6\u822a\u7a7a\u516c\u53f8\u4ee3\u7406\u5730\u9762\u4fdd\u969c\u670d\u52a1\u4e1a\u52a1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8.5 \u7ba1\u9053\u8fd0\u8f93<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u7ba1\u9053\u8fd0\u8f93<\/a>\u59cb\u4e8e20\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u30021908\u5e74\uff0c\u5927\u6e2f4\u53f7\u7801\u5934\u94fa\u8bbe\u8f93\u6cb9\u7ba1\u9053\u901a\u5411\u6cb9\u5e93\uff0c\u9996\u6b21\u63a5\u7eb3\u7531\u82f1\u56fd<\/a>\u6cb9\u8f6e<\/a>\u8fd0\u6765\u76843 742 t \u7164\u6cb9<\/a>\u30022011\u5e74\u672b\uff0c\u4e2d\u77f3\u6cb9<\/a>\u9655\u4eac\u7ba1\u9053\u5180\u5b81\u8054\u7edc\u7ebf\u548c\u897f\u6c14\u4e1c\u8f93\u5e73\u6cf0\u7ebf\u5f00\u59cb\u5411\u9752\u5c9b\u6cf0\u80fd\u71c3\u6c14\u7684\u5929\u7136\u6c14\u7ba1\u7f51\u8f93\u6c14\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u7528\u4e0a\u4e2d\u77f3\u6cb9\u7684\u5929\u7136\u6c14\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e09\u6c14\u6e90[\u83b1\u897f\u5e02\u524d\u671f\u5f15\u8fdb\u4e2d\u6d77\u6cb9\u5929\u7136\u6c14]<\/sup>\u4f9b\u6c14\u30022012\u5e74\u9752\u5c9b\u5f00\u59cb\u5efa\u8bbe\u4ee5\u7ba1\u8f93\u5929\u7136\u6c14\u4e3a\u4e3b\u7684\u201c\u591a\u6c14\u6e90\u201d\u4f9b\u5e94\u3001\u5168\u5e02\u201c\u4e00\u4e3b\u4e09\u652f\u201d\u548c\u73af\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\u8f93\u914d\u3001\u4e3b\u57ce\u533a\u201c\u53cc\u8def\u201d\u4fdd\u969c\u7684\u5927\u4f9b\u6c14\u7ba1\u7406\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u5efa\u7acb\u5b8c\u5584\u4ee5\u80f6\u5dde\u95e8\u7ad9\u2014\u57ce\u9633\u95e8\u7ad9\u4e3a\u4e3b\u7ebf\uff0c\u4ee5\u9ec4\u5c9b\u3001\u5e73\u5ea6\u3001\u5373\u58a8\u3001\u83b1\u897f\u4e3a\u652f\u7ebf\u7684\u9ad8\u538b\u3001\u6b21\u9ad8\u538b\u7ba1\u7f51\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u5e02\u533a\u6b21\u9ad8\u538b\u7ba1\u7f51\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u5168\u5e02\u7edf\u4e00\u8c03\u63a7\u7684\u8f93\u914d\u7f51\u7edc\u3002\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u4f18\u5316\u5e02\u533a\u5929\u7136\u6c14\u4e2d\u538b\u7ba1\u7f51\u5e03\u5c40\uff0c\u6539\u9020\u71c3\u6c14\u7070\u53e3\u94f8\u94c1\u7ba1\u9053160 km\uff0c\u4fdd\u969c\u5b89\u5168\u7a33\u5b9a\u4f9b\u6c14\u3002\u201c\u5341\u4e8c\u4e94\u201d\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5e02\u533a\u7ba1\u9053\u71c3\u6c14\u6c14\u5316\u7387\u5c06\u8fbe\u523090\u00a0%\uff0c\u5e02\u533a\u5c45\u6c11\u5168\u90e8\u7528\u4e0a\u5929\u7136\u6c14\u3002\u5b8c\u6210\u4e2d\u77f3\u5316\u5c71\u4e1cLNG\u5de5\u7a0b\uff08\u4e00\u671f\uff09\uff0c\u5b9e\u65bd1 400 km\u7ba1\u7f51\u5efa\u8bbe\u6539\u9020\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u5b9e\u73b0\u7ba1\u9053\u5929\u7136\u6c14\u5168\u8986\u76d6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8.6 \u57ce\u5e02\u516c\u5171\u4ea4\u901a | Public transport<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u9752\u5c9b\u516c\u4ea4<\/a>\u3001\u9752\u5c9b\u5730\u94c1<\/a>\u548c\u9752\u5c9b\u8f6e\u6e21<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe8-8\u81f38-11\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u516c\u5171\u4ea4\u901a<\/a>\u59cb\u4e8e\u5fb7\u79df\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u521d\u671f\u7684\u4ea4\u901a\u5de5\u5177\u662f\u6b27\u5f0f\u5ba2\u8fd0\u9a6c\u8f66<\/a>\u548c\u65e5\u5f0f\u4eba\u529b\u8f66<\/a>\u30021907\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u5546\u5f00\u529e\u8d39\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u5546\u53f7\uff0c\u7ecf\u8425\u7531\u5e02\u533a\u81f3\u5d02\u5c71\u67f3\u6811\u53f0\u7684\u6c7d\u8f66\u5ba2\u8fd0\u4e1a\u52a1\uff0c\u662f\u4e3a\u9752\u5c9b\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u8425\u5229\u6027\u516c\u5171\u6c7d\u8f66<\/a>\u7ebf\u8def\u30021930\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\uff0c\u80f6\u6fb3\u7535\u6c7d\u516c\u53f8\u66fe\u62df\u5b98\u5546\u540c\u529e\u6709\u8f68\u7535\u8f66<\/a>\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u7535\u8f66\u7b79\u5907\u5904\uff1b\u5e02\u533a\u89c4\u5212\u9ad8\u901f\uff08\u8f68\u9053\u5217\u8f66\uff09\u4ea4\u901a\u7ebf\uff0c\u4f46\u5747\u672a\u5b9e\u73b0\u30021960\u5e74\uff0c\u65e0\u8f68\u7535\u8f66<\/a>\u5f00\u59cb\u6295\u5165\u5e02\u533a\u5e72\u7ebf\u8425\u8fd0\u30021994\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u5730\u4e0b\u94c1\u9053\u516c\u53f8\u6b63\u5f0f\u7ec4\u5efa\uff0c\u5e76\u5f00\u5de5\u5efa\u8bbe\u5730\u94c1\u7ad9\u70b9\u548c\u4e00\u6bb5\u8bd5\u9a8c\u6bb5\u30022004\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\uff0d\u859b\u5bb6\u5c9b\u8f6e\u6e21\u822a\u7ebf\u6b63\u5f0f\u901a\u822a\u30022009\u5e74\uff0c\u5730\u94c1\u4e00\u671f\u5de5\u7a0b\u5f00\u5de5\u5efa\u8bbe\u30022011\u5e74\uff0c4\u6761\u7ecf\u7531\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\u96a7\u9053<\/a>\u8de8\u6d77\u8fde\u63a5\u4e3b\u57ce\u533a\u548c\u9ec4\u5c9b\u533a<\/a>\u7684\u96a7\u9053\u516c\u4ea4\u8def\u7ebf\u5f00\u901a\uff1b\u540c\u5e74\uff0c\u5d02\u5c71\u533a<\/a>\u8fde\u63a5\u539f\u5373\u58a8\u5e02<\/a>\u7684\u9996\u6761\u6709\u4eba\u552e\u7968\u57ce\u9645\u516c\u4ea4\u8def\u7ebf\u5f00\u901a\u30022012\u5e741\u6708\uff0c4\u6761\u7ecf\u7531\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\u96a7\u9053\u8de8\u6d77\u8fde\u63a5\u539f\u80f6\u5357\u5e02<\/a>\u7684\u96a7\u9053\u516c\u4ea4\u8def\u7ebf\u5f00\u901a\uff0c\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u9752\u5c9b\u4e3b\u57ce\u533a\u4e0e\u5468\u8fb9\u7247\u533a\u7684\u8de8\u533a\u57df\u516c\u4ea4\u6b63\u5f0f\u8fdb\u5165\u53d1\u5c55\u9636\u6bb5\uff1b10\u6708\uff0c\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u4e58\u8f66\u7f34\u8d39\u7684IC\u5361<\/a>\u201c\u7434\u5c9b\u901a\u5361<\/a>\u201d\u5b9e\u73b0\u5168\u5e02\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u901a\u7528\u30022015\u5e7412\u6708\uff0c\u5730\u94c1<\/a>\u9996\u6bb5\u7ebf\u8def\u5f00\u901a\u8fd0\u8425\u30022016\u5e743\u6708\uff0c\u6709\u8f68\u7535\u8f66<\/a>\u793a\u8303\u7ebf\u5728\u57ce\u9633\u533a<\/a>\u5f00\u901a\u8fd0\u8425\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u516c\u5171\u6c7d\uff08\u7535\uff09\u8f66\u53ca\u5730\u94c1\u73b0\u4e3a\u5c45\u6c11\u51fa\u884c\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4ea4\u901a\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5e02\u57df\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u5171\u6709\u8fd18 000\u8f86\u516c\u4ea4\u8f66\uff0c480\u4f59\u6761\u7ebf\u8def\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u904d\u5e03\u4e8e\u57ce\u5e02\u6bcf\u4e2a\u89d2\u843d\uff1b\u65e0\u4eba\u552e\u7968\u8f66\u5360\u636e\u5927\u591a\u6570\uff0c\u5355\u4e00\u7968\u4ef7\u666e\u901a\u8f66\u6295\u5e011\u5143\u4eba\u6c11\u5e01<\/a>\uff0c\u7a7a\u8c03\u8f662\u5143\u4eba\u6c11\u5e01<\/a>\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u7434\u5c9b\u901a\u5361\u4eab8\u6298\u4f18\u60e0\u3002\u9752\u5c9b\u5730\u94c1<\/a>\u4e8e2015\u5e7412\u670816\u65e5\u9996\u6761\u7ebf\u8def\u5f00\u901a\u8fd0\u8425\uff0c\u73b0\u67098\u6761\u8fd0\u8425\u7ebf\u8def\uff0c\u8986\u76d6\u4e3b\u57ce\u533a\u548c\u5468\u8fb9\u7247\u533a\uff0c\u7ebf\u7f51\u603b\u957f\u5ea6\u7ea6348\u5343\u7c73\uff08\u622a\u81f32024\u5e745\u6708\uff09\uff0c\u8d77\u6b65\u7968\u4ef72\u5143\u4eba\u6c11\u5e01\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u7434\u5c9b\u901a\u5361\u4eab7-9\u6298\u4f18\u60e0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u51fa\u79df\u6c7d\u8f66<\/a>\u4f5c\u4e3a\u516c\u4ea4\u8f66\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u8865\u5145\uff0c\u5168\u5e02\u5ba2\u8fd0\u4f01\u4e1a37\u5bb6\uff0c\u51fa\u79df\u8f66\u7ea61.1\u4e07\u8f86\u3002\u8f66\u8eab\u4e3b\u4f53\u6d82\u88c5\uff0c\u4e0b\u90e8\u7edf\u4e00\u4e3a\u94bb\u77f3\u94f6\u8272\uff0c\u4e0a\u90e8\u6309\u5f52\u5c5e\u516c\u53f8\u4e0d\u540c\u52a0\u4ee5\u533a\u5206\uff0c\u76ca\u9752\u4e3a\u56de\u5fc6\u7ea2\u3001\u534e\u9752\u4e3a\u5929\u7a7a\u84dd\u3001\u4e2d\u9752\u4e3a\u8584\u8377\u9752\u3001\u4ea4\u8fd0\u4e3a\u65f6\u5c1a\u7eff\u3001\u6d77\u535a\u4e3a\u6df1\u84dd\u3001\u8fea\u751f\u4e3a\u95ea\u94f6\u9ec4\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u8f66\u8f86\u6570\u57281 000\u4ee5\u5185\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u5747\u4e3a\u5bcc\u8d35\u7eff\uff1b\u5fbd\u6807\u4ee5\u201c\u9752\u5c9b\u201d\u62fc\u97f3\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u6bcd\u201cQ\u201d\u53d8\u5f62\u4f53\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u914d\u4ee5\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u6807\u5fd7\u201c\u4e94\u6708\u7684\u98ce\u201d\u3002\u666e\u901a\u5de1\u6e38\u578b\u51fa\u79df\u8f66\u8d77\u6b65\u8d3910\u5143\u4eba\u6c11\u5e01<\/a>\uff0c\u5343\u7c73\u8fd0\u4ef72.10\u5143\u4eba\u6c11\u5e01[\u53c2190]<\/a><\/sup>[\u53c2191]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8.6.1 \u5730\u94c1 | Metro[74]<\/a><\/sup><\/h4>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u56fe8-12\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

After getting the approval from the State Council, the government announced on 18 August 2009 that Qingdao is ready to spend more than 29 billion yuan ($4.2 billion) before 2016 on its subway construction. Construction of 54.7\u00a0km (34.0\u00a0mi) of subway line 3 was completed before 2016 with a total investment of 29.2 billion yuan ($4.3 billion). Metro Line 3 is the first line in function and opened on 16 December 2015. In the long term, the city plans to build eight subway lines in downtown and some suburban districts, which account for 231.5\u00a0km (143.8\u00a0mi) in future.[75]<\/a><\/sup> The system has an operating length of 243\u00a0km (151\u00a0mi), lines in operation including Line 1<\/a>, Line 2<\/a>, Line 3<\/a>, Line 4<\/a>, Line 8<\/a>, Line 11<\/a>, and Line 13<\/a>.[74]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u83b7\u5f97\u56fd\u52a1\u9662\u6279\u51c6\u540e\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u653f\u5e9c\u4e8e2009\u5e748\u670818\u65e5\u5ba3\u5e03\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5c06\u57282016\u5e74\u524d\u65a5\u8d44\u8d85\u8fc7290\u4ebf\u5143\u4eba\u6c11\u5e01\uff0842\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\uff09\u7528\u4e8e\u5730\u94c1\u5efa\u8bbe\u30023\u53f7\u7ebf\u5168\u957f54.7\u516c\u91cc\uff0834.0\u82f1\u91cc\uff09\uff0c\u603b\u6295\u8d44292\u4ebf\u5143\u4eba\u6c11\u5e01\uff0843\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\uff09\uff0c\u5df2\u4e8e2016\u5e74\u524d\u5efa\u6210\u30023\u53f7\u7ebf\u662f\u9996\u6761\u5177\u5907\u8fd0\u8425\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u5730\u94c1\u7ebf\u8def\uff0c\u4e8e2015\u5e7412\u670816\u65e5\u5f00\u901a\u3002\u4ece\u957f\u8fdc\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u8ba1\u5212\u5728\u5e02\u533a\u548c\u90e8\u5206\u90ca\u533a\u4fee\u5efa\u516b\u6761\u5730\u94c1\u7ebf\u8def\uff0c\u603b\u957f\u5ea6\u5c06\u8fbe\u5230231.5\u516c\u91cc\uff08143.8\u82f1\u91cc\uff09\u3002[75]\u8be5\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd0\u8425\u603b\u91cc\u7a0b\u4e3a243\u516c\u91cc\uff08151\u82f1\u91cc\uff09\uff0c\u5305\u62ec1\u53f7\u7ebf\u30012\u53f7\u7ebf\u30013\u53f7\u7ebf\u30014\u53f7\u7ebf\u30018\u53f7\u7ebf\u300111\u53f7\u7ebf\uff08\u84dd\u8c37\u5feb\u7ebf\uff09\u548c13\u53f7\u7ebf\u5728\u5185\u7684\u7ebf\u8def\u5747\u5df2\u6295\u5165\u8fd0\u8425\u3002[74]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As of February 24, 2023, according to the approved network plan of Qingdao City, there are 19 long-term plans for Qingdao Metro, with a total length of 872 kilometers; The third phase construction plan has been approved, with a total of 13 lines and a total length of 503 kilometers, ranking ninth in the national approved mileage level; Seven lines have been opened and operated, including Lines 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 11, and 13, with an operating mileage of 315 kilometers. As of March 2023, there are 146 operating stations, ranking tenth in China and second in northern cities; There are 10 lines under construction (including extension lines), including the West Extension and Phase II of Line 2, Line 5, Phase I and Phase II of Line 6, Phase II of Line 7, South Section and Branch of Line 8, Phase I of Line 9, and Phase I of Line 15. The total length under construction is 188 kilometers, and it is expected to be fully completed by 2028.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u622a\u81f32023\u5e742\u670824\u65e5\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u5df2\u83b7\u6279\u7684\u5730\u94c1\u7f51\u7edc\u89c4\u5212\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5730\u94c1\u5171\u670919\u4e2a\u957f\u671f\u89c4\u5212\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u603b\u957f\u5ea6\u8fbe872\u516c\u91cc\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e09\u671f\u5efa\u8bbe\u89c4\u5212\u5df2\u83b7\u6279\uff0c\u517113\u6761\u7ebf\u8def\uff0c\u603b\u957f\u5ea6503\u516c\u91cc\uff0c\u5728\u5168\u56fd\u5df2\u83b7\u6279\u91cc\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4f4d\u5217\u7b2c\u4e5d\uff1b\u5df2\u67097\u6761\u7ebf\u8def\u5f00\u901a\u8fd0\u8425\uff0c\u5305\u62ec1\u53f7\u7ebf\u30012\u53f7\u7ebf\u30013\u53f7\u7ebf\u30014\u53f7\u7ebf\u30018\u53f7\u7ebf\u300111\u53f7\u7ebf\u548c13\u53f7\u7ebf\uff0c\u8fd0\u8425\u91cc\u7a0b\u8fbe315\u516c\u91cc\u3002\u622a\u81f32023\u5e743\u6708\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5730\u94c1\u5171\u6709146\u5ea7\u8fd0\u8425\u8f66\u7ad9\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u6392\u540d\u7b2c\u5341\uff0c\u5728\u5317\u65b9\u57ce\u5e02\u4e2d\u6392\u540d\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff1b\u5171\u670910\u6761\u7ebf\u8def\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5ef6\u4f38\u7ebf\uff09\u5728\u5efa\uff0c\u5305\u62ec2\u53f7\u7ebf\u897f\u5ef6\u6bb5\u548c\u4e8c\u671f\u5de5\u7a0b\u30015\u53f7\u7ebf\u30016\u53f7\u7ebf\u4e00\u671f\u548c\u4e8c\u671f\u5de5\u7a0b\u30017\u53f7\u7ebf\u4e8c\u671f\u5de5\u7a0b\u30018\u53f7\u7ebf\u5357\u6bb5\u548c\u652f\u7ebf\u30019\u53f7\u7ebf\u4e00\u671f\u5de5\u7a0b\u548c15\u53f7\u7ebf\u4e00\u671f\u5de5\u7a0b\u3002\u5728\u5efa\u7ebf\u8def\u603b\u957f\u5ea6\u4e3a188\u516c\u91cc\uff0c\u9884\u8ba1\u5c06\u4e8e2028\u5e74\u524d\u5168\u90e8\u5efa\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

If you need information about Qingdao Metro, you can open the website of Qingdao Metro to help you.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5982\u9700\u9752\u5c9b\u5730\u94c1\u76f8\u5173\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u53ef\u8bbf\u95ee\u9752\u5c9b\u5730\u94c1\u5b98\u65b9\u7f51\u7ad9\u67e5\u8be2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8.6.2 \u6709\u8f68\u7535\u8f66 | Tramway<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Qingdao Tram<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u9752\u5c9b\u6709\u8f68\u7535\u8f66\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe8-13\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Qingdao Tram (official name: Modern tram demonstration line) of Chengyang District, Qingdao, is a tram system operating in Chengyang District, Qingdao, China. It opened in 2016. The Qingdao Public Transport Group Rail Bus Co., Ltd. is responsible for operation and management. The system is only composed of 1 tram line.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u57ce\u9633\u533a\u6709\u8f68\u7535\u8f66\uff08\u5b98\u65b9\u540d\u79f0\uff1a\u73b0\u4ee3\u6709\u8f68\u7535\u8f66\u793a\u8303\u7ebf\uff09\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u57ce\u9633\u533a\u8fd0\u8425\u7684\u6709\u8f68\u7535\u8f66\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u8be5\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e8e2016\u5e74\u5f00\u901a\u3002\u9752\u5c9b\u516c\u4ea4\u96c6\u56e2\u8f68\u9053\u5df4\u58eb\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8\u8d1f\u8d23\u5176\u8fd0\u8425\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u3002\u8be5\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ec5\u75311\u6761\u6709\u8f68\u7535\u8f66\u7ebf\u8def\u7ec4\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8.7 \u90ae\u653f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u8fd1\u4ee3\u90ae\u653f<\/a>\u4e1a\u59cb\u4e8e19\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u30021897\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u79df\u501f\u540e\u5373\u6210\u7acb\u6218\u5730\u90ae\u7ad9\uff1b1899\u5e74\u5fb7\u56fd\u90ae\u653f\u90e8\u5728\u80f6\u6d77\u5173<\/a>\u6210\u7acb\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u5e1d\u56fd\u90ae\u5c40\u53d1\u884c\u90ae\u7968<\/a>\uff0c\u5f00\u529e\u4fe1\u51fd<\/a>\u3001\u4e66\u7c4d<\/a>\u3001\u8d27\u6837\u3001\u5305\u88f9\u3001\u6c47\u5151\u3001\u4ee3\u6536\u8d27\u4ef7\u7b49\u4e1a\u52a1\u30021911\u5e74\uff0c\u90ae\u5c40\u4ece\u6d77\u5173\u5206\u51fa\uff1b1914\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u4e00\u7b49\u90ae\u5c40\u6210\u7acb\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u5360\u9886\u7edf\u6cbb\u540e\uff0c\u63a5\u7ba1\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u90ae\u653f\u8bbe\u65bd\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u6218\u5730\u90ae\u4fbf\u5c40\uff0c\u81ea\u5b9a\u90ae\u8d44\uff0c\u53d1\u884c\u90ae\u7968\u30021922\u5e74\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u8bbe\u7acb\u80f6\u6fb3\u90ae\u52a1\u603b\u5c40\u30022007\u5e74\uff0c\u90ae\u653f\u884c\u4e1a\u5b9e\u884c\u653f\u4f01\u5206\u79bb\uff0c\u5c71\u4e1c\u7701\u90ae\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u5c40\u9752\u5c9b\u529e\u4e8b\u5904\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u8be5\u627f\u62c5\u539f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u90ae\u653f\u5c40\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u804c\u80fd\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u9752\u5c9b\u3001\u5a01\u6d77<\/a>\u3001\u65e5\u7167<\/a>\u4e09\u5e02\u884c\u653f\u533a\u5185\u7684\u90ae\u653f\u76d1\u7ba1\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u90ae\u653f\u5c40\u5c06\u4e0d\u518d\u5177\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u804c\u80fd\uff0c\u800c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u90ae\u653f\u96c6\u56e2<\/a>\u65d7\u4e0b\u7684\u5206\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u4ee5\u5355\u7eaf\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a<\/a>\u5f62\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u90ae\u653f\u666e\u904d\u670d\u52a1\u548c\u7279\u6b8a\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u7ecf\u8425\u30022012\u5e74\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u56fd\u52a1\u9662<\/a>\u5927\u90e8\u5236\u6539\u9769\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u90ae\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u5c40\uff0c\u6b63\u5f0f\u7eb3\u5165\u4ea4\u901a\u8fd0\u8f93<\/a>\u90e8\u95e8\u7ba1\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9. \u7ecf\u6d4e | Economy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u56fe9-1\u548c9-2\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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1990\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e1c\u79fb\uff0c\u5efa\u8bbe\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ea7\u9ad8\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u4ea7\u4e1a\u5f00\u53d1\u533a<\/a>\uff1b\u4e89\u53d6\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u8d22\u653f<\/a>\u7559\u6210\uff0c\u6269\u5927\u5168\u5e02\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u89c4\u6a21\u3002\u8fdb\u516521\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u897f\u79fb\uff0c\u5e76\u6811\u7acb\u5c06\u9752\u5c9b\u5efa\u8bbe\u6210\u4e3a\u73af\u6e7e\u578b\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u56fd\u9645\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u6218\u7565\u30022011\u5e741\u6708\uff0c\u300a\u5c71\u4e1c\u534a\u5c9b\u84dd\u8272\u7ecf\u6d4e\u533a\u53d1\u5c55\u89c4\u5212\u300b\u51fa\u53f0\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5f00\u59cb\u5927\u529b\u53d1\u5c55\u6d77\u6d0b\u9ad8\u6280\u672f\u4ea7\u4e1a\u548c\u73b0\u4ee3\u670d\u52a1\u4e1a\u30022012\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5f00\u59cb\u897f\u6d77\u5cb8\u7ecf\u6d4e\u65b0\u533a\u7684\u5efa\u8bbe\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u7ea2\u5c9b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u533a<\/a>\u3001\u84dd\u8272\u7845\u8c37<\/a>\u6838\u5fc3\u533a\u89c4\u5212\u4e5f\u76f8\u7ee7\u51fa\u53f0\u3002\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u9886\u57df\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u533a\u57df\u6027\u91d1\u878d\u8d38\u6613\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u9ad8\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u4ea7\u4e1a\u57fa\u5730\uff0c\u548c\u5bb6\u7535\u7535\u5b50\u3001\u6c7d\u8f66\u9020\u8239\u3001\u77f3\u6cb9\u5316\u5de5\u548c\u65b0\u6750\u6599\u56db\u5927\u5de5\u4e1a\u57fa\u5730\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u5bb6\u7535\u7535\u5b50\u3001\u77f3\u6cb9\u5316\u5de5\u3001\u6c7d\u8f66\u3001\u9020\u8239\u3001\u6e2f\u53e3\u3001\u94a2\u94c1\u516d\u5927\u4ea7\u4e1a\u96c6\u7fa4\uff0c\u6784\u5efa\u8d77\u4ee5\u6e2f\u53e3\u3001\u65c5\u6e38\u3001\u6d77\u6d0b\u4e09\u5927\u7279\u8272\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e3a\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Internationally, Qingdao is perhaps best known for its Tsingtao Brewery<\/a>, founded by a German-British joint venture in 1903 that produces Tsingtao beer<\/a>, the best-known Chinese export beer. It is also home to Haier<\/a>, a large white goods<\/a> manufacturer, and Hisense<\/a>, a major electronics company. In 2002 guitar manufacturers Epiphone<\/a> opened a factory in Qingdao.[57]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u6216\u8bb8\u56e0\u5176\u9752\u5c9b\u5564\u9152\u5382\u800c\u6700\u4e3a\u4eba\u6240\u77e5\u3002\u8be5\u5564\u9152\u5382\u7531\u4e00\u5bb6\u5fb7\u82f1\u5408\u8d44\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e8e1903\u5e74\u521b\u5efa\uff0c\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u9752\u5c9b\u5564\u9152\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u51fa\u53e3\u5564\u9152\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u8fd8\u662f\u5927\u578b\u767d\u8272\u5bb6\u7535\u5236\u9020\u5546\u6d77\u5c14\u548c\u4e3b\u8981\u7535\u5b50\u4f01\u4e1a\u6d77\u4fe1\u7684\u6240\u5728\u5730\u30022002\u5e74\uff0c\u5409\u4ed6\u5236\u9020\u5546Epiphone\u5728\u9752\u5c9b\u5f00\u8bbe\u4e86\u4e00\u5bb6\u5de5\u5382\u3002[57]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1984 the Chinese government named a district of Qingdao a Special Economic and Technology Development Zone<\/a> (SETDZ). Along with this district, the entire city had gone through fast-tracked development of secondary<\/a> and tertiary industries<\/a>. Qingdao has been the recipient of large foreign investment and its port is a hub for local and international trade. South Korea<\/a> and Japan<\/a> in particular made extensive investments in the city. In terms of primary sector<\/a> industries<\/a>, Qingdao has an estimated 50,000 acres (200\u00a0km2<\/sup>) of arable land<\/a>.[citation needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup> Qingdao has a zigzagging pattern coastline, and thus possesses an invaluable stock of fish, shrimp<\/a>, and other sea resources.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111984\u5e74\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5c06\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u533a\u57df\u5212\u5b9a\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6280\u672f\u5f00\u53d1\u533a\uff08SETDZ\uff09\u3002\u968f\u7740\u8fd9\u4e00\u533a\u57df\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4ea7\u4e1a\u548c\u7b2c\u4e09\u4ea7\u4e1a\u5feb\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u9752\u5c9b\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u5916\u8d44\uff0c\u5176\u6e2f\u53e3\u662f\u5f53\u5730\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u67a2\u7ebd\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f\u97e9\u56fd\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u5728\u8be5\u5e02\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u6295\u8d44\u3002\u5c31\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ea7\u4e1a\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u62e5\u6709\u7ea650,000\u82f1\u4ea9\uff08200\u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\uff09\u7684\u8015\u5730\u3002[\u9700\u8981\u5f15\u8bc1]\u9752\u5c9b\u6d77\u5cb8\u7ebf\u66f2\u6298\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u62e5\u6709\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u9c7c\u7c7b\u3001\u867e\u7c7b\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6d77\u6d0b\u8d44\u6e90\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Qingdao’s wind power<\/a> electricity generation performs at among the highest levels in the region.[58]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u98ce\u529b\u53d1\u7535\u5728\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u5904\u4e8e\u9886\u5148\u6c34\u5e73\u3002[58]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u5730\u533a\u751f\u4ea7\u603b\u503c\u5217\u8868<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

9.1 \u8d22\u653f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5efa\u7f6e\u521d\u671f\u7684\u8d22\u653f<\/a>\u7ba1\u7406\u4f53\u7cfb\u91c7\u53d6\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743<\/a>\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u5b9e\u884c\u7edf\u6536\u7edf\u652f\uff0c\u5730\u65b9\u6ca1\u6709\u652f\u51fa\u7ba1\u7406\u6743\u3002\u5fb7\u79df\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u80f6\u6fb3\u603b\u7763\u5e9c\u8bbe\u8d22\u653f\u5385\uff0c\u5bf9\u884c\u653f\u3001\u519b\u4e8b\u673a\u5173\u548c\u5b98\u8425\u4f01\u4e8b\u4e1a\u5355\u4f4d\u5b9e\u65bd\u8d22\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u7f16\u5236\u4e86\u9752\u5c9b\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u9996\u4e2a\u8d22\u653f\u9884\u7b97<\/a>\u548c\u51b3\u7b97\uff0c\u4e3a\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e00\u7ea7\u5730\u65b9\u8d22\u653f\u9884\u7b97\u5355\u4f4d\u30021897\u81f31914\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u4e3a\u652f\u6301\u9752\u5c9b\u5730\u65b9\u5efa\u8bbe\u800c\u6295\u5165\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u8d22\u653f\u8865\u8d34\u8fbe\u52301.74\u4ebf\u91d1\u9a6c\u514b<\/a>[\u5e02\u4ef71\u4e24\u767d\u94f6\u7ea6\u54083\u91d1\u9a6c\u514b\uff0c\u53ef\u8d2d\u5f97\u79df\u501f\u5185\u7ea620 m\u00b2\u571f\u5730\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6743]<\/sup>\u3002[\u8d22\u653f\u8865\u8d34\u91d1\u989d\u5217\u5fb7\u56fd\u5728\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u6240\u6709\u79df\u501f\u5730\u548c\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4f4d\uff0c\u4ea6\u4e3a\u4ec5\u6709\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u8865\u8d34\u8fc7\u4ebf\u7684\u5730\u533a\u4e4b\u4e00][\u53c29]<\/a><\/sup>\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u65e5\u636e\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5148\u671f\u5b9e\u884c\u5730\u65b9\u8d22\u653f\u4e0e\u519b\u65b9\u6536\u5165\u7edf\u7b97\uff0c\u540e\u671f\u5206\u79bb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1922\u5e74\u9752\u5c9b\u56de\u5f52\u540e\uff0c\u80f6\u6fb3\u5546\u57e0\u7763\u529e\u516c\u7f72\u76f4\u63a5\u5f52\u5c5e\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u4ecd\u4e3a\u4e00\u7ea7\u5730\u65b9\u8d22\u653f\u5355\u4f4d\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u65e5\u636e\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u8d22\u653f\u7531\u65e5\u672c\u519b\u653f\u5e9c\u7ba1\u7406\u3002\u6297\u6218\u540e\u5b9e\u884c\u4e2d\u592e\u548c\u9752\u5c9b\u4e24\u7ea7\u9884\u7b97\uff0c1948\u5e74\u8d77\u6539\u4e3a\u4e2d\u592e\u5dee\u989d\u8865\u52a9\u3002\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u6210\u7acb\u540e\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5212\u5f52\u5c71\u4e1c\uff0c\u8d22\u653f\u6062\u590d\u5230\u7edf\u6536\u7edf\u652f\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u30021978\u5e74\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f00\u59cb\u8fdb\u884c\u8d22\u653f\u4f53\u5236\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u9010\u6b65\u6253\u7834\u7edf\u6536\u7edf\u652f\u7684\u683c\u5c40\u30021992\u5e74\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u5b9e\u884c\u5206\u7a0e\u4f53\u5236\uff0c\u5e02\u8d22\u653f\u6536\u5165\u8303\u56f4\u6709\u6240\u6269\u5927\u30022002\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u5229\u7528\u56fd\u5bb6\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u8d22\u653f\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u9996\u6b21\u4e89\u53d6\u5230\u4e2d\u592e\u8d22\u653f\u56fd\u503a<\/a>\u8d34\u606f\u8d44\u91d1\uff0c\u7528\u4ee5\u652f\u6301\u91cd\u70b9\u4f01\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u622a\u81f32011\u5e74\uff0c\u5168\u5e74\u8d22\u653f\u603b\u6536\u5165\u5b9e\u73b02407.76\u4ebf\u5143\u4eba\u6c11\u5e01\uff0c\u5730\u65b9\u8d22\u653f\u4e00\u822c\u9884\u7b97\u6536\u5165566.00\u4ebf\u5143\u4eba\u6c11\u5e01\uff0c\u5730\u65b9\u8d22\u653f\u4e00\u822c\u9884\u7b97\u652f\u51fa658.68\u4ebf\u5143\u4eba\u6c11\u5e01\u3002[\u53c2156]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

9.2 \u91d1\u878d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u57ce\u5e02\u5efa\u7f6e\u524d\uff0c\u4eca\u80f6\u5dde\u3001\u5373\u58a8\u4e00\u5e26\u5df2\u7ecf\u51fa\u73b0\u9ad8\u5229\u8d37<\/a>\u3001\u5178\u5f53<\/a>\u7b49\u751f\u606f\u8d44\u672c\u91d1\u878d<\/a>\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u5fb7\u79df\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u91d1\u878d\u673a\u6784\u5728\u9752\u5c9b\u8bbe\u7acb\u591a\u5bb6\u5206\u652f\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u51fa\u73b0\u4e00\u4e9b\u517c\u529e\u4fdd\u9669<\/a>\u4e1a\u52a1\u7684\u6d0b\u884c\u548c\u4ee5\u8d27\u5e01<\/a>\u5151\u6362\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4e1a\u7684\u94b1\u94fa\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u65e5\u636e\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u65e5\u8d44\u94f6\u884c\u5f00\u59cb\u5efa\u7acb\u30021920\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u9996\u5bb6\u80a1\u7968\u4ea4\u6613\u6240\u2014\u2014\u9752\u5c9b\u53d6\u5f15\u6240<\/a>\u6210\u7acb\u30021929\u5e74\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u94f6\u884c<\/a>\u9752\u5c9b\u5206\u884c\u8054\u5408\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u5546\u4f1a\uff0c\u5e9f\u9664\u80f6\u5e73\u94f6\uff0c\u6c11\u65cf\u91d1\u878d\u5f00\u59cb\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u4e2d\u592e\u94f6\u884c<\/a>\u5728\u9752\u5c9b\u8bbe\u7acb\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u63a7\u5236\u91d1\u878d\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u4f7f\u9752\u5c9b\u9010\u6b65\u6210\u4e3a\u5317\u65b9\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u91d1\u878d\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u6210\u7acb\u540e\uff0c\u5317\u6d77\u94f6\u884c<\/a>\u80f6\u4e1c\u5206\u884c\u63a5\u7ba1\u539f\u201c\u56db\u884c\u4e8c\u5c40\u4e00\u5e93\u201d\uff0c\u7ec4\u5efa\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u94f6\u884c<\/a>\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u5206\u884c\uff1b\u540c\u671f\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8<\/a>\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u5206\u516c\u53f8\u6210\u7acb\u3002\u81f31990\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u6210\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u51c6\u8bb8\u8bbe\u7acb\u5916\u8d44\u91d1\u878d\u673a\u6784\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u5317\u65b9\u6700\u5927\u7684\u77ed\u671f\u8d44\u91d1\u878d\u901a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e4b\u4e00\uff1b\u82e5\u5e72\u5bb6\u56fd\u5185\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u9752\u5c9b\u8bbe\u7acb\u5206\u516c\u53f8\uff1b\u8bc1\u5238\u671f\u8d27\u5e02\u573a\u5b9e\u884c\u7edf\u4e00\u76d1\u7ba1\u3001\u5782\u76f4\u7ba1\u7406\u30022003\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u901a\u8fc7\u5f15\u8fdb\u4fe1\u6258<\/a>\u6295\u8d44\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u586b\u8865\u4fe1\u6258\u7684\u7a7a\u767d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9.3 \u519c\u4e1a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u9752\u5c9b\u519c\u4e1a<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5730\u5904\u5317\u6e29\u5e26<\/a>\uff0c\u70ed\u91cf\u5145\u8db3\uff0c\u6c14\u5019<\/a>\u6761\u4ef6\u4f18\u8d8a\uff0c\u9002\u5b9c\u591a\u79cd\u751f\u7269<\/a>\u7e41\u6b96\u3002\u5c71\u5730\u3001\u4e18\u9675\u3001\u6d77\u6d0b\u3001\u5e73\u539f\u3001\u6d3c\u5730\u517c\u5177\uff0c\u5730\u7406\u571f\u58e4<\/a>\u6761\u4ef6\u597d\uff0c\u4e2d\u4f4e\u5c71\u533a\u6709\u5730\u5f62\u96e8<\/a>\uff0c\u5e73\u539f\u5730\u533a\u6709\u704c\u6e89\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u519c\u4e1a\u8d44\u6e90\u4e30\u5bcc\uff0c\u7cae\u6cb9\u3001\u6797\u679c\u3001\u755c\u7267\u3001\u6c34\u4ea7\u7b49\u5404\u4ea7\u4e1a\u751f\u4ea7\u6761\u4ef6\u8f83\u597d\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u5f15\u8fdb\u751f\u7269\u54c1\u79cd\u8d44\u6e90\u5386\u53f2\u60a0\u4e45\uff0c\u4e3a\u519c\u4e1a\u751f\u4ea7\u5168\u9762\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u8f83\u597d\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u53d1\u5c55\u6696\u6e29\u5e26\u5927\u519c\u4e1a\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u3002\u5168\u5e02\u6709\u5404\u79cd\u52a8\u7269<\/a>\u8d44\u6e90\u8fd1400\u79cd\uff0c\u690d\u7269<\/a>\u8d44\u6e90\u5343\u4f59\u79cd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u519c\u7530\u5206\u5e03\u4e8e\u5468\u8fb9\u7684\u56db\u4e2a\u53bf\u7ea7\u5e02<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u519c\u4e1a\u751f\u4ea7\u6e90\u8fdc\u6d41\u957f\u3002\u8fdc\u5728\u65b0\u77f3\u5668\u65f6\u4ee3<\/a>\u665a\u671f\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u5148\u6c11\u5c31\u7528\u8f83\u4e3a\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u4ece\u4e8b\u519c\u4e1a\u751f\u4ea7\u3002\u5728\u80f6\u5dde\u4e09\u91cc\u6cb3\u9057\u5740<\/a>\u4e2d\u66fe\u53d1\u73b0\u5df2\u70ad\u5316\u7684\u7cae\u98df\u548c\u9c7c\u7247\u3001\u9c7c\u9aa8\u7b49\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u5148\u6c11\u6240\u4ece\u4e8b\u7684\u519c\u4e1a\u6d3b\u52a8\u5df2\u4ece\u9646\u5730<\/a>\u8d70\u5411\u6d77\u6d0b<\/a>\u3002\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u8fd1\u4ee3\u519c\u4e1a\u673a\u6784\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e8e\u6e05\u672b\u7684\u5fb7\u79df\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u80f6\u6fb3\u603b\u7763\u5e9c\u8bbe\u8981\u52a1\u7f72\u52d8\u5b98\u5730\u3001\u4e70\u6c11\u5730\uff0c1909\u5e74\u53c8\u5728\u674e\u6751\u8bbe\u5fb7\u534e\u5927\u5b66<\/a>\u519c\u79d1\u5b9e\u4e60\u5730\u3002\u5176\u540e\u5404\u4e2a\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u5747\u8bbe\u519c\u6797\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u4ece\u4e8b\u519c\u4e1a\u751f\u4ea7\u6280\u672f\u7684\u8bd5\u9a8c\u3001\u793a\u8303\u548c\u6307\u5bfc\uff0c\u5e76\u4ece\u5916\u5730\u548c\u5916\u56fd\u5f15\u8fdb\u826f\u79cd\u7e41\u80b2\u63a8\u5e7f\u3002\u7136\u800c\u5728\u6b64\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f52\u5c5e\u9752\u5c9b\u7ba1\u8f96\u7684\u5e7f\u5927\u90ca\u533a\u53bf\u5e02\u4ecd\u7531\u5c71\u4e1c\u7701\u7ba1\u8f96\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u5176\u867d\u6709\u4f18\u8d8a\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u6761\u4ef6\u548c\u519c\u4e1a\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u4f46\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5f00\u53d1\u5efa\u8bbe\u548c\u6709\u6548\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u539f\u59cb\u7684\u79cd\u690d\u3001\u5bb6\u755c\u9972\u517b\u548c\u6d77\u6d0b\u6355\u635e<\/a>\u5916\uff0c\u5c11\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u7ecf\u8425\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u519c\u4e1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u57fa\u7840\u8584\u5f31\uff0c\u519c\u6751\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6c34\u5e73\u4f4e\u4e0b\uff0c\u519c\u6c11\u751f\u6d3b\u8d2b\u56f0\u30021950\u81f31952\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u571f\u5730\u6539\u9769<\/a>\u4f7f\u5f97\u519c\u4e1a\u5f00\u59cb\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4f46\u968f\u540e\u7684\u5927\u8dc3\u8fdb\u548c\u4eba\u6c11\u516c\u793e\u5316\u8fd0\u52a8\u53c8\u4f7f\u5f97\u6b64\u524d\u7684\u6210\u7ee9\u5316\u4e3a\u6ce1\u5f71\uff0c\u7ee7\u800c\u53d1\u751f\u5927\u9965\u8352<\/a>\u3002\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\u540e\uff0c\u519c\u4e1a\u6700\u7ec8\u5f97\u4ee5\u6062\u590d\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9.4 \u5de5\u4e1a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u56fe9-3\u81f39-6\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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\u673a\u68b0\u5de5\u4e1a\u4f53\u7cfb\u5b8c\u5584\uff0c\u673a\u8f66\u8f66\u8f86\u3001\u7eba\u7ec7\u673a\u68b0\u3001\u6c7d\u8f6e\u673a<\/a>\u3001\u8f7d\u91cd\u6c7d\u8f66\u53ca\u914d\u4ef6\u3001\u94f8\u9020\u673a\u68b0\u3001\u953b\u538b\u673a\u68b0\u3001\u5bc6\u5c01\u4ef6\u7b49\u5728\u56fd\u5185\u540c\u884c\u4e1a\u4e2d\u5c45\u4e8e\u91cd\u8981\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u9752\u7279\u6c7d\u8f66\u8fdc\u9500\u56fd\u5185\u5916\u3002\u9752\u5c9b\u8fd8\u662f\u5168\u56fd14\u4e2a\u5316\u5de5\u751f\u4ea7\u57fa\u5730\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u7eaf\u78b1<\/a>\u3001\u70e7\u78b1<\/a>\u3001\u67d3\u6599<\/a>\u3001\u94a1\u76d0<\/a>\u3001\u6cb9\u6f06<\/a>\u3001\u5316\u80a5<\/a>\u3001\u519c\u836f<\/a>\u3001\u533b\u836f<\/a>\u3001\u77f3\u5316<\/a>\u7b49\u54c1\u79cd\u9f50\u5168\u7684\u5927\u578b\u7efc\u5408\u7cbe\u7ec6\u5316\u5de5\u5de5\u4e1a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u9752\u5c9b\u78b1\u5382\u4e3a\u5168\u56fd\u4e09\u5927\u78b1\u5382\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u6a61\u80f6\u5de5\u4e1a\u5df2\u8fbe\u56fd\u9645\u5148\u8fdb\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u4ea7\u503c\u3001\u5229\u7a0e\u5747\u5c45\u5168\u56fd\u540c\u884c\u4e1a\u524d\u5217\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u9ec4\u6d77\u5b50\u5348\u7ebf\u8f6e\u80ce<\/a>\u3001\u53cc\u661f\u5f69\u8272\u8f6e\u80ce\u7b49\u8fdc\u9500\u6d77\u5185\u5916\u3002\u4ee5\u7535\u5b50\u4eea\u8868\u3001\u5bb6\u7528\u7535\u5668\u3001\u9ad8\u901f\u5217\u8f66<\/a>\u4e3a\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7684\u65b0\u5174\u5de5\u4e1a\u7ecf\u8fc7\u77ed\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u6280\u672f\u5f15\u8fdb\u3001\u6d88\u5316\u5438\u6536\u540e\u8fc5\u901f\u5d1b\u8d77\uff0c\u751f\u4ea7\u51fa\u4e00\u6279\u79f0\u96c4\u56fd\u5185\u5916\u7684\u540d\u724c\u4f18\u8d28\u4ea7\u54c1\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4ee5\u6d77\u5c14<\/a>\u3001\u6d77\u4fe1<\/a>\u3001\u6fb3\u67ef\u739b\u7684\u767d\u8272\u5bb6\u7535<\/a>\u548c\u5357\u8f66\u56db\u65b9<\/a>\u7684\u548c\u8c10\u53f7<\/a>\u52a8\u8f66\u7ec4\u5217\u8f66<\/a>\u6700\u5177\u7ade\u4e89\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u901a\u8fc7\u5b9e\u65bd\u54c1\u724c\u6218\u7565\uff0c\u57f9\u80b2\u51fa\u4e00\u6279\u5728\u56fd\u5185\u5916\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u5177\u6709\u8f83\u5f3a\u7ade\u4e89\u529b\u7684\u540d\u724c\u4f01\u4e1a\uff0c\u88ab\u8a89\u4e3a\u201c\u54c1\u724c\u4e4b\u90fd\u201d\u30022010\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u88ab\u56fd\u5bb6\u5de5\u5546\u603b\u5c40<\/a>\u786e\u5b9a\u4e3a\u9996\u6279\u56fd\u5bb6\u5546\u6807\u6218\u7565\u5b9e\u65bd\u793a\u8303\u57ce\u5e02\u3002\u73b0\u5171\u62e5\u6709\u884c\u653f\u8ba4\u5b9a\u4e2d\u56fd\u9a70\u540d\u5546\u6807<\/a>52\u4ef6\u3002\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u9a70\uff08\u8457\uff09\u540d\u5546\u6807\u4f01\u4e1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u603b\u91cf\u5360\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u89c4\u6a21\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5de5\u4e1a\u4f01\u4e1a\u8425\u4e1a\u6536\u5165\u6bd4\u91cd\u8fd150 %\u30022012\u5e74\uff0c\u6d77\u5c14\u96c6\u56e2\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8<\/a>\u3001\u6d77\u4fe1\u96c6\u56e2\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8<\/a>\u3001\u9752\u5c9b\u7ea2\u9886\u96c6\u56e2\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8<\/a>\u3001\u9752\u5c9b\u5373\u53d1\u96c6\u56e2\u516c\u53f8<\/a>\u3001\u9752\u5c9b\u5564\u9152\u80a1\u4efd\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8<\/a>\u3001\u9752\u7279\u96c6\u56e2\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8<\/a>\u7b496\u5bb6\u4f01\u4e1a\u5165\u9009\u5168\u56fd\u767e\u5bb6\u5de5\u4e1a\u4f01\u4e1a\u54c1\u724c\u57f9\u80b2\u8bd5\u70b9[\u53c2192]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u6570\u91cf\u4f4d\u5c45\u5168\u56fd\u540c\u7c7b\u57ce\u5e02\u9996\u4f4d\u3002\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u8f7b\u5de5\u4e1a\u8054\u5408\u4f1a2012\u5e748\u6708\u53d1\u5e03\u76842011\u5e74\u5ea6\u4e2d\u56fd\u8f7b\u5de5\u4e1a\u767e\u5f3a\u4f01\u4e1a\u540d\u5355\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u7684\u6d77\u5c14\u3001\u9752\u5c9b\u5564\u9152\u3001\u6fb3\u67ef\u739b\u3001\u5373\u53d14\u5bb6\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e0a\u699c\uff0c\u6d77\u5c14\u540d\u5217\u767e\u5f3a\u699c\u9996\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9.5 \u7535\u4fe1<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u8fd1\u4ee3\u7535\u5b50\u901a\u4fe1<\/a>\u53d1\u7aef\u8f83\u65e9\u30021893\u5e74\uff0c\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u80f6\u6fb3\u603b\u5175\u8859\u95e8\u540e\u5c71\u7684\u6768\u5bb6\u6751[\u4eca\u5e02\u5317\u533a\u767b\u5dde\u8def\u4e00\u5e26]<\/sup>\u5efa\u7535\u62a5<\/a>\u623f\u4f9b\u9a7b\u519b\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u5fb7\u79df\u65f6\u671f\u8bbe\u7acb\u7535\u62a5\u3001\u7535\u8bdd<\/a>\u673a\u6784\u30021922\u5e74\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u8bbe\u7acb\u80f6\u6fb3\u4e2d\u534e\u7535\u62a5\u5c40\u30021929\u5e74\uff0c\u5357\u4eac\u56fd\u6c11\u53c8\u8bbe\u7acb\u9752\u5c9b\u65e0\u7ebf\u7535<\/a>\u603b\u53f0\u30021938\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u65e5\u636e\u65f6\u671f\u5c06\u7535\u62a5\u5c40\u548c\u7535\u8bdd\u5c40\u5408\u5e76\u4e3a\u7535\u62a5\u7535\u8bdd\u603b\u5c40\u3002\u81f31949\u5e74\uff0c\u7535\u62a5\u3001\u7535\u8bdd\u7535\u8def17\u8def\uff0c\u5e02\u5185\u7535\u8bdd\u81ea\u52a8\u673a\u5bb9\u91cf\u8fbe\u52309 050\u95e8\u3002\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u6210\u7acb\u540e\uff0c\u5c06\u90ae\u653f<\/a>\u4e0e\u7535\u4fe1\u5408\u5e76\u6210\u7acb\u90ae\u7535\u5c40\uff0c\u7535\u4fe1\u53d1\u5c55\u7f13\u6162\u3002\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\u540e\uff0c\u901a\u4fe1\u5f00\u59cb\u6709\u6240\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u81f31985\u5e74\u5e02\u8bdd\u603b\u5bb9\u91cf\u8fbe\u52302.26\u4e07\u95e8\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u6bcf\u767e\u4eba\u62e5\u6709\u7535\u8bdd2\u90e8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1986\u5e74\uff0c\u65e0\u7ebf\u5bfb\u547c<\/a>\u4e1a\u52a1\u5f00\u901a\uff1b1987\u5e74\u53c8\u5f00\u901a120\u8def\u957f\u9014\u81ea\u52a8\u62e8\u53f7\u4e1a\u52a1\uff0c\u5e02\u8bdd\u4ea4\u6362\u673a\u5168\u90e8\u5b9e\u73b0\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u30021992\u5e74\uff0c\u79fb\u52a8\u901a\u4fe1<\/a>\u4e1a\u52a1\u5f00\u901a\uff1b1993\u5e7412\u670812\u65e5\uff0c\u56fa\u5b9a\u7535\u8bdd<\/a>\u53f7\u7801\u5347\u4e3a7\u4f4d\uff1b1997\u5e74\uff0c\u672c\u5730\u516c\u7f51\u7535\u8bdd\u4ea4\u6362\u673a\u603b\u5bb9\u91cf\u7a81\u7834100\u4e07\u95e8\u30021998\u5e74\uff0c\u7535\u4fe1\u518d\u5ea6\u4ece\u90ae\u7535\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u72ec\u7acb\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u7535\u4fe1\u5c40\u30022005\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u7535\u8bdd\u4ea4\u6362\u673a\u8fbe\u5230300\u4e07\u95e8\uff1b\u540c\u5e745\u670821\u65e5\uff0c\u672c\u5730\u7f51\u7535\u8bdd\uff08\u56fa\u5b9a\u7535\u8bdd\u548c\u5c0f\u7075\u901a<\/a>\uff09\u53f7\u7801\u5347\u81f38\u4f4d\u30022009\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u4ee3\u79fb\u52a8\u901a\u4fe1<\/a> (3G) \u4e1a\u52a1\u5f00\u901a\uff0c\u53ef\u63d0\u4f9b\u624b\u673a<\/a>\u4e0a\u7f51\u3001\u53ef\u89c6\u7535\u8bdd<\/a>\u3001\u624b\u673a\u7535\u89c6\u7b49\u4e03\u9879\u529f\u80fd\u670d\u52a1\u3002\u622a\u81f32011\u5e74\u672b\uff0c\u5168\u5e02\u56fa\u5b9a\u7535\u8bdd\u7528\u6237\u8d85\u8fc7250\u4e07\u6237\uff0c\u79fb\u52a8\u7535\u8bdd\u8d85\u8fc7\u52301 000\u4e07\u6237\u3002[\u53c2156]<\/a><\/sup>2012\u5e748\u6708\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u88ab\u5217\u5165\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6279\u7b2c\u56db\u4ee3\u79fb\u52a8\u901a\u4fe1<\/a> (4G) \u6807\u51c6\u8bd5\u70b9\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u5168\u5e02\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u8f96\u533a\u5df2\u5b9e\u73b0TD-LTE<\/a>\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u65e0\u7f1d\u8986\u76d6\u30022019\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e94\u4ee3\u79fb\u52a8\u901a\u4fe1<\/a> (5G) \u4e1a\u52a1\u5f00\u901a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9.6 \u4fe1\u606f\u4ea7\u4e1a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u4ea7\u4e1a<\/a>\u8d77\u6b65\u8f83\u65e9\uff0c\u8f6f\u4ef6\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u8f83\u5feb\u3002\u9752\u5c9b\u8f6f\u4ef6\u56ed\u88ab\u56fd\u5bb6\u79d1\u6280\u90e8\u8bc4\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ea7\u8f6f\u4ef6\u4ea7\u4e1a\u56ed\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u706b\u70ac\u8ba1\u5212\u8f6f\u4ef6\u57fa\u5730\u30022003\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u88ab\u5217\u4e3a\u5168\u56fd\u9996\u6279\u4fe1\u606f\u5316\u793a\u8303\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u5e76\u5efa\u7acb\u9752\u5c9b\u662f\u4f01\u4e1a\u4fe1\u606f\u5316\u65bd\u6cd5\u5de5\u7a0b\u4fdd\u969c\u4f53\u7cfb\u548c\u5e94\u7528\u4f53\u7cfb\u30022012\u5e744\u6708\uff0c\u5e02\u653f\u5e9c\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u52a0\u5feb\u63a8\u8fdb\u6211\u5e02\u4fe1\u606f\u4ea7\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u300b\u51fa\u53f0\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4fe1\u606f\u4ea7\u4e1a\u7684\u65b0\u56fe\u666f\u3002\u636e\u6b64\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u5c06\u6253\u9020\u4fe1\u606f\u4ea7\u4e1a\u5728\u201c\u4e1c\u56ed\uff0d\u897f\u8c37\uff0d\u5317\u533a\u201d\u96c6\u805a\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u683c\u5c40\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4ee5\u9ec4\u5c9b\u9752\u5c9b\u4fe1\u606f\u8c37\u3001\u5d02\u5c71\u9752\u5c9b\u9ad8\u79d1\u56ed\u3001\u57ce\u9633\u9752\u5c9b\u9ad8\u65b0\u533a\u4e3a\u4e09\u70b9\u652f\u6491\uff0c\u5e76\u5411\u5176\u4ed6\u533a\u5e02\u8f90\u5c04\u7684\u201c\u54c1\u201d\u5b57\u5f62\u4fe1\u606f\u4ea7\u4e1a\u89c4\u5212\u5e03\u5c40\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u5341\u4e8c\u4e94<\/a>\u201d\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5c06\u91cd\u70b9\u53d1\u5c55\u65b0\u4e00\u4ee3\u4fe1\u606f\u6280\u672f<\/a>\u3001\u8f6f\u4ef6<\/a>\u3001\u65b0\u4e00\u4ee3\u7535\u5b50\u4fe1\u606f\u4ea7\u54c1\u5236\u9020\u4e09\u5927\u4ea7\u4e1a\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0d\u65ad\u4f18\u5316\u4fe1\u606f\u4ea7\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u7740\u529b\u6784\u5efa\u4ee5\u7535\u5b50\u4fe1\u606f\u5236\u9020\u4e1a\u3001\u8f6f\u4ef6\u4e0e\u4fe1\u606f\u670d\u52a1\u4e1a\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u4ea7\u4e1a\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4fe1\u606f\u4ea7\u4e1a\u5411\u9ad8\u7aef\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u628a\u9752\u5c9b\u6253\u9020\u6210\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e09\u7f51\u878d\u5408\u793a\u8303\u57ce\u5e02\u3001\u8f6f\u4ef6\u4e0e\u4fe1\u606f\u670d\u52a1\u4e1a\u793a\u8303\u57fa\u5730\u3001\u7269\u8054\u7f51\u5e94\u7528\u4e0e\u4ea7\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u57fa\u5730\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u5317\u65b9\u4e43\u81f3\u4e1c\u5317\u4e9a\u7684\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u4ea7\u4e1a\u6574\u4f53\u6c34\u5e73\u4fdd\u6301\u540c\u7c7b\u57ce\u5e02\u9886\u5148\u6c34\u5e73\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9.7 \u84dd\u8272\u7ecf\u6d4e<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5168\u56fd\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6cbf\u6d77\u57ce\u5e02\u3001\u4e45\u8d1f\u76db\u8a89\u7684\u6d77\u6d0b\u79d1\u7814\u57ce\u5e02\u30022011\u5e74\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u6539\u9769\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a<\/a>\u5236\u5b9a\u53d1\u5e03\u300a\u5c71\u4e1c\u534a\u5c9b\u84dd\u8272\u7ecf\u6d4e\u533a\u53d1\u5c55\u89c4\u5212<\/a>\u300b\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u88ab\u5b9a\u4f4d\u4e3a\u80f6\u4e1c\u534a\u5c9b<\/a>\u9ad8\u7aef\u6d77\u6d0b\u4ea7\u4e1a\u96c6\u805a\u533a\u6838\u5fc3\u533a\u57df\u7684\u9f99\u5934\u3002\u4f9d\u7167\u56fd\u5bb6\u521b\u65b0\u578b\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u5efa\u8bbe\u548c\u73af\u6e7e\u578b\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u6846\u67b6\u7684\u89c4\u5212\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5c06\u5efa\u8bbe\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6d77\u6d0b\u4ea7\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u5148\u884c\u533a\u3001\u56fd\u9645\u6d77\u6d0b\u79d1\u7814\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3001\u4e1c\u5317\u4e9a\u56fd\u5bb6\u822a\u8fd0\u67a2\u7ebd\u3001\u5317\u6d77\u65c5\u6e38\u5ea6\u5047\u80dc\u5730\u548c\u6d77\u4e0a\u4f53\u80b2\u8fd0\u52a8\u57fa\u5730\u3002[\u53c2193]<\/a><\/sup>\u89c4\u5212\u79d1\u5b66\u5730\u5f00\u53d1\u6d77\u6d0b\u8d44\u6e90\u548c\u4f9d\u8d56\u6d77\u6d0b\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u6216\u95f4\u63a5\u4e3a\u5f00\u53d1\u6d77\u6d0b\u8d44\u6e90\u53ca\u7a7a\u95f4\u53d1\u5c55\u76f8\u5173\u670d\u52a1\u6027\u4ea7\u4e1a\u3002\u89c4\u5212\u5efa\u8bbe\u7531\u201c\u4e00\u533a\u4e00\u5e26\u4e00\u56ed\u201d\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u84dd\u8272\u7845\u8c37\uff0c\u53d1\u6325\u9752\u5c9b\u6d89\u6d77\u673a\u6784\u96c6\u4e2d\u3001\u6d77\u6d0b\u7814\u53d1\u4eba\u624d\u5bc6\u96c6\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u63a8\u52a8\u6d77\u6d0b\u79d1\u6280\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u9ad8\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u4ea7\u4e1a\u76f8\u4e92\u6e17\u900f\uff0c\u57fa\u7840\u6027\u6d77\u6d0b\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u5e94\u7528\u6027\u6d77\u6d0b\u7814\u7a76\u4e0e\u84dd\u8272\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7814\u7a76\u76f8\u4e92\u8854\u63a5\uff0c\u56fd\u5185\u5916\u5b66\u672f\u4ea4\u6d41\u3001\u5546\u52a1\u5f80\u6765\u4e0e\u7ecf\u8d38\u5408\u4f5c\u76f8\u4e92\u878d\u5408\uff0c\u57f9\u80b2\u6d77\u6d0b\u79d1\u6280\u7684\u7814\u53d1\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3001\u79d1\u7814\u6210\u679c\u7684\u5b75\u5316\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3001\u79d1\u7814\u4eba\u624d\u7684\u96c6\u805a\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u52a0\u5feb\u57f9\u80b2\u6d77\u6d0b\u4f18\u52bf\u4ea7\u4e1a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9.8 \u56fd\u5185\u8d38\u6613<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u56fe9-7\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u662f\u534e\u4e1c<\/a>\u548c\u534e\u5317<\/a>\u5730\u533a\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5546\u54c1<\/a>\u6d41\u901a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u548c\u96c6\u6563\u5730\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u81ea\u53e4\u4ee5\u6765\u5546\u4e1a<\/a>\u5c31\u6bd4\u8f83\u53d1\u8fbe\u3002\u660e\u6e05\u65f6\u671f\u5546\u4e1a\u6d3b\u52a8\u5174\u65fa\u4e00\u65f6\u3002\u6e05\u5609\u5e86<\/a>\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u53e3\u8d38\u6613\u7e41\u8363\u9010\u6e10\u5f62\u6210\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u4f7f\u9752\u5c9b\u6751\u6709\u201c\u9752\u5c9b\u5546\u5e84\u201d\u7684\u522b\u53f7\u3002\u54b8\u4e30<\/a>\u5e74\u95f4\u5728\u4eca\u6808\u6865<\/a>\u4ee5\u5317\u3001\u4e2d\u5c71\u8def<\/a>\u4e1c\u5357\u5efa\u6210\u8bb8\u591a\u8d27\u573a\u548c\u5546\u94fa\uff0c\u4e0e\u5c71\u4e1c\u6751\uff08\u4eca\u66f2\u961c\u8def\u4e1c\u4fa7\uff09\u8fde\u6210\u4e00\u7247\uff0c\u79f0\u4f5c\u884c\u8857\u3002\u5efa\u7f6e\u540e\u81f3\u5fb7\u56fd\u79df\u501f\u524d\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u53e3\u5df2\u6709\u6cb9\u3001\u9c7c\u3001\u8089\u3001\u74f7\u5668<\/a>\u3001\u836f\u6750<\/a>\u3001\u8336\u53f6<\/a>\u3001\u5e03\u5339\u3001\u6210\u8863\u3001\u6742\u8d27\u3001\u98df\u54c1<\/a>\u3001\u5178\u5f53<\/a>\u3001\u9152\u9986\u7b49\u5e97\u94fa62\u5bb6\u3002\u5fb7\u79df\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u6210\u4e3a\u5546\u57e0<\/a>\uff0c\u6e2f\u53e3<\/a>\u94c1\u8def<\/a>\u7684\u5efa\u6210\u4f7f\u5f97\u51fa\u5165\u5883\u5546\u54c1\u6fc0\u589e\uff0c\u5e02\u573a\u8fc5\u901f\u7e41\u8363\u3002\u591a\u56fd\u5546\u4eba<\/a>\u5728\u9752\u5c9b\u5f00\u529e\u6d0b\u884c<\/a>\u548c\u516c\u53f8<\/a>\uff0c\u6c11\u65cf\u5546\u4e1a\u4e5f\u5728\u9752\u5c9b\u5f00\u8bbe\u5206\u53f7\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1900\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u5546\u5174\u5efa\u5927\u9c8d\u5c9b\u5e02\u573a<\/a>\uff1b1902\u5e74\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u5546\u52a1\u516c\u5c40<\/a>\u6210\u7acb\uff1b1917\u5e74\uff0c\u65e5\u5546\u5174\u5efa\u516c\u7acb\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u573a<\/a>\uff0c\u5f00\u8f9f\u65e5\u4eba\u5546\u4e1a\u533a\u3002\u52301930\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u5e02\u5185\u5171\u6709\u534e\u4eba\u5546\u53f77\u5343\u4f59\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ece\u4e1a\u4eba\u5458\u8d85\u8fc73\u4e07\uff0c\u53e6\u6709\u5916\u5546\u7ea6500\u5bb6\u30021940\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6218\u4e71\u7b49\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5546\u94fa\u5012\u95ed\u505c\u4e1a\uff0c\u5546\u4e1a\u5f00\u59cb\u8870\u843d\u3002\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u6210\u7acb\u540e\uff0c\u5546\u4e1a\u6240\u6709\u5236\u548c\u5546\u54c1\u7ed3\u6784\u53d1\u751f\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u56fd\u8425<\/a>\u5546\u4e1a\u83b7\u5f97\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u5728\u7ecf\u5386\u5927\u8dc3\u8fdb<\/a>\u3001\u4e09\u5e74\u5927\u9965\u8352<\/a>\u548c\u6587\u5316\u5927\u9769\u547d<\/a>\u7684\u81f4\u547d\u6253\u51fb\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u5927\u8427\u6761\u548c\u8d38\u6613\u840e\u7f29\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e<\/a>\u540e\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u4f53\u5236\u6539\u9769\u4f7f\u5f97\u5546\u8d38\u6700\u7ec8\u5f97\u4ee5\u6062\u590d\u53d1\u5c55\u30021988\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5bb6\u5916\u5411\u578b\u5408\u8d44<\/a>\u5546\u4e1a\u4f01\u4e1a<\/a>\u6210\u7acb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1990\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u5168\u5e02\u5404\u7c7b\u5546\u5e97<\/a>\u3001\u96c6\u5e02<\/a>\u84ec\u52c3\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u65e2\u6709\u7e41\u534e\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u8857\u533a\u53c8\u6709\u5e74\u9500\u552e\u989d\u8fc7\u4ebf\u7684\u5927\u578b\u5546\u53a6\uff0c\u5404\u79cd\u8d85\u5e02<\/a>\u3001\u5546\u5e97\u3001\u76f4\u9500\u5e97\u3001\u8fde\u9501\u5e97<\/a>\u3001\u4fbf\u5229\u5e97<\/a>\u661f\u7f57\u68cb\u5e03\u3002\u8fdb\u516521\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u5c45\u6c11\u6d88\u8d39<\/a>\u8fdb\u5165\u8f6c\u578b\u5347\u7ea7\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u6d88\u8d39\u70ed\u70b9\u51f8\u663e\uff0c\u57ce\u4e61\u5c45\u6c11\u6536\u5165<\/a>\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u548c\u65c5\u6e38<\/a>\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u5e26\u52a8\u4f7f\u5f97\u6d88\u8d39\u80fd\u529b\u63d0\u5347\uff0c\u57ce\u4e61\u6d88\u8d39\u54c1\u5e02\u573a\u5448\u73b0\u6301\u7eed\u6d3b\u8dc3\u6001\u52bf\u3002\u76ee\u524d\uff0c\u5168\u5e02\u5171\u6709\u5e02\u7ea7\u5546\u4e1a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e94\u4e2a\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u662f\uff1a\u4e2d\u5c71\u8def\u3001\u9999\u6e2f\u4e2d\u8def\u3001\u53f0\u4e1c<\/a>\u3001\u674e\u6751\u3001\u9999\u6c5f\u8def\u5546\u4e1a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u6c83\u5c14\u739b<\/a>\u3001\u6cd5\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e50\u798f<\/a>\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u4e50\u8d2d<\/a>\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u9ea6\u5fb7\u9f99<\/a>\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u6c38\u65fa<\/a>\u4e1c\u6cf0\u3001\u9a6c\u6765\u897f\u4e9a\u767e\u76db<\/a>\u7b49\u56fd\u9645\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u8fde\u9501\u96f6\u552e<\/a>\u96c6\u56e2\u548c\u56fd\u5185\u7684\u5317\u4eac\u534e\u8054<\/a>\u3001\u5927\u8fde\u4e07\u8fbe<\/a>\u3001\u6df1\u5733\u4e07\u8c61\u57ce<\/a>\u3001\u9752\u5c9b\u56fd\u8d27\u3001\u5229\u7fa4\u3001\u7ef4\u5ba2\u3001\u5229\u5ba2\u6765\u3001\u7b49\u5747\u5728\u9752\u5c9b\u5f00\u8bbe\u6709\u767e\u8d27\u516c\u53f8<\/a>\u3001\u5546\u4e1a\u5e7f\u573a<\/a>\u53ca\u8d85\u7ea7\u5e02\u573a<\/a>\u3002\u97e9\u56fd\u3001\u9999\u6e2f\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u662f\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u4e09\u5927\u5916\u8d44\u6765\u6e90\u5730\uff0c\u4e09\u8005\u603b\u6295\u8d44\u7ea6240\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9.9 \u5bf9\u5916\u8d38\u6613<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e3b\u8981\u8d38\u6613<\/a>\u53e3\u5cb8\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5bf9\u5916\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8d38\u6613\u5386\u53f2\u60a0\u4e45\u3002\u65e9\u5728\u5317\u5b8b<\/a>\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u677f\u6865\u9547\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5317\u65b9\u552f\u4e00\u5bf9\u5916\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u53e3\u5cb8<\/a>\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u8d38\u6613\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3a\u9ad8\u4e3d<\/a>\u548c\u65e5\u672c\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u8d38\u6613\u7269\u54c1\u6709\u4e1d\u7ef8<\/a>\u3001\u836f\u6750\u3001\u74f7\u5668\u3001\u53ca\u98df\u54c1\u7b49\u3002\u8f9f\u4e3a\u5fb7\u56fd\u79df\u501f\u540e\uff0c\u5efa\u6e2f\u3001\u8bbe\u6d0b\u884c\uff0c\u5f00\u5c55\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u8d38\u6613\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u8fdb\u53e3\u94a2\u94c1<\/a>\u3001\u673a\u68b0<\/a>\u3001\u4e94\u91d1<\/a>\u5efa\u6750\u3001\u5316\u5b66\u67d3\u6599<\/a>\u3001\u6a61\u80f6<\/a>\u3001\u6728\u6750<\/a>\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u51fa\u53e3\u98df\u54c1\u548c\u624b\u5de5\u5236\u54c1\u3002\u65e5\u636e\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u5bf9\u5916\u8d38\u6613\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4e0e\u65e5\u672c\u5f00\u5c55\u3002\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u521d\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u5bf9\u5916\u8d38\u6613\u7ba1\u7406\u5c40\u8d1f\u8d23\u5168\u5e02\u5bf9\u5916\u8d38\u6613\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u6b64\u540e\u9752\u5c9b\u6d77\u5173<\/a>\u3001\u5c71\u4e1c\u68c0\u9a8c\u68c0\u75ab\u5c40\u7b49\u5355\u4f4d\u9646\u7eed\u5728\u9752\u5c9b\u8bbe\u7acb\u30021959\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u5f00\u59cb\u72ec\u7acb\u5bf9\u5916\u51fa\u53e3\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u6536\u8d2d\u4e1a\u52a1\uff1b1960\u5e74\u4ee3\u51fa\u53e3\u5546\u54c1\u6536\u8d2d\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u7eba\u7ec7\u54c1\u3001\u5316\u5de5\u533b\u836f\u548c\u98df\u54c1\u3002\u6587\u9769\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5bf9\u5916\u8d38\u6613\u53d7\u5230\u4e25\u91cd\u7834\u574f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1978\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u5bf9\u5916\u8d38\u6613\u5c40\u548c\u516d\u4e2a\u8fdb\u51fa\u53e3\u652f\u516c\u53f8\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u6b64\u524d\u9752\u5c9b\u9664\u4e86\u4ec5\u6709\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5bf9\u5916\u8d38\u6613\u5916\uff0c\u5916\u8d44\u3001\u5916\u7ecf\u51e0\u4e4e\u662f\u7a7a\u767d\u3002\u9752\u5c9b\u4e8e1984\u5e74\u6210\u4e3a\u6cbf\u6d77\u5f00\u653e\u57ce\u5e02<\/a>\uff1b1987\u5e74\u5916\u7ecf\u8d38\u4eab\u6709\u81ea\u8425\u6743\uff1b1988\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u5916\u8d38\u4f53\u5236\u6539\u9769\u30021990\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u5bf9\u5916\u5f00\u653e\u660e\u663e\u52a0\u5feb\uff1a1992\u5e743\u6708\u6210\u7acb\u9ad8\u79d1\u6280\u5de5\u4e1a\u56ed\uff0c11\u6708\u6210\u7acb\u4fdd\u7a0e\u533a\u3002\u8fdb\u516521\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5b9e\u65bd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u56fd\u9645\u5316\u6218\u7565\uff0c\u52a0\u5927\u5f00\u653e\u529b\u5ea6\uff0c\u6269\u5927\u5916\u8d38\u51fa\u53e3\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u5916\u8d38\u51fa\u53e3\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u5229\u7528\u5916\u8d44\u6c34\u5e73\uff1a2003\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\u51fa\u53e3\u52a0\u5de5\u533a\uff0c2004\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\u4fdd\u7a0e\u7269\u6d41\u56ed\u533a\uff0c2006\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\u897f\u6d77\u5cb8\u51fa\u53e3\u52a0\u5de5\u533a\uff0c2008\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\u524d\u6e7e\u4fdd\u7a0e\u6e2f\u533a\uff0c2010\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u5efa\u8bbe\u4e2d\u5fb7\u751f\u6001\u56ed\uff0c2012\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u4e89\u53d6\u5efa\u8bbe\u4e2d\u65e5\u97e9\u81ea\u8d38\u533a<\/a>\u793a\u8303\u533a\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u548c\u97e9\u56fd\u662f\u9752\u5c9b\u4e09\u5927\u8d38\u6613\u4f19\u4f34\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9.9.1 \u6d77\u5173<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u56fe9-8\u548c9-9\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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10. \u6587\u5316 | Culture<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n
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10.1 \u6587\u5b66\u3001\u620f\u5267\u548c\u66f2\u827a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
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10.2 \u97f3\u4e50<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u56fe10-5\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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1920\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u6c11\u4e50\u6f14\u594f\u5728\u6c11\u95f4\u4f20\u7edf\u8282\u5e86\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e2d\u5df2\u975e\u5e38\u666e\u904d\u3002\u97f3\u4e50\u6559\u80b2\u4e5f\u5f00\u59cb\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5e02\u7acb\u4e2d\u5b66\u3001\u6587\u5fb7\u5973\u4e2d\u3001\u5723\u529f\u5973\u4e2d\u7b49\u5b66\u6821\u5747\u5f00\u8bbe\u97f3\u4e50\u8bfe\uff1b\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u97f3\u4e50\u6559\u5e08\u4e3a\u4e3b\u6210\u7acb\u9752\u5c9b\u97f3\u4e50\u4f1a\uff0c\u5728\u5b66\u6821\u7ec4\u7ec7\u97f3\u4e50\u4f1a\uff0c\u9080\u8bf7\u5916\u5730\u97f3\u4e50\u5bb6\u4ea4\u6d41\u3002\u6559\u4f1a\u97f3\u4e50\u4e5f\u968f\u7740\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5802\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u5f00\u59cb\u6d41\u884c\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5c24\u4ee5\u6d59\u6c5f\u8def\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5802<\/a>\u548c\u6c5f\u82cf\u8def\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5802<\/a>\u7684\u5927\u7ba1\u98ce\u7434<\/a>\u97f3\u4e50\u6700\u4e3a\u51fa\u540d[\u4e24\u67b6\u7ba1\u98ce\u7434\u5728\u6587\u9769\u4e2d\u5747\u88ab\u6bc1\uff0c\u540e\u5206\u522b\u4e8e2008\u5e74\u548c2010\u5e74\u4ece\u5fb7\u56fd\u8d2d\u8fdb\u65b0\u7434\u7f6e\u4e8e\u539f\u5740]<\/sup>\u30021935\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u97f3\u4e50\u4f1a\u4f1a\u957f\u738b\u73ab\u5728\u9752\u5c9b\u5236\u6210\u4e2d\u56fd\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u5c0f\u63d0\u7434<\/a>\u3002\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\u540e\uff0c\u97f3\u4e50\u6d3b\u52a8\u9010\u6e10\u7e41\u8363\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u6bcf\u5e74\u4e3e\u529e\u590f\u5b63\u97f3\u4e50\u4f1a\uff0c\u7fa4\u4f17\u97f3\u4e50\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u97f3\u4e50\u6bd4\u8d5b\u7ade\u8d5b\u7b49\u30021986\u5e74\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u4e3e\u529e\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u827a\u672f\u8282\u30022002\u5e74\uff0c\u4e3e\u529e\u9996\u5c4a\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u65b0\u5e74\u97f3\u4e50\u4f1a\u30022005\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u4e3e\u529e\u9996\u5c4a\u97f3\u4e50\u8282\uff0c\u9996\u5c4a\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u9645\u5c0f\u63d0\u7434\u6bd4\u8d5b\u5728\u9752\u5c9b\u4e3e\u529e\u30022005\u5e744\u6708\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u4ea4\u54cd\u4e50\u56e2\u91cd\u65b0\u7ec4\u5efa\u30022007\u5e74\uff0c\u4e3e\u529e\u9996\u5c4a\u9752\u5c9b\u6447\u6eda\u97f3\u4e50\u8282\uff1b2012\u5e74\uff0c\u4e3e\u529e\u9996\u5c4a\u9752\u5c9b\u56fd\u9645\u5e06\u8239\u97f3\u4e50\u8282\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u90e8\u7684\u4e3b\u529e\u7b2c\u4e00\u5c4a\u674e\u5fb7\u4f26\u5168\u56fd\u6307\u6325\u6bd4\u8d5b\u5728\u9752\u5c9b\u4e3e\u529e\u30022017\u5e74\uff0c\u6b27\u76df\u9752\u5e74\u97f3\u4e50\u8282\u5728\u9752\u5c9b\u897f\u6d77\u5cb8\u65b0\u533a\u4e3e\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10.3 \u821e\u8e48<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u6c11\u95f4\u821e\u8e48\u5386\u53f2\u4e45\u8fdc\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u9c9c\u660e\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u7279\u8272\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\u626d\u79e7\u6b4c<\/a>\u3001\u8e29\u9ad8\u8df7\u3001\u8dd1\u65f1\u8239\u3001\u821e\u9f99\u706f\u3001\u821e\u72ee\u5b50\u3001\u73a9\u6742\u800d\u7b49\u79cd\u7c7b\u3002\u6c11\u95f4\u821e\u8e48\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8868\u6f14\u5f62\u5f0f\u6709\u6d41\u884c\u4e8e\u6ca7\u53e3\u7684\u6c34\u65cf\u821e\u706f\uff0c\u5d02\u5c71\u7684\u6b4c\u821e\u79e7\u6b4c\uff0c\u9ec4\u5c9b\u3001\u80f6\u5dde\u7684\u5deb\u821e\uff0c\u5373\u58a8\u3001\u80f6\u5dde\u7684\u7fbd\u9fa0\u821e\uff0c\u5373\u58a8\u7684\u5c0f\u8c03\u79e7\u6b4c\u3001\u7530\u87f9\u821e\u706f\uff0c\u80f6\u5dde\u7684\u5c0f\u79e7\u6b4c\u620f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u9053\u5177\u821e\u4e2d\u7684\u5373\u58a8\u7684\u8dd1\u9a74\u3001\u6b66\u677e\u6253\u864e<\/a>\u3001\u65f1\u8239\uff0c\u80f6\u5dde\u7684\u5927\u5934\u5a03\u5a03\u821e\u3001\u9f99\u706f\u821e\u3001\u4e8c\u9b3c\u6454\uff0c\u9ec4\u5c9b\u7684\u59dc\u8001\u80cc\u5a46\u5a46\u7b49\u3002\u6742\u800d\u7c7b\u821e\u8e48\u4e3b\u8981\u6e90\u81ea\u6c49\u4ee3\u7684\u767e\u620f\uff0c\u5982\u62ac\u8f66\u5b98\u3001\u64ac\u5b98\u3001\u9514\u5927\u9505\u3001\u6253\u82b1\u68cd\u7b49\u3002\u6c11\u95f4\u821e\u8e48\u4e2d\uff0c\u79e7\u6b4c\u6700\u4e3a\u666e\u53ca\u548c\u6d41\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1960\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u6b4c\u821e\u56e2\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u4e0a\u6f14\u6b4c\u5267<\/a>\u3001\u82ad\u857e\u821e\u5267<\/a>\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u821e\u5267\u548c\u821e\u8e48\u8282\u76ee\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u827a\u672f\u56e2\u4f53\u3002\u6587\u9769\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u6d41\u884c\u5fe0\u5b57\u821e<\/a>\uff0c\u4f46\u4e27\u5931\u821e\u8e48\u7684\u827a\u672f\u6027\u30021970\u5e74\u4ee3\u540e\uff0c\u4e13\u4e1a\u548c\u4e1a\u4f59\u7684\u821e\u8e48\u961f\u4f0d\u76f8\u7ee7\u6210\u7acb\u30021989\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u821e\u8e48\u5bb6\u534f\u4f1a\u6210\u7acb\u30022000\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u627f\u529e\u9996\u6b21\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e3e\u529e\u7684\u9ad8\u7ea7\u522b\u3001\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u821e\u8e48\u5927\u8d5b\u2014\u2014\u56fd\u6807\u821e\u4e16\u754c\u676f\u56fd\u9645\u5927\u8d5b\u30022002\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u821e\u8e48\u5bb6\u534f\u4f1a\u4e3b\u529e\u9996\u5c4a\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u8857\u821e\u5927\u8d5b\u30022009\u5e74\uff0c\u9996\u5c4a\u9752\u5c9b\u56fd\u9645\u821e\u8e48\u827a\u672f\u8282\u4e3e\u529e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10.4 \u7f8e\u672f\u3001\u4e66\u6cd5\u548c\u6444\u5f71<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u56fe10-6\u548c10-7\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u7f8e\u672f\u53f2\u53ef\u4e0a\u6eaf\u81f3\u65b0\u77f3\u5668\u65f6\u671f\u3002\u4e09\u91cc\u6cb3\u9057\u5740<\/a>\u51fa\u571f\u7684\u9676\u5236\u72d7\u578b\u5668\u548c\u732a\u578b\u5668\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7f8e\u672f\u53f2\u4e0a\u88ab\u8a89\u4e3a\u65b0\u77f3\u5668\u65f6\u671f\u9e1f\u517d\u578b\u96d5\u5851<\/a>\u7684\u6770\u51fa\u4ee3\u8868\u4f5c\u54c1\u3002\u897f\u7687\u59d1\u5eb5\u9057\u5740\u51fa\u571f\u7684\u5546\u5468\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u94dc\u63d0\u6881\u5363\u3001\u94dc\u65b9\u5f5d\u3001\u7236\u7532\u7235\u3001\u7236\u7678\u7235\u7b49\u9752\u94dc\u5668\uff0c\u9ec4\u5c9b\u51fa\u571f\u7684\u79e6\u59cb\u768728\u5e74\u7405\u740a\u77f3\u523b\uff0c\u5373\u58a8\u79fb\u98ce\u5e97\u51fa\u571f\u7684\u6c49\u4ee3\u7389\u821e\u4eba\uff0c\u57ce\u9633\u51fa\u571f\u7684\u4f0f\u9e7f\u753b\u50cf\u77f3\uff0c\u5e73\u5ea6\u5929\u67f1\u5c71\u6469\u5d16\u77f3\u523b\u300a\u90d1\u6587\u516c\u7891\u300b\uff0c\u6cd5\u6d77\u5bfa\u9644\u8fd1\u51fa\u571f\u7684\u5317\u671d\u81f3\u968b\u5510\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u767e\u4f59\u4ef6\u77f3\u96d5\u9020\u578b\u6b8b\u4ef6\u7b49\uff0c\u90fd\u5c55\u73b0\u9752\u5c9b\u5730\u533a\u5546\u5468\u65f6\u671f\u9752\u94dc<\/a>\u827a\u672f\u548c\u53e4\u4ee3\u96d5\u523b\u827a\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u8fbe\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u8fd8\u6d41\u4f20\u5e74\u753b<\/a>\u3001\u526a\u7eb8<\/a>\u3001\u523a\u7ee3<\/a>\u7b49\u6c11\u95f4\u7f8e\u672f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

19\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\uff0c\u897f\u6d0b\u7f8e\u672f\u6444\u5f71\u5f00\u59cb\u4f20\u5165\uff1b\u96d5\u5851\u5e38\u89c1\u4e8e\u5efa\u7b51\u3001\u5ead\u9662\u3001\u5893\u5730\u4e2d\uff0c\u6444\u5f71\u6700\u521d\u4e3a\u65b0\u95fb\u62a5\u9053\u670d\u52a1\u3002\u5fb7\u79df\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u7167\u76f8\u9986\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\u9ad8\u6865\u5199\u771f\u9986<\/a>\u3001\u592a\u82b3\u7167\u76f8\u9986<\/a>\u7b49\u3002\u98ce\u666f\u660e\u4fe1\u7247\u4e5f\u4ece\u5fb7\u79df\u65f6\u671f\u5f00\u59cb\u6d41\u884c\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5370\u4e66\u5c40<\/a>\u3001\u7f57\u65af\u6d0b\u884c<\/a>\u3001\u5fb7\u57fa\u6d0b\u884c<\/a>\u4e3a\u5fb7\u79df\u65f6\u671f\u9752\u5c9b\u98ce\u666f\u660e\u4fe1\u7247\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u53d1\u884c\u5546\u30021908-1909\u5e74\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u91d1\u878d\u5bb6\u963f\u5c14\u8d1d\u7279\u00b7\u5361\u6069\uff08Albert Kahn\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u73af\u7403\u65c5\u884c\u65f6\uff0c\u5176\u96c7\u4f63\u7684\u6444\u5f71\u5e08\u65af\u6234\u82ac\u00b7\u5e15\u585e\uff08Stephane Passet\uff09\u5728\u9752\u5c9b\u4f7f\u7528\u5362\u7c73\u57c3\u5c14\u5e72\u677f\u6280\u672f<\/a>\u62cd\u6444\u4e86\u4e00\u7ec4\u5f69\u8272\u7167\u7247\uff0c\u662f\u9752\u5c9b\u5df2\u77e5\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u5f69\u8272\u7167\u7247\u3002\u8f9b\u4ea5\u9769\u547d\u540e\uff0c\u4e00\u6279\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u9057\u8001\u9057\u5c11\u79fb\u5c45\u9752\u5c9b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e0d\u4e4f\u7cbe\u4e8e\u4e66\u753b\u4e4b\u58eb\uff0c\u5982\u5eb7\u6709\u4e3a<\/a>\u3001\u5434\u90c1\u751f<\/a>\u3001\u5218\u5ef7\u741b<\/a>\u7b49\uff0c\u5176\u7f8e\u672f\u6d3b\u52a8\u5bf9\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u4e66\u753b\u827a\u672f\u754c\u5f71\u54cd\u6df1\u8fdc\uff0c\u662f\u9752\u5c9b\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u5373\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u7f8e\u672f\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u7f8e\u672f\u5e76\u884c\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5730\u533a\u4e4b\u4e00\u30021924\u5e74\uff0c\u73ed\u9e4f\u5fd7<\/a>\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u51fa\u7248\u9752\u5c9b\u9996\u90e8\u4e2d\u6587\u65b0\u95fb\u7167\u7247\u96c6\u300a\u63a5\u6536\u9752\u5c9b\u7eaa\u5ff5\u5199\u771f\uff08Souvenir Photographs of the Restoration of Tsingtau, 1923\uff09\u300b\u30021930\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u62a5\u7eb8\u5f00\u59cb\u767b\u8f7d\u6444\u5f71\u548c\u7535\u5f71\u5e7f\u544a\u7167\u7247\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u51fa\u73b0\u827a\u672f\u6444\u5f71\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1960\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u7f8e\u672f\u6d3b\u52a8\u8fdb\u5165\u65b0\u7684\u6d3b\u8dc3\u671f\uff0c\u56fd\u5185\u591a\u4f4d\u753b\u5bb6\u6765\u9752\u5c9b\u4e3e\u529e\u5c55\u89c8\u3001\u8bb2\u5ea7\u548c\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u8ba8\u4f1a\uff0c\u6f58\u5929\u5bff<\/a>\u3001\u674e\u82e6\u7985<\/a>\u3001\u738b\u96ea\u6d9b<\/a>\u3001\u5d14\u5b50\u8303<\/a>\u7b49\u6570\u5341\u4f4d\u8457\u540d\u753b\u5bb6\u4e0e\u8d6b\u4fdd\u771f\u3001\u9a6c\u9f99\u9752\u3001\u51af\u51ed\u3001\u675c\u5b97\u752b\u3001\u9ec4\u516c\u6e1a\u7b49\u9752\u5c9b\u753b\u5bb6\u4e0e\u4f1a\u30021970\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\u81f31980\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u4e66\u6cd5\u7bc6\u523b\u521b\u4f5c\u5c55\u89c8\u84ec\u52c3\u5f00\u5c55\uff0c\u4e66\u6cd5\u7bc6\u523b\u793e\u56e2\u76f8\u7ee7\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4e66\u753b\u5bb6\u53ca\u5176\u4f5c\u54c1\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u56fd\u5185\u83b7\u5956\u3002\u968f\u7740\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u6df1\u5165\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u5546\u4e1a\u6027\u753b\u5eca\u3001\u753b\u5e97\u3001\u88c5\u9970\u5de5\u7a0b\u516c\u53f8\u7eb7\u7eb7\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u7f8e\u672f\u6b63\u5411\u7740\u591a\u5143\u5316\u53d1\u5c55\u30021995\u5e74\uff0c\u5efa\u6210\u6587\u5316\u540d\u4eba\u96d5\u5851\u56ed\uff1b1997\u5e74\uff0c\u5efa\u6210\u4e1c\u6d77\u8def\u96d5\u5851\u4e00\u6761\u8857\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1998\u5e74\uff0c\u4e3e\u529e\u9752\u5c9b\u98ce\u91c7\u6444\u5f71\u5927\u5956\u8d5b\u30021999\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u4e3e\u529e\u56fd\u9645\u7f8e\u672f\u9080\u8bf7\u5c55\uff0c\u670920\u591a\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u768450\u591a\u540d\u753b\u5bb6\u53c2\u52a0\uff1b\u540c\u65f6\u4e3e\u529e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7248\u753b\u5c55\uff0c\u6536\u85cf\u5168\u56fd\u7248\u753b263\u5e45\u30022000\u5e74\uff0c\u4e3e\u529e\u9752\u5c9b\u56fd\u9645\u7248\u753b\u53cc\u5e74\u5c55\uff0c\u670946\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684360\u591a\u4f4d\u4f5c\u8005\u62a5\u9001\u7ea6800\u5e45\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u582a\u79f0\u4e00\u573a\u5927\u578b\u56fd\u9645\u6587\u5316\u4ea4\u6d41\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u9996\u6b21\u627f\u529e\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u6027\u7248\u753b\u5c55\u89c8\uff1b\u540c\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u8fd8\u4e3e\u529e\u9996\u5c4a\u5973\u753b\u5bb6\u4f5c\u54c1\u5c55\uff0c\u5e76\u51fa\u7248\u4f5c\u54c1\u96c6\uff1b\u540c\u671f\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u96d5\u5851\u827a\u672f\u9986\u5f00\u9986\u30022001\u5e74\u5728\u9752\u5c9b\u4e3e\u529e\u7684\u5168\u56fd\u4e2d\u56fd\u753b\u4f5c\u54c1\u5c55\u30022004\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u6c34\u5f69\u753b\u5bb6\u738b\u7ecd\u6ce2\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u300a\u6e14\u6b4c\u300b\u9996\u6b21\u5728\u5168\u56fd\u7f8e\u672f\u4f5c\u54c1\u5c55\u89c8\u4e2d\u83b7\u91d1\u5956\uff0c\u6253\u7834\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u65e0\u5168\u56fd\u91d1\u5956\u7684\u7eaa\u5f55\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10.5 \u65b0\u95fb\u51fa\u7248<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u56fe10-8\u548c10-9\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u4e66\u7c4d\u51fa\u7248\u59cb\u4e8e\u660e\u671d\uff0c\u65f6\u6709\u5b98\u523b\u76841579\u5e74\u300a\u5373\u58a8\u53bf\u5fd7\u300b\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u300a\u80f6\u5dde\u5fd7\u300b\u3001\u300a\u5e73\u5ea6\u5fd7\u300b\u7b49\uff1b\u5bb6\u523b\u7684\u300a\u5d02\u5c71\u5fd7\u300b\uff1b\u574a\u523b\u5219\u6709\u80f6\u5dde\u7684\u6210\u6587\u5802\u3001\u6587\u5bcc\u5802\u548c\u5373\u58a8\u7684\u4fee\u5fb7\u5802\u7b49\u3002\u5fb7\u79df\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5174\u8d77\u8fd1\u4ee3\u51fa\u7248\u5370\u5237\u4e1a\uff0c\u65f6\u6709\u9752\u5c9b\u5370\u4e66\u5c40<\/a>\uff08Adolf Haupt B\u00fccherei\uff09\u3001\u798f\u660c\u4e66\u5c40<\/a>\uff08Deutsch-Chinesische B\u00fccherei und Verlaganstalt\uff09\u7b497\u5bb6\u51fa\u7248\u673a\u6784\u3002\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u62a5\u7eb8\u4e1a\u59cb\u4e8e19\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u30021898\u5e7411\u670821\u65e5\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u5bb6\u62a5\u7eb8<\/a>\u300a\u5fb7\u5c5e\u80f6\u5dde\u5b98\u62a5\uff08Deutsch-Asiatische Warte. Amtlicher Anzeiger des Kiautschou-Gebietes.[\u5fb7\u6587\u76f4\u8bd1\u4e3a\u300a\u5fb7\u4e9a\u89c2\u5bdf\u5bb6\u62a5-\u80f6\u5dde\u5730\u533a\u5b98\u65b9\u516c\u62a5\u300b]<\/sup>\uff09\u300b\u521b\u520a\u53d1\u884c\uff0c\u6587\u7a3f\u4ee5\u5fb7\u6587<\/a>\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u5728\u520a\u767b\u5e03\u544a\u3001\u901a\u77e5\u3001\u544a\u767d\u7b49\u9700\u8981\u534e\u4eba\u77e5\u6653\u65f6\u4f1a\u7528\u5fb7\u6c49\u4e24\u79cd\u6587\u5b57\u5bf9\u7167\u520a\u51fa\u30021900\u5e747\u67081\u65e5\uff0c\u5468\u520a\u300a\u9752\u5c9b\u5b98\u62a5\uff08Amtsblatt f\u00fcr das Deutsche-Gebiet[\u5fb7\u6587\u76f4\u8bd1\u4e3a\u5fb7\u56fd\u80f6\u5dde\u5730\u533a\u5b98\u62a5]<\/sup>\uff09\u300b\u521b\u520a\u53d1\u884c\uff0c\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u300a\u5fb7\u5c5e\u80f6\u5dde\u5b98\u62a5\u300b\uff0c\u5185\u6587\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fb7\u6587\u6df7\u6392\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1901\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u9996\u5bb6\u5168\u4e2d\u6587\u5468\u520a<\/a>\u300a\u80f6\u5dde\u62a5\uff08Kiautschou Pau\uff09\u300b\u7531\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u4eba\u58eb\u6731\u6dc7\u521b\u520a[1912\u5e74\uff0c\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u9000\u4f4d\u540e\u8be5\u62a5\u505c\u529e]<\/sup>\u30021905\u5e74\uff0c\u300a\u9752\u5c9b\u65b0\u62a5<\/a>\uff08Tsingtauer Neueste Nachrichten\uff09\u300b\u51fa\u7248\u3002 [\u53c2194]<\/a><\/sup> 1916\u5e74\uff0c\u300a\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\u4e4b\u76d0\u4e1a\u300b\u4e13\u520a\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u662f\u9752\u5c9b\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u9996\u5bb6\u6b63\u5f0f\u671f\u520a\u6742\u5fd7<\/a>\u30021923\u5e74\uff0c\u9762\u5411\u9752\u5c9b\u53ca\u56fd\u5185\u5916\u901a\u822a\u57ce\u5e02\u53d1\u884c\u7684\u300a\u80f6\u6fb3\u65e5\u62a5\u300b\u521b\u520a\u30021924\u5e7412\u6708\uff0c\u80f6\u6fb3\u5546\u57e0\u7763\u529e\u516c\u7f72\u521b\u520a\u300a\u80f6\u6fb3\u516c\u62a5\u300b\u30021932\u5e74\uff0c\u7531\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u62c5\u4efb\u793e\u957f\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u300a\u9752\u5c9b\u65e5\u62a5\u300b\u521b\u520a\u3002\u81f31949\u5e745\u6708\uff0c\u5168\u5e02\u5171\u521b\u529e\u8fc7\u4e2d\u6587\u62a5\u7eb880\u4f59\u5bb6\uff0c\u5916\u6587\u62a5\u7eb820\u4f59\u5bb6\uff1b\u5404\u7c7b\u671f\u520a\u6742\u5fd7268\u5bb6\u3001313\u79cd\uff1b\u51fa\u7248\u793e20\u4f59\u5bb6\uff0c\u5370\u5237\u5c4030\u4f59\u5bb6\uff0c\u56fe\u4e66\u53d1\u884c\u5c4040\u4f59\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Qingdao previously had a large German community and a German garrison, so three German newspapers operated in Qingdao.[76]<\/a><\/sup> German papers included Deutsch-Asiatische Warte<\/a><\/em> (traditional Chinese<\/a>: \u6cf0\u6771\u53e4\u4eca\u9451; simplified Chinese<\/a>: \u6cf0\u4e1c\u53e4\u4eca\u9274; pinyin<\/a>: T\u00e0id\u014dng G\u01d4j\u012bn Ji\u00e0n<\/em>;[77]<\/a><\/sup> weekly newspaper published until 1906, included Die Welt des Ostens, Altes und Neues aus Asiens drei Kaiserreichen<\/em>, a cultural supplement),[76]<\/a><\/sup> the Tsingtauer Neueste Nachrichten<\/a><\/em> and the Kiautschou Post<\/a><\/em> (a daily paper published from 1908 to 1912, referring to the Kiautschou (Jiaozhou) Bay concession<\/a>). German publishing in Qingdao ended after World War I<\/a> and the beginning of the Japanese administration.[77]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u9752\u5c9b\u4ee5\u524d\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u793e\u533a\u548c\u4e00\u652f\u5fb7\u56fd\u9a7b\u519b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u9752\u5c9b\u6709\u4e09\u5bb6\u5fb7\u56fd\u62a5\u7eb8\u3002[76]\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5fb7\u56fd\u62a5\u7eb8\u5305\u62ec\u300a\u5fb7\u534e\u65e5\u62a5\u300b\uff08\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\u6587\uff1a\u6cf0\u6771\u53e4\u4eca\u9451\uff1b\u7b80\u4f53\u4e2d\u6587\uff1a\u6cf0\u4e1c\u53e4\u4eca\u9274\uff1b\u62fc\u97f3\uff1aT\u00e0id\u014dng G\u01d4j\u012bn Ji\u00e0n\uff1b[77]\u8fd9\u4efd\u5468\u62a5\u4e00\u76f4\u51fa\u7248\u52301906\u5e74\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u300a\u4e1c\u4e9a\u65e5\u62a5\u300b\uff08Die Welt des Ostens\uff09\u3001\u300a\u4e9a\u6d32\u4e09\u5927\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e4b\u53e4\u4eca\u300b\uff08Altes und Neues aus Asiens drei Kaiserreichen\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4efd\u6587\u5316\u526f\u520a\uff09\uff0c[76]\u8fd8\u6709\u300a\u9752\u5c9b\u6700\u65b0\u6d88\u606f\u62a5\u300b\u548c\u300a\u80f6\u5dde\u62a5\u300b\uff08\u4e00\u4efd\u4ece1908\u5e74\u81f31912\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u65e5\u62a5\uff0c\u6307\u7684\u662f\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\u79df\u754c\uff09\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u63a5\u7ba1\u9752\u5c9b\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u51fa\u7248\u4e1a\u4e5f\u968f\u4e4b\u7ed3\u675f\u3002[77]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A 1912 publication of the United States Department of Commerce<\/a>, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce<\/a> said that the Tageblatt f\u00fcr Nordchina<\/a><\/em> of Tianjin<\/a> was read in Qingdao and that major newspapers from Shanghai<\/a> were also read in Qingdao.[78]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111912\u5e74\u7f8e\u56fd\u5546\u52a1\u90e8\u5916\u56fd\u53ca\u56fd\u5185\u5546\u52a1\u5c40\u7684\u4e00\u4efd\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u8bf4\uff0c\u5929\u6d25\u7684\u300a\u534e\u5317\u6b63\u62a5\u300b\u5728\u9752\u5c9b\u4e5f\u6709\u8bfb\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e0a\u6d77\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u62a5\u7eb8\u4e5f\u5728\u9752\u5c9b\u4f20\u9605\u3002[78]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1949\u5e74\u89e3\u653e\u519b\u5360\u9886\u9752\u5c9b\u53d6\u5f97\u653f\u6743\u540e\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u300a\u5927\u6c11\u62a5\u300b\u7ef4\u6301\u51fa\u7248\u8f83\u77ed\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u6240\u6709\u62a5\u520a\u548c\u6240\u6709\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3001\u56fe\u4e66\u53d1\u884c\u673a\u6784\u5747\u88ab\u505c\u529e\u6216\u4f11\u4e1a\uff1b\u6b63\u4e2d\u4e66\u5c40\u53ca\u5176\u5370\u5237\u5382\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u670d\u52a1\u793e\u7b49\u88ab\u63a5\u7ba1\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u65b0\u534e\u4e66\u5e97<\/a>\u9752\u5c9b\u5206\u5e97\u30021959\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u6587\u5b66\u827a\u672f\u754c\u8054\u5408\u4f1a\u521b\u529e\u6587\u5b66\u6708\u520a\u300a\u6d77\u9e25\u300b\uff08\u4eca\u300a\u9752\u5c9b\u6587\u5b66\u300b\uff09\u30021987\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u6b63\u5f0f\u6210\u7acb\u30021988\u5e74\uff0c\u300a\u516c\u5171\u5173\u7cfb\u5bfc\u62a5\u300b\u521b\u520a\u30021989\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u6d77\u6d0b\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff08\u4eca\u4e2d\u56fd\u6d77\u6d0b\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff09\u6210\u7acb\u30021992\u5e74\uff0c\u300a\u9752\u5c9b\u665a\u62a5\u300b\u521b\u520a\u30021996\u5e74\uff0c\u300a\u516c\u5171\u5173\u7cfb\u5bfc\u62a5\u300b\u6539\u529e\u300a\u9752\u5c9b\u751f\u6d3b\u5bfc\u62a5\u300b\uff08\u4eca\u300a\u9752\u5c9b\u65e9\u62a5\u300b\uff09\u30021998\u5e74\uff0c\u300a\u9752\u5c9b\u65e5\u62a5\u300b\u7387\u5148\u5b9e\u73b0\u5f69\u8272\u5370\u5237\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u65e9\u62a5\u665a\u62a5\u5171\u540c\u7ec4\u5efa\u7f51\u4e0a\u8bfb\u62a5\u5e73\u53f0\u2014\u2014\u9752\u5c9b\u65b0\u95fb\u7f51\u30021999\u5e74\uff0c\u300a\u534a\u5c9b\u90fd\u5e02\u62a5\u300b\u5728\u9752\u5c9b\u521b\u520a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10.6 \u5e7f\u64ad\u7535\u89c6<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u56fe10-10\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u5e7f\u64ad\u7535\u89c6\u53f0<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9752\u5c9b\u7684\u65e0\u7ebf\u5e7f\u64ad\u59cb\u4e8e1930\u5e74\u4ee3\u30021933\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u653f\u5e9c\u521b\u529e\u9752\u5c9b\u9996\u5bb6\u65e0\u7ebf\u5e7f\u64ad\u7535\u53f0<\/a>\uff0c\u5168\u5929\u64ad\u97f39\u5c0f\u65f6\uff1b7\u6708\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5b8f\u6ce2\u7535\u5668\u516c\u53f8\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u5ea7\u79c1\u8425\u5e7f\u64ad\u7535\u53f0\u30021938\u5e743\u670821\u65e5\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u653e\u9001\u5c40\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u7528\u6c49\u8bed<\/a>\u548c\u65e5\u8bed<\/a>\u5206\u65f6\u5e7f\u64ad\u30021940\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u653e\u9001\u5c40\u66f4\u540d\u4e3a\u9752\u5c9b\u5e7f\u64ad\u7535\u53f0\u30021946\u5e743\u6708\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e7f\u64ad\u7535\u53f0\u5f00\u8f9f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5e7f\u64ad\u30021949\u5e742\u6708\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e7f\u64ad\u7535\u53f0\u5f00\u8f9f\u7b2c\u4e09\u5e7f\u64ad\u30021949\u5e746\u67082\u65e5\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u519b\u4e8b\u7ba1\u5236\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u63a5\u7ba1\u9752\u5c9b\u5e7f\u64ad\u7535\u53f0\uff0c\u66f4\u540d\u4e3a\u9752\u5c9b\u4eba\u6c11\u5e7f\u64ad\u7535\u53f0<\/a>\uff0c\u529e\u4e24\u5957\u8282\u76ee\u30021971\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u7535\u89c6\u8f6c\u64ad\u53f0\u5efa\u6210\uff1b1976\u5e74\uff0c\u8f6c\u64ad\u53f0\u6539\u4e3a\u9752\u5c9b\u7535\u89c6\u53f0<\/a>\u30021979\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u7535\u89c6\u53f0\u6b63\u5f0f\u64ad\u51fa\uff1b1980\u5e74\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u64ad\u51fa\u8282\u76ee\u5168\u5f69\u8272\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987\u5e74\uff0c\u5e73\u5ea6\u7535\u89c6\u53f0\u3001\u80f6\u5dde\u7535\u89c6\u53f0\u3001\u5d02\u5c71\u7535\u89c6\u53f0\u548c\u83b1\u897f\u536b\u661f\u5730\u9762\u63a5\u6536\u7ad9\u5efa\u7acb\u30021995\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e7f\u64ad\u7535\u89c6\u53d1\u5c04\u5854\u5efa\u6210\u30022000\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u90ca\u533a\u5b9e\u73b0\u6751\u6751\u901a\u7535\u89c6\u30022001\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e7f\u64ad\u9891\u7387\u5b9e\u73b0\u6570\u5b57\u5316\u5236\u4f5c\u64ad\u51fa\uff0c\u7535\u89c6\u53f0\u6210\u529f\u8bd5\u64ad\u9996\u90e8\u72ec\u7acb\u5236\u4f5c<\/a>\u7684\u9ad8\u6e05<\/a>\u6570\u5b57<\/a>\u7535\u89c6\u7247[\u9752\u5c9b\u7535\u89c6\u53f0\u56e0\u6b64\u6210\u4e3a\u7ee7\u4e2d\u592e\u7535\u89c6\u53f0\u548c\u4e0a\u6d77\u7535\u89c6\u53f0\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u80fd\u591f\u5236\u4f5c\u64ad\u51fa\u6570\u5b57\u9ad8\u6e05\u7535\u89c6\u8282\u76ee\u7684\u7535\u89c6\u53f0]<\/sup>\uff0c\u6709\u7ebf\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u5fc3\u8bd5\u9a8c\u5f00\u901a\u6807\u6e05<\/a>\u548c\u4e92\u52a8\u6570\u5b57\u7535\u89c6<\/a>\u30022002\u5e74\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u56fd\u5185\u9996\u4e2a\u5e7f\u64ad\u7535\u89c6EIP<\/a>\u7ba1\u7406\u7f51\uff0c\u7535\u89c6\u65b0\u95fb\u91c7\u7f16\u64ad\u5b9e\u73b0\u6570\u5b57\u5316\u30022004\u5e74\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u5e02\u5efa\u8bbe\u6709\u7ebf\u6570\u5b57\u7535\u89c6\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u88ab\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e7f\u7535\u603b\u5c40\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u9752\u5c9b\u6a21\u5f0f\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u5411\u5168\u56fd\u63a8\u5e7f\u30022007\u5e74\uff0c\u5730\u9762\u65e0\u7ebf\u9ad8\u6e05\u7535\u89c6\u6b63\u5f0f\u5f00\u64ad\u3002\u622a\u81f32011\u5e74\u672b\uff0c\u5168\u5e02\u5171\u6709\u5e7f\u64ad\u7535\u53f01\u5ea7\u300112\u5957\u8282\u76ee\uff0c\u7535\u89c6\u53f01\u5ea7\u300115\u5957\u8282\u76ee\uff0c\u5168\u5e02\u6709\u7ebf\u7535\u89c6<\/a>\u7528\u6237\u8fbe\u5230268.2\u4e07\u6237\uff0c\u6570\u5b57\u7535\u89c6\u7528\u6237\u8fbe\u5230243.88\u4e07\u6237\u3002[\u53c2156]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

10.7 \u7535\u5f71<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

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10.7.1 \u5728\u9752\u5c9b\u62cd\u6444\u7684\u7535\u5f71 | Movies shot in Qingdao<\/h4>\n\n\n\n