{"id":4681,"date":"2024-11-29T22:45:46","date_gmt":"2024-11-29T14:45:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/?p=4681"},"modified":"2024-11-30T12:15:02","modified_gmt":"2024-11-30T04:15:02","slug":"germany-fulltext-zhen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/2024\/11\/29\/germany-fulltext-zhen\/","title":{"rendered":"\u5fb7\u56fd \/ Germany -\uff08\u5168\u6587\uff09\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u8bcd\u6761\u878d\u5408"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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\u5173\u4e8e\u8fbd\u89c2\u7684\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u642c\u8fd0\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u5df2\u642c\u8fd0\u7684\u8bcd\u6761\uff0c\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e86\u89e3\u66f4\u591a<\/a>\u3002\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\uff08Wikipedia\uff09\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a<\/a>\u7684\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u767e\u79d1\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u5230\u7acb\u573a\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u6765\u6e90\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8bf7\u5ba2\u89c2\u770b\u5f85\u3002\u6b63\u6587\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u8bd1\u8005\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fbd\u89c2\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4ec5\u4f9b\u53c2\u8003\u3002\u6587\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u542b\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\u94fe\u63a5\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n\u8fbd\u89c2\u6240\u642c\u8fd0\u7684\u8bcd\u6761\u6587\u672c\u4e0e\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u4e00\u9053\u540c\u6837\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 4.0\u534f\u8bae\uff08\u8fbd\u89c2\u642c\u8fd0\u7684\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u5bf9\u7167\u7248\u672c<\/a>\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u7b26\u5408\u534f\u8bae\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u514d\u8d39\u4f7f\u7528\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5546\u7528\uff09\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u548c\u89c6\u9891\u53ef\u80fd\u9075\u5faa\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5171\u4eab\u534f\u8bae\u3002\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>\u3010\u6d88\u6b67\u4e49\u63d0\u793a1\u3011\u6b64\u6761\u76ee\u4ecb\u7ecd\u7684\u662f\u73b0\u4eca\u7684\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u8054\u90a6\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u4e24\u5fb7\u7edf\u4e00<\/a>\u524d\u8be5\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u8bf7\u89c1\u201c\u897f\u5fb7<\/a><\/strong>\u201d\u3002\/ “Federal Republic of Germany” redirects here. For the country from 1949\u20131990, see West Germany<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>\u3010\u6d88\u6b67\u4e49\u63d0\u793a2\u3011\u5173\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u8bf7\u89c1\u201c\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7<\/a><\/strong>\u201d\u548c\u201c\u65e5\u8033\u66fc<\/a><\/strong>\u201d\u3002\/ For other uses, see Deutschland (disambiguation)<\/a> and Germany (disambiguation)<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

0. \u6982\u8ff0<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

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\n
\u56fe0-1\u81f30-3\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

0.1 \u6587\u5b57\u8bf4\u660e<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

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It borders Denmark<\/a> to the north, Poland<\/a> and the Czech Republic<\/a> to the east, Austria<\/a> and Switzerland<\/a> to the south, and France<\/a>, Luxembourg<\/a>, Belgium<\/a>, and the Netherlands<\/a> to the west. The nation’s capital<\/a> and most populous city<\/a> is Berlin<\/a> and its main financial centre is Frankfurt<\/a>; the largest urban area is the Ruhr<\/a>.
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Formal unification of Germany<\/a> into the modern nation-state<\/a> commenced on 18 August 1866 with the North German Confederation Treaty<\/a> establishing the Prussia<\/a>-led North German Confederation<\/a>, which became the German Empire<\/a> in 1871.
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\u5728\u666e\u9c81\u58eb\u738b\u56fd<\/a>\u4e3b\u5bfc\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c1871\u5e74\uff0c\u591a\u6570\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u90a6\u56fd\u7edf\u4e00<\/a>\u6210\u4e3a\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u5e1d\u56fd<\/a>\uff0c\u201c\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u201d\u5f00\u59cb\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56fd\u540d\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218<\/a>\u548c1918-1919\u5e74\u5fb7\u56fd\u9769\u547d<\/a>\u540e\uff0c\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u5e1d\u56fd\u89e3\u4f53\uff0c\u8bae\u4f1a\u5236\u7684\u9b4f\u739b\u5171\u548c\u56fd<\/a>\u53d6\u800c\u4ee3\u4e4b\u30021933\u5e74\u7eb3\u7cb9\u515a<\/a>\u83b7\u53d6\u653f\u6743<\/a>\u5e76\u5efa\u7acb\u72ec\u88c1\u7edf\u6cbb<\/a>\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5bfc\u81f4\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218<\/a>\u53ca\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd<\/a>\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u5728\u6218\u8d25\u5e76\u7ecf\u5386\u540c\u76df\u56fd\u519b\u4e8b\u5360\u9886<\/a>\u540e\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5206\u88c2\u4e3a\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u8054\u90a6\u5171\u548c\u56fd<\/a>\uff08\u897f\u5fb7<\/a>\uff09\u548c\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u56fd<\/a>\uff08\u4e1c\u5fb7<\/a>\uff09\u30021990\u5e7410\u67083\u65e5<\/a>\u91cd\u65b0\u7edf\u4e00<\/a>\u6210\u4e3a\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u3002\u5176\u56fd\u5bb6\u5143\u9996\u4e3a\u8054\u90a6\u603b\u7edf<\/a>\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u9996\u8111\u5219\u4e3a\u8054\u90a6\u603b\u7406<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5fb7\u56fd\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u56fd<\/a>\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4ea6\u662f\u53d1\u8fbe\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f53\u4e2d\u8f83\u4e3a\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u56fd\u5185\u751f\u4ea7\u603b\u503c\u4ee5\u56fd\u9645\u6c47\u7387\u8ba1\u5c45\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u4e09<\/a>\uff0c\u4ee5\u8d2d\u4e70\u529b\u5e73\u4ef7\u8ba1\u5c45\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u4e94<\/a>\u3002\u5176\u8bf8\u591a\u5de5\u4e1a\u5de5\u7a0b\u548c\u79d1\u6280\u90e8\u95e8\u4f4d\u5c45\u4e16\u754c\u524d\u5217\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5168\u7403\u9a70\u540d\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u8f66\u5382\u3001\u7cbe\u5bc6\u90e8\u4ef6\u7b49\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u4e09\u5927\u51fa\u53e3\u56fd<\/a>\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e3a\u53d1\u8fbe\u56fd\u5bb6<\/a>\uff0c\u751f\u6d3b\u6c34\u51c6\u5c45\u4e16\u754c\u524d\u5217<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5fb7\u56fd\u662f\u518d\u751f\u80fd\u6e90\u5927\u56fd\uff0c\u7eff\u5316<\/a>\u7387\u6781\u9ad8\uff0c\u662f\u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u53d1\u5c55<\/a>\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u6837\u677f\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u5f3a\u8c03\u73af\u5883\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e0e\u81ea\u7136\u751f\u6001\u4fdd\u80b2\uff0c\u5728\u4eba\u4e3a\u9972\u517b\u6d3b\u4f53\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u4e5f\u5341\u5206\u4e25\u8c28\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u83b7\u5f97\u5927\u91cf\u5916\u6c47\u548c\u8d44\u8baf\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u5176\u52a8\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7ba1\u675f\u3001\u751f\u547d\u6559\u80b2\u6c34\u51c6\u4e5f\u662f\u9996\u5c48\u4e00\u6307\u7684\u3002\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u514d\u8d39\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2<\/a>[\u53c2 10]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u969c\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u533b\u7597\u4f53\u7cfb<\/a>\u5b8c\u5584\uff0c\u50ac\u751f\u51fa\u62dc\u5c14<\/a>\u7b49\u5927\u836f\u5382\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e3a1993\u5e74\u6b27\u6d32\u8054\u76df<\/a>\u521b\u59cb\u6210\u5458\u56fd\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4e3a\u7533\u6839\u533a<\/a>\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e1999\u5e74\u63a8\u52a8\u6b27\u5143\u533a<\/a>\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u4ea6\u4e3a\u8054\u5408\u56fd<\/a>\u3001\u5317\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u516c\u7ea6\u7ec4\u7ec7<\/a>\u3001\u516b\u56fd\u96c6\u56e2<\/a>\u300120\u56fd\u96c6\u56e2<\/a>\u53ca\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5408\u4f5c\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\u7ec4\u7ec7<\/a>\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u519b\u4e8b\u5f00\u652f\u603b\u989d\u5c45\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u4e5d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Germany has been described as a great power<\/a> with a strong economy<\/a>; it has the largest economy in Europe by nominal GDP<\/a>. As a global power in industrial, scientific and technological<\/a> sectors, it is both the world’s third-largest exporter<\/a> and importer<\/a>. As a developed country<\/a>, it offers social security<\/a>, a universal health care system<\/a>, and tuition-free university education<\/a>. Germany is a member of the United Nations<\/a>, Council of Europe<\/a>, NATO<\/a> and OECD<\/a>, and a founding member of the European Union, G7<\/a> and G20<\/a>. It has the third-highest number<\/a> of UNESCO World Heritage Sites<\/a>, 54<\/a>, of which 51 are cultural.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5fb7\u56fd\u88ab\u8a89\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b9e\u529b\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u5927\u56fd\uff0c\u5176\u540d\u4e49\u56fd\u5185\u751f\u4ea7\u603b\u503c\u4f4d\u5c45\u6b27\u6d32\u4e4b\u9996\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5de5\u4e1a\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u6280\u672f\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5168\u7403\u5927\u56fd\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u65e2\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u4e09\u5927\u51fa\u53e3\u56fd\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u7b2c\u4e09\u5927\u8fdb\u53e3\u56fd\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d1\u8fbe\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u969c\u3001\u5168\u6c11\u533b\u7597\u4fdd\u5065\u4f53\u7cfb\u548c\u514d\u8d39\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u662f\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u3001\u6b27\u6d32\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u3001\u5317\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u516c\u7ea6\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff08NATO\uff09\u548c\u7ecf\u5408\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6b27\u6d32\u8054\u76df\u3001\u4e03\u56fd\u96c6\u56e2\u548c\u4e8c\u5341\u56fd\u96c6\u56e2\u7684\u521b\u59cb\u6210\u5458\u56fd\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u62e5\u670954\u5904\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u6559\u79d1\u6587\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e16\u754c\u9057\u4ea7\uff0c\u6570\u91cf\u4f4d\u5c45\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d51\u5904\u4e3a\u6587\u5316\u9057\u4ea7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

0.2 \u6982\u51b5\u8868\u683c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u8fbd\u89c2\u6ce8\uff1a\u6b64\u6807\u9898\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u642c\u8fd0\u3001\u6574\u5408\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Federal Republic of GermanyBundesrepublik Deutschland<\/em>(German<\/a>)<\/th><\/tr>
Anthem\u3010\u56fd\u6b4c\u3011:<\/strong>\u00a0“Das Lied der Deutschen<\/a>“[\u81ea1952\u5e74\u81f31990\u5e74\uff0c\u300a\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u4e4b\u6b4c\u300b\u4e3a\u56fd\u6b4c\uff0c\u4f46\u6b63\u5f0f\u573a\u5408\u53ea\u6f14\u5531\u7b2c\u4e09\u8282\u3002\u81ea1991\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u8282\u6210\u4e3a\u552f\u4e00\u6b63\u5f0f\u56fd\u6b4c\u3002[\u53c2 1][\u53c2 2]<\/sup>]<\/sup>
(“The Song of the Germans”)\u300a\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u4e4b\u6b4c<\/a>\u300b
<\/a>Duration: 1 minute and 21 seconds.\u3010\u65f6\u957f\uff1a1\u520621\u79d2\u3002\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
<\/a>\u683c\u8a00\uff1a<\/strong>Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit<\/em>\uff08\u5fb7\u8bed<\/a>\uff09\u201c\u7edf\u4e00\u3001\u6b63\u4e49\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u201d<\/td><\/tr>
Capital and largest city\u3010\u9996\u90fd\u53ca\u6700\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u3011<\/th>Berlin \/\u67cf\u6797<\/a><\/a>[\u67cf\u6797\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5b9a\u9996\u90fd\u53ca\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u6240\u5728\u5730\uff0c\u4f46\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u8054\u90a6\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u524d\u4e34\u65f6\u9996\u90fd\u6ce2\u6069\u4ea6\u6709\u201c\u8054\u90a6\u57ce\u5e02\u201d\uff08Bundesstadt\uff09\u4e4b\u79f0\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u516d\u4e2a\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u529e\u516c\u5904\uff1b\u6240\u6709\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u95e8\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u57ce\u5e02\u5747\u8bbe\u6709\u529e\u516c\u5904\u3002]<\/sup>
\"\"52\u00b031\u2032N 13\u00b023\u2032E<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
Official\u00a0languages\u3010\u5b98\u65b9\u8bed\u8a00\u3011<\/th>German<\/a> \/ \u5fb7\u8bed<\/a>[\u6839\u636e\u6b27\u6d32\u533a\u57df\u6216\u5c11\u6570\u6c11\u65cf\u8bed\u8a00\u5baa\u7ae0\uff0c\u4e39\u9ea6\u8bed\u3001\u4f4e\u5730\u5fb7\u8bed\u3001\u7d22\u5e03\u8bed\u3001\u7f57\u59c6\u8bed\u53ca\u5f17\u91cc\u65af\u5170\u8bed\u4e3a\u53d7\u627f\u8ba4\u7684\u5c11\u6570\u8bed\u8a00\u3002]<\/sup><\/td><\/tr>
Demonym(s)<\/a>\u3010\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u5bf9\u5f53\u5730\u4eba\u7684\u79f0\u547c\u3011<\/th>German<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
Government<\/a>\u3010\u653f\u4f53\u3011<\/th>Federal parliamentary republic<\/a>[4]<\/a><\/sup>
\/ \u8054\u90a6\u5236<\/a> \u8bae\u4f1a\u5236<\/a> \u5171\u548c\u7acb\u5baa\u5236<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
\u2022\u00a0President<\/a> \/ \u603b\u7edf<\/a><\/th>Frank-Walter Steinmeier<\/a> \/ \u5f17\u5170\u514b-\u74e6\u5c14\u7279\u00b7\u65bd\u6cf0\u56e0\u8fc8\u5c14<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
\u2022\u00a0Chancellor<\/a> \/ \u603b\u7406<\/a><\/th>Olaf Scholz<\/a> \/ \u5965\u62c9\u592b\u00b7\u6714\u5c14\u8328<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
Legislature\u3010\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u3011<\/th>Bundestag<\/a>, Bundesrat<\/a>[The Bundesrat is sometimes referred to as an upper chamber of the German legislature. This is technically incorrect, since the German Constitution defines the Bundestag and Bundesrat as two separate legislative institutions. Hence, the federal legislature of Germany consists of two unicameral legislative institutions, not one bicameral parliament.<\/sup>
\u8054\u90a6\u53c2\u8bae\u9662<\/a>\uff08\u4e0a\u8bae\u9662<\/a>\uff09\/ \u8054\u90a6\u8bae\u9662<\/a>\uff08\u4e0b\u8bae\u9662<\/a>\uff09\u3010\u8054\u90a6\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u6709\u65f6\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u5fb7\u56fd\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u7684\u4e0a\u8bae\u9662\u3002\u4f46\u4ece\u6280\u672f\u4e0a\u8bb2\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e0d\u6b63\u786e\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5fb7\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u5c06\u8054\u90a6\u8bae\u9662\u548c\u8054\u90a6\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u7531\u4e24\u4e2a\u5355\u9662\u5236\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e24\u9662\u5236\u8bae\u4f1a\u3002\u3011]<\/sup><\/td><\/tr>
Area<\/a> \/ \u9762\u79ef<\/a><\/th><\/tr>
\u2022\u00a0Total\u3010\u603b\u9762\u79ef\u3011<\/th>357,596\u00a0km2<\/sup> (138,069\u00a0sq\u00a0mi)[6]<\/a><\/sup> (63rd<\/a>)
\u301035\u4e077596 \u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\uff0813\u4e078069 \u5e73\u65b9\u82f1\u91cc\uff09[6]\uff08\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c63\u4f4d\uff09\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022\u00a0Water\u00a0(%)\u3010\u6c34\u57df\u7387\uff08\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\uff09\u3011<\/th>1.27[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr>
Population<\/a> \/ \u4eba\u53e3<\/a><\/th><\/tr>
\u2022\u00a02022\u00a0census\u30102022\u5e74\u666e\u67e5\u503c\u3011<\/th>\"Neutral 82,719,540[7]<\/a><\/sup> (19th<\/a>)
\u30108271\u4e079540[7]\uff08\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c19\u4f4d\uff09\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022\u00a0Density\u3010\u4eba\u53e3\u5bc6\u5ea6\u3011<\/th>236\/km2<\/sup> (611.2\/sq\u00a0mi) (58th<\/a>)
\u3010236\u4eba\/\u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\uff08611.2\u4eba\/\u5e73\u65b9\u82f1\u91cc\uff09\uff08\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c58\u4f4d\uff09\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
GDP<\/a>\u00a0(PPP<\/a>)\u3010\u56fd\u5185\u751f\u4ea7\u603b\u503c\uff08\u8d2d\u4e70\u529b\u5e73\u4ef7\uff09\u3011<\/th>2024\u00a0estimate\u30102024\u5e74\u4f30\u8ba1\u503c\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022\u00a0Total\u3010\u603b\u8ba1\u3011<\/th>\"Increase\" $6.017\u00a0trillion[8]<\/a><\/sup> (6th<\/a>)
\u30106.017\u4e07\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143[8]\uff08\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c6\u4f4d\uff09\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022\u00a0Per capita\u3010\u4eba\u5747\u3011<\/th>\"Increase\" $70,930[8]<\/a><\/sup> (22nd<\/a>)
\u301070,930\u7f8e\u5143[8]\uff08\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c22\u4f4d\uff09\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
GDP<\/a>\u00a0(nominal)\u3010\u56fd\u5185\u751f\u4ea7\u603b\u503c\uff08\u540d\u4e49\uff09\u3011<\/th>2024\u00a0estimate\u30102024\u5e74\u4f30\u8ba1\u503c\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022\u00a0Total\u3010\u603b\u8ba1\u3011<\/th>\"Increase\" $4.710\u00a0trillion[8]<\/a><\/sup> (3rd<\/a>)
\u30104.710\u4e07\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143[8]\uff08\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c3\u4f4d\uff09\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022\u00a0Per capita\u3010\u4eba\u5747\u3011<\/th>\"Increase\" $55,521[8]<\/a><\/sup> (17th<\/a>)
\u301055,521\u7f8e\u5143[8]\uff08\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c17\u4f4d\uff09\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Gini<\/a>\u00a0(2023) \/ \u57fa\u5c3c\u7cfb\u6570<\/a><\/th>\"Negative\u00a029.4[9]<\/a><\/sup>
low inequality\u3010\u4f4e\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u5ea6\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
HDI<\/a>\u00a0(2022) \/ \u4eba\u7c7b\u53d1\u5c55\u6307\u6570<\/a><\/th>\"Increase\"\u00a00.950[10]<\/a><\/sup>
very high\u00a0(7th<\/a>)\u3010\u6781\u9ad8\uff08\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c7\u4f4d\uff09\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Currency\u3010\u8d27\u5e01\u3011<\/th>Euro<\/a> (\u20ac<\/a>) (EUR<\/a>)\u3010\u6b27\u5143\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Time zone\u3010\u65f6\u533a\u3011<\/th>UTC<\/a>+1 (CET<\/a>) \/ UTC<\/a>+1\uff08\u6b27\u6d32\u4e2d\u90e8\u65f6\u95f4<\/a>\uff09<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022\u00a0Summer\u00a0(DST<\/a>) \/ \u590f\u4ee4\u65f6<\/a><\/th>UTC<\/a>+2 (CEST<\/a>) \/ UTC<\/a>+2\uff08\u6b27\u6d32\u4e2d\u90e8\u590f\u4ee4\u65f6\u95f4<\/a>\uff09<\/td><\/tr>
Date format\u3010\u65e5\u671f\u683c\u5f0f\u3011<\/th>Day, month, year\u3010\u65e5-\u6708-\u5e74\u3011
Year, month, day\u3010\u5e74-\u6708-\u65e5\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Drives on<\/a> \/ \u884c\u9a76\u65b9\u4f4d<\/a><\/th>right\u3010\u9760\u53f3\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Calling code<\/a>\u3010\u7535\u8bdd\u533a\u53f7\u3011<\/th>+49<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
ISO 3166 code<\/a> \/ ISO 3166\u7801<\/a><\/th>DE<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
Internet TLD<\/a> \/ \u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u9876\u7ea7\u57df<\/a><\/th>.de<\/a> \/ \u6b27\u76df\u4ea6\u4f7f\u7528.eu<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1. \u56fd\u540d | Etymology<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u540d\u79f0<\/a> \/ Further information: Names of Germany<\/a>, Germani<\/a>, and Germania<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u6700\u521d\u662f\u5355\u6307\u8131\u79bb\u52a0\u6d1b\u6797\u738b\u671d<\/a>\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e10\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u5efa\u7acb\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u738b\u56fd<\/a>\u7684\u56db\u4e2a\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u6c11\u65cf\u65bd\u74e6\u672c\u4eba<\/a>\u3001\u5df4\u4f10\u5229\u4e9a\u4eba<\/a>\u3001\u6492\u514b\u900a\u4eba<\/a>\u548c\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba<\/a>\uff0c\u6e90\u81ea\u4e00\u672c\u7ea61080\u5e74\u5199\u6210\u3001\u5173\u4e8e\u79d1\u9686\u603b\u4e3b\u6559<\/a>\u963f\u8bfa\u4e8c\u4e16<\/a>\u7684\u5fb7\u8bed\u4f20\u8bb0\u4f5c\u54c1\u963f\u8bfa\u4e4b\u6b4c<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e2d\u6587<\/a>\u201c\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u662f\u5fb7\u8bed<\/a>Deutsch\u7684\u97f3\u8bd1\uff0c\u800c\u8d8a\u5357<\/a>\u4e5f\u53c2\u7167\u4e2d\u6587\u201c\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u201d\uff0c\u79f0\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e3a\u201c\u5fb7\uff08\u8d8a\u5357\u8bed<\/a>\uff1a\u0110\u1ee9c\uff0f\u5fb7\uff09\u201d\u3002 [\u53c2 11]<\/a><\/sup>\u65e5\u97e9\u5bf9\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u79f0\u547c\u6c49\u5b57\u5199\u6cd5\u5219\u90fd\u662f\u201c\u72ec\u9038\uff08\u72ec\u9038\uff0cDoitsu\uff09\u201d\uff0c\u65e5\u6587<\/a>\u5199\u4f5c\u201c\u30c9\u30a4\u30c4\uff08\u72ec\u9038\uff0cDoitsu\uff09\u201d\uff0c\u97e9\u6587<\/a>\u5199\u4f5c\u201c\ub3c5\uc77c\uff08\u72ec\u9038\uff0cDogil\uff09\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u671d\u9c9c\u7684\u6587\u5316\u8bed<\/a>\u5219\u4f9d\u7167\u5fb7\u6587\u97f3\u8bd1\u6210\u201c\ub3c4\uc774\ucdf0\ub780\ub4dc\u201d\u3002\u800c\u65e5\u8033\u66fc<\/a>\u4e00\u8bcd\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed<\/a>\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u5c3c\u4e9a<\/a>\uff0c\u5c24\u5229\u4e4c\u65af\u00b7\u51ef\u6492<\/a>\u4ee5\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u5c3c\u4e9a\u79f0\u547c\u83b1\u8335\u6cb3<\/a>\u4e1c\u5cb8\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u90e8\u843d[\u4e66 1]<\/a><\/sup>[\u4e66 2]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u5c3c\u4e9a\u7eaa\u8f7d\u4e8e\u516c\u5143100\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5fd7<\/a>\u300b\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u82f1\u8bed<\/a>\u5355\u8bcd\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\uff08Germany\uff09\u7531\u6b64\u6f14\u53d8\u800c\u6765\u3002\u800c\u5fb7\u8bed<\/a>\u4e2d\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\uff08Deutschland\uff0c\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u4eba\u7684\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u8d77\u521d\u4e3adiutisciu land<\/em>\uff09\u6765\u81eadeutsch<\/em>\uff0c\u7531\u53e4\u9ad8\u5730\u5fb7\u8bed<\/a>\u7684diutisc<\/em>\uff08\u5927\u4f17\u7684\uff0c\u6307\u5c5e\u4e8ediot<\/em>\u6216diota<\/em>\u4eba\u7684[\u4e66 3]<\/a><\/sup>\uff09\u4e00\u8bcd\u800c\u6765\uff0c\u8be5\u8bcd\u6700\u521d\u7528\u4ee5\u533a\u522b\u6e90\u81ea\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed<\/a>\u53ca\u7f57\u66fc\u8bed\u65cf<\/a>\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u8bdd<\/a>\u3002 diutisc\u4e00\u8bcd\u4f9d\u5e8f\u6765\u81ea\u539f\u59cb\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u8bed<\/a>\u7684\u00feiudiskaz<\/em>\uff08\u5927\u4f17\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u00feiudiskaz\u53c8\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u00feeud\u014d\uff0c\u00feeud\u014d\u53c8\u627f\u7ee7\u81ea\u539f\u59cb\u5370\u6b27\u8bed<\/a>\u7684tewt\u00e9h\uff08\u4eba\uff09\u3002 [\u4e66 4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The English word Germany<\/em> derives from the Latin Germania<\/em>, which came into use after Julius Caesar<\/a> adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine<\/a>.[12]<\/a><\/sup> The German<\/a> term Deutschland<\/em>, originally diutisciu land<\/em> (‘the German lands’), is derived from deutsch<\/a><\/em> (cf.<\/a> Dutch<\/a><\/em>), descended from Old High German<\/a> diutisc<\/em> ‘of the people’ (from diot<\/em> or diota<\/em> ‘people’), originally used to distinguish the language of the common people<\/a> from Latin<\/a> and its Romance descendants<\/a>. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic<\/a> *\u00feiudiskaz<\/a><\/em> ‘of the people’ (see also the Latinised form Theodiscus<\/a><\/em>), derived from *\u00feeud\u014d<\/a><\/em>, descended from Proto-Indo-European<\/a> *tewt\u00e9h\u2082-<\/a><\/em> ‘people’, from which the word Teutons<\/a><\/em> also originates.[13]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u82f1\u6587\u5355\u8bcd\u201cGermany\u201d\u6e90\u81ea\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u201cGermania\u201d\uff0c\u8be5\u8bcd\u5728\u5c24\u5229\u4e4c\u65af\u00b7\u607a\u6492\u7528\u6765\u6307\u4ee3\u83b1\u8335\u6cb3\u4ee5\u4e1c\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u540e\u5f00\u59cb\u4f7f\u7528\u3002[12]\u5fb7\u8bed\u5355\u8bcd\u201cDeutschland\u201d\u539f\u610f\u4e3a\u201cdiutisciu land\u201d\uff08\u201c\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u5730\u533a\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u6e90\u81ea\u201cdeutsch\u201d\uff08\u4e0e\u8377\u5170\u8bed\u76f8\u5173\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6e90\u81ea\u53e4\u9ad8\u5730\u5fb7\u8bed\u201cdiutisc\u201d\uff08\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u6700\u521d\u7528\u4e8e\u5c06\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u4e0e\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u53ca\u5176\u7f57\u66fc\u8bed\u65cf\u540e\u88d4\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\u3002\u8fd9\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u53c8\u6e90\u81ea\u539f\u59cb\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u8bed\u201c\u00feiudiskaz\u201d\uff08\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u201d\uff09\uff0c\uff08\u4e5f\u53ef\u89c1\u5176\u62c9\u4e01\u5316\u5f62\u5f0f\u201cTheodiscus\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6e90\u81ea\u201c<\/em>\u00feeud\u014d\u201d\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u6e90\u81ea\u539f\u59cb\u5370\u6b27\u8bed\u201c*tewt\u00e9h\u2082-\u201d\uff08\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u201c\u6761\u987f\u4eba\u201d\uff08Teutons\uff09\u4e00\u8bcd\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u3002[13]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u540d\u8bcd\u53d8\u8fc1\u4e3aTheodiscus\uff088\u4e16\u7eaa\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u610f\u6307\u52a0\u6d1b\u6797\u738b\u671d\u9886\u571f\u5185\u7684\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u6c11\u65cf\uff09\u548cTeutonicus\uff0810\u4e16\u7eaa\u5f00\u59cb\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u738b\u56fd\u6210\u7acb\u540e\u7684\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u53c8\u53ef\u79f0\u201c\u6761\u987f<\/a>\u201d\uff09\u6f14\u53d8\u6210Teutsch\uff0816\u4e16\u7eaa\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u540d\u79f0\uff09\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u53d8\u6210Deutsch\uff0819\u4e16\u7eaa\u5f00\u59cb\u81f3\u4eca\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u540d\u79f0\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u5bf9\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u79f0\u8c13\u751a\u591a\uff0c\u8bcd\u6e90\u5206\u522b\u4ee3\u8868\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u90e8\u843d\uff0c\u5982\u6cd5\u8bed<\/a>\u3001\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u8bed<\/a>\u7684\u201c\u963f\u52d2\u8292\u201d\uff08Allemagne\uff09\u3001\u201c\u963f\u62c9\u66fc\u5c3c\u4e9a\u201d\uff08Alemania\uff09\u6e90\u81ea\u963f\u52d2\u66fc\u5c3c\u90e8<\/a>\uff08Alemanni\uff09\uff1b\u82ac\u5170\u8bed<\/a>\u3001\u7231\u6c99\u5c3c\u4e9a\u8bed<\/a>\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u8428\u6c99\u201d\uff08Saksa\uff09\u3001\u201c\u8428\u6c99\u739b\u201d\uff08Saksamaa\uff09\u6e90\u81ea\u6492\u514b\u900a\u90e8<\/a>\uff08Saxons\uff09\uff1b\u5308\u7259\u5229\u8bed<\/a>\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u6d85\u7c73\u591a\u8428\u201d\uff08N\u00e9metorsz\u00e1g\uff09\u5219\u6e90\u81ea\u6d85\u7c73\u7279\u90e8\uff08Nemetes\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. \u5386\u53f2 | History<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u5fb7\u56fd\u5386\u53f2<\/a> \/ Main article: History of Germany<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of German history<\/a>.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5982\u9700\u65f6\u95f4\u987a\u5e8f\u6307\u5357\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u9605\u5fb7\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u95f4\u8868\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.1 \u53f2\u524d | Prehistory<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Linear Pottery culture<\/a>, Unetice culture<\/a>, Urnfield culture<\/a>, and Celts<\/a>
\u3010\u4e3b\u8981\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u7ebf\u6027\u9676\u5668\u6587\u5316\u3001\u4e4c\u6d85\u8482\u91c7\u6587\u5316\u3001\u74ee\u68fa\u846c\u6587\u5316\u548c\u51ef\u5c14\u7279\u4eba\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe2-1\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u6bdb\u5384\u539f\u4eba<\/a>\u4e0b\u988c\u9aa8\u5316\u77f3\u7684\u53d1\u6398\u8868\u660e\u81f3\u5c11600,000\u5e74\u524d\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u5373\u6709\u53e4\u4eba\u7c7b\u6d3b\u52a8[\u53c2 12]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u81ea\u820d\u5b81\u6839<\/a>\u7684\u7164\u77ff\u4e2d\u4ea6\u51fa\u571f\u4e09\u652f380,000\u5e74\u524d\u7684\u6807\u67aa\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u72e9\u730e\u6b66\u5668[\u53c2 13]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5728\u5c3c\u5b89\u5fb7\u6cb3\u8c37<\/a>\u53d1\u73b0\u53f2\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u679a\u975e\u73b0\u4ee3\u4eba\u7c7b\u5316\u77f3\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u7269\u79cd\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u5c3c\u5b89\u5fb7\u7279\u4eba<\/a>\u3002\u5c3c\u5b89\u5fb7\u7279-1<\/a>\u5316\u77f3\u5177\u6709\u8fd140,000\u5e74\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3002\u4e4c\u5c14\u59c6\u9644\u8fd1\u65bd\u74e6\u672c\u6c5d\u62c9\u5c71<\/a>\u6d1e\u7a74\u4e2d\u4ea6\u6709\u540c\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u4eba\u7c7b\u751f\u5b58\u8ff9\u8c61\uff0c\u5305\u62ec42,000\u5e74\u524d\u7684\u9e1f\u9aa8\u548c\u731b\u72b8\u8c61\u7259\u7b1b\uff0c\u4e3a\u81f3\u4eca\u51fa\u571f\u7684\u6700\u65e9\u4e50\u5668[\u53c2 14]<\/a><\/sup>\uff1b40,000\u5e74\u524d\u5927\u51b0\u671f\u7684\u72ee\u5b50\u4eba<\/a>\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u5df2\u77e5\u65e0\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u6700\u53e4\u8001\u96d5\u5851\u54c1[\u53c2 15]<\/a><\/sup>\uff1b\u8ddd\u4eca35,000\u5e74\u524d\u7684\u970d\u52d2\u8d39\u5c14\u65af\u7ef4\u7eb3\u65af<\/a>\u5219\u4e3a\u65e0\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u6700\u53e4\u8001\u4eba\u7c7b\u96d5\u5851[\u53c2 16]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5185\u5e03\u62c9\u661f\u8c61\u76d8<\/a>\u4e8e\u8428\u514b\u68ee-\u5b89\u54c8\u5c14\u7279<\/a>\u7684\u5185\u5e03\u62c9<\/a>\u9644\u8fd1\u51fa\u571f\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e00\u6b27\u6d32\u9752\u94dc\u65f6\u4ee3<\/a>\u94dc\u5236\u6587\u7269\uff0c\u88ab\u5217\u5165\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u6559\u79d1\u6587\u7ec4\u7ec7<\/a>\u4e16\u754c\u8bb0\u5fc6\u9879\u76ee<\/a>\u540d\u5f55[\u53c2 17]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.2 \u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u90e8\u843d\u3001\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u8fb9\u5883\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u5e1d\u56fd | Germanic tribes, Roman frontier and the Frankish Empire<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Jastorf culture<\/a>, Germanic peoples<\/a>, Germania<\/a>, Migration Period<\/a>, and Frankish Realm<\/a>
\u3010\u4e3b\u8981\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u96c5\u65af\u6258\u592b\u6587\u5316\u3001\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u6c11\u65cf\u3001\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u5c3c\u4e9a\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u5927\u8fc1\u5f99\u548c\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u738b\u56fd\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u5c3c\u4e9a<\/a>\u548c\u6b27\u6d32\u6c11\u65cf\u5927\u8fc1\u5f99<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe2-2\u548c2-3\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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3\u4e16\u7eaa\u65f6\u51fa\u73b0\u8bb8\u591a\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u897f\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u90e8\u843d\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u963f\u62c9\u66fc\u4eba<\/a>\u3001\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u4eba<\/a>\u3001\u590f\u767b\u4eba<\/a>\u3001\u6492\u514b\u900a\u4eba<\/a>\u3001\u5f17\u91cc\u897f\u4eba<\/a>\u3001\u65af\u5361\u59c6\u5e03\u91cc\u4eba<\/a>\u548c\u56fe\u7075\u5409\u4eba<\/a>\u7b49\u3002\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u4eba\u7ea6\u4e8e\u516c\u5143260\u5e74\u8fdb\u5165\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u63a7\u5236\u5730\u533a[\u4e66 8]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5308\u4eba<\/a>\u4e8e375\u5e74\u897f\u79fb\u81f3\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7edf\u6cbb\u5730\u533a\u540e\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u52bf\u529b\u81ea395\u5e74\u8d77\u8870\u5f31\uff0c\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u90e8\u843d\u56e0\u800c\u5f97\u4ee5\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5411\u897f\u5357\u65b9\u8fc1\u79fb[\u4e66 9]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4eca\u65e5\u5fb7\u56fd\u5883\u5185\u51fa\u73b0\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u90e8\u843d\u53d6\u4ee3\u6216\u5438\u6536\u5148\u524d\u7684\u5c0f\u578b\u90e8\u843d\u3002\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u5730\u533a\u5927\u7247\u571f\u5730\uff08\u5373\u58a8\u6d1b\u6e29\u738b\u671d<\/a>\u65f6\u6240\u79f0\u7684\u5965\u65af\u7279\u62c9\u897f\u4e9a<\/a>\u3001\u7ebd\u65af\u7279\u5229\u4e9a<\/a>\u548c\u963f\u57fa\u5766<\/a>\u4e00\u5e26\uff09\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u4eba\u6240\u5360\u9886\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u738b\u56fd<\/a>\uff0c\u5e76\u5411\u4e1c\u5f81\u670d\u8428\u514b\u68ee<\/a>\u548c\u5df4\u4f10\u5229\u4e9a<\/a>\uff1b\u4eca\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e1c\u90e8\u5730\u533a\u5219\u7531\u897f\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u6c11\u65cf<\/a>\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u7d22\u5e03\u4eba<\/a>\u3001\u7ef4\u83b1\u8482\u4eba<\/a>\u548c\u5965\u535a\u7279\u4eba<\/a>\uff09\u5b9a\u5c45[\u4e66 7]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.3 \u4e1c\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u738b\u56fd\u4e0e\u795e\u5723\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd | East Francia and the Holy Roman Empire<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: East Francia<\/a> and Holy Roman Empire<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u795e\u5723\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe2-4\u81f32-6\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u67e5\u7406\u5927\u5e1d<\/a>[\u6309\u5fb7\u8bedKarl der Gro\u00dfe\uff0c\u4ea6\u53ef\u79f0\u5361\u5c14\u5927\u5e1d[\u4e66 10]<\/sup>]<\/sup>\u4e8e800\u5e74\u5723\u8bde\u8282\u4e8e\u7f57\u9a6c\u63a5\u53d7\u6559\u5b97\u5229\u5965\u4e09\u4e16<\/a>\u52a0\u5195\uff0c\u5e76\u5efa\u7acb\u5361\u6d1b\u6797\u5e1d\u56fd<\/a>\uff0c\u540e\u4e8e843\u5e74\u6839\u636e\u51e1\u5c14\u767b\u6761\u7ea6<\/a>\u5206\u88c2[\u4e66 11]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u5206\u88c2\u540e\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u4e1c\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u738b\u56fd<\/a>\u4e3a\u795e\u5723\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u96cf\u578b[\u4e66 12]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u9886\u571f\u897f\u81f3\u83b1\u8335\u6cb3\uff0c\u4e1c\u81f3\u6613\u5317\u6cb3<\/a>\uff0c\u5317\u81f3\u5317\u6d77<\/a>\uff0c\u5357\u81f3\u963f\u5c14\u5351\u65af\u5c71<\/a>[\u4e66 11]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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12\u4e16\u7eaa\u970d\u4ea8\u65af\u9676\u82ac\u738b\u671d<\/a>\uff081138\u5e74-1254\u5e74\uff09\u7edf\u6cbb\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u8bf8\u4faf\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u5411\u5357\u65b9\u548c\u4e1c\u65b9\u6269\u5f20\u81f3\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u4eba<\/a>\u5b9a\u5c45\u5730\u533a\uff1b\u4ed6\u4eec\u9f13\u52b1\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u4eba\u5411\u8fd9\u4e9b\u533a\u57df\u79fb\u5c45\uff0c\u79f0\u4e1c\u5411\u79fb\u6c11\u8fd0\u52a8<\/a>\u3002\u591a\u6570\u7531\u5317\u90e8\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u57ce\u9547\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u6c49\u8428\u540c\u76df<\/a>\u7531\u4e8e\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u6269\u5f20\u800c\u7e41\u8363[\u4e66 15]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5357\u90e8\u7684\u5927\u62c9\u82ac\u65af\u5821\u8d38\u6613\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff08Gro\u00dfe Ravensburger Handelsgesellschaft\uff09\u8d77\u5230\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u30021356\u5e74\u67e5\u7406\u56db\u4e16<\/a>\u9881\u5e03\u91d1\u73ba\u8bcf\u4e66<\/a>\uff0c\u786e\u7acb\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u653f\u6cbb\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e03\u4e2a\u6700\u5177\u52bf\u529b\u7684\u516c\u56fd\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u6216\u5927\u4e3b\u6559\u4e3a\u9009\u5e1d\u4faf<\/a>[\u4e66 16]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u591a\u6570\u5236\u9009\u4e3e\u7687\u5e1d[\u4e66 17]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The Golden Bull<\/a> issued in 1356 provided the constitutional structure of the Empire and codified the election of the emperor by seven prince-electors<\/a>.[39]<\/a><\/sup>
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18\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u795e\u5723\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7531\u8fd11,800\u4e2a\u9886\u5730\u6240\u7ec4\u6210[\u4e66 22]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u7531\u5e1d\u56fd\u6539\u9769<\/a>\uff081450\u20131555\u5e74\uff09\u63a8\u52a8\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4f53\u7cfb\u5efa\u7acb\u5e1d\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53<\/a>\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5176\u795e\u6743\u3001\u4e16\u4fd7\u53ca\u4e16\u88ad\u90a6\u56fd\u4e2d\u786e\u5b9a\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u81ea\u6cbb\u6743\uff0c\u7531\u5e1d\u56fd\u8bae\u4f1a<\/a>\u4ee3\u8868\u3002\u54c8\u5e03\u65af\u5821\u738b\u671d<\/a>\u81ea1438\u5e74\u8d77\u4fdd\u6709\u5e1d\u56fd\u7687\u6743\u30021740\u5e74\u67e5\u7406\u516d\u4e16<\/a>\u8fc7\u4e16\uff1b\u5176\u751f\u524d\u65e0\u55e3\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u8bf4\u670d\u5404\u9009\u5e1d\u4faf\u63a5\u53d7\u300a\u56fd\u4e8b\u9057\u8bcf<\/a>\u300b\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u738b\u671d\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u901a\u8fc7\u5965\u5730\u5229\u738b\u4f4d\u7ee7\u627f\u6218\u4e89<\/a>\u6700\u7ec8\u5f97\u5230\u89e3\u51b3\uff1a\u300a\u4e9a\u741b\u548c\u7ea6<\/a>\u300b\u89c4\u5b9a\u739b\u4e3d\u4e9a\u00b7\u7279\u857e\u897f\u4e9a<\/a>\u7684\u4e08\u592b<\/a>\u5c06\u7ee7\u627f\u795e\u5723\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7687\u4f4d\uff0c\u800c\u7279\u857e\u897f\u4e9a\u5c06\u4ee5\u7687\u540e\u4e4b\u540d\u7edf\u6cbb\u5e1d\u56fd\u3002\u81ea1740\u5e74\u8d77\uff0c\u5965\u5730\u5229\u54c8\u5e03\u65af\u5821\u541b\u4e3b\u56fd<\/a>\u540c\u666e\u9c81\u58eb\u738b\u56fd<\/a>\u7684\u4e8c\u5143\u4e4b\u4e89\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5c40\u52bf\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u6218\u4e89<\/a>\u53ca\u5e1d\u56fd\u8bae\u4f1a\u6700\u7ec8\u4f1a\u8bae<\/a>\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u591a\u6570\u4e16\u4fd7\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u81ea\u7531\u57ce\u5e02<\/a>\u5747\u4e3a\u5404\u738b\u671d\u541e\u5e76\uff0c\u800c\u795e\u6743\u9886\u571f\u5219\u88ab\u4e16\u4fd7\u5316\u5e76\u541e\u5e76\u30021806\u5e74\u5e1d\u56fd\u7ec8\u7ed3\uff0c\u591a\u6570\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u90a6\u56fd\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u83b1\u8335\u6cb3\u7554\u8bf8\u56fd<\/a>\uff09\u4e3a\u6cd5\u56fd\u6240\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002\u5728\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u6218\u4e89<\/a>\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u3001\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u3001\u666e\u9c81\u58eb\u53ca\u54c8\u5e03\u65af\u5821\u5bf9\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u5730\u533a\u7684\u9738\u6743\u5c55\u5f00\u4e89\u593a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.4 \u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u90a6\u8054\u53ca\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u5e1d\u56fd | German Confederation and Empire<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: German question<\/a>, German Confederation<\/a>, Unification of Germany<\/a>, German Empire<\/a>, and German colonial empire<\/a>[\u4e3b\u8981\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u5fb7\u56fd\u95ee\u9898\u3001\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u90a6\u8054\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u7edf\u4e00\u3001\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u5e1d\u56fd\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u5e1d\u56fd]<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u90a6\u8054<\/a>\u3001\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u7edf\u4e00<\/a>\u3001\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u5e1d\u56fd<\/a>\u548c\u6cdb\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u7edf\u4e00<\/a>\u540e\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5a01\u5ec9\u4e00\u4e16\u6cbb\u4e0b\u5fb7\u56fd\u603b\u7406<\/a>\u7684\u4ffe\u65af\u9ea6\u5728\u5916\u4ea4\u4e0a\u8bd5\u56fe\u5de9\u56fa\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u5927\u56fd\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4e0e\u5916\u56fd\u7ed3\u76df\uff0c\u5b64\u7acb\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u6218\u4e89[\u4e66 28]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u5a01\u5ec9\u4e8c\u4e16<\/a>\u6cbb\u4e0b\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u540c\u5176\u4ed6\u6b27\u6d32\u5217\u5f3a\u4e00\u6837\u9010\u6e10\u671d\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u65b9\u5411\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u540c\u5468\u8fb9\u56fd\u5bb6\u65f6\u6709\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u5148\u524d\u7684\u540c\u76df\u5173\u7cfb\u591a\u6570\u7ec8\u6b62\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u5fb7\u56fd\u540c\u5965\u5308\u5e1d\u56fd<\/a>\u7ed3\u76df<\/a>\uff0c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e2d\u7acb\u5e76\u83b7\u5f97\u519b\u4e8b\u652f\u6301\u30021882\u5e74\u7684\u4e09\u56fd\u540c\u76df<\/a>\u5c06\u610f\u5927\u5229\u63fd\u5165\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u53cd\u6620\u5fb7\u3001\u5965\u3001\u610f\u4e09\u56fd\u5bf9\u6cd5\u56fd\u3001\u4fc4\u56fd\u7684\u62c5\u5fe7\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u3001\u6cd5\u56fd\u3001\u4fc4\u56fd\u4ea6\u5404\u81ea\u7ed3\u76df\uff0c\u4ee5\u9632\u5965\u5730\u5229\u5bf9\u5df4\u5c14\u5e72\u534a\u5c9b\uff08\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5229\u76ca\uff09\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u5bf9\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u5e72\u9884[\u4e66 29]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1884\u5e74\u7684\u67cf\u6797\u4f1a\u8bae<\/a>\u4e2d\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5bf9\u4e1c\u975e<\/a>\u3001\u897f\u5357\u975e\u6d32<\/a>\u3001\u591a\u54e5<\/a>\u548c\u5580\u9ea6\u9686<\/a>\u7b49\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u63d0\u51fa\u5ba3\u79f0[\u4e66 30]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u6b64\u540e\u5fb7\u56fd\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6269\u5f20\uff0c\u5c06\u65b0\u51e0\u5185\u4e9a\u3001\u5bc6\u514b\u7f57\u5c3c\u897f\u4e9a<\/a>\u548c\u8428\u6469\u4e9a<\/a>\u7eb3\u5165\u5176\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u897f\u5357\u975e\u6d32\uff08\u4eca\u7eb3\u7c73\u6bd4\u4e9a<\/a>\uff09\u5bf9\u5f53\u5730\u7684\u8d6b\u96f7\u7f57\u4eba\u548c\u7eb3\u9a6c\u4eba\u5c55\u5f00\u706d\u7edd\u884c\u52a8<\/a>\uff0c\u4ee5\u62a5\u590d\u5176\u53cd\u6297\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u65e5\u540e\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u9996\u6b21\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u201d\u3002\u8fd1\u5341\u4e07\u4eba\uff0880%\u7684\u8d6b\u96f7\u7f57\u4eba<\/a>\u548c50%\u7684\u7eb3\u9a6c\u4eba<\/a>\uff09\u6b7b\u4e8e\u96c6\u4e2d\u8425\u5185\uff0c\u591a\u6570\u6b7b\u4e8e\u75be\u75c5\u3001\u8650\u5f85\u3001\u79ef\u52b3\u3001\u8131\u6c34\u548c\u9965\u8352[\u53c2 25]<\/a><\/sup>[\u53c2 26]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1914\u5e746\u670828\u65e5\uff0c\u5965\u5308\u5e1d\u56fd\u738b\u50a8<\/a>\u9047\u523a<\/a>\uff0c\u5965\u5730\u5229\u501f\u6b64\u5bf9\u585e\u5c14\u7ef4\u4e9a\u5f00\u6218\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218<\/a>\u7206\u53d1\u3002\u5728\u56db\u5e74\u7684\u6218\u4e8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u5e1d\u56fd<\/a>\u635f\u5931\u4e25\u91cd\uff0c\u8d85\u8fc7200\u4e07\u540d\u519b\u4eba\u6b7b\u4ea1[\u53c2 27]<\/a><\/sup>\u30021918\u5e7411\u670811\u65e5\u505c\u6218\u534f\u5b9a<\/a>\u7b7e\u7f72\uff0c\u5fb7\u519b\u58eb\u5175\u8fd4\u56de\u56fd\u5185\u3002\u540c\u5e7411\u6708\u5fb7\u56fd\u9769\u547d<\/a>\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u5a01\u5ec9\u4e8c\u4e16\u53ca\u5404\u5dde\u56fd\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u88ab\u8feb\u900a\u4f4d\u30021919\u5e746\u670828\u65e5\u65b0\u653f\u5e9c\u7b7e\u7f72\u300a\u51e1\u5c14\u8d5b\u6761\u7ea6<\/a>\u300b\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u540c\u76df\u56fd<\/a>\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u63a5\u53d7\u5176\u4e3a\u534f\u7ea6\u56fd<\/a>\u6240\u8d25\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u6c11\u4f17\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6761\u7ea6\u4e0d\u516c\u4e14\u4f7f\u5fb7\u56fd\u8499\u7f9e\uff0c\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u65e5\u540e\u79f0\u8fd9\u4e00\u6001\u5ea6\u6700\u7ec8\u5bfc\u81f4\u963f\u9053\u592b\u00b7\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2<\/a>\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77[\u4e66 31]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.5 \u9b4f\u739b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u548c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5fb7\u56fd | Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Weimar Republic<\/a> and Nazi Germany<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u9b4f\u739b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u3001\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5fb7\u56fd\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u9b4f\u739b\u5171\u548c\u56fd<\/a><\/em> \u3001 \u7eb3\u7cb9\u5fb7\u56fd<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe2-11\u81f32-12\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

1918\u5e7411\u6708\u5fb7\u56fd\u9769\u547d<\/a>\u521d\u671f\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5ba3\u5e03\u6539\u884c\u5171\u548c\u5236\u30021919\u5e748\u670811\u65e5\uff0c\u603b\u7edf\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u91cc\u5e0c\u00b7\u827e\u4f2f\u7279<\/a>\u7b7e\u7f72\u300a\u9b4f\u739b\u5baa\u6cd5<\/a>\u300b[\u4e66 32]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u540e\u7684\u6743\u529b\u6597\u4e89\u4e2d\uff0c\u5de6\u7ffc\u6fc0\u8fdb\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5728\u5df4\u4f10\u5229\u4e9a\u593a\u6743<\/a>\uff0c\u800c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u533a\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u5219\u8bd5\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u5361\u666e\u653f\u53d8<\/a>\u63a8\u7ffb\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u3002\u540e\u8005\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5f97\u5230\u56fd\u5bb6\u9632\u536b\u519b<\/a>\u3001\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u4fdd\u7687\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002\u6b64\u540e\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u7ecf\u5386\u5de5\u4e1a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u8840\u8165\u8857\u9053\u6218\u3001\u6bd4\u5229\u65f6\u548c\u6cd5\u56fd\u519b\u961f\u5bf9\u9c81\u5c14\u533a\u7684\u5360\u9886<\/a>\u30011922\u5e74\u81f31923\u5e74\u7684\u6076\u6027\u901a\u8d27\u81a8\u80c0<\/a>\u3001\u503a\u52a1\u91cd\u7ec4\u8ba1\u5212<\/a>\u53ca1924\u5e74\u65b0\u8d27\u5e01\u7684\u5f15\u5165<\/a>\u3002\u6b64\u540e\u9ec4\u91d1\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3<\/a>\u5230\u6765\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u8fdb\u5165\u4e00\u6bb5\u6587\u5316\u53ca\u827a\u672f\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u7e41\u8363\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5373\u4fbf\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5bf9\u300a\u51e1\u5c14\u8d5b\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u7684\u6068\u610f\u4ecd\u65e7\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5200\u523a\u5728\u80cc\u4f20\u8bf4<\/a>\u5e7f\u6cdb\u6d41\u4f20\uff0c\u4e3a\u6b64\u540e\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u53cd\u72b9\u6f6e\u63d0\u4f9b\u57fa\u7840[\u53c2 28]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4ecd\u7136\u6301\u7eed\u52a8\u8361\uff0c\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4ec5\u79f01924\u5e74\u81f31929\u5e74\u95f4\u4e3a\u201c\u5c40\u90e8\u7a33\u5b9a\u671f\u201d\u30021929\u5e74\u5927\u8427\u6761<\/a>\u5bf9\u5fb7\u56fd\u9020\u6210\u51b2\u51fb\u30021930\u5e74\u8054\u90a6\u9009\u4e3e<\/a>\u540e\uff0c\u603b\u7edf\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u51af\u00b7\u5174\u767b\u5821<\/a>\u6388\u6743\u6d77\u56e0\u91cc\u5e0c\u00b7\u5e03\u5415\u5b81<\/a>\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u7ecf\u8bae\u4f1a\u6279\u51c6\u91c7\u53d6\u4e3e\u63aa\u3002\u5e03\u5415\u5b81\u653f\u5e9c\u91c7\u53d6\u8d22\u653f\u7d27\u7f29\u548c\u901a\u8d27\u7d27\u7f29\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5927\u5e45\u5ea6\u7684\u5931\u4e1a\uff1b1932\u5e74\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\u9ad8\u8fbe30%\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1932\u5e74\u7279\u522b\u8054\u90a6\u9009\u4e3e<\/a>\u4e2d\u7eb3\u7cb9\u515a<\/a>\u83b7\u80dc\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5931\u8d25\u5185\u9601\u540e\uff0c1933\u5e74\u5174\u767b\u5821\u4efb\u547d\u963f\u9053\u592b\u00b7\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2<\/a>\u4e3a\u5fb7\u56fd\u603b\u7406[\u4e66 33]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Nazi Party<\/a> led by Adolf Hitler<\/a> became the largest party in the Reichstag after a special election in 1932<\/a> and Hindenburg appointed Hitler as chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933.[70]<\/a><\/sup> After the Reichstag fire<\/a>, a decree<\/a> abrogated basic civil rights<\/a> and the first Nazi concentration camp<\/a> opened.[71]<\/a>[72]<\/a><\/sup> On 23 March 1933, the Enabling Act<\/a> gave Hitler unrestricted legislative power, overriding the constitution,[73]<\/a><\/sup> and marked the beginning of Nazi Germany. His government established a centralised totalitarian state<\/a>, withdrew from the League of Nations<\/a>, and dramatically increased the country’s rearmament<\/a>.[74]<\/a><\/sup> A government-sponsored programme for economic renewal focused on public works, the most famous of which was the Autobahn<\/a><\/em>.[75]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111932\u5e74\u7279\u522b\u9009\u4e3e\u540e\uff0c\u7531\u963f\u9053\u592b\u00b7\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u7eb3\u7cb9\u515a\u6210\u4e3a\u5fb7\u56fd\u56fd\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u6700\u5927\u653f\u515a\uff0c\u5174\u767b\u5821\u4e8e1933\u5e741\u670830\u65e5\u4efb\u547d\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u4e3a\u5fb7\u56fd\u603b\u7406\u3002[70]\u56fd\u4f1a\u5927\u53a6\u7eb5\u706b\u6848\u53d1\u751f\u540e\uff0c\u4e00\u9879\u6cd5\u4ee4\u5e9f\u9664\u4e86\u57fa\u672c\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u5e76\u5f00\u8bbe\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u5ea7\u7eb3\u7cb9\u96c6\u4e2d\u8425\u3002[71][72]1933\u5e743\u670823\u65e5\uff0c\u300a\u6388\u6743\u6cd5\u300b\u8d4b\u4e88\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u4e0d\u53d7\u9650\u5236\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u6743\uff0c\u51cc\u9a7e\u4e8e\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c[73]\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\u3002\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u653f\u5e9c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u96c6\u6743\u7684\u6781\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u9000\u51fa\u4e86\u56fd\u9645\u8054\u76df\uff0c\u5e76\u5927\u5e45\u5ea6\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u519b\u5907\u3002[74]\u653f\u5e9c\u8d5e\u52a9\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u590d\u5174\u8ba1\u5212\u4fa7\u91cd\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u5de5\u7a0b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u662f\u9ad8\u901f\u516c\u8def\uff08Autobahn\uff09\u3002[75]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u56fd\u4f1a\u7eb5\u706b\u6848<\/a>\u540e\uff0c\u300a\u56fd\u4f1a\u7eb5\u706b\u6cd5\u4ee4<\/a>\u300b\u53d6\u6d88\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u3002\u5728\u6570\u5468\u4e4b\u5185\u9996\u4e2a\u7eb3\u7cb9\u96c6\u4e2d\u8425<\/a>\u4e8e\u8fbe\u8c6a<\/a>\u5f00\u59cb\u8fd0\u4f5c[\u53c2 29]<\/a><\/sup>[\u53c2 30]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u300a1933\u5e74\u6388\u6743\u6cd5<\/a>\u300b\u6388\u4e88\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u65e0\u9650\u7acb\u6cd5\u6743\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u5176\u653f\u5e9c\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u7684\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5168\u6c11\u6295\u7968\u9000\u51fa\u56fd\u9645\u8054\u76df<\/a>\uff0c\u5e76\u5f00\u59cb\u91cd\u65b0\u6b66\u88c5\u5316[\u53c2 31]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1935, the regime withdrew from the Treaty of Versailles and introduced the Nuremberg Laws<\/a> which targeted Jews<\/a> and other minorities.[76]<\/a><\/sup> Germany also reacquired control of the Saarland<\/a> in 1935,[77]<\/a><\/sup> remilitarised the Rhineland<\/a> in 1936, annexed<\/a> Austria in 1938, annexed<\/a> the Sudetenland in 1938 with the Munich Agreement<\/a>, and in violation of the agreement occupied Czechoslovakia<\/a> in March 1939.[78]<\/a><\/sup> Kristallnacht<\/a><\/em> (Night of Broken Glass) saw the burning of synagogues, the destruction of Jewish businesses, and mass arrests of Jewish people.[79]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111935\u5e74\uff0c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u653f\u6743\u9000\u51fa\u4e86\u300a\u51e1\u5c14\u8d5b\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\uff0c\u5e76\u9881\u5e03\u4e86\u9488\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5c11\u6570\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u300a\u7ebd\u4f26\u5821\u6cd5\u4ee4\u300b\u3002[76]1935\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u8fd8\u91cd\u65b0\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u8428\u5c14\u5170\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u6743\uff0c[77]1936\u5e74\u5bf9\u83b1\u8335\u5170\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u518d\u519b\u4e8b\u5316\uff0c1938\u5e74\u541e\u5e76\u4e86\u5965\u5730\u5229\uff0c1938\u5e74\u6839\u636e\u300a\u6155\u5c3c\u9ed1\u534f\u5b9a\u300b\u541e\u5e76\u4e86\u82cf\u53f0\u5fb7\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e1939\u5e743\u6708\u8fdd\u53cd\u4e86\u8be5\u534f\u5b9a\u5360\u9886\u4e86\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u3002[78]\u5728\u201c\u6c34\u6676\u4e4b\u591c\u201d\uff08\u788e\u73bb\u7483\u4e4b\u591c\uff09\uff0c\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u4f1a\u5802\u88ab\u711a\u6bc1\uff0c\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u88ab\u7834\u574f\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u88ab\u6355\u3002[79]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u901a\u8fc7\u8d64\u5b57\u8d22\u653f\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u7531\u653f\u5e9c\u652f\u6301\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u590d\u5174\u8ba1\u5212\u5f00\u59cb\u5b9e\u65bd\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u7740\u91cd\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u5de5\u7a0b\u9886\u57df\u30021934\u5e74\u7684\u516c\u5171\u5de5\u7a0b\u9879\u76ee\u4e2d\uff0c170\u4e07\u5fb7\u56fd\u6c11\u4f17\u6295\u5165\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u83b7\u5f97\u6536\u5165\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u798f\u5229[\u53c2 32]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u6700\u4e3a\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5de5\u7a0b\u9879\u76ee\u4e3a\u5168\u56fd\u9ad8\u901f\u516c\u8def<\/a>[\u53c2 33]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u91cd\u8981\u5efa\u8bbe\u9879\u76ee\u5305\u62ec\u6c34\u529b\u53d1\u7535<\/a>\u9879\u76ee\u9c81\u5c14\u5927\u575d<\/a>\u3001\u4f9b\u6c34\u9879\u76ee\u5982\u9f50\u5229\u5c14\u6cb3\u5927\u575d<\/a>\u53ca\u4ea4\u901a\u67a2\u7ebd\u5982\u8328\u7ef4\u8003\u706b\u8f66\u7ad9<\/a>[\u53c2 34]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u6b64\u540e\u4e94\u5e74\u5185\uff0c\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\u5927\u5e45\u5ea6\u4e0b\u8dcc\uff0c\u65f6\u5747\u548c\u5468\u5747\u85aa\u916c\u4e0a\u5347[\u53c2 35]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1935\u5e74\uff0c\u5f53\u5c40\u5ba3\u5e03\u4e0d\u518d\u5c65\u884c\u300a\u51e1\u5c14\u8d5b\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\uff0c\u5e76\u9881\u5e03\u7ebd\u4f26\u5821\u6cd5\u6848<\/a>\uff0c\u9488\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u5c11\u6570\u65cf\u7fa4\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u4ea6\u4e8e1935\u5e74\u6536\u56de\u8428\u5c14<\/a>[\u4e66 34]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u4e8e1938\u5e74\u541e\u5e76\u5965\u5730\u5229<\/a>\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e1939\u5e74\u521d\u5360\u9886\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1939\u5e748\u6708\uff0c\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u653f\u5e9c\u540c\u82cf\u8054<\/a>\u7b7e\u7f72\u300a\u82cf\u5fb7\u4e92\u4e0d\u4fb5\u72af\u6761\u7ea6<\/a>\u300b\uff0c\u5212\u5206\u53cc\u65b9\u5728\u4e1c\u6b27\u7684\u52bf\u529b\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u6761\u7ea6\u7b7e\u7f72\u540e\uff0c1939\u5e749\u67081\u65e5\u5fb7\u56fd\u5bf9\u6ce2\u5170\u5c55\u5f00\u5165\u4fb5<\/a>\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218<\/a>\u5c31\u6b64\u5c55\u5f00[\u53c2 36]<\/a><\/sup>[\u53c2 37]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56de\u5e94\uff0c\u82f1\u3001\u6cd5\u4ea6\u5bf9\u5fb7\u56fd\u5ba3\u6218[\u53c2 38]<\/a><\/sup>\u30021940\u5e74\u6625\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u653b\u514b\u4e39\u9ea6\u53ca\u632a\u5a01<\/a>\u3001\u8377\u5170<\/a>\u3001\u6bd4\u5229\u65f6<\/a>\u3001\u5362\u68ee\u5821<\/a>\u548c\u6cd5\u56fd<\/a>\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5fb7\u519b\u8fd1\u4e4e\u5360\u9886\u6cd5\u56fd\u5168\u5883\u540e\u8feb\u4f7f\u5176\u7b7e\u8ba2\u505c\u6218\u534f\u5b9a\u3002\u540c\u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u62b5\u5fa1\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u7a7a\u4e2d\u653b\u52bf<\/a>\u30021941\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5165\u4fb5\u5357\u65af\u62c9\u592b<\/a>\u3001\u5e0c\u814a<\/a>\u53ca\u82cf\u8054<\/a>\u3002\u81f31942\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u8f74\u5fc3\u56fd<\/a>\u5360\u9886\u6b27\u6d32\u548c\u5317\u975e\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u4f461943\u5e74\u65af\u5927\u6797\u683c\u52d2\u6218\u5f79<\/a>\u82cf\u8054\u83b7\u80dc\uff0c\u76df\u519b\u593a\u56de\u5317\u975e<\/a>\u5e76\u5165\u4fb5\u610f\u5927\u5229<\/a>\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u8fde\u7eed\u906d\u9047\u5931\u8d25[\u53c2 36]<\/a><\/sup>\u30021944\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u76df\u519b\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u767b\u9646<\/a>\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u590d\u56fd\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u52a0\u5165\u53cd\u51fb\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u3002\u82cf\u8054\u5411\u4e1c\u6b27\u63a8\u8fdb<\/a>\uff1b\u5e74\u672b\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u76df\u519b\u5df2\u8fdb\u5165\u5fb7\u56fd\u5883\u5185\uff0c\u5fb7\u519b\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6b21\u53cd\u653b<\/a>\u672a\u679c\u3002\u5728\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u4e8e\u67cf\u6797\u6218\u5f79<\/a>\u4e2d\u81ea\u6740\u8eab\u4ea1<\/a>\u540e\uff0c1945\u5e745\u67088\u65e5\uff0c\u7f8e\u3001\u82f1\u3001\u6cd5\u3001\u82cf\u653b\u5165\u67cf\u6797<\/a>\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u6295\u964d<\/a>\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u6b27\u6d32\u6218\u573a<\/a>\u7ec8\u7ed3[\u53c2 39]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u65e5\u540e\u79f0\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5927\u5c60\u6740<\/a>\u4e2d\uff0c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5bf9\u5c11\u6570\u65cf\u88d4\u8fdb\u884c\u8feb\u5bb3\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u96c6\u4e2d\u8425<\/a>\u548c\u706d\u7edd\u8425<\/a>\u5bf9\u5176\u6240\u79f0\u52a3\u7b49\u79cd\u65cf\u8fdb\u884c\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd<\/a>\u3002\u8d85\u8fc71,000\u4e07\u5e73\u6c11\u88ab\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u6740\u5bb3\uff0c\u5305\u62ec600\u4e07\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u3001220,000\u81f31,500,000\u7f57\u59c6\u4eba<\/a>\u3001275,000\u8eab\u5fc3\u969c\u788d\u8005<\/a>\u3001\u6570\u5343\u8036\u548c\u534e\u89c1\u8bc1\u4eba<\/a>\u3001\u6570\u5343\u540c\u6027\u604b\u8005<\/a>\u53ca\u6210\u5343\u4e0a\u4e07\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u5f02\u89c1\u8005<\/a>[\u53c2 40]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5728\u5360\u9886\u533a\u5185\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u5bfc\u81f4270\u4e07\u6ce2\u5170\u4eba\u6b7b\u4ea1[\u53c2 41]<\/a><\/sup>\u3001130\u4e07\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u4eba[\u53c2 42]<\/a><\/sup>\u3001\u53ca\u8fd1280\u4e07\u82cf\u8054\u6218\u4fd8[\u53c2 42]<\/a><\/sup>[\u53c2 43]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u7ea6\u6709320\u4e07\u81f3530\u4e07\u58eb\u5175\u9635\u4ea1[\u53c2 44]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u8fd1200\u4e07\u5e73\u6c11\u6b7b\u4ea1[\u53c2 45]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u524d\u4e1c\u90e8\u9886\u571f<\/a>\u7684\u635f\u5931\u5bfc\u81f4\u8fd11,200\u4e07\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u88d4\u4eba\u88ab\u7531\u4e1c\u6b27\u9a71\u9010<\/a>\u3002\u5176\u6218\u524d\u9886\u571f\u635f\u5931\u8fd1\u56db\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u6218\u7565\u8f70\u70b8\u53ca\u5730\u9762\u6218\u4e8b\u5bfc\u81f4\u8bb8\u591a\u57ce\u5e02\u53ca\u6587\u5316\u9057\u4ea7\u88ab\u6467\u6bc1\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u540e\uff0c\u524d\u7eb3\u7cb9\u653f\u6743\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u4e8e\u7ebd\u4f26\u5821\u5ba1\u5224<\/a>\u4e2d\u63a5\u53d7\u6218\u4e89\u7f6a\u5ba1\u5224[\u53c2 46]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.6 \u4e1c\u897f\u5fb7\u5206\u88c2\u65f6\u671f | East and West Germany<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: History of Germany (1945\u20131990)<\/a>, Allied-occupied Germany<\/a>, West Germany<\/a>, and East Germany<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u8981\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u5fb7\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\uff081945-1990\uff09\u3001\u76df\u519b\u5360\u9886\u4e0b\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u3001\u897f\u5fb7\u548c\u4e1c\u5fb7\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u897f\u5fb7<\/a>\u548c\u4e1c\u5fb7<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe2-13\u548c2-14\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u4e8e\u5fb7\u56fd\u6295\u964d\u540e\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u9886\u571f\u53ca\u67cf\u6797\u7531\u540c\u76df\u56fd<\/a>\u4e2d\u7684\u56db\u5f3a\u7f8e\u3001\u82f1\u3001\u6cd5\u3001\u82cf\u5206\u533a\u5360\u9886\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5730\u533a\u63a5\u53d7650\u4e07\u540d\u6765\u81ea\u4e1c\u90e8\u9886\u571f\u7684\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u4eba[\u53c2 47]<\/a><\/sup>\u30021949\u5e745\u670823\u65e5\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u53ca\u7f8e\u56fd\u5360\u9886\u533a\u5408\u5e76\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u8054\u90a6\u5171\u548c\u56fd<\/a>\uff0c1949\u5e7410\u67087\u65e5\uff0c\u82cf\u8054\u5360\u9886\u533a\u6210\u7acb\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u56fd<\/a>\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u4e5f\u4ee5\u897f\u5fb7\u53ca\u4e1c\u5fb7\u79f0\u4e4b\u3002\u4e1c\u5fb7\u9996\u90fd\u8bbe\u4e8e\u67cf\u6797\uff0c\u897f\u5fb7\u5c06\u6ce2\u6069<\/a>\u8bbe\u4e3a\u4e34\u65f6\u9996\u90fd\uff0c\u4ee5\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e24\u56fd\u5206\u6cbb\u4ec5\u4e3a\u6682\u65f6\u6027\u7684\u73b0\u72b6[\u53c2 48]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u897f\u5fb7\u4e3a\u8bae\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5171\u548c\u56fd\uff0c\u91c7\u884c\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e<\/a>\u201d\u3002\u81ea1948\u5e74\u8d77\uff0c\u897f\u5fb7\u6210\u4e3a\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u8ba1\u5212<\/a>\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u53d7\u63f4\u56fd\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u63f4\u52a9\u91cd\u5efa\u5176\u5de5\u4e1a\u57fa\u7840[\u53c2 49]<\/a><\/sup>\u30021949\u5e74\u5eb7\u62c9\u5fb7\u00b7\u963f\u767b\u7eb3<\/a>\u5f53\u9009\u4e3a\u9996\u4efb\u8054\u90a6\u603b\u7406<\/a>\uff0c\u5e76\u4efb\u81f31963\u5e74\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u548c\u8def\u5fb7\u7ef4\u5e0c\u00b7\u827e\u54c8\u5fb7<\/a>\u9886\u5bfc\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u897f\u5fb7\u81ea1950\u5e74\u4ee3\u8d77\u7ecf\u5386\u957f\u671f\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5947\u8ff9<\/a>[\u53c2 50]<\/a><\/sup>\u30021955\u5e74\u897f\u5fb7\u52a0\u5165\u5317\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u516c\u7ea6\u7ec4\u7ec7<\/a>[\u53c2 51]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a1957\u5e74\u6b27\u6d32\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5171\u540c\u4f53<\/a>\u521b\u59cb\u56fd[\u53c2 52]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e1c\u5fb7\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e1c\u65b9\u96c6\u56e2<\/a>\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u82cf\u8054\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u519b\u529b\u548c\u534e\u6c99\u6761\u7ea6\u7ec4\u7ec7<\/a>\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u519b\u4e8b\u4e0a\u5bf9\u5176\u8fdb\u884c\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5176\u540d\u4e49\u4e0a\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u4ec5\u7531\u5fb7\u56fd\u7edf\u4e00\u793e\u4f1a\u515a<\/a>\u9ad8\u5b98\uff08\u653f\u6cbb\u5c40\u6210\u5458\uff09\u884c\u4f7f\uff0c\u5e76\u7531\u63a7\u5236\u793e\u4f1a\u8bf8\u591a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\u673a\u6784\u65af\u5854\u897f<\/a>\u652f\u6301[\u53c2 53]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u6c11\u4e3b\u5fb7\u56fd\u91c7\u884c\u82cf\u8054\u5f0f\u7edf\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e<\/a>\uff0c\u540e\u6210\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e92\u52a9\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a<\/a>\u6210\u5458\u56fd[\u53c2 54]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u867d\u7136\u4e1c\u5fb7\u5b98\u65b9\u5bf9\u5176\u793e\u4f1a\u653f\u7b56\u8fdb\u884c\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u5ba3\u4f20\uff0c\u5e76\u9f13\u5439\u897f\u5fb7\u5165\u4fb5\u5a01\u80c1\uff0c\u8bf8\u591a\u4e1c\u5fb7\u516c\u6c11\u4ecd\u7136\u5411\u5f80\u897f\u5fb7\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u53ca\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7e41\u8363[\u53c2 55]<\/a><\/sup>\u30021961\u5e74\u5efa\u6210\u7684\u67cf\u6797\u5899<\/a>\u65e8\u5728\u963b\u6b62\u4e1c\u5fb7\u4eba\u9003\u4ea1\u897f\u5fb7\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u51b7\u6218<\/a>\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u4e4b\u4e00[\u53c2 24]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u7f57\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u91cc\u6839<\/a>\u4e8e1987\u5e746\u670812\u65e5\u53d1\u8868\u300a\u63a8\u5012\u8fd9\u5835\u5899\uff01<\/a>\u300b\u6f14\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0e\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u80af\u5c3c\u8fea<\/a>\u4e8e1963\u5e746\u670826\u65e5\u7684\u300a\u6211\u662f\u67cf\u6797\u4eba<\/a>\u300b\u6f14\u8bb2\u76f8\u5e94\u5408\u30021989\u5e74\u67cf\u6797\u5899\u5012\u584c<\/a>\u6210\u4e3a\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u57ae\u53f0<\/a>\u3001\u4e24\u5fb7\u7edf\u4e00<\/a>\u548c\u4e1c\u5fb7\u8f6c\u578b<\/a>\u7684\u8c61\u5f81[\u53c2 56]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e1c\u3001\u897f\u5fb7\u95f4\u7684\u7d27\u5f20\u5173\u7cfb\u5728\u897f\u5fb7\u603b\u7406<\/a>\u7ef4\u5229\u00b7\u52c3\u5170\u7279<\/a>\u4e8e1970\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u671f\u901a\u8fc7\u4e1c\u65b9\u653f\u7b56<\/a>\u7a0d\u83b7\u7f13\u89e3[\u4e66 35]<\/a><\/sup>\u30021989\u5e74\u590f\uff0c\u5308\u7259\u5229<\/a>\u653e\u5f03\u94c1\u5e55<\/a>\u5e76\u5f00\u653e\u8fb9\u754c\uff0c\u6570\u5343\u540d\u4e1c\u5fb7\u56fd\u6c11\u7ecf\u5308\u7259\u5229\u6210\u529f\u8fdb\u5165\u897f\u5fb7\uff0c\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e5f\u5bf9\u4e1c\u5fb7\u9020\u6210\u51b2\u51fb\uff0c\u5927\u578b\u6297\u8bae\u6d3b\u52a8\u83b7\u5f97\u66f4\u591a\u652f\u6301\u3002\u4e1c\u5fb7\u5f53\u5c40\u653e\u677e\u8fb9\u5883\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e1c\u5fb7\u5c45\u6c11\u80fd\u81ea\u7531\u524d\u5f80\u897f\u5fb7\u65c5\u6e38\uff0c\u4ee5\u7ef4\u6301\u4e1c\u5fb7\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u800c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u6b64\u4e3e\u52a0\u901f\u4e86\u8f6c\u5411\u6539\u9769\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u30021990\u5e749\u670812\u65e5\uff0c\u56db\u4e2a\u5360\u9886\u56fd\u7b7e\u7f72\u300a\u6700\u7ec8\u89e3\u51b3\u5fb7\u56fd\u95ee\u9898\u6761\u7ea6<\/a>\u300b\uff0c\u653e\u5f03\u5176\u5728\u6295\u964d\u4e66\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u91cd\u83b7\u5b8c\u6574\u4e3b\u6743\u3002\u7531\u6b641990\u5e7410\u67083\u65e5\u4e24\u5fb7\u7edf\u4e00<\/a>\uff0c\u524d\u4e1c\u5fb7\u4e94\u4e2a\u8054\u90a6\u5dde<\/a>\u91cd\u65b0\u5efa\u7acb\u5e76\u52a0\u5165\u5fb7\u56fd[\u53c2 24]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.7 \u4e24\u5fb7\u7edf\u4e00\u4e0e\u6b27\u76df | Reunified Germany and the European Union<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4e24\u5fb7\u7edf\u4e00<\/a>\u548c\u4e24\u5fb7\u7edf\u4e00\u4ee5\u6765\u5fb7\u56fd\u5386\u53f2<\/a> \/ Main articles: German reunification<\/a> and History of Germany since 1990<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe2-15\u81f32-16\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u4e24\u5fb7\u7edf\u4e00\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u897f\u5fb7\u7684\u6269\u5927\u5ef6\u7eed\u800c\u975e\u6539\u671d\u6362\u4ee3\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u5176\u83b7\u5f97\u897f\u5fb7\u5728\u6240\u6709\u56fd\u9645\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\u7684\u6210\u5458\u8d44\u683c[\u53c2 58]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u6839\u636e1994\u5e74\u300a\u67cf\u6797-\u6ce2\u6069\u6cd5\u6848<\/a>\u300b\uff0c\u67cf\u6797\u91cd\u65b0\u6210\u4e3a\u7edf\u4e00\u5fb7\u56fd\u9996\u90fd\uff0c\u800c\u6ce2\u6069\u5219\u83b7\u5f97\u201c\u8054\u90a6\u57ce\u5e02\u201d\uff08Bundesstadt\uff09\u8fd9\u4e00\u72ec\u6709\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4fdd\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u8054\u90a6\u673a\u5173[\u53c2 59]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u8fc1\u79fb\u4e8e1999\u5e74\u5168\u90e8\u5b8c\u6210[\u53c2 60]<\/a><\/sup>\u30021998\u5e74\u9009\u4e3e<\/a>\u540e\u5fb7\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a<\/a>\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u683c\u54c8\u7279\u00b7\u65bd\u7f57\u5fb7<\/a>\u5f53\u9009\u9996\u4f4d\u7ea2\u7eff\u8054\u76df<\/a>\u5fb7\u56fd\u603b\u7406\uff0c\u4e0e\u8054\u76df90\/\u7eff\u515a<\/a>\u5171\u540c\u7ec4\u5efa\u653f\u5e9c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e1c\u5fb7\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u53ca\u96c6\u5408\u4e3a\u4e00\u957f\u671f\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u8ba1\u5212\u81f3\u5c11\u6301\u7eed\u81f32019\u5e74\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u7531\u897f\u90e8\u5411\u4e1c\u90e8\u8f6c\u79fb\u91d1\u989d\u8fd1800\u4ebf\u6b27\u5143[\u53c2 61]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u81ea\u7edf\u4e00\u540e\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u8054\u76df<\/a>\u4e2d\u65e5\u6e10\u626e\u6f14\u91cd\u8981\u89d2\u8272\u30021992\u5e74\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e0e\u5176\u6b27\u6d32\u4f19\u4f34\u5171\u540c\u7b7e\u7f72\u300a\u9a6c\u65af\u7279\u91cc\u8d6b\u7279\u6761\u7ea6<\/a>\u300b\uff0c1999\u5e74\u5efa\u7acb\u6b27\u5143\u533a<\/a>\uff0c2007\u5e74\u7b7e\u7f72\u300a\u91cc\u65af\u672c\u6761\u7ea6<\/a>\u300b[\u53c2 62]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u6d3e\u51fa\u7ef4\u548c\u90e8\u961f\u4ee5\u7a33\u5b9a\u5df4\u5c14\u5e72\u5730\u533a<\/a>\u5c40\u52bf\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5854\u5229\u73ed<\/a>\u653f\u6743\u88ab\u63a8\u7ffb\u540e\uff0c\u4ee5\u5317\u7ea6\u6210\u5458\u8eab\u4efd\u6d3e\u51fa\u519b\u961f<\/a>\u7ef4\u62a4\u963f\u5bcc\u6c57<\/a>\u5b89\u5168\u5c40\u52bf[\u53c2 63]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u56fd\u5185\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u5b9a\u5fb7\u56fd\u53ea\u80fd\u90e8\u7f72\u519b\u961f\u8fdb\u884c\u56fd\u9632\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e3e\u63aa\u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u4e89\u8bae[\u53c2 64]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2005\u5e74\u9009\u4e3e<\/a>\u540e\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6c11\u4e3b\u8054\u76df<\/a>\u9886\u8896\u5b89\u683c\u62c9\u00b7\u9ed8\u514b\u5c14<\/a>\u6210\u4e3a\u9996\u4f4d\u5973\u6027\u5fb7\u56fd\u603b\u7406[\u53c2 24]<\/a><\/sup>\u30022009\u5e74\u5fb7\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u6279\u51c6\u4e00\u9879\u603b\u989d\u8fbe500\u4ebf\u6b27\u5143\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u523a\u6fc0\u8ba1\u5212\u4ee5\u4fdd\u62a4\u5176\u4ea7\u4e1a\u514d\u53d7\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5371\u673a\u51b2\u51fb[\u53c2 65]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2009\u5e74\uff0c\u9ed8\u514b\u5c14\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b<\/a>\u7684\u81ea\u7531<\/a>–\u4fdd\u5b88<\/a>\u8054\u76df\u5f53\u653f\u30022013\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u5c4a\u9ed8\u514b\u5c14\u5185\u9601<\/a>\u7ec4\u5efa\u5927\u8054\u5408\u653f\u5e9c\u300221\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e3b\u8981\u653f\u6cbb\u76ee\u6807\u5305\u62ec\u63a8\u8fdb\u6b27\u6d32\u7edf\u5408<\/a>\u3001\u5411\u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u80fd\u6e90<\/a>\u8fdb\u884c\u8f6c\u79fb\uff08Energiewende\uff09\u3001\u5e73\u8861\u9884\u7b97\u3001\u63d0\u5347\u751f\u80b2\u7387\u53ca\u9ad8\u79d1\u6280\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u672a\u6765\u8f6c\u578b\uff08\u201c\u5de5\u4e1a4.0<\/a>\u201d\uff09[\u53c2 66]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2015\u5e74\u5fb7\u56fd\u53d7\u5230\u6b27\u6d32\u79fb\u6c11\u5371\u673a<\/a>\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5176\u4e3a\u591a\u6570\u8fdb\u5165\u6b27\u76df\u79fb\u6c11\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u3002\u5176\u63a5\u53d7\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e00\u767e\u4e07\u96be\u6c11\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u914d\u989d\u673a\u5236\u5c06\u79fb\u6c11\u6839\u636e\u7a0e\u6536\u53ca\u4eba\u53e3\u5bc6\u5ea6\u5206\u914d\u81f3\u5404\u5dde[\u53c2 67]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2021\u5e74\u5fb7\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u8bae\u9662\u9009\u4e3e<\/a>\u540e\u793e\u6c11\u515a<\/a>\u53d6\u5f97\u591a\u6570\u5e2d\u6b21\u3002\u540c\u5e7412\u67088\u65e5\uff0c\u793e\u6c11\u515a\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u5965\u62c9\u592b\u00b7\u6714\u5c14\u8328<\/a>\u4e8e\u5ba3\u8a93\u5c31\u4efb\u5fb7\u56fd\u603b\u7406\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u7eff\u515a<\/a>\u53ca\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a<\/a>\u5171\u7ec4\u4e2d\u95f4\u504f\u5de6<\/a>\u7684\u7ea2\u7eff\u706f\u8054\u5408\u653f\u5e9c<\/a>[\u53c2 68]<\/a><\/sup>[\u53c2 69]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2022\u5e742\u670813\u65e5\uff0c\u5f17\u5170\u514b-\u74e6\u5c14\u7279\u00b7\u65bd\u6cf0\u56e0\u8fc8\u5c14<\/a>\u518d\u6b21\u5f53\u9009\u5fb7\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u603b\u7edf\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u9996\u4f4d\u8fde\u4efb\u7684\u793e\u6c11\u515a\u603b\u7edf[\u53c2 70]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. \u5730\u7406 | Geography<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u5fb7\u56fd\u5730\u7406<\/a> \/ Main article: Geography of Germany<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe3-1\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u5730\u533a\u5206\u7c7b\u4e0a\u5fb7\u56fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u897f\u6b27<\/a>\u6216\u4e2d\u6b27<\/a>\uff0c\u5317\u4e0e\u4e39\u9ea6<\/a>\u76f8\u8fde\uff0c\u4e1c\u9762\u4e0e\u6ce2\u5170<\/a>\u548c\u6377\u514b<\/a>\u63a5\u58e4\uff0c\u4e1c\u5357\u4e34\u5965\u5730\u5229<\/a>\uff0c\u897f\u5357\u504f\u5357\u4e3a\u745e\u58eb<\/a>\uff0c\u897f\u540c\u6cd5\u56fd<\/a>\u3001\u5362\u68ee\u5821<\/a>\u548c\u6bd4\u5229\u65f6<\/a>\u76f8\u754c\uff0c\u897f\u5317\u6bd7\u8377\u5170<\/a>\u3002\u5176\u9886\u571f\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5317\u7eac47\u81f355\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e1c\u7ecf5\u81f316\u5ea6\u95f4\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u5317\u6fd2\u5317\u6d77\uff0c\u4e1c\u5317\u504f\u5317\u4e34\u6ce2\u7f57\u7684\u6d77\uff0c\u4e8e\u5965\u5730\u5229\u53ca\u745e\u58eb\u8fb9\u754c\u540c\u4e2d\u6b27\u7b2c\u4e09\u5927\u6e56\u535a\u767b\u6e56<\/a>\u76f8\u90bb[\u53c2 71]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u56fd\u571f\u9762\u79ef\u4e3a357,021\u5e73\u65b9\u5343\u7c73\uff08137,847\u5e73\u65b9\u82f1\u91cc\uff09\uff0c\u5305\u62ec349,223\u5e73\u65b9\u5343\u7c73\uff08134,836\u5e73\u65b9\u82f1\u91cc\uff09\u9646\u5730\u53ca7,798\u5e73\u65b9\u5343\u7c73\uff083,011\u5e73\u65b9\u82f1\u91cc\uff09\u6c34\u57df\uff0c\u4e3a\u6b27\u6d32\u9762\u79ef\u7b2c7\u5927\u56fd\u5bb6\u53ca\u4e16\u754c\u9762\u79ef\u7b2c62\u5927\u56fd\u5bb6<\/a>[\u53c2 72]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5fb7\u56fd\u5730\u52bf\u603b\u4f53\u5357\u9ad8\u5317\u4f4e\uff0c\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7531\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5357\u90e8\u7684\u963f\u5c14\u5351\u65af\u5c71<\/a>\u5411\u4f4d\u4e8e\u897f\u5317\u7684\u5317\u6d77<\/a>\u6d77\u5cb8\u53ca\u4e1c\u5317\u7684\u6ce2\u7f57\u7684\u6d77<\/a>[\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u4e1c\u6d77\uff08\u5fb7\u8bed\uff1aOstsee\uff09]<\/sup>\u6d77\u5cb8\u9012\u51cf[\u4e66 36]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5176\u6700\u9ad8\u70b9\u4e3a\u695a\u683c\u5cf0<\/a>\uff08\u963f\u5c14\u5351\u65af\u5c71\uff09\uff0c\u6d77\u62d42,962\u7c73\uff089,718\u82f1\u5c3a\uff09\uff0c\u6700\u4f4e\u70b9\u4e3a\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\u7279\u9a6c\u65af\u514b<\/a>\uff08\u5317\u5fb7\u4f4e\u5730\uff09\uff0c\u6d77\u62d4\u4e3a\u6d77\u5e73\u9762\u4ee5\u4e0b3.54\u7c73\uff0811.6\u82f1\u5c3a\uff09\u3002\u83b1\u8335\u6cb3<\/a>\u3001\u591a\u7459\u6cb3<\/a>\u53ca\u6613\u5317\u6cb3<\/a>\u7b49\u5927\u6cb3\u7a7f\u6d41\u800c\u8fc7\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e2d\u90e8\u7684\u68ee\u6797\u9ad8\u5730\u53ca\u5317\u90e8\u4f4e\u5730\u3002\u963f\u5c14\u5351\u65af\u5c71\u5730\u533a\u7684\u51b0\u5ddd\u6b63\u9010\u6e10\u7ecf\u5386\u6d88\u9000\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u91cd\u8981\u81ea\u7136\u8d44\u6e90\u5305\u62ec\u94c1\u77ff\u3001\u7164\u77ff\u3001\u8349\u6728\u7070<\/a>\u3001\u6728\u6750\u3001\u8910\u7164<\/a>\u3001\u94c0<\/a>\u3001\u94dc\u3001\u5929\u7136\u6c14\u3001\u76d0\u3001\u954d\u3001\u8015\u5730<\/a>\u53ca\u6c34[\u53c2 72]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.1 \u6c14\u5019 | Climate<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u56fe3-2\u81f33-5\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u5fb7\u56fd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5730\u533a\u53d7\u897f\u98ce\u5e26\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5c5e\u6e29\u5e26\u6d77\u6d0b\u6027\u6c14\u5019<\/a>[\u4e66 37]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u6b64\u5730\u533a\u6c14\u5019\u56e0\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u6e7e\u6696\u6d41<\/a>\u5411\u5317\u5ef6\u4f38\u7684\u5317\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u6f02\u6d41<\/a>\u800c\u8f83\u4e3a\u6e29\u548c\uff0c\u800c\u8be5\u6696\u6d41\u8f83\u6e29\u6696\u7684\u6d77\u6c34\u5f71\u54cd\u5317\u6d77\u5468\u8fb9\u533a\u57df\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5fb7\u56fd\u5e74\u5747\u964d\u6c34\u91cf\u4e3a789\u6beb\u7c73\uff0831\u82f1\u5bf8\uff09\uff0c\u65e0\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u5e72\u71e5\u671f\u3002\u51ac\u5b63\u6e29\u548c\uff0c\u590f\u5b63\u6e29\u6696\uff0c\u6c14\u6e29\u53ef\u8d8530 \u00b0C<\/a>\uff0886 \u00b0F<\/a>\uff09[\u53c2 73]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e1c\u90e8\u504f\u5411\u5927\u9646\u6027\u6c14\u5019<\/a>\uff0c\u51ac\u5b63\u5bd2\u51b7\uff0c\u590f\u5b63\u6e29\u6696\uff0c\u8f83\u5e38\u51fa\u73b0\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u5e72\u71e5\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e2d\u90e8\u53ca\u5357\u90e8\u5730\u533a\u4e3a\u6d77\u6d0b\u6027\u6c14\u5019\u53ca\u5927\u9646\u6027\u6c14\u5019\u7684\u8fc7\u6e21\u5e26\uff0c\u6700\u5357\u90e8\u7684\u963f\u5c14\u5351\u65af\u5c71\u533a\u6c14\u6e29\u8f83\u4f4e\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e2d\u90e8\u7684\u9ad8\u5730\u5c5e\u5c71\u5730\u6c14\u5019\uff0c\u6c14\u6e29\u8f83\u4f4e\u4e14\u964d\u96e8\u8f83\u591a[\u53c2 73]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From February 2019 \u2013 2020, average monthly temperatures in Germany ranged from a low of 3.3 \u00b0C (37.9 \u00b0F) in January 2020 to a high of 19.8 \u00b0C (67.6 \u00b0F) in June 2019.[117]<\/a><\/sup> Average monthly precipitation ranged from 30 litres per square metre in February and April 2019 to 125 litres per square metre in February 2020.[118]<\/a><\/sup> Average monthly hours of sunshine ranged from 45 in November 2019 to 300 in June 2019.[119]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4ece2019\u5e742\u6708\u81f32020\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u6708\u6c14\u6e29\u57282020\u5e741\u6708\u7684\u6700\u4f4e3.3\u00b0C\uff0837.9\u00b0F\uff09\u52302019\u5e746\u6708\u7684\u6700\u9ad819.8\u00b0C\uff0867.6\u00b0F\uff09\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002[117]\u5e73\u5747\u6708\u964d\u6c34\u91cf\u57282019\u5e742\u6708\u548c4\u6708\u7684\u6bcf\u5e73\u65b9\u7c7330\u5347\u81f32020\u5e742\u6708\u7684\u6bcf\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73125\u5347\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002[118]\u5e73\u5747\u6bcf\u6708\u65e5\u7167\u65f6\u957f\u57282019\u5e7411\u6708\u768445\u5c0f\u65f6\u81f32019\u5e746\u6708\u7684300\u5c0f\u65f6\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002[119]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.2 \u751f\u7269\u591a\u6837\u6027 | Biodiversity<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u56fe3-6\u548c3-7\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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\u52a8\u690d\u7269\u4e3a\u4e2d\u6b27\u5730\u533a\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u7269\u79cd\uff0c\u5c71\u6bdb\u6989<\/a>\u3001\u6a61\u6811<\/a>\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u843d\u53f6\u6797\u6784\u6210\u68ee\u6797\u7684\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u677e\u67cf<\/a>\u5219\u56e0\u91cd\u65b0\u9020\u6797\u800c\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u4e91\u6749<\/a>\u53ca\u51b7\u6749<\/a>\u4e3a\u9ad8\u5c71\u5730\u533a\u4e3b\u8981\u6797\u76f8\uff0c\u677e<\/a>\u53ca\u843d\u53f6\u677e<\/a>\u591a\u751f\u957f\u4e8e\u7802\u8d28\u571f\u58e4\u3002\u53e6\u5b58\u5728\u591a\u79cd\u8568\u7c7b<\/a>\u3001\u82b1<\/a>\u3001\u771f\u83cc<\/a>\u3001\u82d4\u85d3\u7c7b<\/a>\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u5305\u62ec\u9e7f<\/a>\u3001\u91ce\u732a<\/a>\u3001\u76d8\u7f8a<\/a>\u3001\u72d0<\/a>\u3001\u737e<\/a>\u3001\u91ce\u5154<\/a>\u3001\u6cb3\u72f8<\/a>\u3002[\u4e66 38]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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3.3 \u57ce\u5e02<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a\u5fb7\u56fd\u57ce\u5e02\u5217\u8868<\/a>\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u57ce\u5e02\u5217\u8868 (\u6309\u4eba\u53e3\u6392\u5217)<\/a>\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5927\u90fd\u5e02\u533a<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

4. \u653f\u6cbb | Politics<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Politics of Germany<\/a>, Taxation in Germany<\/a>, and Federal budget of Germany<\/a>
\u3010\u4e3b\u8981\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u5fb7\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u7a0e\u6536\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u9884\u7b97\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u5fb7\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY 4.0\u534f\u8bae
\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1aPresident.gov.ua<\/a>
\u5f17\u5170\u514b-\u74e6\u5c14\u7279\u00b7\u65bd\u6cf0\u56e0\u8fc8\u5c14<\/a>
\u73b0\u4efb \u8054\u90a6\u603b\u7edf<\/a>\uff082017\u5e74\u5c31\u4efb\uff09<\/small><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a>
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\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1aQuirinale.it<\/a>
\u5965\u62c9\u592b\u00b7\u6714\u5c14\u8328<\/a>
\u8054\u90a6\u603b\u7406<\/a>\uff082021\u5e74\u5c31\u4efb\uff09<\/small><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

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\u5fb7\u56fd\u503a\u52a1-GDP\u6bd4<\/a>\u57282010\u5e74\u8fbe\u5230\u6700\u9ad8\uff0880.3%\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u540e\u9010\u6e10\u4e0b\u964d[\u53c2 82]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u6839\u636e\u6b27\u6d32\u7edf\u8ba1\u5c40<\/a>\u6570\u636e\uff0c2015\u5e74\u5fb7\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u51c0\u503a<\/a>\u89c4\u6a21\u8fbe\u52302.152\u4e07\u4ebf\u6b27\u5143\uff0c\u5360\u5176GDP\u768471.9%[\u53c2 83]<\/a><\/sup>\u30022015\u5e74\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u9884\u7b97\u76c8\u4f59\u8fbe121\u4ebf\u6b27\u5143\uff08131\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\uff09[\u53c2 84]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u6807\u51c6\u666e\u5c14<\/a>\u3001\u7a46\u8fea<\/a>\u548c\u60e0\u8a89<\/a>\u7b49\u4fe1\u7528\u8bc4\u7ea7\u673a\u6784\u5bf9\u5fb7\u56fd\u8bc4\u7ea7\u4e3a\u6700\u9ad8\u7684AAA\u7ea7\uff0c2016\u5e74\u5c55\u671b\u4e3a\u7a33\u5b9a[\u53c2 85]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe4-1\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

4.1 \u6cd5\u5f8b | Law<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u5fb7\u56fd\u6cd5\u9662\u4f53\u7cfb<\/a>\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\u6267\u6cd5\u673a\u6784<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Law of Germany<\/a>, Judiciary of Germany<\/a>, and Law enforcement in Germany<\/a>
\u3010\u4e3b\u8981\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u5fb7\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u6267\u6cd5\u90e8\u95e8\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u5fb7\u56fd\u6ca1\u6709\u6b7b\u5211\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u6cd5\u7b2c102\u6761\u4e2d\u660e\u6587\u89c4\u5b9a\u5e9f\u9664\u6b7b\u5211\uff1b\u800c\u6709\u8bc1\u636e\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u5e9f\u6b7b\uff0c\u6700\u65e9\u6765\u81ea\u53f3\u7ffc\u653f\u515a\u7684\u63d0\u6848\uff0c\u539f\u5148\u76ee\u7684\u5e76\u975e\u662f\u4e00\u822c\u7f6a\u884c\u7684\u51f6\u624b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4f01\u56fe\u963b\u788d\u76df\u519b\u5bf9\u6218\u72af\u6267\u884c\u6b7b\u5211[\u53c2 90]<\/a><\/sup>\uff1b\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5e9f\u6b7b\u5e76\u65e0\u5f71\u54cd\u6218\u72af\u7684\u5904\u51b3\uff0c\u4e5f\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u65e0\u6cd5\u5bf9\u5176\u6cd5\u9662\u6709\u62d8\u675f\u529b\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u76f8\u5173\u5904\u51b3\u5219\u6301\u7eed\u52301951\u5e74\u3002\u8be6\u60c5\u53ef\u89c1\u5fb7\u56fd\u6b7b\u5211\u5236\u5ea6<\/a>\u4e00\u6587\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As of 2016, Germany’s murder rate stood at a low of 1.18 murders per 100,000.[146]<\/a><\/sup> In 2018, the overall crime rate<\/a> fell to its lowest since 1992.[147]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u622a\u81f32016\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u8c0b\u6740\u7387\u4e3a\u6bcf10\u4e07\u4eba\u4e2d\u67091.18\u8d77\uff0c\u5904\u4e8e\u8f83\u4f4e\u6c34\u5e73\u3002[146]2018\u5e74\uff0c\u603b\u4f53\u72af\u7f6a\u7387\u964d\u81f31992\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u6700\u4f4e\u6c34\u5e73\u3002[147]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Same-sex marriage<\/a> has been legal in Germany since 2017, and LGBT rights<\/a> are generally protected in the nation.[148]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u81ea2017\u5e74\u8d77\uff0c\u540c\u6027\u5a5a\u59fb\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u5df2\u5408\u6cd5\u5316\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u666e\u904d\u4fdd\u62a4LGBT\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002[148]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe4-2\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

4.2 \u884c\u653f\u533a\u5212 | Constituent states<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u5fb7\u56fd\u884c\u653f\u533a\u5212<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a\u8054\u90a6\u5dde (\u5fb7\u56fd)<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: States of Germany<\/a>, Federalism in Germany<\/a>, and List of current Minister-presidents of the German federal states<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u8981\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u5fb7\u56fd\u5404\u5dde\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u5404\u8054\u90a6\u5dde\u73b0\u4efb\u90e8\u957f\u603b\u7edf\u540d\u5355\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\n
\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

4.3 \u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb | Foreign relations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Foreign relations of Germany<\/a> \/ \u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u5fb7\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe4-3\u548c4-4\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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2021\u5e74\uff0c\u9a7b\u5fb7\u7f8e\u519b<\/a>\u4eba\u6570\u4e3a33,900\u4eba\uff0c\u7f8e\u519b\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u5883\u5185\u6709119\u4e2a\u519b\u4e8b\u57fa\u5730\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.4 \u519b\u4e8b | Military<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u5fb7\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u56fd\u9632\u519b<\/a> \/ Main article: Bundeswehr<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe4-5\u81f34-7\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u6b66\u88c5\u90e8\u961f\u4e3a\u201c\u8054\u90a6\u56fd\u9632\u519b<\/a>\u201d\uff0c\u7531\u9646\u519b<\/a>\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u7279\u79cd\u90e8\u961f<\/a>\uff09\u3001\u6d77\u519b<\/a>\u3001\u7a7a\u519b<\/a>\u4e09\u5927\u519b\u79cd\u53ca\u4e2d\u592e\u533b\u52a1\u519b<\/a>\u3001\u57fa\u7840\u519b<\/a>\uff08\u542b\u540e\u52e4\u3001\u9632\u8c0d\u53ca\u5baa\u5175\u7b49\u90e8\u961f\uff09\u4e24\u5927\u8de8\u519b\u79cd\u90e8\u961f\u7ec4\u6210\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u519b\u8d39\u603b\u652f\u51fa\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c9\u9ad8<\/a>[\u53c2 115]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c2015\u5e74\u8fd9\u4e00\u6570\u989d\u4e3a329\u4ebf\u6b27\u5143\uff0c\u7ea6\u5360\u5176GDP\u76841.2%\uff0c\u8fdc\u4f4e\u4e8e\u5317\u7ea6\u8981\u6c42\u76842.0%[\u53c2 116]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine<\/a>, Chancellor Olaf Scholz announced that German military expenditure would be increased past the NATO target of 2%, along with a one-time 2022 infusion of 100 billion euros, representing almost double the 53 billion euro military budget for 2021.[162]<\/a>[163]<\/a><\/sup> In 2023, military spending according to NATO criteria amounted to $73.1 billion, or 1.64% of the country’s GDP, well below the NATO target of 2%. In 2024, Germany reported $97.7 billion to NATO, exceeding the NATO target of 2% at 2.12% of GDP.[164]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u9488\u5bf92022\u5e74\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5165\u4fb5\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\uff0c\u603b\u7406\u5965\u62c9\u592b\u00b7\u6714\u5c14\u8328\uff08Olaf Scholz\uff09\u5ba3\u5e03\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5c06\u589e\u52a0\u519b\u8d39\u5f00\u652f\uff0c\u8d85\u8fc7\u5317\u7ea62%\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u5e76\u57282022\u5e74\u4e00\u6b21\u6027\u8ffd\u52a01000\u4ebf\u6b27\u5143\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u662f2021\u5e74530\u4ebf\u6b27\u5143\u519b\u8d39\u9884\u7b97\u7684\u4e24\u500d\u3002[162][163]\u6839\u636e\u5317\u7ea6\u7684\u6807\u51c6\uff0c2023\u5e74\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u519b\u8d39\u5f00\u652f\u4e3a731\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\uff0c\u5360\u8be5\u56fd\u56fd\u5185\u751f\u4ea7\u603b\u503c\uff08GDP\uff09\u76841.64%\uff0c\u8fdc\u4f4e\u4e8e\u5317\u7ea62%\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u30022024\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5411\u5317\u7ea6\u62a5\u544a\u7684\u519b\u8d39\u5f00\u652f\u4e3a977\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\uff0c\u5360GDP\u76842.12%\uff0c\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e86\u5317\u7ea62%\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u3002[164]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As of May 2024, the Bundeswehr<\/em> has a strength of 180,215 active soldiers and 80,761 civilians.[165]<\/a><\/sup> Reservists are available to the armed forces and participate in defence exercises and deployments abroad.[166]<\/a><\/sup> Until 2011, military service was compulsory<\/a> for men at age 18, but this has been officially suspended and replaced with a voluntary service.[167]<\/a>[168]<\/a><\/sup> Since 2001 women may serve in all functions of service without restriction.[169]<\/a><\/sup> According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute<\/a>, Germany was the fifth-largest exporter of major arms<\/a> in the world from 2019 to 2023.[170]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u622a\u81f32024\u5e745\u6708\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u56fd\u9632\u519b\u62e5\u6709180,215\u540d\u73b0\u5f79\u519b\u4eba\u548c80,761\u540d\u6587\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u3002[165]\u540e\u5907\u5f79\u4eba\u5458\u53ef\u4f9b\u6b66\u88c5\u90e8\u961f\u8c03\u7528\uff0c\u5e76\u53c2\u4e0e\u56fd\u9632\u6f14\u4e60\u548c\u56fd\u5916\u90e8\u7f72\u3002[166]\u622a\u81f32011\u5e74\uff0c18\u5c81\u7537\u6027\u9700\u670d\u5175\u5f79\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e00\u5236\u5ea6\u5df2\u88ab\u6b63\u5f0f\u6682\u505c\uff0c\u53d6\u800c\u4ee3\u4e4b\u7684\u662f\u81ea\u613f\u670d\u5f79\u3002[167][168]\u81ea2001\u5e74\u8d77\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u53ef\u5728\u65e0\u4efb\u4f55\u9650\u5236\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u62c5\u4efb\u6240\u6709\u519b\u804c\u3002[169]\u636e\u65af\u5fb7\u54e5\u5c14\u6469\u56fd\u9645\u548c\u5e73\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u79f0\uff0c2019\u5e74\u81f32023\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u662f\u5168\u7403\u7b2c\u4e94\u5927\u519b\u706b\u51fa\u53e3\u56fd\u3002[170]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In peacetime, the Bundeswehr<\/em> is commanded by the Minister of Defence. In state of defence<\/a>, the Chancellor would become commander-in-chief of the Bundeswehr<\/em>.[171]<\/a><\/sup> The role of the Bundeswehr<\/em> is described in the Constitution of Germany<\/a> as defensive only. But after a ruling of the Federal Constitutional Court in 1994, the term “defence” has been defined not only to include protection of the borders of Germany, but also crisis reaction and conflict prevention, or more broadly as guarding the security<\/a> of Germany anywhere in the world. As of 2017, the German military has about 3,600 troops stationed in foreign countries as part of international peacekeeping forces, including about 1,200 supporting operations against Daesh<\/a>, 980 in the NATO-led Resolute Support Mission<\/a> in Afghanistan, and 800 in Kosovo<\/a>.[172]<\/a>[173]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u548c\u5e73\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u56fd\u9632\u519b\u7531\u56fd\u9632\u90e8\u957f\u6307\u6325\u3002\u5728\u9632\u5fa1\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\uff0c\u603b\u7406\u5c06\u6210\u4e3a\u8054\u90a6\u56fd\u9632\u519b\u7684\u603b\u53f8\u4ee4\u3002[171]\u5fb7\u56fd\u300a\u57fa\u672c\u6cd5\u300b\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u56fd\u9632\u519b\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u4ec5\u5177\u6709\u9632\u5fa1\u6027\u3002\u4f46\u8054\u90a6\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u96621994\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u88c1\u51b3\u5c06\u201c\u9632\u5fa1\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u6269\u5927\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5305\u62ec\u4fdd\u536b\u5fb7\u56fd\u8fb9\u5883\uff0c\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u5371\u673a\u5e94\u5bf9\u548c\u51b2\u7a81\u9884\u9632\uff0c\u6216\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u4efb\u4f55\u5730\u65b9\u4fdd\u536b\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u3002\u622a\u81f32017\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u519b\u961f\u7ea6\u67093600\u540d\u58eb\u5175\u9a7b\u624e\u5728\u56fd\u5916\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u7ef4\u548c\u90e8\u961f\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u7ea61200\u540d\u53c2\u4e0e\u6253\u51fb\u201c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u56fd\u201d\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u3001980\u540d\u53c2\u4e0e\u5317\u7ea6\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u963f\u5bcc\u6c57\u201c\u575a\u5b9a\u652f\u6301\u4f7f\u547d\u201d\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca800\u540d\u9a7b\u79d1\u7d22\u6c83\u7684\u58eb\u5175\u3002[172][173]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6839\u636e\u5fb7\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u56fd\u9632\u519b\u4ec5\u5177\u56fd\u9632\u804c\u8d23\uff0c\u4f461994\u5e74\u8054\u90a6\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\u88c1\u5b9a\u201c\u56fd\u9632\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5305\u62ec\u4fdd\u536b\u5fb7\u56fd\u56fd\u5883\uff0c\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u5371\u673a\u5e94\u5bf9\u53ca\u51b2\u7a81\u9884\u9632\uff0c\u5e7f\u81f3\u4fdd\u536b\u4e16\u754c\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u3002\u622a\u81f32015\u5e741\u6708\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u519b\u961f\u7ea6\u67092,370\u4eba\u5728\u6d77\u5916\u8fdb\u884c\u56fd\u9645\u7ef4\u548c\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5317\u7ea6\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7684\u9a7b\u963f\u5bcc\u6c57\u56fd\u9645\u7ef4\u548c\u90e8\u961f<\/a>\uff0c850\u4eba\u90e8\u7f72\u4e8e\u963f\u5bcc\u6c57\u548c\u4e4c\u5179\u522b\u514b\u65af\u5766\uff0c670\u4eba\u90e8\u7f72\u4e8e\u79d1\u7d22\u6c83\uff0c120\u4eba\u540c\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u9a7b\u9ece\u5df4\u5ae9\u4e34\u65f6\u90e8\u961f<\/a>\u90e8\u7f72\u4e8e\u9ece\u5df4\u5ae9[\u53c2 122]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2011\u5e74\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u5e74\u6ee118\u5c81\u7537\u6027\u987b\u670d6\u4e2a\u6708\u4e49\u52a1\u5f79\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u5b97\u6559\u6216\u9053\u5fb7\u56e0\u7d20\u4e0d\u613f\u670d\u5175\u5f79\u8005\u5f97\u53c2\u52a0\u4e0e\u5f79\u671f\u7b49\u957f\u7684\u516c\u5171\u670d\u52a1<\/a>\uff0c\u6216\u5fd7\u613f\u53c2\u4e0e\u5fd7\u613f\u6d88\u9632\u5c40<\/a>\u6216\u7ea2\u5341\u5b57\u4f1a<\/a>\u7b49\u6025\u6551\u673a\u67846\u5e74\u30022011\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u4e49\u52a1\u5175\u5f79\u505c\u6b62\uff0c\u6539\u4e3a\u5fd7\u613f\u5175\u5f79\u5236[\u53c2 123]<\/a><\/sup>[\u53c2 124]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. \u7ecf\u6d4e | Economy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Economy of Germany<\/a>, Science and technology in Germany<\/a>, and List of German inventions and discoveries<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u8981\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u5fb7\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u6280\u672f\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u53d1\u660e\u4e0e\u53d1\u73b0\u5217\u8868\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u5fb7\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe5-1\u81f35-3\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Germany has a social market economy<\/a> with a highly skilled labour force<\/a>, a low level of corruption<\/a>,[175]<\/a><\/sup> and a high level of innovation<\/a>.[176]<\/a><\/sup> It is the world’s third-largest exporter<\/a> and third-largest importer<\/a>,[4]<\/a><\/sup> and has the largest economy in Europe by nominal GDP<\/a>, which is also the world’s third-largest economy by nominal GDP<\/a>[177]<\/a><\/sup> and sixth-largest by PPP-adjusted GDP<\/a>.[178]<\/a><\/sup> Its GDP per capita measured in purchasing power standards amounts to 121% of the EU27 average.[179]<\/a><\/sup> The country’s service sector<\/a> contributes approximately 69% of the total GDP, industry 31%\u2014with Germany having the largest manufacturing sector in Europe<\/a>\u2014and agriculture<\/a> 1% as of 2017.[4]<\/a><\/sup> The unemployment rate published by Eurostat<\/a> amounts to 3.2% as of January\u00a02020, which is the fourth-lowest in the EU<\/a>.[180]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5fb7\u56fd\u62e5\u6709\u793e\u4f1a\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e<\/a>\u4f53\u5236\uff0c\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u6280\u80fd\u6c34\u5e73\u9ad8\u3001\u8150\u8d25\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4f4e[175]\uff0c\u521b\u65b0\u80fd\u529b\u5f3a[176]\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u4e09\u5927\u51fa\u53e3\u56fd<\/a>\u548c\u7b2c\u4e09\u5927\u8fdb\u53e3\u56fd[4]\uff0c\u6309\u540d\u4e49\u56fd\u5185\u751f\u4ea7\u603b\u503c\uff08GDP\uff09\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u62e5\u6709\u6b27\u6d32\u6700\u5927\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u4e09\u5927\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53[177]\uff0c\u6309\u8d2d\u4e70\u529b\u5e73\u4ef7\uff08PPP\uff09\u8c03\u6574\u540e\u7684\u56fd\u5185\u751f\u4ea7\u603b\u503c\u8ba1\u7b97\u5219\u4f4d\u5c45\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u516d[178]\u3002\u6309\u8d2d\u4e70\u529b\u6807\u51c6\u8861\u91cf\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u4eba\u5747\u56fd\u5185\u751f\u4ea7\u603b\u503c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u6b27\u76df27\u56fd\u5e73\u5747\u6c34\u5e73\u7684121%[179]\u3002\u622a\u81f32017\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u4e1a<\/a>\u3010\u4e2d\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\uff1a\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u901a\u8baf\u4ea7\u4e1a<\/a>\uff09\u3011<\/sup>\u5360\u56fd\u5185\u751f\u4ea7\u603b\u503c\u603b\u989d\u7684\u7ea669%\uff0c\u5de5\u4e1a\u536031%\uff08\u5fb7\u56fd\u62e5\u6709\u6b27\u6d32\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5236\u9020\u4e1a\u90e8\u95e8\uff09\uff0c\u519c\u4e1a\u53601%[4]\u3002\u6839\u636e\u6b27\u76df\u7edf\u8ba1\u5c40\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u622a\u81f32020\u5e741\u6708\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\u4e3a3.2%\uff0c\u5728\u6b27\u76df\u4e2d\u4f4d\u5217\u7b2c\u56db\u4f4e[180]\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e3a\u6b27\u6d32\u5355\u4e00\u5e02\u573a<\/a>\uff08\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u6570\u91cf\u8d85\u8fc75.08\u4ebf\uff09\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u591a\u9879\u56fd\u5185\u5546\u4e1a\u653f\u7b56\u901a\u8fc7\u6b27\u76df\u6210\u5458\u56fd\u534f\u5b9a\u53ca\u6b27\u76df\u7acb\u6cd5\u534f\u8c03\u5236\u8ba2\u30022002\u5e74\u5fb7\u56fd\u63a8\u884c\u6b27\u6d32\u5171\u540c\u8d27\u5e01\u6b27\u5143<\/a>[\u53c2 132]<\/a><\/sup>[\u53c2 133]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6b27\u5143\u533a\u6210\u5458\u56fd\uff08\u603b\u4eba\u53e3\u8fd13.38\u4ebf\uff09\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u8d27\u5e01\u653f\u7b56\u7531\u603b\u90e8\u8bbe\u4e8e\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u9646\u91d1\u878d\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f<\/a>\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u4e2d\u592e\u94f6\u884c<\/a>\u5236\u8ba2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, the country accounted for 28% of the eurozone<\/a> economy according to the International Monetary Fund<\/a>.[182]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6839\u636e\u56fd\u9645\u8d27\u5e01\u57fa\u91d1\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff0c2017\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5360\u6b27\u5143\u533a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u768428%\u3002[182]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The automotive industry in Germany<\/a> is regarded as one of the most competitive and innovative in the world,[185]<\/a><\/sup> and is the sixth-largest by production<\/a> as of 2021. Germany is home to Volkswagen Group<\/a>, the world’s second-largest automotive manufacturer<\/a> by vehicle production.[186]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u6c7d\u8f66\u5de5\u4e1a\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u5177\u7ade\u4e89\u529b\u548c\u521b\u65b0\u529b\u7684\u6c7d\u8f66\u5de5\u4e1a\u4e4b\u4e00[185]\uff0c\u622a\u81f32021\u5e74\uff0c\u6309\u4ea7\u91cf\u8ba1\u7b97\u5c45\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u516d\u4f4d\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u662f\u5927\u4f17\u96c6\u56e2\u7684\u6240\u5728\u5730\uff0c\u8be5\u96c6\u56e2\u6309\u6c7d\u8f66\u4ea7\u91cf\u8ba1\u7b97\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5927\u6c7d\u8f66\u5236\u9020\u5546[186]\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The top ten exports of Germany<\/a> are vehicles, machinery, chemical goods, electronic products, electrical equipments, pharmaceuticals, transport equipments, basic metals, food products, and rubber and plastics.[188]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5fb7\u56fd\u5341\u5927\u51fa\u53e3\u4ea7\u54c1\u5305\u62ec\u8f66\u8f86\u3001\u673a\u68b0\u3001\u5316\u5de5\u4ea7\u54c1\u3001\u7535\u5b50\u4ea7\u54c1\u3001\u7535\u6c14\u8bbe\u5907\u3001\u836f\u54c1\u3001\u8fd0\u8f93\u8bbe\u5907\u3001\u57fa\u7840\u91d1\u5c5e\u3001\u98df\u54c1\u548c\u6a61\u80f6\u53ca\u5851\u6599\u5236\u54c1\u3002[188]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of the world’s 500 largest stock-market-listed companies measured by revenue in 2023, the Fortune Global 500<\/a>, 32 are headquartered in Germany.[189]<\/a><\/sup> 30 major Germany-based companies are included in the DAX<\/a>, the German stock market index which is operated by Frankfurt Stock Exchange<\/a>.[190]<\/a><\/sup> Well-known international brands include Mercedes-Benz<\/a>, BMW<\/a>, Volkswagen<\/a>, Audi<\/a>, Porsche<\/a>, Opel<\/a>, Siemens<\/a>, Allianz<\/a>, Adidas<\/a>, Puma<\/a>, Hugo Boss<\/a>, SAP SE<\/a>, Bosch<\/a> and Deutsche Telekom<\/a>.[191]<\/a><\/sup> Berlin<\/a> is a hub<\/a> for startup companies<\/a> and has become the leading location for venture capital funded firms in the European Union.[192]<\/a><\/sup> Germany is recognised for its large portion of specialised small and medium enterprises<\/a>, known as the Mittelstand<\/a><\/em> model.[193]<\/a><\/sup> These companies represent 48% of the global market leaders in their segments, labelled hidden champions<\/a>.[194]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u57282023\u5e74\u6309\u6536\u5165\u8861\u91cf\u7684\u4e16\u754c500\u5bb6\u6700\u5927\u4e0a\u5e02\u516c\u53f8\u699c\u5355\uff08\u5373\u300a\u8d22\u5bcc\u300b\u4e16\u754c500\u5f3a\u699c\u5355\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u670932\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u603b\u90e8\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5fb7\u56fd\u3002[189]\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\u8bc1\u5238\u4ea4\u6613\u6240\u8fd0\u8425\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u80a1\u5e02\u6307\u6570DAX\u4e2d\uff0c\u670930\u5bb6\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u516c\u53f8\u3002[190]\u77e5\u540d\u56fd\u9645\u54c1\u724c\u5305\u62ec\u6885\u8d5b\u5fb7\u65af-\u5954\u9a70\u3001\u5b9d\u9a6c\u3001\u5927\u4f17\u3001\u5965\u8fea\u3001\u4fdd\u65f6\u6377\u3001\u6b27\u5b9d\u3001\u897f\u95e8\u5b50\u3001\u5b89\u8054\u3001\u963f\u8fea\u8fbe\u65af\u3001\u5f6a\u9a6c\u3001\u96e8\u679c\u535a\u65af\u3001\u601d\u7231\u666e\uff08SAP SE\uff09\u3001\u535a\u4e16\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\u7535\u4fe1\u3002[191]\u67cf\u6797\u662f\u521d\u521b\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u6b27\u76df\u98ce\u9669\u6295\u8d44\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u9996\u9009\u5730\u70b9\u3002[192]\u5fb7\u56fd\u4ee5\u5176\u4f17\u591a\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u4e2d\u5c0f\u4f01\u4e1a\u800c\u8457\u79f0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f01\u4e1a\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u4e2d\u578b\u4f01\u4e1a\u6a21\u5f0f\u201d\u3002[193]\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f01\u4e1a\u5728\u5404\u81ea\u9886\u57df\u5360\u5168\u7403\u5e02\u573a\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u768448%\uff0c\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u9690\u5f62\u51a0\u519b\u201d\u3002[194]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Research and development<\/a> efforts form an integral part of the German economy,[195]<\/a><\/sup> with the country ranking fourth<\/a> in research and development expenditure since 2005.[196]<\/a><\/sup> In 2018, Germany ranked fourth<\/a> globally in terms of number of science and engineering research papers published[197]<\/a><\/sup> and third in the quality-adjusted Nature Index<\/a> in 2023.[198]<\/a><\/sup> Research institutions in Germany include the Max Planck Society<\/a>, the Helmholtz Association<\/a>, and the Fraunhofer Society<\/a> and the Leibniz Association<\/a>.[199]<\/a><\/sup> Germany is the largest contributor to the European Space Agency<\/a>.[200]<\/a><\/sup> Germany was ranked 9th in the Global Innovation Index<\/a> in 2024.[201]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u7814\u53d1\u5de5\u4f5c\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c[195]\u81ea2005\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5728\u7814\u53d1\u652f\u51fa\u65b9\u9762\u4e00\u76f4\u4f4d\u5c45\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u56db\u3002[196]2018\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5728\u5168\u7403\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u5de5\u7a0b\u7814\u7a76\u8bba\u6587\u53d1\u8868\u6570\u91cf\u65b9\u9762\u6392\u540d\u7b2c\u56db\uff0c[197]\u800c\u57282023\u5e74\u7ecf\u8fc7\u8d28\u91cf\u8c03\u6574\u7684\u300a\u81ea\u7136\u300b\u6307\u6570\u4e2d\u6392\u540d\u7b2c\u4e09\u3002[198]\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u673a\u6784\u5305\u62ec\u9a6c\u514b\u65af\u00b7\u666e\u6717\u514b\u5b66\u4f1a\u3001\u4ea5\u59c6\u970d\u8328\u8054\u5408\u4f1a\u3001\u5f17\u6717\u970d\u592b\u534f\u4f1a\u548c\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u534f\u4f1a\u3002[199]\u5fb7\u56fd\u662f\u6b27\u6d32\u822a\u5929\u5c40\u7684\u6700\u5927\u51fa\u8d44\u56fd\u3002[200]\u57282024\u5e74\u5168\u7403\u521b\u65b0\u6307\u6570\u6392\u540d\u4e2d\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u4f4d\u5217\u7b2c\u4e5d\u3002[201]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.1 \u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd | Infrastructure<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Transport in Germany<\/a>, Energy in Germany<\/a>, Telecommunications in Germany<\/a>, and Water supply and sanitation in Germany<\/a><\/em>
\u3010\u4e3b\u8981\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u4ea4\u901a\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u80fd\u6e90\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u7535\u4fe1\u4ee5\u53ca\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u4f9b\u6c34\u548c\u536b\u751f\u8bbe\u65bd\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe5-4\u81f35-6\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

5.1.1 \u4ea4\u901a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u5fb7\u56fd\u4ea4\u901a<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5fb7\u56fd\u4f4d\u4e8e\u6b27\u6d32\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u4e3a\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u9646\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4ea4\u901a\u67a2\u7ebd[\u53c2 141]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u7a20\u5bc6\u7684\u9053\u8def\u4ea4\u901a\u7f51[\u53c2 142]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u65e9\u62e5\u6709\u9ad8\u901f\u516c\u8def<\/a>\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5df2\u670980\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u603b\u91cc\u7a0b\u7ea61.3\u4e07\u516c\u91cc\uff0c\u5c45\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u516d<\/a>\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6709\u7ea670%\u9ad8\u901f\u8def\u6bb5\u65e0\u901f\u5ea6\u9650\u5236[\u53c2 143]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u666e\u901a\u516c\u8def\u5206\u4e3a\u8054\u90a6\u7ea7\u3001\u5dde\u7ea7\u548c\u4e61\u9547\u7ea7\u4e09\u7b49\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u8f66\u901f\u4e3a100\u516c\u91cc\uff0f\u5c0f\u65f6\uff0c\u5e02\u533a\u5185\u4e3a50\u516c\u91cc\uff0f\u5c0f\u65f6\uff0c\u4f4f\u5b85\u533a\u5185\u4e00\u822c\u53ea\u5141\u8bb830\u516c\u91cc\uff0f\u5c0f\u65f6\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u83b7\u51c6\u884c\u9a76\u7684\u673a\u52a8\u8f66\u7ea64,000\u591a\u4e07\u8f86\uff0c\u4eba\u57470.63\u8f86<\/a>\uff082008\u5e74\uff09[\u53c2 130]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5927\u529b\u63a8\u884c\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u4f18\u60e0\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u516c\u4f17\u5df4\u58eb\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u4e3a\u4eba\u4eec\u6240\u559c\u7231\u548c\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u6b64\u540e\u81ea\u884c\u8f66\u4e5f\u6084\u6084\u8fdb\u5165\u57ce\u5e02\u4ea4\u901a\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u57ce\u5e02\u6709\u81ea\u884c\u8f66\u8def\u7ebf\uff0c\u5e76\u4fee\u5efa\u81ea\u884c\u8f66\u9ad8\u901f\u516c\u8def<\/a>[\u53c2 144]<\/a><\/sup>[\u6765\u6e90\u53ef\u9760\uff1f<\/a>]<\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u94c1\u8def<\/a>\u603b\u957f\u5ea6\u8fd15\u4e07\u516c\u91cc\uff0c\u5c45\u4e16\u754c\u524d\u5341\u4f4d\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u4ea6\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u9ad8\u901f\u94c1\u8def\u7f51<\/a>\uff0c\u8054\u901a\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e3b\u8981\u57ce\u5e02\u53ca\u5468\u8fb9\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5176\u8425\u8fd0\u901f\u5ea6\u6700\u9ad8\u8fbe300\u516c\u91cc\u6bcf\u5c0f\u65f6[\u53c2 145]<\/a><\/sup>\u30021994\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u94c1\u8def<\/a>\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\u56fd\u8425\u94c1\u8def<\/a>\u5408\u5e76\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u79c1\u6709\u5316\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u5fb7\u56fd\u94c1\u8def\u80a1\u4efd\u516c\u53f8<\/a>(DB)\u30022014\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u5fb7\u56fd\u94c1\u8def\u516c\u53f8<\/a>\u8865\u8d34170\u4ebf\u6b27\u5143[\u53c2 146]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6c49\u838e\u822a\u7a7a<\/a>\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u6700\u5927\u7684\u822a\u7a7a\u4f01\u4e1a\u3002\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\u673a\u573a<\/a>\u548c\u6155\u5c3c\u9ed1\u673a\u573a<\/a>\u4e3a\u5fb7\u56fd\u6700\u5927\u673a\u573a\uff0c\u4e8c\u8005\u5747\u4e3a\u6c49\u838e\u822a\u7a7a<\/a>\u7684\u67a2\u7ebd\u673a\u573a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\u56fd\u9645\u673a\u573a<\/a>\u662f\u6b27\u6d32\u7b2c\u4e09\u3001\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u516b\u5927\u673a\u573a\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6b27\u6d32\u8d27\u8fd0\u91cf\u548c\u8d77\u964d\u91cf\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5927\u673a\u573a\uff1b\u67cf\u6797-\u6cf0\u683c\u5c14\u673a\u573a<\/a>\u548c\u675c\u585e\u5c14\u591a\u592b\u673a\u573a<\/a>\u5219\u4e3a\u67cf\u6797\u822a\u7a7a<\/a>\u67a2\u7ebd\u673a\u573a[\u53c2 147]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u76ee\u524d\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u5185\u6cb3\u5e74\u8d27\u8fd0\u91cf\u57282\u4ebf\u5428\u4ee5\u4e0a\uff0c\u7ea6\u5360\u5168\u56fd\u8d27\u8fd0\u603b\u91cf\u76841\/4\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u83b1\u8335\u6cb3<\/a>\u627f\u62c5\u7ea62\/3\u7684\u6c34\u8def\u8fd0\u91cf\uff0c\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u6b27\u6d32\u9ec4\u91d1\u6c34\u9053\u201d\u3002\u57fa\u5c14\u8fd0\u6cb3<\/a>\u5b83\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u8fd0\u91cf\u6700\u5927\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u6c34\u9053\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u65b9\u4fbf\u6ce2\u7f57\u7684\u6d77<\/a>\u4e0e\u5317\u6d77<\/a>\u95f4\u7684\u822a\u8fd0\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6e2f\u53e3\u6709\u6c49\u5821<\/a>\u3001\u4e0d\u6765\u6885\u54c8\u82ac<\/a>\u3001\u5a01\u5ec9\u6e2f<\/a>\u3001\u5415\u8d1d\u514b<\/a>\u548c\u7f57\u65af\u6258\u514b<\/a>\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u6c49\u5821\u6e2f\uff0c\u662f\u6b27\u6d32\u7b2c\u4e09\u5927\u3001\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u4e5d\u5927\u6e2f\u53e3<\/a>\uff0c\u6709\u201c\u5fb7\u56fd\u901a\u5411\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u95e8\u6237\u201d\u4e4b\u79f0[\u53c2 148]<\/a><\/sup>\u30022012\u5e74\u843d\u6210\u7684\u5a01\u5ec9\u6e2f<\/a>\u96c6\u88c5\u7bb1\u6e2f\u533a\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u5929\u7136\u6df1\u6c34\u826f\u6e2f\uff0c\u6c34\u6df1\u8fbe18\u7c73\uff0c\u4e0e\u6c49\u5821\u6e2f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u901a\u5546\u53e3\u5cb8\u5f62\u6210\u826f\u597d\u7684\u4e92\u8865[\u53c2 149]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.1.2 \u80fd\u6e90<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

In 2019, Germany was the world’s seventh-largest consumer of energy.[208]<\/a><\/sup> All nuclear power plants<\/a> were phased out in 2023.[209]<\/a><\/sup> Germany meets its power demands using 40% renewable sources<\/a>, and has been called an “early leader” in solar<\/a> and offshore wind<\/a>.[210]<\/a>[211]<\/a><\/sup> The country is committed to the Paris Agreement<\/a> and several other treaties promoting biodiversity, low emission standards, and water management<\/a>.[212]<\/a>[213]<\/a>[214]<\/a><\/sup> Germany’s household recycling rate is among the highest in the world<\/a>\u2014at around 65%.[215]<\/a><\/sup> The country’s greenhouse gas emissions per capita<\/a> were the ninth-highest in the EU in 2018, but these numbers have been trending downward.[216]<\/a>[217]<\/a><\/sup> The German energy transition<\/a> (Energiewende<\/em>) is the recognised move to a sustainable economy by means of energy efficiency and renewable energy, with the country being called “the world’s first major renewable energy<\/a> economy”.[218]<\/a>[219]<\/a>[211]<\/a><\/sup> Germany has reduced its primary energy consumption<\/a> by 11% between 1990 and 2015[220]<\/a><\/sup> and set itself goals of reducing it by 30% by 2030 and by 50% by 2050.[221]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112019\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u4e03\u5927\u80fd\u6e90\u6d88\u8d39\u56fd\u3002[208]2023\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5df2\u5168\u9762\u6dd8\u6c70\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\u3002[209]\u5fb7\u56fd40%\u7684\u7535\u529b\u9700\u6c42\u7531\u53ef\u518d\u751f\u80fd\u6e90\u6ee1\u8db3\uff0c\u5728\u592a\u9633\u80fd\u548c\u6d77\u4e0a\u98ce\u7535\u9886\u57df\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u65e9\u671f\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u201d\u3002[210][211]\u5fb7\u56fd\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u300a\u5df4\u9ece\u534f\u5b9a\u300b\u548c\u591a\u9879\u65e8\u5728\u4fc3\u8fdb\u751f\u7269\u591a\u6837\u6027\u3001\u4f4e\u6392\u653e\u6807\u51c6\u548c\u6c34\u8d44\u6e90\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u6761\u7ea6\u3002[212][213][214]\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u56de\u6536\u7387\u5c45\u4e16\u754c\u524d\u5217\uff0c\u7ea6\u4e3a65%\u3002[215]2018\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u4eba\u5747\u6e29\u5ba4\u6c14\u4f53\u6392\u653e\u91cf\u5728\u6b27\u76df\u4e2d\u6392\u540d\u7b2c\u4e5d\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u5b57\u5448\u4e0b\u964d\u8d8b\u52bf\u3002[216][217]\u5fb7\u56fd\u80fd\u6e90\u8f6c\u578b\uff08Energiewende\uff09\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u63d0\u9ad8\u80fd\u6e90\u6548\u7387\u548c\u5229\u7528\u53ef\u518d\u751f\u80fd\u6e90\u5411\u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u516c\u8ba4\u4e3e\u63aa\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e5f\u56e0\u6b64\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u53ef\u518d\u751f\u80fd\u6e90\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u201d\u3002[218][219][211]1990\u5e74\u81f32015\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u80fd\u6e90\u6d88\u8d39\u91cf\u51cf\u5c11\u4e8611%\uff0c[220]\u5e76\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e86\u52302030\u5e74\u51cf\u5c1130%\u3001\u52302050\u5e74\u51cf\u5c1150%\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u3002[221]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.2 \u4f01\u4e1a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

2014\u5e74\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5e02\u516c\u53f8\u8425\u4e1a\u989d\u6392\u540d\u7684\u300a\u8d22\u5bcc\u4e16\u754c500\u5f3a<\/a>\u300b\u6392\u884c\u699c\u4e2d\uff0c\u670928\u5bb6\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u603b\u90e8\u8bbe\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u3002\u5fb7\u56fdDAX\u6307\u6570<\/a>\u5219\u753130\u5bb6\u5e02\u503c\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u516c\u53f8\u7ec4\u6210\u3002\u8457\u540d\u56fd\u9645\u54c1\u724c\u5305\u62ec\u6885\u8d5b\u5fb7\u65af-\u5954\u9a70<\/a>\u3001BMW<\/a>\u3001PUMA<\/a>\u3001SAP<\/a>\u3001\u798f\u65af\u6c7d\u8f66<\/a>\u3001\u5965\u8fea<\/a>\u3001\u897f\u95e8\u5b50<\/a>\u3001\u5b89\u8054<\/a>\u3001\u7231\u8fea\u8fbe<\/a>\u3001\u4fdd\u65f6\u6377<\/a>\u548cDHL<\/a>[\u53c2 137]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5fb7\u56fd\u4ea6\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u5177\u5907\u4e13\u4e1a\u6280\u672f\u7684\u4e2d\u5c0f\u578b\u4f01\u4e1a<\/a>\uff08\u5176\u6a21\u5f0f\u79f0Mittelstand\uff09\u3002\u7ea6\u67091,000\u5bb6\u6b64\u7c7b\u4f01\u4e1a\u5728\u5404\u9886\u57df\u5c45\u4e16\u754c\u9886\u5148\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u9690\u5f62\u51a0\u519b\u4f01\u4e1a<\/a>[\u53c2 138]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u67cf\u6797\u4e3a\u521b\u4e1a\u516c\u53f8<\/a>\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u67a2\u7ebd\uff0c\u4ea6\u4e3a\u6b27\u76df\u8bf8\u591a\u98ce\u9669\u6295\u8d44\u652f\u6301\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u6240\u5728\u5730[\u53c2 139]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5982\u4e0b\u4e3a2014\u5e74\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u4f01\u4e1a[\u53c2 140]<\/a><\/sup>\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

5.3 \u79d1\u6280<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u56fe5-7\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

20\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u81f3\u4eca\u5fb7\u56fd\u5171\u6709104\u4f4d\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956<\/a>\u83b7\u5f97\u8005[\u53c2 159]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u9886\u57df\uff08\u7269\u7406<\/a>\u3001\u5316\u5b66<\/a>\u3001\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u6216\u533b\u5b66<\/a>\uff09\u4f18\u52bf\u660e\u663e[\u53c2 160]<\/a><\/sup>[\u53c2 161]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002 \u5fb7\u56fd\u62e5\u6709\u4e00\u6574\u5957\u7ed3\u6784\u5b8c\u5584\u3001\u5206\u5de5\u660e\u786e\u3001\u534f\u8c03\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u79d1\u7814\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u9ad8\u7b49\u9662\u6821\u3001\u72ec\u7acb\u7814\u7a76\u673a\u6784\u3001\u4f01\u4e1a\u79d1\u7814\u673a\u6784\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u79d1\u7814\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u4e09\u5927\u652f\u67f1\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u5171\u6709300\u4f59\u6240\u5927\u5b66\u53ca\u4e13\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u548c\u4f17\u591a\u72ec\u7acb\u79d1\u7814\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u5982\u9a6c\u666e\u5b66\u4f1a<\/a>\u62e5\u670979\u4e2a\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u3001\u5f17\u52b3\u6069\u970d\u592b\u534f\u4f1a<\/a>\u62e5\u670948\u4e2a\u7814\u7a76\u6240\uff0c\u6b64\u5916\u8fd8\u6709\u4ea5\u59c6\u970d\u5179\u8054\u5408\u4f1a<\/a>\u300116\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4ee5\u53ca84\u4e2a\u201c\u84dd\u540d\u5355\u201d\u79d1\u7814\u673a\u6784\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u5f00\u53d1<\/a>\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\u6765\u6e90\u9664\u4e86\u653f\u5e9c\u4e4b\u5916\u8fd8\u6709\u4f01\u4e1a\u3001\u975e\u76c8\u5229\u673a\u6784\u3001\u9ad8\u6821\u3001\u56fd\u5916\u6295\u8d44\u7b49\uff0c2013\u5e74\u5171\u8ba1797\u4ebf\u6b27\u5143\uff0c\u5360\u5fb7\u56fd\u56fd\u5185\u751f\u4ea7\u6bdb\u989d<\/a>\u76842.84%[\u53c2 162]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u6208\u7279\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u00b7\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u5956<\/a>\u6bcf\u5e74\u9881\u4e8810\u540d\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u6216\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u8005\uff0c\u5956\u91d1\u6700\u9ad8\u4e3a250\u4e07\u6b27\u5143\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u8d44\u52a9\u7814\u7a76\u5956\u91d1\u6700\u9ad8\u8005\u4e4b\u4e00[\u53c2 163]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u76ee\u524d\u91cd\u70b9\u79d1\u6280\u9886\u57df\u5305\u62ec\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u5e94\u7528\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u53ca\u901a\u4fe1\u6280\u672f\u3001\u751f\u7269\u6280\u672f\u3001\u536b\u751f\u3001\u73af\u4fdd\u3001\u65b0\u6750\u6599\u3001\u80fd\u6e90\u3001\u4ea4\u901a\u3001\u822a\u7a7a\u822a\u5929\u3001\u6d77\u6d0b\u3001\u5730\u7403\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u56fd\u9632\u7b49\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u54a8\u8be2\u516c\u53f8BDO\u53ca\u6c49\u5821\u4e16\u754c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u8054\u5408\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u8c03\u7814\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5728\u9ad8\u79d1\u6280\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u5f00\u59cb\u843d\u4f0d\uff0c2012\u5e74\u81f32014\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u6bcf\u767e\u4e07\u4eba\u53e3\u7533\u8bf7\u4e13\u5229\u6570\u91cf\u4e3a916\u4e2a\uff0c\u5728\u767e\u4e07\u4eba\u53e3\u4e13\u5229\u6570\u91cf\u65b9\u9762\u4e16\u754c\u6392\u540d\u7b2c\u4e94[\u53c2 164]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766<\/a>\u548c\u666e\u6717\u514b<\/a>\u4e3a\u8fd1\u4ee3\u7269\u7406\u5b66<\/a>\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5960\u57fa\u8005\uff0c\u7ef4\u5c14\u7eb3\u00b7\u6d77\u68ee\u5821<\/a>\u53ca\u9a6c\u514b\u65af\u00b7\u73bb\u6069<\/a>\u5e76\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u53d1\u5c55[\u53c2 165]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u4f26\u7434<\/a>\u53d1\u73b0X\u5c04\u7ebf<\/a>\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e1901\u5e74\u83b7\u5f97\u9996\u5c4a\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5956[\u53c2 166]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5965\u6258\u00b7\u54c8\u6069<\/a>\u4e3a\u653e\u5c04<\/a>\u53ca\u653e\u5c04\u5316\u5b66<\/a>\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5148\u9a71\uff0c\u5e76\u53d1\u73b0\u6838\u88c2\u53d8<\/a>[\u53c2 167]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u8d39\u8fea\u5357\u5fb7\u00b7\u79d1\u6069<\/a>\u53ca\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u79d1\u8d6b<\/a>\u5efa\u7acb\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u5b66<\/a>\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u8fd8\u6709\u9ad8\u65af<\/a>\u3001\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328<\/a>\u7b49\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6<\/a>\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e5f\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u8457\u540d\u53d1\u660e\u5bb6\u53ca\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08<\/a>\uff0c\u5982\u6c49\u65af\u00b7\u76d6\u9769<\/a>\u53d1\u660e\u76d6\u9769\u8ba1\u6570\u5668<\/a>\uff1b\u5eb7\u62c9\u5fb7\u00b7\u695a\u6cfd<\/a>\u5efa\u9020\u9996\u90e8\u5168\u81ea\u52a8\u6570\u4f4d\u7535\u8111[\u53c2 168]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u6590\u8fea\u5357\u00b7\u51af\u00b7\u9f50\u67cf\u6797<\/a>\u3001\u5965\u6258\u00b7\u674e\u6797\u5854\u5c14<\/a>\u3001\u6208\u7279\u5229\u5e03\u00b7\u6234\u59c6\u52d2<\/a>\u3001\u9c81\u9053\u592b\u00b7\u72c4\u585e\u5c14<\/a>\u3001\u80e1\u6208\u00b7\u5bb9\u514b\u65af<\/a>\u53ca\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u672c\u8328<\/a>\u7b49\u4eba\u5f62\u5851\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c7d\u8f66\u53ca\u822a\u7a7a\u8fd0\u8f93\u79d1\u6280[\u53c2 169]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u822a\u7a7a\u822a\u5929\u5de5\u7a0b<\/a>\u5bb6\u6c83\u7eb3\u00b7\u51af\u00b7\u5e03\u52b3\u6069<\/a>\u5f00\u53d1\u7b2c\u4e00\u679a\u592a\u7a7a\u706b\u7bad<\/a>\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u822a\u7a7a\u822a\u5929\u5c40<\/a>\u5f00\u53d1\u571f\u661f5\u53f7\u8fd0\u8f7d\u706b\u7bad<\/a>\uff0c\u4f7f\u963f\u6ce2\u7f57\u8ba1\u5212<\/a>\u5f97\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u6d77\u56e0\u91cc\u5e0c\u00b7\u8d6b\u5179<\/a>\u8bc1\u5b9e\u7535\u78c1\u6ce2<\/a>\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u7535\u4fe1\u53d1\u5c55\u76f8\u5f53\u91cd\u8981[\u53c2 170]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u4f4d\u4e8e\u683c\u8d56\u592b\u65af\u74e6\u5c14\u5fb7<\/a>\u7684\u6587\u5fb7\u5c14\u65bd\u6cf0\u60697-X<\/a>\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u7814\u7a76\u805a\u53d8\u80fd<\/a>\u7684\u8bbe\u65bd[\u53c2 171]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.4 \u65c5\u6e38 | Tourism<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u5fb7\u56fd\u89c2\u5149<\/a><\/em> \/ Main article: Tourism in Germany<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe5-8\u81f35-9\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Domestic and international travel and tourism combined directly contribute over \u20ac105.3\u00a0billion to German GDP. Including indirect and induced impacts, the industry supports 4.2\u00a0million jobs.[222]<\/a><\/sup> As of 2022, Germany is the eighth-most-visited country<\/a>.[223]<\/a><\/sup> Its most popular landmarks include Cologne Cathedral<\/a>, the Brandenburg Gate<\/a>, the Reichstag<\/a>, the Dresden Frauenkirche<\/a>, Neuschwanstein Castle<\/a>, Heidelberg Castle<\/a>, the Wartburg<\/a>, and Sanssouci Palace<\/a>.[224]<\/a><\/sup> The Europa-Park<\/a> near Freiburg<\/a> is Europe’s second-most popular theme park resort.[225]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u56fd\u5185\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u65c5\u6e38\u5408\u8ba1\u76f4\u63a5\u4e3a\u5fb7\u56fd\u56fd\u5185\u751f\u4ea7\u603b\u503c\u8d21\u732e\u4e861053\u4ebf\u6b27\u5143\u4ee5\u4e0a\u3002\u8003\u8651\u5230\u95f4\u63a5\u548c\u8bf1\u53d1\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8be5\u884c\u4e1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86420\u4e07\u4e2a\u5de5\u4f5c\u5c97\u4f4d\u3002[222]\u622a\u81f32022\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u662f\u5230\u8bbf\u4eba\u6570\u7b2c\u516b\u591a\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002[223]\u5176\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5730\u6807\u5305\u62ec\u79d1\u9686\u5927\u6559\u5802\u3001\u52c3\u5170\u767b\u5821\u95e8\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u56fd\u4f1a\u5927\u53a6\u3001\u5fb7\u7d2f\u65af\u987f\u5723\u6bcd\u6559\u5802\u3001\u65b0\u5929\u9e45\u5821\u3001\u6d77\u5fb7\u5821\u57ce\u5821\u3001\u74e6\u7279\u5821\u548c\u65e0\u5fe7\u5bab\u3002[224]\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5f17\u8d56\u5821\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u516c\u56ed\u662f\u6b27\u6d32\u7b2c\u4e8c\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u516c\u56ed\u5ea6\u5047\u533a\u3002[225]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8d85\u8fc730%\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u56fd\u6c11\u5728\u672c\u56fd\u5ea6\u5047\uff0c\u56fd\u5185\u8bbf\u5ba2\u6700\u591a\u7684\u5dde\u4e3a\u6885\u514b\u4f26\u5821-\u524d\u6ce2\u7f8e\u62c9\u5c3c\u4e9a<\/a>\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd11,116\u4e2a\u4e61\u9547\u4e2d\u5728\u65c5\u6e38\u5c40\u767b\u8bb0\u7684\u7ea6\u67094000\u4e2a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d310\u4e2a\u83b7\u5f97\u7597\u517b\u5730\u6216\u6d77\u6c34\u6d74\u573a<\/a>\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc1\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u56fd\u5185\u53ca\u56fd\u9645\u65c5\u6e38\u5bf9GDP\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u8d21\u732e\u6570\u989d\u8fbe\u5230432\u4ebf\u6b27\u5143\uff1b\u5c06\u95f4\u63a5\u56e0\u7d20\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u5185\u540e\uff0c\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u8d21\u732e4.5%\u7684GDP\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e24\u767e\u4e07\u4e2a\u5c31\u4e1a\u5c97\u4f4d\uff08\u5360\u603b\u5c31\u4e1a\u76844.8%\uff09[\u53c2 176]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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6. \u4eba\u53e3\u7edf\u8ba1 | Demographics<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Demographics of Germany<\/a> and Germans<\/a> \/ \u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u53e3<\/a>\u548c\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u4eba<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe6-1\u548c6-2\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

With a population of 84.7\u00a0million according to the 2023 German census,[226]<\/a><\/sup> Germany is the most populous country in the European Union<\/a>, the second-most populous country in Europe<\/a> after Russia<\/a>,[4]<\/a>[g]<\/a><\/sup> and the nineteenth-most populous country in the world<\/a>. Its population density<\/a> stands at 227 inhabitants\u00a0per square kilometre (590 inhabitants\/sq\u00a0mi). The fertility rate<\/a> of 1.57 children born per woman (2022 estimates) is below the replacement rate of 2.1 and is one of the lowest fertility rates in the world<\/a>.[4]<\/a><\/sup> Since the 1970s, Germany’s death rate<\/a> has exceeded its birth rate<\/a>. However, Germany is witnessing increased birth rates and migration rates since the beginning of the 2010s. Germany has the third oldest population in the world<\/a>, with an average age of 47.4 years.[4]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6839\u636e2023\u5e74\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u53e3\u4e3a8470\u4e07\uff0c[226]\u662f\u6b27\u76df\u4eba\u53e3\u6700\u591a\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u53e3\u7b2c\u4e8c\u591a\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff08\u4ec5\u6b21\u4e8e\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\uff09\uff0c[4][g]\u540c\u65f6\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4eba\u53e3\u7b2c\u5341\u4e5d\u591a\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u5176\u4eba\u53e3\u5bc6\u5ea6\u4e3a\u6bcf\u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc227\u4eba\uff08\u6bcf\u5e73\u65b9\u82f1\u91cc590\u4eba\uff09\u3002\u6bcf\u4f4d\u5973\u6027\u751f\u80b21.57\u4e2a\u5b69\u5b50\uff082022\u5e74\u4f30\u7b97\u6570\u636e\uff09\uff0c\u4f4e\u4e8e\u66f4\u66ff\u6c34\u5e732.1\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u751f\u80b2\u7387\u6700\u4f4e\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002[4]\u81ea20\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u4e00\u76f4\u9ad8\u4e8e\u51fa\u751f\u7387\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u81ea2010\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u51fa\u751f\u7387\u548c\u79fb\u6c11\u7387\u5747\u6709\u6240\u4e0a\u5347\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u5e73\u5747\u5e74\u9f84\u4e3a47.4\u5c81\uff0c\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u4eba\u53e3\u5e73\u5747\u5e74\u9f84\u7b2c\u4e09\u9ad8\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002[4]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3010\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u539f\u6ce8g\u3011Excluding Turkey<\/a>, which only has 3% of its total territory in Europe along with some 10% of its population[227]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\uff08\u8be5\u6570\u636e\uff09\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u571f\u8033\u5176\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u571f\u8033\u5176\u53ea\u67093%\u7684\u9886\u571f\u4f4d\u4e8e\u6b27\u6d32\uff0c\u4e14\u5176\u4eba\u53e3\u4e5f\u53ea\u6709\u5927\u7ea610%\u4f4d\u4e8e\u6b27\u6d32[227]\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u56db\u4e2a\u9887\u5177\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u65cf\u7fa4\u56e0\u5176\u7956\u5148\u5728\u76f8\u5e94\u533a\u57df\u957f\u671f\u5b9a\u5c45\uff0c\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c11\u6570\u6c11\u65cf\u201d[\u53c2 189]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5728\u5317\u7aef\u7684\u77f3\u52d2\u82cf\u76ca\u683c-\u8377\u5c14\u65af\u6cf0\u56e0<\/a>\u5dde\u6709\u8fd150,000\u540d\u4e39\u9ea6\u88d4<\/a>[\u53c2 189]<\/a><\/sup>\uff1b\u5728\u8428\u514b\u68ee<\/a>\u548c\u52c3\u5170\u767b\u5821<\/a>\u7684\u5362\u8428\u8482\u4e9a<\/a>\u5730\u533a\u6709\u8fd160,000\u540d\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u88d4<\/a>\u7d22\u5e03\u4eba<\/a>\uff1b\u7f57\u59c6\u4eba<\/a>\u548c\u8f9b\u63d0\u4eba<\/a>\u751f\u6d3b\u4e8e\u8054\u90a6\u5168\u5883\uff1b\u5f17\u91cc\u65af\u5170\u4eba<\/a>\u5219\u751f\u6d3b\u4e8e\u77f3\u52d2\u82cf\u76ca\u683c-\u8377\u5c14\u65af\u6cf0\u56e0\u897f\u5cb8\u53ca\u4e0b\u8428\u514b\u68ee<\/a>\u897f\u5317\u90e8[\u53c2 189]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u8fd1500\u4e07\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u6d77\u5916[\u53c2 190]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the United States, Germany is the second-most popular immigration destination<\/a> in the world.[229]<\/a><\/sup> In 2015, following the 2015 refugee crisis<\/a>, the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs<\/a> listed Germany as host to the second-highest number of international migrants worldwide<\/a>, about 5% or 12\u00a0million of all 244\u00a0million migrants.[230]<\/a><\/sup> Refugee crises have resulted in substantial population increases;[231]<\/a><\/sup> for example, the major influx of Ukrainian immigrants following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine<\/a>, meaning over 1.06\u00a0million refugees from Ukraine were recorded in Germany as of April 2023.[232]<\/a><\/sup> As of 2019, Germany ranks seventh among EU countries in terms of the percentage of migrants in the country’s population, at 13.1%.[233]<\/a><\/sup> In 2022, there were 23.8 million people, 28.7 percent of the total population, who had a migration background.[234]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u7ee7\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u662f\u5168\u7403\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5927\u70ed\u95e8\u79fb\u6c11\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u3002[229]2015\u5e74\uff0c\u57282015\u5e74\u96be\u6c11\u5371\u673a\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e8b\u52a1\u90e8\u4eba\u53e3\u53f8\u5c06\u5fb7\u56fd\u5217\u4e3a\u5168\u7403\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5927\u56fd\u9645\u79fb\u6c11\u63a5\u7eb3\u56fd\uff0c\u7ea6\u5360\u5168\u74032.44\u4ebf\u79fb\u6c11\u603b\u6570\u76845%\u62161200\u4e07\u4eba\u3002[230]\u96be\u6c11\u5371\u673a\u5bfc\u81f4\u4eba\u53e3\u5927\u5e45\u589e\u52a0\uff1b[231]\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u57282022\u5e74\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5165\u4fb5\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u79fb\u6c11\u6d8c\u5165\uff0c\u622a\u81f32023\u5e744\u6708\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u96be\u6c11\u5df2\u8d85\u8fc7106\u4e07\u4eba\u3002[232]\u622a\u81f32019\u5e74\uff0c\u6309\u79fb\u6c11\u5360\u56fd\u5bb6\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5728\u6b27\u76df\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\u6392\u540d\u7b2c\u4e03\uff0c\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4e3a13.1%\u3002[233]2022\u5e74\uff0c\u5171\u67092380\u4e07\u4eba\u62e5\u6709\u79fb\u6c11\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u5360\u603b\u4eba\u53e3\u768428.7%\u3002[234]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Germany has a number of large cities<\/a>. There are 11 officially recognised metropolitan regions<\/a>. The country’s largest city<\/a> is Berlin<\/a>, while its largest urban area is the Ruhr<\/a>.[235]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5fb7\u56fd\u62e5\u6709\u4f17\u591a\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u3002\u5168\u56fd\u670911\u4e2a\u5b98\u65b9\u8ba4\u53ef\u7684\u5927\u90fd\u5e02\u533a\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u6700\u5927\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u662f\u67cf\u6797\uff0c\u800c\u6700\u5927\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u5730\u533a\u662f\u9c81\u5c14\u533a\u3002[235]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6.1 \u79fb\u6c11<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 3.0\u534f\u8bae
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\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1aKransky<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

2014\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd8,100\u4e07\u5c45\u6c11\u4e2d\u6709\u8fd1700\u4e07\u65e0\u5fb7\u56fd\u56fd\u7c4d\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d96%\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u897f\u90e8\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5c45\u4e8e\u57ce\u5e02\u533a\u57df\u5185[\u53c2 192]<\/a><\/sup>[\u53c2 193]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1960\u5e74\u4ee3\u548c1970\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u9080\u8bf7\u201c\u5ba2\u7c4d\u5de5\u4eba<\/a>\u201d\u79fb\u5c45\u5fb7\u56fd\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u4f01\u4e1a\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5de5\u4eba\u5b8c\u6210\u57f9\u8bad\u540e\u5c06\u5176\u7559\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u56fd\u5185\u7ee7\u7eed\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u4eba\u53e3\u7a33\u56fa\u63d0\u5347[\u53c2 181]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u622a\u81f32011\u5e74\uff0c\u8fd1600\u4e07\u5916\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\uff08\u5360\u603b\u4eba\u53e37.7%\uff09\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u6ce8\u518c\u767b\u8bb0[\u53c2 181]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5fb7\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u7edf\u8ba1\u5c40<\/a>\u5c06\u5176\u516c\u6c11\u6839\u636e\u79fb\u6c11\u80cc\u666f\u5206\u7c7b\u30022009\u5e74\uff0c\u5168\u56fd20%\u5c45\u6c11\uff08\u8d85\u8fc71,600\u4e07\u4eba\uff09\u5177\u6709\u79fb\u6c11\u6216\u90e8\u5206\u79fb\u6c11\u80cc\u666f\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u88ab\u9063\u8fd4\u7684\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u88d4<\/a>\uff09[\u53c2 194]<\/a><\/sup>\u30022010\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u62e5\u670918\u5c81\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5b50\u5973\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e2d\uff0c29%\u81f3\u5c11\u7236\u6bcd\u6709\u4e00\u65b9\u5177\u6709\u79fb\u6c11\u80cc\u666f[\u53c2 195]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2015\u5e74\uff0c\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e8b\u52a1\u90e8<\/a>\u4eba\u53e3\u5206\u90e8\u7edf\u8ba1\u5fb7\u56fd\u5171\u67091,200\u4e07\u56fd\u9645\u79fb\u6c11\uff0c\u7ea6\u5360\u5168\u74032.44\u4ebf\u79fb\u6c11\u76845%\uff0c\u5c45\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4f4d[\u53c2 196]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5728\u79fb\u6c11\u5360\u603b\u4eba\u53e3\u6570\u91cf\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u4f4d\u5c45\u6b27\u76df\u7b2c7\u4f4d\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c37\u4f4d\u3002\u622a\u81f32014\u5e74\uff0c\u6700\u5927\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u65cf\u7fa4\u6765\u81ea\u571f\u8033\u5176\uff082,859,000\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u6b21\u4e3a\u6ce2\u5170\uff081,617,000\uff09\u3001\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\uff081,188,000\uff09\u548c\u610f\u5927\u5229\uff08764,000\uff09[\u53c2 197]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u81ea1987\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u8fd1300\u4e07\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u4eba\uff08\u591a\u6570\u6765\u81ea\u524d\u4e1c\u65b9\u96c6\u56e2<\/a>\u56fd\u5bb6\u9886\u571f\uff09\u884c\u4f7f\u5176\u56de\u5f52\u6743\u79fb\u5c45\u5fb7\u56fd[\u53c2 198]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6.2 \u5b97\u6559 | Religion<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Religion in Germany<\/a> \/ \u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u5fb7\u56fd\u5b97\u6559<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Further information: Catholic Church in Germany<\/a>, Evangelical Church in Germany<\/a>, and History of the Jews in Germany<\/a>\u3010\u66f4\u591a\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a\u5fb7\u56fd\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u6559\u4f1a\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u798f\u97f3\u6559\u4f1a\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe6-3\u81f36-5\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u81ea1871\u5e74\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u5e1d\u56fd\u5efa\u56fd<\/a>\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5373\u6709\u8fd1\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e8c\u7684\u65b0\u6559\u5f92<\/a>\u548c\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u7f57\u9a6c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5f92<\/a>\uff0c\u5e76\u6709\u4e3a\u6570\u663e\u8457\u7684\u5c11\u6570\u72b9\u592a\u88d4<\/a>\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u8005\u4ea6\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4f46\u6570\u91cf\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u9650\u3002\u57281945\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5206\u4e3a\u4e1c\u5fb7<\/a>\u4e0e\u897f\u5fb7<\/a>\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u5c40\u52bf\u9010\u6e10\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u897f\u5fb7\u7531\u4e8e\u79fb\u6c11\u9010\u6e10\u591a\u5143\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u4e1c\u5fb7\u5219\u7531\u4e8e\u516c\u5bb6<\/a>\u7684\u9a6c\u5217\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u800c\u6574\u4f53\u8d8b\u4e8e\u65e0\u795e\u8bba<\/a>\u3002\u5728\u4e24\u5fb7\u7edf\u4e00<\/a>\u540e\uff0c\u591a\u5143\u5316\u8d8b\u52bf\u5f97\u5230\u5ef6\u7eed[\u53c2 199]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the 2022 census, Christianity<\/a> is the largest religion at 49.7% of the population; 23.1% identified as Protestant and 25.1% as Catholic.[237]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6839\u636e2022\u5e74\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e00\u5927\u5b97\u6559\uff0c\u4fe1\u5f92\u5360\u603b\u4eba\u53e3\u768449.7%\uff1b\u5176\u4e2d23.1%\u4e3a\u65b0\u6559\u5f92\uff0c25.1%\u4e3a\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5f92\u3002[237]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Islam<\/a> is the second-largest religion in the country.[238]<\/a><\/sup> In the 2011 census, 1.9% of respondents (1.52\u00a0million people) gave their religion as Islam, but this figure is deemed unreliable because a disproportionate number of adherents of this faith (and other religions, such as Judaism) are likely to have made use of their right not to answer the question.[239]<\/a><\/sup> In 2019, there were an estimated 5.3\u20135.6 million Muslims with a migrant background[h]<\/a><\/sup> (6.4\u20136.7% of the population), in addition to an unknown number of Muslims without a migrant background.[240]<\/a><\/sup> Most of the Muslims are Sunnis<\/a> and Alevis<\/a> from Turkey, but there are a small number of Shi’ites<\/a>, Ahmadiyyas<\/a> and other denominations. Other religions each comprise less than one percent of Germany’s population.[238]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5927\u5b97\u6559\u3002[238]\u57282011\u5e74\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\u4e2d\uff0c1.9%\u7684\u53d7\u8bbf\u8005\uff08152\u4e07\u4eba\uff09\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e3a\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u8be5\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u5b97\u6559\uff0c\u5982\u72b9\u592a\u6559\uff09\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u4fe1\u5f92\u53ef\u80fd\u884c\u4f7f\u4e86\u4e0d\u56de\u7b54\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8fd9\u4e00\u6570\u5b57\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0d\u53ef\u9760\u3002[239]2019\u5e74\uff0c\u4f30\u8ba1\u6709530\u4e07\u81f3560\u4e07\u6709\u79fb\u6c11\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u7a46\u65af\u6797\uff08\u5360\u603b\u4eba\u53e3\u76846.4%\u81f36.7%\uff09\uff0c\u6b64\u5916\u8fd8\u6709\u6570\u91cf\u4e0d\u660e\u7684\u65e0\u79fb\u6c11\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u3002[240]\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u6765\u81ea\u571f\u8033\u5176\uff0c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u900a\u5c3c\u6d3e\u548c\u963f\u5217\u7ef4\u6d3e\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u6709\u5c11\u6570\u4ec0\u53f6\u6d3e\u3001\u827e\u54c8\u8fc8\u8fea\u6d3e\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6559\u6d3e\u7684\u4fe1\u5f92\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u4fe1\u5f92\u5404\u5360\u5fb7\u56fd\u603b\u4eba\u53e3\u4e0d\u52301%\u3002[238]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5730\u7406\u4e0a\uff0c\u65b0\u6559\u4e3b\u8981\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e8e\u5fb7\u56fd\u5317\u90e8\u3001\u4e2d\u90e8\u548c\u4e1c\u90e8\uff0c\u4fe1\u5f92\u591a\u5c5e\u798f\u97f3\u4f1a\uff0c\u56ca\u62ec\u8def\u5fb7\u5b97\u3001\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u53ca\u4e8c\u8005\u7684\u8054\u5408\uff08\u53ef\u8ffd\u6eaf\u81f31817\u5e74\u7684\u666e\u9c81\u58eb\u8054\u5408\u6559\u4f1a<\/a>\uff09\u3002\u7f57\u9a6c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4e3b\u8981\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e8e\u5357\u90e8\u548c\u897f\u90e8[\u53c2 204]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2011\u5e74\uff0c33%\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u6c11\u4f17\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u5b98\u65b9\u8ba4\u53ef\u7684\u7279\u522b\u5b97\u6559\u7ec4\u7ec7[\u53c2 201]<\/a><\/sup>[\u6ce8 9]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u65e0\u5b97\u6559<\/a>\u72b6\u51b5\u5728\u524d\u4e1c\u5fb7\u5730\u533a\u53ca\u5927\u90fd\u5e02\u533a\u57df\u76f8\u5bf9\u666e\u904d[\u53c2 206]<\/a><\/sup>[\u53c2 207]<\/a><\/sup>[\u53c2 208]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2011, formal members of the Jewish community<\/a> represented no more than 0.2% of the total German population, and 60% of them resided in Berlin<\/a>.[241]<\/a><\/sup> An estimated 80 to 90 percent of these Jews in Germany are Russian-speaking immigrants from the former Soviet Union<\/a>, who came to Germany from the 1980s onwards.[242]<\/a>[243]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112011\u5e74\uff0c\u6b63\u5f0f\u52a0\u5165\u72b9\u592a\u793e\u533a\u7684\u6210\u5458\u4e0d\u8d85\u8fc7\u5fb7\u56fd\u603b\u4eba\u53e3\u76840.2%\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d60%\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u67cf\u6797\u3002[241]\u636e\u4f30\u8ba1\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd80%\u81f390%\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u662f\u4ece20\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\u5f00\u59cb\u4ece\u82cf\u8054\u79fb\u6c11\u800c\u6765\u7684\u4fc4\u8bed\u4eba\u7fa4\u3002[242][243]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A study in 2023 estimated that 46.2% of the population are not members of any religious organization or denomination<\/a>.[244]<\/a><\/sup> Irreligion in Germany<\/a> is strongest in the former East Germany<\/a>, which used to be predominantly Protestant before the enforcement of state atheism<\/a>, and in major metropolitan areas.[245]<\/a>[246]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112023\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c46.2%\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u6ca1\u6709\u52a0\u5165\u4efb\u4f55\u5b97\u6559\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6216\u6559\u6d3e\u3002[244]\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u65e0\u795e\u8bba\u8005\u5728\u524d\u4e1c\u5fb7\u5730\u533a\u6700\u4e3a\u76db\u884c\uff0c\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u65e0\u795e\u8bba\u5b9e\u65bd\u524d\u4ee5\u65b0\u6559\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u6b64\u5916\u5728\u5927\u90fd\u5e02\u5730\u533a\u4e5f\u5f88\u666e\u904d\u3002[245][246]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6.3 \u8bed\u8a00 | Languages<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u5fb7\u8bed<\/a>\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00<\/a> \/ Main articles: German language<\/a> and Languages of Germany<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe6-6\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u5fb7\u8bed<\/a>\u4e3a\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u8bed\u8a00\u53ca\u4e3b\u8981\u901a\u884c\u8bed\u8a00[\u53c2 212]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u4e3a24\u4e2a\u6b27\u76df\u5b98\u65b9\u8bed\u8a00\u4e4b\u4e00[\u53c2 213]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a3\u4e2a\u6b27\u6d32\u8054\u76df\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a<\/a>\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u8bed\u8a00<\/a>\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5fb7\u8bed\u662f\u6b27\u6d32\u8054\u76df<\/a>\u4e2d\u7b2c\u4e00\u8bed\u8a00\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u6700\u591a\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u6bcd\u8bed\u8005\u6570\u91cf\u7ea6\u8fbe1\u4ebf[\u53c2 214]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5fb7\u56fd\u6240\u627f\u8ba4\u7684\u5c11\u6570\u8bed\u8a00\u5305\u62ec\u4e39\u9ea6\u8bed<\/a>\u3001\u4f4e\u5730\u5fb7\u8bed<\/a>\u3001\u7d22\u5e03\u8bed<\/a>\u3001\u7f57\u59c6\u8bed<\/a>\u53ca\u5f17\u91cc\u897f\u8bed<\/a>\uff0c\u5e76\u53d7\u6b27\u6d32\u533a\u57df\u6216\u5c11\u6570\u6c11\u65cf\u8bed\u8a00\u5baa\u7ae0<\/a>\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002\u6700\u53d7\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u8bed\u8a00\u4e3a\u571f\u8033\u5176\u8bed<\/a>\u3001\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u8bed<\/a>\u3001\u6ce2\u5170\u8bed<\/a>\u3001\u5df4\u5c14\u5e72\u5730\u533a\u8bed\u8a00\u53ca\u4fc4\u8bed<\/a>\u3002\u8c03\u67e5\u663e\u793a67%\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u80fd\u4ee51\u79cd\u5916\u8bed\u6c9f\u901a\uff0c\u800c27%\u80fd\u8fd0\u75282\u79cd\u6216\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5916\u8bed[\u53c2 212]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6807\u51c6\u5fb7\u8bed<\/a>\u4e0e\u82f1\u8bed<\/a>\u3001\u4f4e\u5730\u5fb7\u8bed<\/a>\u3001\u8377\u5170\u8bed<\/a>\u53ca\u5f17\u91cc\u897f\u8bed<\/a>\u8f83\u4e3a\u76f8\u8fd1\uff0c\u540c\u5c5e\u897f\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u8bed\u652f<\/a>\uff0c\u8be5\u8bed\u652f\u4e0e\u4e1c\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u8bed\u652f<\/a>\uff08\u7edd\u706d\uff09\u4e0e\u5317\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u8bed\u652f<\/a>\u540c\u5c5e\u5370\u6b27\u8bed\u7cfb<\/a>\u7684\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u8bed\u65cf<\/a>\uff0c\u8be5\u8bed\u65cf\u4e5f\u662f\u591a\u6570\u5fb7\u8bed\u8bcd\u6c47\u7684\u6765\u6e90[\u53c2 215]<\/a><\/sup>\uff1b\u90e8\u5206\u8bcd\u6c47\u6765\u81ea\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u53ca\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\uff0c\u53e6\u6709\u4e00\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\u6765\u81ea\u6cd5\u8bed\uff0c\u8fd1\u6765\u591a\u6765\u81ea\u82f1\u8bed\u3002\u5fb7\u6587\u4ee5\u62c9\u4e01\u5b57\u6bcd\u4e66\u5199\u3002\u5fb7\u8bed\u65b9\u8a00<\/a>\u5dee\u5f02\u53ef\u8ffd\u6eaf\u81f3\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u90e8\u843d\u65f6\u671f[\u4e8e\u516c\u5143\u524d500\u5e74\u5728\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u53d8\u5316\u4e0b\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u8bed\u5728\u6700\u521d\u8f83\u4e3a\u7edf\u4e00\uff0c\u4f46\u90e8\u843d\u95f4\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u4ecd\u6709\u5dee\u522b\uff0c\u4e8e\u9752\u94dc\u5668\u65f6\u4ee3\u53ca\u94c1\u5668\u65f6\u4ee3\u65f6\u7684\u90e8\u843d\u8fc1\u79fb\uff0c\u6269\u5927\u8bed\u8a00\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e\u5206\u5316\u3001\u91cd\u7ec4\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u591a\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u8bed\u8a00[\u4e66 46]<\/sup>]<\/sup>\uff0c\u5e76\u80fd\u4ece\u4e0e\u6807\u51c6\u5fb7\u8bed<\/a>\u5728\u8bcd\u6c47\u3001\u97f3\u97f5<\/a>\u3001\u8bed\u6cd5<\/a>\u7b49\u8bed\u8a00\u53d8\u4f53<\/a>\u800c\u5206\u8fa8[\u53c2 216]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6.3+1 \u6559\u80b2 | Education<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u5fb7\u56fd\u6559\u80b2<\/a> \/ Main article: Education in Germany<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe6-7\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u5fb7\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u76d1\u7ba1\u4e3b\u8981\u7531\u5404\u5dde\u653f\u5e9c\u8d1f\u8d23\u3002\u975e\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u7684\u5e7c\u513f\u56ed<\/a>\u6559\u80b2\u5411\u6240\u6709\u4e09\u81f3\u516d\u5c81\u7684\u513f\u7ae5\u5f00\u653e\uff0c\u800c\u6b64\u540e\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u6559\u80b2<\/a>\u5fc5\u987b\u6301\u7eed\u81f3\u5c11\u4e5d\u5e74\u3002\u57fa\u7840\u6559\u80b2\u4e00\u822c\u6301\u7eed\u56db\u81f3\u516d\u5e74[\u53c2 217]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u4e2d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u6839\u636e\u4e0d\u540c\u6559\u80b2\u7ea7\u522b\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u7c7b\u4f20\u7edf\u5b66\u6821\uff1a\u6587\u7406\u4e2d\u5b66<\/a>\uff0c\u4e3a\u5177\u6709\u5929\u8d4b\u7684\u513f\u7ae5\u63d0\u4f9b\u6559\u80b2\u5e76\u4e3a\u5176\u51c6\u5907\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\uff1b\u5b9e\u79d1\u4e2d\u5b66<\/a>\u4e3a\u4e2d\u7b49\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5b66\u751f\u5c31\u8bfb\uff0c\u4e3a\u671f\u516d\u5e74\uff1b\u4e3b\u5e72\u5b66\u6821<\/a>[\u6ce8 12]<\/a><\/sup>\u5219\u63d0\u4f9b\u804c\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2[\u53c2 218]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u7efc\u5408\u4e2d\u5b66\uff08Gesamtschule\uff09\u6574\u5408\u4e2d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53cc\u8f68\u6559\u80b2\uff08Duale Ausbildung\uff09\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e4b\u4e0b\u7684\u6280\u672f\u8d44\u683c\u8bc1\u660e\u4e0e\u5b66\u672f\u5b66\u5386\u51e0\u4e4e\u76f8\u5f53\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u673a\u5236\u4e0b\uff0c\u53c2\u52a0\u804c\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2<\/a>\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u53ef\u5728\u516c\u53f8\u6216\u56fd\u8425\u7684\u5b66\u6821\u4e2d\u5b66\u4e60[\u53c2 217]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u6a21\u5f0f\u53d7\u5230\u597d\u8bc4\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\u5f97\u5230\u4f7f\u7528[\u53c2 219]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5fb7\u56fd\u5927\u5b66<\/a>\u591a\u4e3a\u516c\u5171\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\u5b66\u751f\u53ef\u514d\u5b66\u8d39\u5b66\u4e60[\u53c2 220]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u8fdb\u5165\u5927\u5b66\u4e00\u822c\u9700\u8981\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e2d\u5b66\u4f1a\u8003\uff08Abitur\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u6839\u636e\u5dde\u3001\u5b66\u6821\u53ca\u5b66\u751f\u4ea6\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u514d\u8d39\u6559\u80b2\u4ea6\u5bf9\u56fd\u9645\u5b66\u751f\u5f00\u653e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u72b6\u51b5\u65e5\u6e10\u666e\u904d[\u53c2 221]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u6839\u636e2014\u5e74OECD\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u5927\u76ee\u7684\u56fd[\u53c2 222]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5fb7\u56fd\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u957f\u7684\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73b0\u4ee3\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u7684\u5168\u7403\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u5fb7\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u5386\u53f2\u5341\u5206\u60a0\u4e45\uff0c\u6700\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u4e3a\u6d77\u5fb7\u5821\u5927\u5b66<\/a>\uff081386\u5e74\u5efa\u7acb\uff09[\u53c2 223]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u5176\u540e\u4e3a\u83b1\u6bd4\u9521\u5927\u5b66<\/a>\uff081409\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u7f57\u65af\u6258\u514b\u5927\u5b66<\/a>\uff081419\u5e74\uff09\u548c\u683c\u8d56\u592b\u65af\u74e6\u5c14\u5fb7\u5927\u5b66<\/a>\uff081456\u5e74\uff09[\u53c2 224]<\/a><\/sup>\u30021810\u5e74\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u6539\u9769\u5bb6\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u51af\u00b7\u6d2a\u5821<\/a>\u521b\u5efa\u67cf\u6797\u5927\u5b66<\/a>\uff0c\u5176\u529e\u5b66\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e3a\u8bf8\u591a\u6b27\u6d32\u53ca\u897f\u65b9\u5927\u5b66\u501f\u9274\u3002\u5f53\u4ee3\u5fb7\u56fd\u4ea7\u751f\u5341\u4e00\u6240\u5353\u8d8a\u5927\u5b66<\/a>\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u67cf\u6797\u6d2a\u5821\u5927\u5b66\u3001\u4e0d\u6765\u6885\u5927\u5b66<\/a>\u3001\u5361\u5c14\u65af\u9c81\u5384\u7406\u5de5\u5b66\u9662<\/a>\u3001\u5fb7\u7d2f\u65af\u987f\u5de5\u4e1a\u5927\u5b66<\/a>\u3001\u8482\u5bbe\u6839\u5927\u5b66<\/a>\u3001\u4e9a\u741b\u5de5\u4e1a\u5927\u5b66<\/a>\u3001\u67cf\u6797\u81ea\u7531\u5927\u5b66<\/a>\u3001\u6d77\u5fb7\u5821\u5927\u5b66\u3001\u5eb7\u65af\u5766\u8328\u5927\u5b66<\/a>\u3001\u6155\u5c3c\u9ed1\u5927\u5b66<\/a>\u53ca\u6155\u5c3c\u9ed1\u5de5\u4e1a\u5927\u5b66<\/a>[\u53c2 225]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6.5 \u533b\u7597\u536b\u751f | Health<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u5fb7\u56fd\u533b\u7597\u5236\u5ea6<\/a> \/ Main article: Healthcare in Germany<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe6-8\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Germany’s system of hospitals, called Krankenh\u00e4user<\/em>, dates from medieval times, and today, Germany has the world’s oldest universal health care<\/a> system, dating from Bismarck’s social legislation<\/a> of the 1880s.[259]<\/a><\/sup> Since the 1880s, reforms and provisions have ensured a balanced health care system. The population is covered by a health insurance plan provided by statute, with criteria allowing some groups to opt for a private health insurance contract. According to the World Health Organization<\/a> (WHO), Germany’s health care system<\/a> was 77% government-funded and 23% privately funded as of 2013.[260]<\/a><\/sup> In 2014, Germany spent 11.3% of its GDP on health care.[261]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u533b\u9662\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3aKrankenh\u00e4user\uff0c\u53ef\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u62e5\u6709\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u5386\u53f2\u6700\u60a0\u4e45\u7684\u5168\u6c11\u533b\u7597\u4fdd\u5065\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u8be5\u4f53\u7cfb\u53ef\u8ffd\u6eaf\u523019\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ffe\u65af\u9ea6\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7acb\u6cd5\u3002[259]\u81ea19\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5404\u9879\u6539\u9769\u548c\u89c4\u5b9a\u786e\u4fdd\u4e86\u533b\u7597\u4fdd\u5065\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u53e3\u4eab\u53d7\u6cd5\u5b9a\u533b\u7597\u4fdd\u9669\u8ba1\u5212\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\uff0c\u76f8\u5173\u89c4\u5b9a\u5141\u8bb8\u90e8\u5206\u7fa4\u4f53\u9009\u62e9\u79c1\u4eba\u533b\u7597\u4fdd\u9669\u5408\u540c\u3002\u636e\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff08WHO\uff09\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c\u622a\u81f32013\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u533b\u7597\u4fdd\u5065\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c77%\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\u7531\u653f\u5e9c\u8d44\u52a9\uff0c23%\u7531\u79c1\u4eba\u8d44\u52a9\u3002[260]2014\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5c06\u56fd\u5185\u751f\u4ea7\u603b\u503c\u768411.3%\u7528\u4e8e\u533b\u7597\u4fdd\u5065\u3002[261]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Germany ranked 21st in the world in 2019 in life expectancy with 78.7 years for men and 84.8 years for women<\/a> according to the WHO, and it had a very low infant mortality rate<\/a> (4 per 1,000 live births<\/a>). In 2019, the principal cause of death was cardiovascular disease, at 37%.[262]<\/a><\/sup> Obesity in Germany<\/a> has been increasingly cited as a major health issue. A 2014 study showed that 52 percent of the adult German population was overweight or obese.[263]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u636e\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c2019\u5e74\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u9884\u671f\u5bff\u547d\u4f4d\u5217\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c21\u4f4d\uff0c\u7537\u6027\u5e73\u5747\u9884\u671f\u5bff\u547d\u4e3a78.7\u5c81\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u4e3a84.8\u5c81\uff0c\u4e14\u5a74\u513f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u6781\u4f4e\uff08\u6bcf1000\u4f8b\u6d3b\u4ea7\u4e2d\u6b7b\u4ea14\u4f8b\uff09\u30022019\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6b7b\u56e0\u4e3a\u5fc3\u8840\u7ba1\u75be\u75c5\uff0c\u5360\u6bd437%\u3002[262]\u5fb7\u56fd\u80a5\u80d6\u95ee\u9898\u65e5\u76ca\u4e25\u91cd\uff0c\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u5065\u5eb7\u95ee\u9898\u30022014\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c52%\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u6210\u5e74\u4eba\u8d85\u91cd\u6216\u80a5\u80d6\u3002[263]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7. \u6587\u5316 | Culture<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u5fb7\u56fd\u6587\u5316<\/a> \/ Main article: Culture of Germany<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe7-1\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u5fb7\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u5728\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u4e16\u4fd7\u5c42\u9762\u5747\u53d7\u6b27\u6d32\u4e3b\u8981\u601d\u6f6e\u53ca\u7fa4\u4f17\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u5851\u9020\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5176\u6587\u5b66\u5bb6<\/a>\u53ca\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5bf9\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u5316\u601d\u60f3\u8d21\u732e\u5de8\u5927[\u53c2 234]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u4e5f\u88ab\u79f0\u4f5c\u201c\u8bd7\u4eba\u4e0e\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u4e4b\u56fd\u201d\uff08Das Land der Dichter und Denker\uff09[\u53c2 235]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5fb7\u56fd\u6c11\u95f4\u8282\u65e5\u4f20\u7edf\u9887\u5177\u540d\u671b\uff0c\u5982\u6155\u5c3c\u9ed1\u5564\u9152\u8282<\/a>\u548c\u5723\u8bde\u4f20\u7edf<\/a>\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5c06\u4e34\u82b1\u5708\u3001\u5723\u8bde\u5267\u3001\u5723\u8bde\u6811<\/a>\u3001\u5723\u8bde\u86cb\u7cd5<\/a>\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u4e60\u4fd7[\u53c2 236]<\/a><\/sup>[\u53c2 237]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u622a\u81f32016\u5e74\uff0c\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u6559\u79d1\u6587\u7ec4\u7ec7<\/a>\u5df2\u5c06\u5fb7\u56fd40\u9879\u9057\u4ea7\u5217\u5165\u5176\u4e16\u754c\u9057\u4ea7<\/a>\u540d\u5f55[\u53c2 238]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5dde\u81ea\u884c\u6307\u5b9a\u5176\u516c\u5171\u8282\u65e5\uff0c\u800c\u81ea1990\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c10\u67083\u65e5\u5373\u4e3a\u5fb7\u56fd\u56fd\u5e86\u65e5\uff0c\u79f0\u5fb7\u56fd\u7edf\u4e00\u65e5<\/a>[\u53c2 239]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

21\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u67cf\u6797<\/a>\u53d1\u5c55\u6210\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u4e3b\u8981\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e4b\u4e00[\u53c2 240]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u6839\u636e\u5b89\u970d\u5c14\u7279-\u6377\u5b5a\u51ef<\/a>\u56fd\u5bb6\u54c1\u724c\u6307\u6570\uff0c2014\u5e74\u5fb7\u56fd\u521750\u4e2a\u5168\u7403\u6700\u53d7\u5c0a\u91cd\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u9996\uff08\u4f4d\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u53ca\u6cd5\u56fd\u4e4b\u524d\uff09[\u53c2 241]<\/a><\/sup>[\u53c2 242]<\/a><\/sup>[\u53c2 243]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u5e7f\u64ad\u516c\u53f8<\/a>\u4e8e2013\u5e74\u53ca2014\u5e74\u7684\u5168\u7403\u6c11\u610f\u8c03\u67e5\u5747\u663e\u793a\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e3a\u6b63\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6[\u53c2 244]<\/a><\/sup>[\u53c2 245]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As of 2024, UNESCO<\/a> inscribed 54 properties in Germany on the World Heritage List<\/a>.[269]<\/a><\/sup> There are a number of public holidays in Germany<\/a> determined by each state; 3 October has been a national day<\/a> of Germany since 1990, celebrated as the Tag der Deutschen Einheit<\/em> (German Unity Day<\/a>).[270]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u622a\u81f32024\u5e74\uff0c\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u6559\u79d1\u6587\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5df2\u5c06\u5fb7\u56fd54\u5904\u9057\u4ea7\u5217\u5165\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u9057\u4ea7\u540d\u5f55\u300b\u3002[269]\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u516c\u5171\u5047\u65e5\u7531\u5404\u5dde\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u6570\u91cf\u4f17\u591a\uff1b\u81ea1990\u5e74\u8d77\uff0c10\u67083\u65e5\u6210\u4e3a\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u8282\u65e5\uff0c\u5373\u5fb7\u56fd\u7edf\u4e00\u65e5\uff08Tag der Deutschen Einheit\uff09\u3002[270]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.1 \u97f3\u4e50 | Music<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Music of Germany<\/a> \/ \u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u5fb7\u56fd\u97f3\u4e50<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

See also: Opera in German<\/a>\u3010\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u6b4c\u5267\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe7-2\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u8bf8\u591a\u4e16\u754c\u8457\u540d\u53e4\u5178\u97f3\u4e50<\/a>\u4f5c\u66f2\u5bb6\u6765\u81ea\u5fb7\u56fd\u3002\u8fea\u7279\u91cc\u514b\u00b7\u5e03\u514b\u65af\u7279\u80e1\u5fb7<\/a>\u521b\u4f5c\u7ba1\u98ce\u7434\u6e05\u5531\u5267\uff0c\u5f71\u54cd\u65e5\u540e\u5305\u62ec\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u585e\u5df4\u65af\u8482\u5b89\u00b7\u5df4\u8d6b<\/a>\u548c\u683c\u5965\u5c14\u683c\u00b7\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u91cc\u5e0c\u00b7\u4ea8\u5fb7\u5c14<\/a>\u5728\u5185\u7684\u5df4\u6d1b\u514b\u65f6\u671f<\/a>\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u66f2\u5bb6\u3002\u751f\u4e8e\u5965\u683c\u65af\u5821\u7684\u5229\u5965\u6ce2\u5fb7\u00b7\u83ab\u624e\u7279<\/a>\u5728\u5176\u4e8e\u8428\u5c14\u8328\u5821\u62c5\u4efb\u5c0f\u63d0\u7434\u624b\u548c\u6559\u5e08\u671f\u95f4\u57f9\u517b\u4e16\u754c\u6700\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u97f3\u4e50\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\u2014\u2014\u6c83\u5c14\u592b\u5188\u00b7\u963f\u9a6c\u5fb7\u4e4c\u65af\u00b7\u83ab\u624e\u7279<\/a>\u3002\u8def\u5fb7\u7ef4\u5e0c\u00b7\u8303\u00b7\u8d1d\u591a\u82ac<\/a>\u662f\u53e4\u5178\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6d6a\u6f2b\u4e3b\u4e49\u97f3\u4e50<\/a>\u8fc7\u6e21\u671f\u95f4\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4eba\u7269\u3002\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u9a6c\u5229\u4e9a\u00b7\u51af\u00b7\u97e6\u4f2f<\/a>\u548c\u8d39\u5229\u514b\u65af\u00b7\u95e8\u5fb7\u5c14\u677e<\/a>\u5728\u6d6a\u6f2b\u4e3b\u4e49\u65e9\u671f\u626e\u6f14\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u8212\u66fc<\/a>\u548c\u7ea6\u7ff0\u5185\u65af\u00b7\u52c3\u62c9\u59c6\u65af<\/a>\u5219\u5c06\u6d6a\u6f2b\u4e3b\u4e49\u97f3\u4e50\u53d1\u626c\u5149\u5927\u3002\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u00b7\u74e6\u683c\u7eb3<\/a>\u7684\u6b4c\u5267\u9887\u5177\u540d\u671b\u3002\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u00b7\u65bd\u7279\u52b3\u65af<\/a>\u662f\u6d6a\u6f2b\u4e3b\u4e49\u665a\u671f\u548c\u73b0\u4ee3\u65e9\u671f<\/a>\u7684\u9886\u8854\u4eba\u7269\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5361\u5c14\u6d77\u56e0\u8328\u00b7\u65bd\u6258\u514b\u8c6a\u68ee<\/a>\u548c\u6c49\u65af\u00b7\u5b63\u9ed8<\/a>\u5219\u4e3a20\u4e16\u7eaa\u548c21\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u66f2\u5bb6[\u53c2 246]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5fb7\u56fd\u662f\u5168\u6b27\u6d32\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5927\u53ca\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u56db\u5927\u97f3\u4e50\u5e02\u573a[\u53c2 247]<\/a><\/sup>\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa\u53ca21\u4e16\u7eaa\u5fb7\u56fd\u6d41\u884c\u97f3\u4e50\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0e\u8fd0\u52a8\u5305\u62ec\u65b0\u5fb7\u56fd\u6d6a\u6f6e<\/a>\u3001\u6d41\u884c<\/a>\u3001\u4e1c\u65b9\u6447\u6eda\u3001\u91cd\u91d1\u5c5e<\/a>\/\u6447\u6eda\u91cc\u6700\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u4e50\u961f\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u6218\u8f66(Rammstein)\u3001\u670b\u514b\u3001\u6d41\u884c\u6447\u6eda\u3001\u72ec\u7acb\u53ca\u65bd\u62c9\u683c\u6d41\u884c<\/a>\u7b49\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u7535\u5b50\u97f3\u4e50<\/a>\u5728\u53d1\u7535\u5382\u4e50\u56e2<\/a>\u548c\u6a58\u68a6\u4e50\u56e2<\/a>\u5f15\u9886\u4e4b\u4e0b\u4ea7\u751f\u56fd\u9645\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b[\u53c2 248]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u94c1\u514b\u8bfa<\/a>\u548c\u6d69\u5ba4<\/a>\u9886\u57df\u7684DJ\u548c\u97f3\u4e50\u5bb6\u4ea6\u83b7\u5f97\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u58f0\u671b\uff08\u5982\u7f57\u5bbe\u00b7\u8212\u5c14\u8328<\/a>\u3001\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u8303\u8fea\u514b<\/a>\u3001\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u5361\u5c14\u5e03\u96f7\u7eb3<\/a>\u548cScooter<\/a>\u7b49\uff09[\u53c2 249]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.2 \u7f8e\u672f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1aGerman art<\/a>\u3010\u5fb7\u56fd\u7f8e\u672f\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe7-3\u81f37-5\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u5fb7\u56fd\u753b\u5bb6\u5bf9\u897f\u65b9\u7f8e\u672f\u53f2<\/a>\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4ea7\u751f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u963f\u5c14\u5e03\u96f7\u5e0c\u7279\u00b7\u4e22\u52d2<\/a>\u3001\u5c0f\u6c49\u65af\u00b7\u970d\u5c14\u62dc\u56e0<\/a>\u3001\u9a6c\u8482\u4e9a\u65af\u00b7\u683c\u5415\u5185\u74e6\u5c14\u5fb7<\/a>\u548c\u8001\u5362\u5361\u65af\u00b7\u514b\u62c9\u7eb3\u8d6b<\/a>\u662f\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174<\/a>\u671f\u95f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u3002\u5f7c\u5f97\u00b7\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u9c81\u672c\u65af<\/a>\u548c\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u5df4\u666e\u8482\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u9f50\u9ed8\u5c14\u66fc<\/a>\uff08\u5df4\u6d1b\u514b<\/a>\uff09\u3001\u5361\u65af\u5e15\u00b7\u5927\u536b\u00b7\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u91cc\u5e0c<\/a>\u548c\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u65bd\u76ae\u8328\u97e6\u683c<\/a>\uff08\u6d6a\u6f2b\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\uff09\u3001\u9a6c\u514b\u65af\u00b7\u5229\u4f2f\u66fc<\/a>\uff08\u5370\u8c61\u6d3e<\/a>\uff09\u53ca\u9a6c\u514b\u65af\u00b7\u6069\u65af\u7279<\/a>\uff08\u8d85\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\uff09\u4ea6\u5728\u5176\u5404\u81ea\u65f6\u671f\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u5730\u4f4d[\u53c2 250]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5965\u6258\u00b7\u65bd\u5bc6\u7279-\u970d\u5f17<\/a>\u3001\u5f17\u6717\u8328\u00b7\u4f0a\u592b\u5170<\/a>\u548c\u5c24\u5229\u4e4c\u65af\u00b7\u65bd\u5bc6\u7279-\u8d39\u6797<\/a>\u7b49\u96d5\u5851\u5bb6\u4ea6\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b20\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u5bf9\u5fb7\u56fd\u827a\u672f\u53f2\u4f5c\u51fa\u91cd\u8981\u8d21\u732e[\u53c2 251]<\/a><\/sup>[\u53c2 252]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

20\u4e16\u7eaa\u591a\u4e2a\u827a\u672f\u96c6\u56e2\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5341\u4e00\u6708\u96c6\u56e2<\/a>\u3001\u6865\u793e<\/a>\u53ca\u74e6\u897f\u91cc\u00b7\u5eb7\u5b9a\u65af\u57fa<\/a>\u9886\u8854\u7684\u84dd\u9a91\u58eb<\/a>\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56e2\u4f53\u5f71\u54cd\u6155\u5c3c\u9ed1\u548c\u67cf\u6797\u8868\u73b0\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u5e94\u827a\u672f\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u65b0\u5373\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u5728\u9b4f\u739b\u5171\u548c\u56fd<\/a>\u65f6\u671f\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u6218\u540e\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u827a\u672f\u8d8b\u52bf\u53ef\u5927\u81f4\u5206\u4e3a\u65b0\u8868\u73b0\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u3001\u884c\u4e3a\u827a\u672f<\/a>\u53ca\u89c2\u5ff5\u827a\u672f<\/a>\u3002\u77e5\u540d\u65b0\u8868\u73b0\u4e3b\u4e49\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u5305\u62ec\u683c\u5965\u5c14\u683c\u00b7\u5df4\u6cfd\u5229\u8328<\/a>\u3001\u5b89\u585e\u5c14\u59c6\u00b7\u57fa\u5f17<\/a>\u3001\u7ea6\u5c14\u683c\u00b7\u4f0a\u95e8\u591a\u592b<\/a>\u3001A\u00b7R\u00b7\u5f6d\u514b<\/a>\u3001\u9a6c\u5e93\u65af\u00b7\u5415\u4f69\u5c14\u8328<\/a>\u3001\u5f7c\u5f97\u00b7\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u51ef\u5c14<\/a>\u548c\u8d56\u7eb3\u00b7\u8d39\u5ef7<\/a>\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u4f20\u7edf\u5a92\u4f53\u6216\u4eba\u50cf\u9886\u57df\u7684\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u9a6c\u4e01\u00b7\u57fa\u5f6d\u8d1d\u683c\u5c14<\/a>\u3001\u683c\u54c8\u5fb7\u00b7\u91cc\u5e0c\u7279<\/a>\u3001\u897f\u683c\u739b\u5c14\u00b7\u6ce2\u5c14\u514b<\/a>\u548c\u5185\u5965\u00b7\u52b3\u8d6b<\/a>\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u8457\u540d\u6982\u5ff5\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u6709\u8d1d\u6069\u5fb7\u548c\u5e0c\u62c9\u00b7\u8d1d\u6b47\u5c14<\/a>\u3001\u6c49\u5a1c\u00b7\u8fbe\u5c14\u535a\u82ac<\/a>\u3001\u6c49\u65af-\u5f7c\u5f97\u00b7\u8d39\u5c14\u5fb7\u66fc<\/a>\u3001\u6c49\u65af\u00b7\u54c8\u514b<\/a>\u3001\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u535a\u4f0a\u65af<\/a>\u3001H\u00b7A\u00b7\u8212\u5c14\u7279<\/a>\u3001\u963f\u91cc\u65af\u00b7\u5361\u83b1\u6cfd<\/a>\u3001\u5185\u5965\u00b7\u52b3\u8d6b\u548c\u5b89\u5fb7\u70c8\u4e9a\u65af\u00b7\u53e4\u5c14\u65af\u57fa<\/a>\u3002\u5361\u585e\u5c14\u6587\u732e\u5c55<\/a>\u3001\u67cf\u6797\u53cc\u5e74\u5c55<\/a>\u3001\u8de8\u5a92\u4f53\u827a\u672f\u8282<\/a>\u548c\u79d1\u9686\u827a\u672f\u8282<\/a>\u4e3a\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u827a\u672f\u5c55\u548c\u827a\u672f\u8282[\u53c2 250]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.3 \u5efa\u7b51<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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\u56fe7-6\u81f37-9\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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7.4 \u6587\u5b66\u53ca\u54f2\u5b66<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u5fb7\u8bed\u6587\u5b66<\/a>\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\u53e4\u5178\u54f2\u5b66<\/a><\/em> \/ Main articles: German literature<\/a> and German philosophy<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe7-10\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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20\u4e16\u7eaa\u5177\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u4f5c\u5bb6\u5305\u62ec\u683c\u54c8\u7279\u00b7\u970d\u666e\u7279\u66fc<\/a>\u3001\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u66fc<\/a>\u3001\u8d6b\u5c14\u66fc\u00b7\u9ed1\u585e<\/a>\u3001\u6d77\u56e0\u91cc\u5e0c\u00b7\u4f2f\u5c14<\/a>\u548c\u541b\u7279\u00b7\u683c\u62c9\u65af<\/a>[\u53c2 261]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5fb7\u8bed\u51fa\u7248\u5546\u5e74\u5747\u51fa\u7248\u91cf\u7ea6\u8fbe7\u4ebf\u518c\uff0c\u4e66\u76ee\u8fd180,000\u79cd\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u65b0\u51fa\u7248\u4e66\u76ee\u8fd160,000\u79cd\u3002\u5728\u4e66\u7c4d\u51fa\u7248\u603b\u6570\u4e0a\uff0c\u5fb7\u8bed\u4e66\u76ee\u4f4d\u5c45\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u4ec5\u6b21\u4e8e\u82f1\u8bed\u548c\u6c49\u8bed[\u53c2 262]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\u4e66\u5c55<\/a>\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u56fe\u4e66\u8d38\u6613\u5c55\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u957f\u8fbe500\u5e74\u7684\u5386\u53f2[\u53c2 263]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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7.5 \u5a92\u4f53 | Media<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u5fb7\u56fd\u7535\u89c6<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u5fb7\u56fd\u7535\u5f71<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Media of Germany<\/a> and Cinema of Germany<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u5a92\u4f53\uff1b\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u7535\u5f71\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe7-11\u548c7-12\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u5fb7\u56fd\u6700\u5927\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u5a92\u4f53\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e3a\u8d1d\u5854\u65af\u66fc<\/a>\u3001\u963f\u514b\u585e\u5c14\u00b7\u65af\u666e\u6797\u683c\u96c6\u56e2<\/a>\u548c\u666e\u7f57\u897f\u672c\u8428\u7279\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u4f20\u5a92<\/a>[\u53c2 265]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5fb7\u65b0\u793e<\/a>\u4ea6\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5a92\u4f53\u673a\u6784\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u7535\u89c6\u5e02\u573a<\/a>\u4e3a\u6b27\u6d32\u6700\u5927\u7ea63,800\u4e07\u5bb6\u5ead\u62e5\u6709\u7535\u89c6[\u53c2 266]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u8fd190%\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u5bb6\u5ead\u62e5\u6709\u6709\u7ebf\u7535\u89c6\u6216\u536b\u661f\u7535\u89c6\uff0c\u53ef\u63a5\u6536\u516c\u5171\u514d\u8d39\u7535\u89c6<\/a>\u53ca\u5546\u4e1a\u7535\u89c6<\/a>\u9891\u9053[\u53c2 267]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u6709\u8d85\u8fc7500\u4e2a\u516c\u5171\u548c\u79c1\u4eba\u5e7f\u64ad\u7535\u53f0\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e4b\u58f0<\/a>\u4e3a\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u5916\u8bed\u7535\u89c6\u548c\u5e7f\u64ad\u5546[\u53c2 268]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e7f\u64ad\u4e3a\u5fb7\u56fd\u5e7f\u64ad<\/a>\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u516c\u5171\u5e7f\u64ad\u8054\u76df<\/a>\u5219\u8d1f\u8d23\u5730\u65b9\u670d\u52a1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8bf8\u591a\u6b27\u6d32\u9500\u91cf\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u62a5\u7eb8\u548c\u6742\u5fd7\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u51fa\u7248\u3002\u53d1\u884c\u91cf\u6700\u5927\u7684\u62a5\u7eb8\uff08\u6216\u7f51\u7edc\u5a92\u4f53\uff09\u4e3a\u300a\u56fe\u7247\u62a5<\/a>\u300b\u300a\u65f6\u4ee3\u5468\u62a5<\/a>\u300b\u300a\u5357\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u62a5<\/a>\u300b\u300a\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\u6c47\u62a5<\/a>\u300b\u548c\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u62a5<\/a>\u300b\uff0c\u6742\u5fd7\u5219\u4e3a\u300a\u660e\u955c<\/a>\u300b\u300a\u4eae\u70b9<\/a>\u300b\u548c\u300a\u7126\u70b9<\/a>\u300b[\u53c2 269]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u6e38\u620f\u5e02\u573a\u4ea6\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u6700\u5927\u4e4b\u4e00[\u53c2 270]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u4e8e\u79d1\u9686\u4e3e\u884c\u7684Gamescom<\/a>\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u89c4\u6a21\u6700\u5927\u7684\u6e38\u620f\u5c55\u4e4b\u4e00[\u53c2 271]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u6765\u81ea\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u6e38\u620f\u5305\u62ec\u300aTurrican\u300b\u3001\u300a\u7eaa\u5143<\/a>\u300b\u7cfb\u5217\u3001\u300a\u5de5\u4eba\u7269\u8bed<\/a>\u300b\u7cfb\u5217\u3001\u300a\u54e5\u7279\u738b\u671d<\/a>\u300b\u7cfb\u5217\u3001\u300a\u5492\u8bed\u529b\u91cf<\/a>\u300b\u7cfb\u5217\u3001\u300a\u5b64\u5c9b\u60ca\u9b42<\/a>\u300b\u7cfb\u5217\u53ca\u300a\u5b64\u5c9b\u5371\u673a<\/a>\u300b\u7cfb\u5217\u3002\u91cd\u8981\u6e38\u620f\u5236\u4f5c\u5546\u548c\u53d1\u884c\u5546\u5305\u62ecBlue Byte<\/a>\u3001Crytek<\/a>\u3001Deep Silver<\/a>\u3001Kalypso Media<\/a>\u3001Piranha Bytes<\/a>\u548cYager Development<\/a>\uff0c\u793e\u4ea4\u7f51\u7edc\u6e38\u620f<\/a>\u5546\u5219\u5305\u62ecBigpoint Games<\/a>\u3001Gameforge<\/a>\u3001Goodgame Studios<\/a>\u548cWooga<\/a>[\u53c2 272]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5fb7\u56fd\u7535\u5f71<\/a>\u5bf9\u5176\u9886\u57df\u5728\u6280\u672f\u548c\u827a\u672f\u4e0a\u90fd\u4f5c\u51fa\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u65af\u79d1\u62c9\u8fbe\u8bfa\u592b\u65af\u57fa\u5144\u5f1f<\/a>\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u57281895\u5e74\u9996\u6620\u3002\u4f4d\u4e8e\u67cf\u6797\u5e02\u90ca\u6ce2\u8328\u5766<\/a>\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5df4\u8d1d\u5c14\u5821\u6444\u5f71\u68da<\/a>\u4e8e1912\u5e74\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u9996\u4e2a\u5927\u578b\u7535\u5f71\u5236\u4f5c\u5ba4\uff0c\u73b0\u4eca\u4e3a\u6b27\u6d32\u6700\u5927\u5236\u4f5c\u5ba4[\u53c2 273]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u65e9\u5e74\u5fb7\u56fd\u7535\u5f71\u53d7\u5230\u5fb7\u56fd\u8868\u73b0\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u7684\u663e\u8457\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5176\u4ee3\u8868\u5305\u62ec\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u5a01\u6069<\/a>\u548c\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u91cc\u5e0c\u00b7\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u7a46\u5c14\u7459<\/a>\u3002\u5f17\u91cc\u8328\u00b7\u6717<\/a>\u7684\u300a\u5927\u90fd\u4f1a<\/a>\u300b\uff081927\u5e74\uff09\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u91cd\u8981\u79d1\u5e7b\u7535\u5f71[\u53c2 274]<\/a><\/sup>\u30021930\u5e74\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u51af\u00b7\u65af\u5766\u4f2f\u683c<\/a>\u6267\u5bfc\u9996\u90e8\u5fb7\u8bed\u6709\u58f0\u7535\u5f71<\/a>\u300a\u84dd\u5929\u4f7f<\/a>\u300b\uff0c\u7531\u739b\u7433\u00b7\u9edb\u5fb7\u4e3d<\/a>\u51fa\u4efb\u4e3b\u6f14[\u53c2 275]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u83b1\u5c3c\u00b7\u91cc\u82ac\u65af\u5854\u5c14<\/a>\u7684\u7535\u5f71\u5f00\u521b\u7535\u5f71\u7f8e\u5b66\u7684\u65b0\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u5176\u4ee3\u8868\u4f5c\u4e3a\u300a\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u80dc\u5229<\/a>\u300b[\u53c2 276]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1945\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u6218\u540e\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u7535\u5f71\u88ab\u79f0\u4f5c\u201c\u5e9f\u589f\u7535\u5f71\u201d\uff08Tr\u00fcmmerfilm\uff09\uff0c\u5982\u6c83\u5c14\u592b\u5188\u00b7\u65bd\u9676\u7279<\/a>\u7684\u300a\u51f6\u624b\u5c31\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u4e2d\u95f4<\/a>\u300b\uff081946\u5e74\uff09\u3002\u77e5\u540d\u4e1c\u5fb7\u7535\u5f71\u5305\u62ec\u65bd\u9676\u7279\u7684\u300a\u81e3\u4ec6<\/a>\u300b\uff081951\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u5eb7\u62c9\u5fb7\u00b7\u6c83\u5c14\u592b<\/a>\u7684\u300a\u5206\u88c2\u7684\u5929\u7a7a<\/a>\u300b\uff081964\u5e74\uff09\u53ca\u5f17\u6717\u514b\u00b7\u8d1d\u5c14<\/a>\u7684\u300a\u6492\u8c0e\u8005\u96c5\u5404\u5e03<\/a>\u300b\uff081975\u5e74\uff09\u30021950\u5e74\u4ee3\u897f\u5fb7\u7535\u5f71\u7684\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7c7b\u578b\u4e3a\u201c\u4e61\u571f\u7535\u5f71\u201d\uff08Heimatfilm\uff09\uff0c\u63cf\u7ed8\u7f8e\u4e3d\u7684\u6cb3\u5c71\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u6b63\u76f4\u7684\u5c45\u6c11[\u53c2 277]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1970\u5e74\u4ee3\u548c1980\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u65b0\u6d6a\u6f6e<\/a>\u5bfc\u6f14\u5982\u6c83\u514b\u00b7\u65bd\u9686\u591a\u592b<\/a>\u3001\u7ef4\u5c14\u7eb3\u00b7\u8d6b\u5c14\u4f50\u683c<\/a>\u3001\u7ef4\u59c6\u00b7\u6587\u5fb7\u65af<\/a>\u548c\u5b81\u90a3\u00b7\u534e\u7eb3\u00b7\u6cd5\u65af\u5bbe\u5fb7<\/a>\u63d0\u9ad8\u897f\u5fb7\u4f5c\u8005\u7535\u5f71\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u5305\u62ec\u300a\u4ece\u6d77\u5e95\u51fa\u51fb<\/a>\u300b\uff081981\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u300a\u5927\u9b54\u57df<\/a>\u300b\uff081984\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u300a\u518d\u89c1\u5217\u5b81\uff01<\/a>\u300b\uff082003\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u300a\u7231\u65e0\u6b62\u5c3d<\/a>\u300b\uff082004\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u300a\u767d\u4e1d\u5e26<\/a>\u300b\uff082009\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u300a\u52a8\u7269\u603b\u52a8\u5458<\/a>\u300b\uff082010\u5e74\uff09\u548c\u300a\u4e91\u56fe<\/a>\u300b\uff082012\u5e74\uff09\u7b49\u5fb7\u56fd\u7535\u5f71\u4ea6\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u4e0a\u83b7\u5f97\u6210\u529f\u30021979\u5e74\u5965\u65af\u5361\u6700\u4f73\u5916\u8bed\u7247\u5956<\/a>\u6388\u4e88\u5fb7\u56fd\u7535\u5f71\u300a\u94c1\u76ae\u9f13<\/a>\u300b\uff0c\u540c\u4e00\u5956\u9879\u57282002\u5e74\u6388\u4e88\u300a\u4f55\u5904\u662f\u6211\u5bb6<\/a>\u300b\uff0c2007\u5e74\u6388\u4e88\u300a\u7a83\u542c\u98ce\u66b4<\/a>\u300b[\u53c2 278]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5e74\u5ea6\u6b27\u6d32\u7535\u5f71\u5956<\/a>\u6bcf\u9694\u4e00\u5e74\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u7535\u5f71\u5b66\u9662<\/a>\u6240\u5728\u5730\u67cf\u6797\u4e3e\u884c[\u53c2 279]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u67cf\u6797\u56fd\u9645\u7535\u5f71\u8282<\/a>\u9881\u53d1\u91d1\u718a\u5956<\/a>\uff0c\u81ea1951\u5e74\u8d77\u6bcf\u5e74\u4e3e\u884c\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7535\u5f71\u8282<\/a>\u4e4b\u4e00[\u53c2 280]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u7535\u5f71\u5956<\/a>\u9881\u53d1\u7f57\u62c9\u5956\uff0c\u81ea1951\u5e74\u8d77\u6bcf\u5e74\u4e8e\u67cf\u6797\u4e3e\u884c[\u53c2 281]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.6 \u996e\u98df | Cuisine<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u5fb7\u56fd\u996e\u98df<\/a> \/ Main article: German cuisine<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe7-13\u548c7-14\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u5fb7\u56fd\u996e\u98df\u6839\u636e\u5730\u533a\u4e0d\u540c\u800c\u5404\u6709\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u4f46\u76f8\u90bb\u7684\u533a\u57df\u65f6\u5e38\u6709\u5171\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\uff08\u5982\u5357\u90e8\u7684\u5df4\u4f10\u5229\u4e9a\u548c\u65bd\u74e6\u672c\u996e\u98df\u6587\u5316\u540c\u745e\u58eb\u548c\u5965\u5730\u5229\u76f8\u8fd1\uff09\u3002\u56fd\u9645\u98df\u54c1\u5982\u62ab\u8428<\/a>\u3001\u5bff\u53f8<\/a>\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u83dc<\/a>\u3001\u5e0c\u814a\u83dc<\/a>\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u83dc<\/a>\u548c\u571f\u8033\u5176\u70e4\u8089<\/a>\u4ea6\u56e0\u4e0d\u540c\u6c11\u65cf\u793e\u7fa4\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u800c\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\uff0c\u9887\u53d7\u5927\u4f17\u6b22\u8fce[\u53c2 282]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9762\u5305<\/a>\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u996e\u98df\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u51fa\u4ea7\u8fd1600\u79cd\u9762\u5305\u548c1,200\u79cd\u7cd5\u70b9\u548c\u5706\u9762\u5305<\/a>\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u5976\u916a<\/a>\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u6570\u91cf\u5360\u5230\u5168\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u8fd1\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00[\u53c2 283]<\/a><\/sup>\u30022012\u5e74\uff0c\u8d85\u8fc799%\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u8089\u7c7b\u4e3a\u732a\u8089\u3001\u9e21\u8089\u548c\u725b\u8089\u3002\u9999\u80a0\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u6781\u4e3a\u666e\u904d\uff0c\u751f\u4ea7\u79cd\u7c7b\u8fd11,500\u79cd\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6cb9\u714e\u9999\u80a0<\/a>\u3001\u767d\u9999\u80a0<\/a>\u548c\u5496\u55b1\u9999\u80a0<\/a>\u7b49[\u53c2 284]<\/a><\/sup>\u30022012\u5e74\uff0c\u6709\u673a\u98df\u54c1<\/a>\u9500\u91cf\u5360\u5230\u98df\u54c1\u603b\u9500\u91cf\u76843.9%[\u53c2 285]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8461\u8404\u9152<\/a>\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u8bb8\u591a\u5730\u65b9\u9010\u6e10\u5f00\u59cb\u6d41\u884c[\u53c2 286]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u4f46\u6700\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u9152\u7cbe\u996e\u54c1\u4ecd\u65e7\u4e3a\u5564\u9152<\/a>\u30022012\u5e74\u5fb7\u56fd\u5564\u9152\u996e\u7528\u91cf\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4eba110\u5347\uff0824\u82f1\u5236\u52a0\u4ed1\uff1b29\u7f8e\u5236\u52a0\u4ed1\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u4f4d\u5c45\u524d\u5217<\/a>[\u53c2 287]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5564\u9152\u7eaf\u5ea6\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a<\/a>\u53ef\u8ffd\u6eaf\u81f315\u4e16\u7eaa[\u53c2 288]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The national alcoholic drink is beer<\/a>.[297]<\/a><\/sup> German beer consumption per person stands at 110 litres (24\u00a0imp\u00a0gal; 29\u00a0US\u00a0gal) in 2013 and remains among the highest in the world<\/a>.[298]<\/a><\/sup> German beer purity regulations<\/a> date back to the 16th century.[299]<\/a><\/sup> Wine<\/a> has become popular in many parts of the country, especially close to German wine regions<\/a>.[300]<\/a><\/sup> In 2019, Germany was the ninth-largest wine producer in the world<\/a>.[301]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u56fd\u6c11\u9152\u7cbe\u996e\u54c1\u662f\u5564\u9152\u3002[297]2013\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u5747\u5564\u9152\u6d88\u8d39\u91cf\u4e3a110\u5347\uff0824\u82f1\u5236\u52a0\u4ed1\uff1b29\u7f8e\u5236\u52a0\u4ed1\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u5168\u7403\u4ecd\u540d\u5217\u524d\u8305\u3002[298]\u5fb7\u56fd\u5564\u9152\u7eaf\u5ea6\u6cd5\u89c4\u53ef\u8ffd\u6eaf\u81f316\u4e16\u7eaa\u3002[299]\u8461\u8404\u9152\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u8bb8\u591a\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u90bb\u8fd1\u5fb7\u56fd\u8461\u8404\u9152\u4ea7\u533a\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u53d8\u5f97\u5907\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u3002[300]2019\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u4e5d\u5927\u8461\u8404\u9152\u751f\u4ea7\u56fd\u3002[301]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2018 Michelin Guide<\/a><\/em> awarded eleven restaurants in Germany three stars<\/a>, giving the country a cumulative total of 300 stars.[302]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112018\u5e74\u300a\u7c73\u5176\u6797\u6307\u5357\u300b\u6388\u4e88\u5fb7\u56fd11\u5bb6\u9910\u5385\u4e09\u661f\u8bc4\u7ea7\uff0c\u4f7f\u5fb7\u56fd\u7d2f\u8ba1\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u7c73\u5176\u6797\u661f\u7ea7\u603b\u6570\u8fbe\u5230300\u9897\u3002[302]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.7 \u4f53\u80b2 | Sports<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u5fb7\u56fd\u4f53\u80b2<\/a> \/ Main article: Sport in Germany<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe7-15\u548c7-16\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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\u5fb7\u56fd\u8fd0\u52a8\u5458<\/a>\u5728\u5965\u6797\u5339\u514b\u8fd0\u52a8\u4f1a<\/a>\u4e2d\u6709\u4f18\u5f02\u8868\u73b0\uff0c\u603b\u5956\u724c\u6570\u5c45\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u4e09<\/a>\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u4e1c\u897f\u5fb7\uff09\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u662f\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u540c\u5e74\u4e3e\u529e\u590f\u5b63\u548c\u51ac\u5b63\u5965\u8fd0\u4f1a\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u2014\u20141936\u5e74\u4e8e\u67cf\u6797\u4e3e\u529e\u590f\u5b63\u5965\u8fd0\u4f1a<\/a>\uff0c\u5728\u52a0\u5c14\u7c73\u65bd-\u5e15\u6ed5\u57fa\u5174<\/a>\u4e3e\u529e\u51ac\u5b63\u5965\u8fd0\u4f1a<\/a>[\u53c2 296]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u6b64\u5916\u6155\u5c3c\u9ed1<\/a>\u4ea6\u4e3e\u529e1972\u5e74\u7684\u590f\u5b63\u5965\u8fd0\u4f1a<\/a>[\u53c2 297]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.8 \u65f6\u5c1a\u548c\u8bbe\u8ba1<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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\u56fe7-17\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

German designers became early leaders of modern product design<\/a>.[276]<\/a><\/sup> The Berlin Fashion Week<\/a> and the fashion trade fair Bread & Butter<\/a> are held twice a year.[277]<\/a><\/sup>
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