{"id":4895,"date":"2024-12-13T17:41:04","date_gmt":"2024-12-13T09:41:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/?p=4895"},"modified":"2025-01-30T20:50:34","modified_gmt":"2025-01-30T12:50:34","slug":"france-fulltext-zhen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/2024\/12\/13\/france-fulltext-zhen\/","title":{"rendered":"\u6cd5\u56fd \/ France -\uff08\u5168\u6587\uff09\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u8bcd\u6761\u878d\u5408"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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\u8fbd\u89c2\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4ec5\u4f9b\u53c2\u8003\u3002\u6587\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u542b\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\u94fe\u63a5\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n\u8fbd\u89c2\u6240\u642c\u8fd0\u7684\u8bcd\u6761\u6587\u672c\u4e0e\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u4e00\u9053\u540c\u6837\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 4.0\u534f\u8bae\uff08\u8fbd\u89c2\u642c\u8fd0\u7684\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u5bf9\u7167\u7248\u672c<\/a>\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u7b26\u5408\u534f\u8bae\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u514d\u8d39\u4f7f\u7528\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5546\u7528\uff09\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u548c\u89c6\u9891\u53ef\u80fd\u9075\u5faa\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5171\u4eab\u534f\u8bae\u3002\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

0. \u6982\u8ff0<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe0-1\u81f30-6\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

0.1 \u6587\u5b57\u8bf4\u660e<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

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France<\/strong>,[French: [f\u0281\u0251\u0303s]]<\/sup> officially the French Republic<\/strong>,[French: R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise<\/em> French: [\u0281epyblik f\u0281\u0251\u0303s\u025b\u02d0z]]<\/sup> is a country located primarily in Western Europe<\/a>. Its overseas regions and territories<\/a> include French Guiana<\/a> in South America<\/a>, Saint Pierre and Miquelon<\/a> in the North Atlantic, the French West Indies<\/a>, and many islands<\/a> in Oceania<\/a> and the Indian Ocean<\/a>, giving it one of the largest discontiguous exclusive economic zones in the world<\/a>. Metropolitan France<\/a> shares borders with Belgium<\/a> and Luxembourg<\/a> to the north, Germany<\/a> to the northeast, Switzerland<\/a> to the east, Italy<\/a> and Monaco<\/a> to the southeast, Andorra<\/a> and Spain<\/a> to the south, and a maritime border with the United Kingdom<\/a> to the northwest. Its metropolitan area extends from the Rhine<\/a> to the Atlantic Ocean<\/a> and from the Mediterranean Sea<\/a> to the English Channel<\/a> and the North Sea<\/a>. Its eighteen integral regions<\/a>\u2014five of which are overseas\u2014span a combined area of 643,801 km2<\/sup> (248,573 sq mi) and have a total population of nearly 68.4 million as of January 2024. France is a semi-presidential republic<\/a> with its capital in Paris<\/a>, the country’s largest city<\/a> and main cultural and commercial centre.
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Metropolitan France was settled during the Iron Age<\/a> by Celtic tribes<\/a> known as Gauls<\/a> before Rome annexed the area<\/a> in 51 BC, leading to a distinct Gallo-Roman culture<\/a>. In the Early Middle Ages<\/a>, the Franks<\/a> formed the Kingdom of Francia<\/a>, which became the heartland of the Carolingian Empire<\/a>. The Treaty of Verdun<\/a> of 843 partitioned the empire, with West Francia<\/a> evolving into the Kingdom of France<\/a>. In the High Middle Ages<\/a>, France was a powerful but decentralized feudal<\/a> kingdom, but from the mid-14th to the mid-15th centuries, France was plunged into a dynastic conflict with England<\/a> known as the Hundred Years’ War<\/a>. In the 16th century, French culture<\/a> flourished during the French Renaissance<\/a> and a French colonial empire<\/a> emerged. Internally, France was dominated by the conflict with the House of Habsburg<\/a> and the French Wars of Religion<\/a> between Catholics<\/a> and Huguenots<\/a>. France was successful in the Thirty Years’ War<\/a> and further increased its influence during the reign of Louis XIV<\/a>.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6cd5\u56fd\u672c\u571f\u5728\u94c1\u5668\u65f6\u4ee3\u7531\u9ad8\u5362\u51ef\u5c14\u7279\u90e8\u843d\u5b9a\u5c45\uff0c\u516c\u5143\u524d51\u5e74\u88ab\u7f57\u9a6c\u541e\u5e76\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u9ad8\u5362-\u7f57\u9a6c\u6587\u5316\u3002\u5728\u65e9\u671f\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u4eba\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u738b\u56fd\uff0c\u8be5\u738b\u56fd\u540e\u6765\u6210\u4e3a\u52a0\u6d1b\u6797\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u3002843\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u51e1\u5c14\u767b\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u5c06\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e00\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\uff0c\u897f\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u738b\u56fd\u9010\u6e10\u6f14\u53d8\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u738b\u56fd\u3002\u5728\u9ad8\u5ea6\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f3a\u5927\u4f46\u5206\u6563\u7684\u5c01\u5efa\u738b\u56fd\uff0c\u4f46\u4ece14\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\u523015\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4e0e\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u9677\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u573a\u957f\u8fbe\u767e\u5e74\u7684\u738b\u671d\u6218\u4e89\u300216\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u65f6\u671f\u84ec\u52c3\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e5f\u968f\u4e4b\u5d1b\u8d77\u3002\u5728\u56fd\u5185\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u88ab\u54c8\u5e03\u65af\u5821\u5bb6\u65cf\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u4ee5\u53ca\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5f92\u4e0e\u65b0\u6559\u5f92\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u5b97\u6559\u6218\u4e89\u6240\u4e3b\u5bfc\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u5728\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u80dc\u5229\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u8def\u6613\u5341\u56db\u7edf\u6cbb\u671f\u95f4\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6269\u5927\u4e86\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The French Revolution<\/a> of 1789 overthrew the Ancien R\u00e9gime<\/a> and produced the Declaration of the Rights of Man<\/a>, which expresses the nation’s ideals to this day. France reached its political and military zenith in the early 19th century under Napoleon Bonaparte<\/a>, subjugating part of continental Europe and establishing the First French Empire<\/a>. The collapse of the empire initiated a period of relative decline, in which France endured the Bourbon Restoration<\/a> until the founding of the French Second Republic<\/a> which was succeeded by the Second French Empire<\/a> upon Napoleon III<\/a>‘s takeover. His empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War<\/a> in 1870. This led to the establishment of the Third French Republic<\/a>, and subsequent decades saw a period of economic prosperity and cultural and scientific flourishing known as the Belle \u00c9poque<\/a>. France was one of the major participants<\/a> of World War I<\/a>, from which it emerged victorious<\/a> at great human and economic cost. It was among the Allies of World War II<\/a>, but it surrendered and was occupied<\/a> in 1940. Following its liberation in 1944<\/a>, the short-lived Fourth Republic<\/a> was established and later dissolved in the course of the defeat in the Algerian War<\/a>. The current Fifth Republic<\/a> was formed in 1958 by Charles de Gaulle<\/a>. Algeria and most French colonies became independent in the 1960s, with the majority retaining close economic and military ties with France<\/a>.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111789\u5e74\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e86\u65e7\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u5e76\u9881\u5e03\u4e86\u300a\u4eba\u6743\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\uff0c\u8be5\u5ba3\u8a00\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u7406\u60f3\u300219\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5728\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u00b7\u6ce2\u62ff\u5df4\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u519b\u4e8b\u4e0a\u7684\u9f0e\u76db\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5f81\u670d\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u9646\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u7b2c\u4e00\u5e1d\u56fd\u3002\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u5d29\u6e83\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u4e00\u6bb5\u76f8\u5bf9\u8870\u843d\u7684\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u6ce2\u65c1\u738b\u671d\u7684\u590d\u8f9f\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u6cd5\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u4e09\u4e16\u638c\u6743\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5e1d\u56fd\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u57281870\u5e74\u7684\u666e\u6cd5\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u5d29\u6e83\u3002\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u7b2c\u4e09\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u7684\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u91cc\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u8fce\u6765\u4e86\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7e41\u8363\u4ee5\u53ca\u6587\u5316\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u84ec\u52c3\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u7f8e\u597d\u65f6\u4ee3\u201d\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u53c2\u6218\u56fd\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4ed8\u51fa\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u4eba\u529b\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4ee3\u4ef7\uff0c\u4f46\u6700\u7ec8\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u80dc\u5229\u3002\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u662f\u76df\u519b\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4f46\u57281940\u5e74\u6295\u964d\u5e76\u88ab\u5360\u9886\u30021944\u5e74\u89e3\u653e\u540e\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u77ed\u6682\u7684\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u7b2c\u56db\u5171\u548c\u56fd\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u5728\u963f\u5c14\u53ca\u5229\u4e9a\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u6218\u8d25\u800c\u89e3\u6563\u3002\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u7b2c\u4e94\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7531\u590f\u5c14\u00b7\u6234\u9ad8\u4e50\u4e8e1958\u5e74\u5efa\u7acb\u3002\u963f\u5c14\u53ca\u5229\u4e9a\u548c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u6cd5\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4e8e20\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5927\u591a\u6570\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u6cd5\u56fd\u4fdd\u6301\u7740\u5bc6\u5207\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u519b\u4e8b\u8054\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6cd5\u56fd\u81f3\u4eca\u5df2\u662f\u4e2a\u6781\u9ad8\u4eba\u7c7b\u53d1\u5c55\u6307\u6570<\/a>\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ee5\u540d\u4e49GDP\u4e3a\u91cf\u5ea6\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u4e03\u5927\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\uff0c\u5176\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6d77\u57df<\/a>\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5927\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4ee5\u670d\u52a1\u4e1a\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u5176\u6b21\u4e3a\u5de5\u4e1a\u548c\u519c\u4e1a\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e5f\u638c\u63a7\u4e86\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5e76\u7ed9\u4e88\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u8d22\u653f\u652f\u6301\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u827a\u672f<\/a>\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u7ef4\u6301\u4e86\u6570\u767e\u5e74\u4e4b\u4e45\uff0c\u5176\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u4e5f\u662f\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u9738\u4e3b[8]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u5e76\u88ab\u90e8\u5206\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u89c6\u4f5c17\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u540e\u671f\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5f3a\u56fd[9]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

France retains its centuries-long status as a global centre of art<\/a>, science<\/a>, and philosophy<\/a>. It hosts<\/a> the fourth-largest number<\/a> of UNESCO World Heritage Sites<\/a> and is the world’s leading tourist destination<\/a>, receiving 100 million foreign visitors in 2023<\/a>. A developed country<\/a>, France has a high nominal per capita income globally<\/a>, and its advanced economy<\/a> ranks among the largest in the world by both nominal GDP<\/a> and PPP-adjusted GDP<\/a>. It is a great power<\/a>, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council<\/a> and an official nuclear-weapon state<\/a>. France is a founding<\/a> and leading member<\/a> of the European Union<\/a> and the eurozone<\/a>, as well as a member of the Group of Seven<\/a>, NATO<\/a>, OECD<\/a>, and Francophonie<\/a>.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6cd5\u56fd\u4ecd\u4fdd\u6301\u7740\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5168\u7403\u827a\u672f\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u60a0\u4e45\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u5b83\u62e5\u6709\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u56db\u591a\u7684\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u6559\u79d1\u6587\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e16\u754c\u9057\u4ea7\u5730\uff0c\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u9996\u8981\u7684\u65c5\u6e38\u76ee\u7684\u5730\uff0c2023\u5e74\u63a5\u5f85\u4e861\u4ebf\u5916\u56fd\u6e38\u5ba2\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d1\u8fbe\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5168\u7403\u4eba\u5747\u540d\u4e49\u6536\u5165\u8f83\u9ad8\uff0c\u5176\u53d1\u8fbe\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6309\u540d\u4e49\u56fd\u5185\u751f\u4ea7\u603b\u503c\uff08GDP\uff09\u548c\u8d2d\u4e70\u529b\u5e73\u4ef7\u8c03\u6574\u540e\u7684\u56fd\u5185\u751f\u4ea7\u603b\u503c\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u5747\u8dfb\u8eab\u4e16\u754c\u524d\u5217\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u56fd\uff0c\u662f\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u5b89\u5168\u7406\u4e8b\u4f1a\u7684\u4e94\u4e2a\u5e38\u4efb\u7406\u4e8b\u56fd\u4e4b\u4e00\u548c\u5b98\u65b9\u6838\u6b66\u5668\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u662f\u6b27\u6d32\u8054\u76df\u548c\u6b27\u5143\u533a\u7684\u521b\u59cb\u6210\u5458\u56fd\u548c\u9886\u5bfc\u56fd\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e03\u56fd\u96c6\u56e2\u3001\u5317\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u516c\u7ea6\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff08NATO\uff09\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5408\u4f5c\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff08OECD\uff09\u548c\u6cd5\u8bed\u56fd\u5bb6\u56fd\u9645\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6210\u5458\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

0.2 \u6982\u51b5\u8868\u683c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u8fbd\u89c2\u6ce8\uff1a\u6b64\u6807\u9898\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u642c\u8fd0\u3001\u6574\u5408\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Motto\u3010\u56fd\u5bb6\u683c\u8a00\u3011: <\/strong>“Libert\u00e9, \u00e9galit\u00e9, fraternit\u00e9<\/a>“(“Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”) \/\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u5e73\u7b49\u3001\u535a\u7231<\/a>\u201d<\/td><\/tr>
Anthem\u3010\u56fd\u6b4c\u3011:<\/strong> “La Marseillaise<\/a>” \/ \u300a\u9a6c\u8d5b\u66f2<\/a>\u300b
<\/a>Duration: 1 minute and 20 seconds\u3010\u65f6\u957f\uff1a1\u520620\u79d2\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Capital and largest city\u3010\u9996\u90fd\u66a8\u6700\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u3011<\/th>Paris<\/a> \/ \u5df4\u9ece<\/a>
\"\"48\u00b051\u2032N 2\u00b021\u2032E<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
Official language and national language
\u3010\u5b98\u65b9\u8bed\u8a00\u53ca\u56fd\u5bb6\u8bed\u8a00\u3011<\/th>		French<\/a>[II]<\/a><\/sup> \/ \u6cd5\u8bed<\/a>[\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\u8bed\u8a00\u53c2\u89c1\u6cd5\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00<\/a>\u3002]<\/sup><\/td><\/tr>
Nationality (2021)[3]<\/a><\/sup>\u3010\u5c45\u6c11\u56fd\u7c4d\uff082021\u5e74\uff09\u3011<\/th>92.2% French<\/a>\u3010\u6cd5\u56fd\u56fd\u7c4d\u3011
7.8% other<\/a>\u3010\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u7c4d\u5c45\u6c11\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Religion (2021)[4]<\/a><\/sup>\u3010\u5b97\u6559\uff082021\u5e74\uff09\u3011<\/th>50% Christianity<\/a>\u3010\u57fa\u7763\u5b97\u6559\u3011
33% irreligion<\/a>\u3010\u65e0\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3011
4% Islam<\/a>\u3010\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u3011
4% other religions<\/a>\u3010\u5176\u4ed6\u5b97\u6559\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Demonym(s)<\/a>\u3010\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u5bf9\u8be5\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u79f0\u547c\u3011<\/th>French<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
Government<\/a>\u3010\u653f\u4f53\u3011<\/th>Unitary semi-presidential republic<\/a> \/ \u5355\u4e00\u5236<\/a> \u534a\u603b\u7edf\u5236<\/a> \u5171\u548c\u7acb\u5baa\u5236<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 President<\/a> \/ \u603b\u7edf<\/a><\/th>Emmanuel Macron<\/a> \/ \u57c3\u9a6c\u7ebd\u57c3\u5c14\u00b7\u9a6c\u514b\u9f99<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Prime Minister<\/a> \/  \u603b\u7406<\/a><\/th>Michel Barnier<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 President of the Senate<\/a> \/ \u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u8bae\u957f<\/a><\/th>G\u00e9rard Larcher<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 President of the National Assembly<\/a>
\u3010\u56fd\u6c11\u8bae\u4f1a\u8bae\u957f\u3011<\/th>		Ya\u00ebl Braun-Pivet<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
Legislature\u3010\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u3011<\/th>Parliament<\/a> \/ \u8bae\u4f1a<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Upper house<\/a> \/ \u4e0a\u8bae\u9662<\/a><\/th>Senate<\/a> \/ \u53c2\u8bae\u9662<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Lower house<\/a> \/ \u4e0b\u8bae\u9662<\/a><\/th>National Assembly<\/a> \/ \u56fd\u6c11\u8bae\u4f1a<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
Establishment<\/a>\u3010\u5efa\u7acb\u3011<\/th><\/tr>
\u2022 Kingdom of the West Franks<\/a> \u2013 Treaty of Verdun<\/a>
\u3010\u897f\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u738b\u56fd<\/a>\u5efa\u7acb – \u300a\u51e1\u5c14\u767b\u6761\u7ea6<\/a>\u300b\u3011<\/th>		10 August 843\u3010843\u5e748\u670810\u65e5\u3011[\u8131\u79bb\u539f\u52a0\u6d1b\u6797\u5e1d\u56fd<\/a>\u5efa\u7acb\u897f\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u738b\u56fd<\/a>\u3002]<\/sup><\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 French Republic<\/a> \u2013 French First Republic<\/a>
\u3010\u7b2c\u4e00\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u5efa\u7acb<\/a>\u3011<\/th>		22 September 1792\u30101792\u5e749\u670822\u65e5\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Current constitution<\/a> \u2013 French Fifth Republic<\/a>
\u3010\u5148\u884c\u5baa\u6cd5\uff1a\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u7b2c\u4e94\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u3011<\/th>		4 October 1958\u30101958\u5e7410\u67084\u65e5\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Area<\/a> \/ \u9762\u79ef<\/a><\/th><\/tr>
\u2022 Total\u3010\u603b\u8ba1\u3011<\/th>643,801 km2<\/sup> (248,573 sq mi)
(including metropolitan France<\/a> and overseas France<\/a> and excluding Terre Adelie<\/a>[6]<\/a><\/sup>) (42nd<\/a>)
\u3010\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u6cd5\u56fd\u672c\u571f\u548c\u6cd5\u56fd\u6d77\u5916\u7701\uff0c\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u963f\u5fb7\u5229\u5730[6]\uff09\uff08\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c42\u4f4d\uff09\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Water (%)\u3010\u6c34\u57df\u9762\u79ef\u3011<\/th>0.86[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Metropolitan France<\/a> (IGN<\/a>) \/ \u6cd5\u56fd\u672c\u571f<\/a>\uff08IGN<\/a>\uff09<\/th>551,695 km2<\/sup> (213,011 sq mi)[\u6cd5\u56fd\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u9662\u4e4b\u6570\u636e\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u6240\u6709\u6c34\u4f53\uff09\u3002]<\/sup> (50th<\/a>\u3010\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c50\u4f4d\u3011)<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Metropolitan France (Cadastre<\/a>) \/ \u6cd5\u56fd\u672c\u571f<\/a>\uff08\u5730\u7c4d<\/a>\uff09<\/th>543,940.9 km2<\/sup> (210,016.8 sq mi)[\u6cd5\u56fd\u571f\u5730\u6ce8\u518c\u5904\u4e4b\u6570\u636e\uff08\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u6240\u6709\u5927\u4e8e1\u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\u4e4b\u6c60\u5858\u3001\u6cb3\u6d41\u6216\u51b0\u5ddd\uff0c\u4ea6\u4e0d\u8ba1\u7b97\u6cb3\u6d41\u5165\u6d77\u5904\uff09\u3002][7]<\/a><\/sup> (50th<\/a>)<\/td><\/tr>
Population<\/a> \/ \u4eba\u53e3<\/a><\/th><\/tr>
\u2022 January 2024 estimate\u30102024\u5e741\u6708\u4f30\u8ba1\u503c\u3011<\/th>\"Neutral 68,373,433[8]<\/a><\/sup> (20th<\/a>\u3010\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c20\u4f4d\u3011)<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Density\u3010\u4eba\u53e3\u5bc6\u5ea6\u3011<\/th>106.20274\/km2<\/sup> (106th<\/a>\u3010\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c106\u4f4d\u3011)<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Metropolitan France, estimate as of January 2024\u3010\u6cd5\u56fd\u672c\u571f\uff0c2024\u5e741\u6708\u4f30\u8ba1\u503c\u3011<\/th>\"Neutral 66,142,961[9]<\/a><\/sup> (23rd<\/a>\u3010\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c23\u4f4d\u3011)<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Density\u3010\u4eba\u53e3\u5bc6\u5ea6\u3011<\/th>122\/km2<\/sup> (316.0\/sq mi) (89th<\/a>)<\/td><\/tr>
GDP<\/a> (PPP<\/a>)\u3010\u56fd\u5185\u751f\u4ea7\u603b\u503c\uff08\u8d2d\u4e70\u529b\u5e73\u4ef7\uff09\u3011<\/th>2024 estimate\u30102024\u5e74\u4f30\u8ba1\u503c\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Total\u3010\u603b\u8ba1\u3011<\/th>\"Increase\" $4.359 trillion[10]<\/a><\/sup> (10th<\/a>)
\u30104.359\u4e07\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143[10] \uff08\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c10\u4f4d\uff09\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Per capita\u3010\u4eba\u5747\u3011<\/th>\"Increase\" $65,940[10]<\/a><\/sup> (26th<\/a>)
\u301065,940\u7f8e\u5143[10] \uff08\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c26\u4f4d\uff09\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
GDP<\/a> (nominal)\u3010\u56fd\u5185\u751f\u4ea7\u603b\u503c\uff08\u540d\u4e49\/\u6c47\u7387\uff09\u3011<\/th>2024 estimate\u30102024\u5e74\u4f30\u8ba1\u503c\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Total\u3010\u603b\u8ba1\u3011<\/th>\"Increase\" $3.174 trillion[10]<\/a><\/sup> (7th<\/a>)
\u30103.174\u4e07\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143[10] \uff08\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u4e03\u4f4d\uff09\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Per capita\u3010\u4eba\u5747\u3011<\/th>\"Increase\" $48,011[10]<\/a><\/sup> (23rd<\/a>)
\u301048,011\u7f8e\u5143[10] \uff08\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c23\u4f4d\uff09\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Gini<\/a> (2022) \/ \u57fa\u5c3c\u7cfb\u6570<\/a><\/th>\"Negative 29.8[11]<\/a><\/sup>
low inequality\u3010\u4f4e\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
HDI<\/a> (2022) \/ \u4eba\u7c7b\u53d1\u5c55\u6307\u6570<\/a><\/th>\"Steady\" 0.910[12]<\/a><\/sup>
very high (28th<\/a>)\u3010\u6781\u9ad8\uff08\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c28\u4f4d\uff09\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Currency\u3010\u8d27\u5e01\u3011<\/th>Euro<\/a> (\u20ac<\/a>) (EUR<\/a>) \/ \u6b27\u5143<\/a>\uff08EUR<\/a>\uff09[\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6574\u4e2a\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u5171\u548c\u56fd\uff08\u9664\u4f4d\u4e8e\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u4e00\u5e26\u4e4b\u6cd5\u5c5e\u6d77\u5916\u9886\u5730\uff09\u3002]<\/sup>
CFP franc<\/a> (XPF) \/ \u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u6cd5\u90ce<\/a>\uff08XPF\uff09[\u4ec5\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4f4d\u5904\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u4e00\u5e26\u4e4b\u6cd5\u5c5e\u6d77\u5916\u9886\u5730\u3002]<\/sup><\/td><\/tr>
Time zone\u3010\u65f6\u533a\u3011<\/th>UTC<\/a>+1 (CET<\/a>[CET\u53ea\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6cd5\u56fd\u672c\u571f\u3002\u6574\u4e2a\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u65f6\u533a\u7531UTC-10\uff08\u6cd5\u5c5e\u6ce2\u5229\u5c3c\u897f\u4e9a\uff09\u6a2a\u8de8\u81f3UTC+12\uff08\u74e6\u5229\u65af\u548c\u5bcc\u56fe\u7eb3\u7fa4\u5c9b\uff09\u3002]<\/sup>)<\/td><\/tr>
\u2022 Summer (DST<\/a>)\u3010\u590f\u4ee4\u65f6\u3011<\/th>UTC<\/a>+2 (CEST<\/a>)<\/td><\/tr>
Calling code<\/a>\u3010\u7535\u8bdd\u533a\u53f7\u3011<\/th>+33<\/a>[\u6cd5\u56fd\u6d77\u5916\u7701\u4efd\u53ca\u533a\u57df\u4ea6\u83b7\u7eb3\u5165\u6cd5\u56fd\u7535\u8bdd\u53f7\u7801\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u5747\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u533a\u53f7\uff1a\u74dc\u5fb7\u7f57\u666e\u5c9b +590\u3001\u9a6c\u63d0\u5c3c\u514b +596\u3001\u6cd5\u5c5e\u572d\u4e9a\u90a3 +594\u3001\u7559\u5c3c\u6c6a\u548c\u9a6c\u7ea6\u7279 +262\u3001\u5723\u76ae\u57c3\u5c14\u548c\u5bc6\u514b\u9686\u7fa4\u5c9b +508\uff1b\u6cd5\u5c5e\u6d77\u5916\u9886\u5730\u5219\u4e3a\u6cd5\u56fd\u7535\u8bdd\u53f7\u7801\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u800c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u533a\u53f7\u4e3a\uff1a\u65b0\u5580\u91cc\u591a\u5c3c\u4e9a +687\u3001\u6cd5\u5c5e\u6ce2\u5229\u5c3c\u897f\u4e9a +689\u3001\u74e6\u5229\u65af\u548c\u5bcc\u56fe\u7eb3\u7fa4\u5c9b +681\u3002]<\/sup><\/td><\/tr>
ISO 3166 code<\/a> \/ ISO 3166\u7801<\/a><\/th>FR<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
Internet TLD<\/a> \/ \u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u9876\u7ea7\u57df<\/a><\/th>.fr<\/a>[IX]<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr>
Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km2<\/sup> (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km2<\/sup> (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. The World Factbook<\/a> reports the total as 643,801 km2<\/sup> (248,573 sq mi).
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8d44\u6599\u6765\u6e90\u663e\u793a\u6cd5\u56fd\u672c\u571f\u9762\u79ef\u4e3a 551,500 \u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\uff08212,900 \u5e73\u65b9\u82f1\u91cc\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u5355\u72ec\u5217\u51fa\u4e86\u6d77\u5916\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u603b\u9762\u79ef\u4e3a 89,179 \u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\uff0834,432 \u5e73\u65b9\u82f1\u91cc\uff09\u3002\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u76f8\u52a0\u53ef\u5f97\u51fa\u6b64\u5904\u663e\u793a\u7684\u6574\u4e2a\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7684\u9762\u79ef\u3002\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u6982\u51b5\u300b\u62a5\u544a\u7684\u603b\u9762\u79ef\u4e3a 643,801 \u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\uff08248,573 \u5e73\u65b9\u82f1\u91cc\uff09\u3002<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1. \u5386\u53f2 | History<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Main article: History of France<\/a> \/ \u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u6cd5\u56fd\u5386\u53f2<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of French history<\/a>.
\u3010\u5982\u9700\u6309\u65f6\u95f4\u987a\u5e8f\u6392\u5217\u7684\u6307\u5357\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u9605\u201c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u95f4\u7ebf\u201d\u8bcd\u6761\u3002\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.1 \u4ece\u53f2\u524d\u5230\u516c\u5143\u524d6\u4e16\u7eaa | Pre-6th century BC<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Prehistory of France<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u53f2\u524d\u53f2\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The oldest traces of archaic humans<\/a> in what is now France date from approximately 1.8 million years ago.[19]<\/a><\/sup> Neanderthals<\/a> occupied the region into the Upper Paleolithic<\/a> era but were slowly replaced by Homo sapiens<\/a><\/em> around 35,000 BC.[20]<\/a><\/sup> This period witnessed the emergence of cave painting<\/a> in the Dordogne<\/a> and Pyrenees<\/a>, including at Lascaux<\/a>, dated to c.\u200918,000 BC.[19]<\/a><\/sup> At the end of the Last Glacial Period<\/a> (10,000 BC), the climate became milder;[19]<\/a><\/sup> from approximately 7,000 BC, this part of Western Europe entered the Neolithic<\/a> era, and its inhabitants became sedentary<\/a>.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u73b0\u4eca\u6cd5\u56fd\u5883\u5185\u6700\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u4eba\u7c7b\u9057\u8ff9\u53ef\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u5927\u7ea6180\u4e07\u5e74\u524d\u3002[19]\u5c3c\u5b89\u5fb7\u7279\u4eba\uff08\u4e00\u79cd\u65e9\u671f\u4eba\u7c7b\uff09\u5728\u4e0a\u65e7\u77f3\u5668\u65f6\u4ee3\uff08Upper Paleolithic era\uff09\u65f6\u671f\u66fe\u5360\u636e\u8be5\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u4f46\u5927\u7ea6\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d35000\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u88ab\u667a\u4eba\uff08Homo sapiens\uff09\u9010\u6e10\u53d6\u4ee3\u3002[20]\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u591a\u5c14\u591a\u6d85\u7701\uff08Dordogne\uff09\u548c\u6bd4\u5229\u725b\u65af\u5c71\u8109\uff08Pyrenees\uff09\u5730\u533a\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u6d1e\u7a74\u58c1\u753b\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u62c9\u65af\u79d1\u6d1e\u7a74\uff08Lascaux\uff09\u7684\u58c1\u753b\uff0c\u5176\u5386\u53f2\u53ef\u8ffd\u6eaf\u81f3\u5927\u7ea6\u516c\u5143\u524d18000\u5e74\u3002[19]\u5728\u672b\u6b21\u51b0\u671f\uff08Last Glacial Period\uff0c\u7ea6\u516c\u5143\u524d10000\u5e74\uff09\u7ed3\u675f\u65f6\uff0c\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5f97\u6e29\u548c\u8d77\u6765\uff1b[19]\u5927\u7ea6\u4ece\u516c\u5143\u524d7000\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u897f\u6b27\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u533a\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u65b0\u77f3\u5668\u65f6\u4ee3\uff08Neolithic era\uff09\uff0c\u5c45\u6c11\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u5b9a\u5c45\u4e0b\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After demographic and agricultural<\/a> development between the 4th and 3rd millennia BC, metallurgy appeared<\/a>, initially working gold, copper<\/a> and bronze<\/a>, then later iron<\/a>.[21]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d4000\u5e74\u81f3\u516c\u5143\u524d3000\u5e74\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u589e\u957f\u548c\u519c\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u51b6\u91d1\u672f\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\uff0c\u6700\u521d\u662f\u51b6\u70bc\u91d1\u3001\u94dc\u548c\u9752\u94dc\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u662f\u94c1\u3002[21]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u5168\u56fd\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u4e5f\u627e\u5230\u6570\u5ea7\u65b0\u77f3\u5668\u4e0e\u7ea2\u94dc\u65f6\u4ee3\u6587\u5316\u9057\u5740\uff0c\u5982\u51b6\u91d1\u3001\u5f00\u91c7\u91d1\u3001\u94dc\u3001\u94c1\u7b49\u6280\u672f\u7684\u9057\u5740\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5e03\u5217\u5854\u5c3c<\/a>\u7684\u5361\u7eb3\u514b\u5de8\u77f3\u6797<\/a>[17]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u94c1\u5668\u65f6\u4ee3\u5219\u662f\u4ee5\u51ef\u5c14\u7279\u4eba\u7684\u54c8\u5c14\u65bd\u5854\u7279\u6587\u5316<\/a>\u9057\u5740\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.2 \u4e0a\u53e4\uff08\u516c\u5143\u524d6\u4e16\u7eaa\u2014\u2014\u516c\u51435\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09| Antiquity (6th century BC \u2013 5th century AD)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Gaul<\/a>, Celts<\/a>, and Roman Gaul<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u9ad8\u5362\u4eba\u3001\u51ef\u5c14\u7279\u4eba\u53ca\u7f57\u9a6c\u9ad8\u5362\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u9ad8\u5362<\/a>\u3001\u7f57\u9a6c\u9ad8\u5362<\/a>\u548c\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u738b\u56fd<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe1-1\u548c1-2\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

In 600 BC, Ionian<\/a> Greeks<\/a> from Phocaea<\/a> founded the colony<\/a> of Massalia<\/a> (present-day Marseille<\/a>).[22]<\/a><\/sup> Celtic tribes penetrated parts of eastern and northern France, spreading through the rest of the country between the 5th and 3rd century BC.[23]<\/a><\/sup> Around 390 BC, the Gallic chieftain<\/a> Brennus<\/a> and his troops made their way to Roman Italy<\/a>, defeated the Romans in the Battle of the Allia<\/a>, and besieged and ransomed<\/a> Rome.[24]<\/a><\/sup> This left Rome weakened, and the Gauls continued to harass the region until 345 BC when they entered into a peace treaty.[25]<\/a><\/sup> But the Romans and the Gauls remained adversaries for centuries.[26]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u516c\u5143\u524d600\u5e74\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u798f\u897f\u4e9a\uff08Phocaea\uff09\u7684\u4f0a\u5965\u5c3c\u4e9a\uff08Ionian\uff09\u5e0c\u814a\u4eba\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u9a6c\u8428\u5229\u4e9a\uff08\u4eca\u9a6c\u8d5b\uff09\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u3002[22]\u51ef\u5c14\u7279\u90e8\u843d\u6e17\u900f\u5230\u6cd5\u56fd\u4e1c\u90e8\u548c\u5317\u90e8\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d5\u4e16\u7eaa\u81f3\u516c\u5143\u524d3\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e4b\u95f4\u904d\u5e03\u5168\u56fd\u3002[23]\u516c\u5143\u524d390\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u9ad8\u5362\u914b\u957f\u5e03\u4f26\u52aa\u65af\uff08Brennus\uff09\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u519b\u961f\u524d\u5f80\u7f57\u9a6c\u610f\u5927\u5229\uff0c\u5728\u963f\u5c14\u5229\u4e9a\u6cb3\u6218\u5f79\uff08Battle of the Allia\uff09\u4e2d\u51fb\u8d25\u4e86\u7f57\u9a6c\u4eba\uff0c\u5e76\u56f4\u56f0\u7f57\u9a6c\u57ce\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u83b7\u5f97\u8d4e\u91d1\u3002[24]\u8fd9\u4f7f\u7f57\u9a6c\u5143\u6c14\u5927\u4f24\uff0c\u9ad8\u5362\u4eba\u7ee7\u7eed\u9a9a\u6270\u8be5\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u516c\u5143\u524d345\u5e74\u53cc\u65b9\u7b7e\u8ba2\u548c\u5e73\u6761\u7ea6\u3002[25]\u4f46\u7f57\u9a6c\u4eba\u548c\u9ad8\u5362\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u654c\u5bf9\u72b6\u6001\u6301\u7eed\u4e86\u6570\u767e\u5e74\u3002[26]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Around 125 BC, the south of Gaul was conquered by the Romans, who called this region Provincia Nostra<\/a><\/em> (“Our Province”), which evolved into Provence<\/a> in French.[27]<\/a><\/sup> Julius Caesar<\/a> conquered the remainder of Gaul and overcame a revolt by Gallic chieftain Vercingetorix<\/a> in 52 BC.[28]<\/a><\/sup> Gaul was divided by Augustus<\/a> into provinces[29]<\/a><\/sup> and many cities were founded during the Gallo-Roman period<\/a>, including Lugdunum<\/a> (present-day Lyon<\/a>), the capital of the Gauls.[29]<\/a><\/sup> In 250\u2013290 AD, Roman Gaul suffered a crisis with its fortified borders<\/a> attacked by barbarians<\/a>.[30]<\/a><\/sup> The situation improved in the first half of the 4th century, a period of revival and prosperity.[31]<\/a><\/sup> In 312, Emperor Constantine I<\/a> converted to Christianity<\/a>. Christians, who had been persecuted, increased.[32]<\/a><\/sup> But from the 5th century, the Barbarian Invasions<\/a> resumed.[33]<\/a><\/sup> Teutonic<\/a> tribes invaded the region, the Visigoths<\/a> settling in the southwest, the Burgundians<\/a> along the Rhine River Valley, and the Franks in the north.[34]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5927\u7ea6\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d125\u5e74\uff0c\u9ad8\u5362\u5357\u90e8\u88ab\u7f57\u9a6c\u4eba\u5f81\u670d\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u4eba\u79f0\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u4e3a\u201cProvincia Nostra\u201d\uff08\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u884c\u7701\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u8be5\u540d\u79f0\u540e\u6765\u6f14\u53d8\u4e3a\u6cd5\u8bed\u7684\u201c\u666e\u7f57\u65fa\u65af\u201d\u3002[27]\u516c\u5143\u524d52\u5e74\uff0c\u5c24\u5229\u4e4c\u65af\u00b7\u607a\u6492\uff08Julius Caesar\uff09\u5f81\u670d\u4e86\u9ad8\u5362\u7684\u5176\u4f59\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u5e76\u9547\u538b\u4e86\u9ad8\u5362\u914b\u957f\u7ef4\u94a6\u6258\u5229\uff08Vercingetorix\uff09\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u53db\u4e71\u3002[28]\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u90fd\uff08Augustus\uff09\u5c06\u9ad8\u5362\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u51e0\u4e2a\u884c\u7701\uff0c[29]\u5728\u9ad8\u5362-\u7f57\u9a6c\u65f6\u671f\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u9ad8\u5362\u7684\u9996\u90fd\u5362\u683c\u675c\u52aa\u59c6\uff08Lugdunum\uff0c\u4eca\u91cc\u6602\uff09\u3002[29]\u516c\u5143250\u5e74\u81f3290\u5e74\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u9ad8\u5362\u906d\u9047\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u5176\u52a0\u56fa\u7684\u8fb9\u5883\u906d\u5230\u86ee\u65cf\u7684\u88ad\u51fb\u3002[30]4\u4e16\u7eaa\u524d\u534a\u53f6\u60c5\u51b5\u6709\u6240\u6539\u5584\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u662f\u590d\u5174\u548c\u7e41\u8363\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u3002[31]\u516c\u5143312\u5e74\uff0c\u7687\u5e1d\u541b\u58eb\u5766\u4e01\u4e00\u4e16\uff08Emperor Constantine I\uff09\u7688\u4f9d\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u3002\u4e4b\u524d\u9971\u53d7\u8feb\u5bb3\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u6570\u91cf\u5f00\u59cb\u589e\u52a0\u3002[32]\u4f46\u4ece5\u4e16\u7eaa\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u86ee\u65cf\u5165\u4fb5\u518d\u5ea6\u7206\u53d1\u3002[33]\u6761\u987f\u90e8\u843d\u5165\u4fb5\u8be5\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u897f\u54e5\u7279\u4eba\u5728\u897f\u5357\u90e8\u5b9a\u5c45\uff0c\u52c3\u826e\u7b2c\u4eba\u6cbf\u83b1\u8335\u6cb3\u8c37\u5c45\u4f4f\uff0c\u800c\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u4eba\u5219\u5b9a\u5c45\u5728\u5317\u90e8\u3002[34]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.3 \u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u65e9\u671f\uff085\u4e16\u7eaa\u81f310\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09| Early Middle Ages (5th\u201310th century)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Francia<\/a>, Merovingian dynasty<\/a>, and Carolingian dynasty<\/a><\/em>
\u3010\u4e3b\u8981\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u738b\u56fd\u3001\u58a8\u6d1b\u6e29\u738b\u671d\u548c\u52a0\u6d1b\u6797\u738b\u671d\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

See also: List of French monarchs<\/a> and France in the Middle Ages<\/a>
\u3010\u53e6\u8bf7\u53c2\u9605\uff1a\u6cd5\u56fd\u541b\u4e3b\u5217\u8868\u548c\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe1-3\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

In Late antiquity<\/a>, ancient Gaul was divided into Germanic kingdoms and a remaining Gallo-Roman territory. Celtic Britons<\/a>, fleeing the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain<\/a>, settled in west Armorica<\/a>; the Armorican peninsula was renamed Brittany<\/a> and Celtic culture<\/a> was revived.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u665a\u671f\u53e4\u4ee3\uff0c\u53e4\u4ee3\u9ad8\u5362\u88ab\u5206\u5272\u6210\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u738b\u56fd\u548c\u5269\u4f59\u7684\u9ad8\u5362-\u7f57\u9a6c\u9886\u571f\u3002\u4e3a\u8eb2\u907f\u76ce\u683c\u9c81-\u6492\u514b\u900a\u4eba\u5bf9\u4e0d\u5217\u98a0\u7684\u5b9a\u5c45\uff0c\u51ef\u5c14\u7279\u4e0d\u5217\u98a0\u4eba\u5b9a\u5c45\u4e8e\u897f\u90e8\u7684\u963f\u6469\u5229\u5361\uff08Armorica\uff09\uff1b\u963f\u6469\u5229\u5361\u534a\u5c9b\u56e0\u6b64\u88ab\u66f4\u540d\u4e3a\u5e03\u5217\u5854\u5c3c\uff08Brittany\uff09\uff0c\u51ef\u5c14\u7279\u6587\u5316\u5f97\u4ee5\u590d\u5174\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first leader to unite all Franks was Clovis I<\/a>, who began his reign as king of the Salian Franks<\/a> in 481, routing the last forces of the Roman governors in 486. Clovis said he would be baptised a Christian in the event of victory against the Visigothic Kingdom<\/a>, which was said to have guaranteed the battle. Clovis regained the southwest from the Visigoths<\/a> and was baptised in 508. Clovis I was the first Germanic<\/a> conqueror after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire<\/a> to convert to Catholic Christianity; thus France was given the title “Eldest daughter of the Church” by the papacy,[35]<\/a><\/sup> and French kings called “the Most Christian Kings of France”.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u9996\u4f4d\u7edf\u4e00\u6240\u6709\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u4eba\u7684\u9886\u8896\u662f\u514b\u6d1b\u7ef4\u4e00\u4e16\uff08Clovis I\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e8e481\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u62c5\u4efb\u8428\u5229\u5b89\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u4eba\u7684\u56fd\u738b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e486\u5e74\u5f7b\u5e95\u51fb\u8d25\u4e86\u7f57\u9a6c\u603b\u7763\u7684\u6b8b\u4f59\u52bf\u529b\u3002\u514b\u6d1b\u7ef4\u66fe\u8a93\u8a00\uff0c\u82e5\u80fd\u5728\u5bf9\u6297\u897f\u54e5\u7279\u738b\u56fd\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u83b7\u80dc\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c06\u7688\u4f9d\u57fa\u7763\u6559\uff0c\u636e\u8bf4\u8fd9\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4e86\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u3002\u514b\u6d1b\u7ef4\u4ece\u897f\u54e5\u7279\u4eba\u624b\u4e2d\u6536\u590d\u4e86\u897f\u5357\u90e8\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e508\u5e74\u63a5\u53d7\u6d17\u793c\u3002\u514b\u6d1b\u7ef4\u4e00\u4e16\u662f\u897f\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u706d\u4ea1\u540e\u9996\u4f4d\u7688\u4f9d\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u5f81\u670d\u8005\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u6559\u7687\u6388\u4e88\u6cd5\u56fd\u201c\u6559\u4f1a\u957f\u5973\u201d\u7684\u79f0\u53f7\uff0c[35]\u6cd5\u56fd\u56fd\u738b\u5219\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u6700\u8654\u8bda\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u56fd\u738b\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Franks embraced the Christian Gallo-Roman culture<\/a>, and ancient Gaul was renamed Francia<\/a><\/em> (“Land of the Franks”). The Germanic Franks adopted Romanic languages<\/a>. Clovis made Paris<\/a> his capital and established the Merovingian dynasty<\/a>, but his kingdom would not survive his death. The Franks treated land as a private possession and divided it among their heirs, so four kingdoms emerged from that of Clovis: Paris, Orl\u00e9ans<\/a>, Soissons<\/a>, and Rheims<\/a>. The last Merovingian kings<\/a> lost power<\/a> to their mayors of the palace<\/a> (head of household). One mayor of the palace, Charles Martel<\/a>, defeated an Umayyad invasion of Gaul<\/a> at the Battle of Tours<\/a> (732). His son, Pepin the Short<\/a>, seized the crown of Francia from the weakened Merovingians and founded the Carolingian dynasty<\/a>. Pepin’s son, Charlemagne<\/a>, reunited the Frankish kingdoms and built an empire across Western<\/a> and Central Europe<\/a>.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u4eba\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u9ad8\u5362-\u7f57\u9a6c\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u53e4\u4ee3\u9ad8\u5362\u56e0\u6b64\u88ab\u6539\u540d\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u738b\u56fd\uff08\u201c\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u4eba\u7684\u571f\u5730\u201d\uff09\u3002\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u4eba\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u7f57\u66fc\u8bed\u65cf\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u514b\u6d1b\u7ef4\u5c06\u5df4\u9ece\u5b9a\u4e3a\u9996\u90fd\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u58a8\u6d1b\u6e29\u738b\u671d\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u7684\u738b\u56fd\u5728\u4ed6\u6b7b\u540e\u5e76\u672a\u5ef6\u7eed\u4e0b\u53bb\u3002\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u4eba\u5c06\u571f\u5730\u89c6\u4e3a\u79c1\u6709\u8d22\u4ea7\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5176\u540e\u4ee3\u4e2d\u5206\u914d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u514b\u6d1b\u7ef4\u7684\u738b\u56fd\u5206\u88c2\u4e3a\u56db\u4e2a\uff1a\u5df4\u9ece\u3001\u5965\u5c14\u826f\u3001\u82cf\u74e6\u677e\u548c\u5170\u65af\u3002\u6700\u540e\u51e0\u4f4d\u58a8\u6d1b\u6e29\u738b\u671d\u7684\u56fd\u738b\u5c06\u6743\u529b\u4ea4\u7ed9\u4e86\u5bab\u76f8\uff08\u5bab\u5ef7\u4e4b\u4e3b\uff09\u3002\u4e00\u4f4d\u540d\u53eb\u67e5\u7406\u00b7\u9a6c\u7279\uff08Charles Martel\uff09\u7684\u5bab\u76f8\u5728\u56fe\u5c14\u6218\u5f79\uff08732\u5e74\uff09\u4e2d\u51fb\u8d25\u4e86\u4e4c\u8fc8\u4e9a\u5fb7\u738b\u671d\u5bf9\u9ad8\u5362\u7684\u5165\u4fb5\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u4e15\u5e73\u4e09\u4e16\uff08Pepin the Short\uff09\u4ece\u8870\u5f31\u7684\u58a8\u6d1b\u6e29\u738b\u671d\u624b\u4e2d\u593a\u53d6\u4e86\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u738b\u56fd\u7684\u738b\u51a0\uff0c\u521b\u7acb\u4e86\u52a0\u6d1b\u6797\u738b\u671d\u3002\u4e15\u5e73\u4e09\u4e16\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u67e5\u7406\u5927\u5e1d\uff08Charlemagne\uff09\u91cd\u65b0\u7edf\u4e00\u4e86\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u738b\u56fd\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u897f\u6b27\u548c\u4e2d\u6b27\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e1d\u56fd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Proclaimed Holy Roman Emperor<\/a> by Pope Leo III<\/a> and thus establishing the French government’s longtime historical association<\/a> with the Catholic Church<\/a>,[36]<\/a><\/sup> Charlemagne tried to revive the Western Roman Empire<\/a> and its cultural grandeur. Charlemagne’s son, Louis I<\/a> kept the empire united, however in 843, it was divided between Louis’ three sons, into East Francia<\/a>, Middle Francia<\/a> and West Francia<\/a>. West Francia approximated the area occupied by modern France and was its precursor.[37]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u67e5\u7406\u5927\u5e1d\u88ab\u6559\u7687\u5229\u5965\u4e09\u4e16\u52a0\u5195\u4e3a\u795e\u5723\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7687\u5e1d\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u6cd5\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u957f\u671f\u5386\u53f2\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c[36]\u67e5\u7406\u5927\u5e1d\u8bd5\u56fe\u590d\u5174\u897f\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u53ca\u5176\u6587\u5316\u8f89\u714c\u3002\u67e5\u7406\u5927\u5e1d\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u8def\u6613\u4e00\u4e16\u4fdd\u6301\u4e86\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\uff0c\u4f46\u5728843\u5e74\uff0c\u5e1d\u56fd\u88ab\u8def\u6613\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u513f\u5b50\u5206\u5272\u4e3a\u4e1c\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u738b\u56fd\u3001\u4e2d\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u738b\u56fd\u548c\u897f\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u738b\u56fd\u3002\u897f\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u738b\u56fd\u5927\u81f4\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u73b0\u4ee3\u6cd5\u56fd\u6240\u5360\u7684\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u662f\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u524d\u8eab\u3002[37]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

During the 9th and 10th centuries, threatened by Viking invasions<\/a>, France became a decentralised state: the nobility’s titles and lands became hereditary, and authority of the king became more religious than secular, and so was less effective and challenged by noblemen. Thus was established feudalism<\/a> in France. Some king’s vassals grew so powerful they posed a threat to the king. After the Battle of Hastings<\/a> in 1066, William the Conqueror<\/a> added “King of England” to his titles, becoming vassal and the equal of the king of France, creating recurring tensions.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u57289\u4e16\u7eaa\u548c10\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u7ef4\u4eac\u4eba\u5165\u4fb5\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u6563\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff1a\u8d35\u65cf\u7684\u5934\u8854\u548c\u571f\u5730\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u4e16\u88ad\u7684\uff0c\u56fd\u738b\u7684\u6743\u529b\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u5b97\u6559\u800c\u975e\u4e16\u4fd7\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5176\u6743\u529b\u53d8\u5f97\u4e0d\u90a3\u4e48\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u5e76\u53d7\u5230\u8d35\u65cf\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u5c01\u5efa\u5236\u5ea6\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u786e\u7acb\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u56fd\u738b\u7684\u5c01\u81e3\u53d8\u5f97\u5982\u6b64\u5f3a\u5927\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u5bf9\u56fd\u738b\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u5a01\u80c1\u30021066\u5e74\u9ed1\u65af\u5ef7\u65af\u6218\u5f79\u540e\uff0c\u5f81\u670d\u8005\u5a01\u5ec9\uff08William the Conqueror\uff09\u5c06\u201c\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u56fd\u738b\u201d\u7684\u5934\u8854\u52a0\u5195\u7ed9\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e0e\u6cd5\u56fd\u56fd\u738b\u5730\u4f4d\u76f8\u7b49\u7684\u5c01\u81e3\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u7d27\u5f20\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.4 \u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u76db\u671f\u548c\u665a\u671f\uff0810\u4e16\u7eaa\u81f315\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09| High and Late Middle Ages (10th\u201315th century)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

See also: France in the Middle Ages<\/a>\u3010\u53e6\u8bf7\u53c2\u9605\uff1a\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u738b\u56fd<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe1-4\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n
\u56fe1-5\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Carolingian dynasty ruled France until 987, when Hugh Capet<\/a> was crowned king of the Franks<\/a>.[38]<\/a><\/sup> His descendants unified the country through wars and inheritance. From 1190, the Capetian rulers began to be referred as “kings of France” rather than “kings of the Franks”.[39]<\/a><\/sup> Later kings expanded their directly possessed domaine royal<\/em><\/a> to cover over half of modern France by the 15th century. Royal authority became more assertive, centred on a hierarchically conceived society<\/a> distinguishing nobility<\/a>, clergy, and commoners<\/a>.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u52a0\u6d1b\u6797\u738b\u671d\u4e00\u76f4\u7edf\u6cbb\u7740\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c\u76f4\u5230987\u5e74\uff0c\u4f11\u00b7\u5361\u4f69\u88ab\u52a0\u5195\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u56fd\u738b\u3002[38]\u4ed6\u7684\u540e\u4ee3\u901a\u8fc7\u6218\u4e89\u548c\u7ee7\u627f\u7edf\u4e00\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u4ece1190\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5361\u4f69\u738b\u671d\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u5f00\u59cb\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u6cd5\u56fd\u56fd\u738b\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u56fd\u738b\u201d\u3002[39]\u540e\u6765\u7684\u56fd\u738b\u4eec\u5c06\u5176\u76f4\u63a5\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u738b\u5ba4\u9886\u5730\u6269\u5f20\u523015\u4e16\u7eaa\u65f6\u5df2\u8986\u76d6\u73b0\u4ee3\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u4e00\u534a\u4ee5\u4e0a\u3002\u738b\u6743\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u5484\u5484\u903c\u4eba\uff0c\u4ee5\u7b49\u7ea7\u5206\u660e\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u533a\u5206\u8d35\u65cf\u3001\u795e\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u548c\u5e73\u6c11\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The nobility played a prominent role in Crusades<\/a> to restore Christian access to the Holy Land<\/a>. French knights made up most reinforcements in the 200 years of the Crusades, in such a fashion that the Arabs referred to crusaders as Franj<\/em>.[40]<\/a><\/sup> French Crusaders imported French into the Levant<\/a>, making Old French<\/a> the base of the lingua franca<\/a><\/em> (“Frankish language”) of the Crusader states<\/a>.[40]<\/a><\/sup> The Albigensian Crusade<\/a> was launched in 1209 to eliminate the heretical Cathars<\/a> in the southwest of modern-day France.[41]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8d35\u65cf\u5728\u5341\u5b57\u519b\u4e1c\u5f81\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4ee5\u6062\u590d\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u8fdb\u5165\u5723\u5730\u3002\u5728\u957f\u8fbe200\u5e74\u7684\u5341\u5b57\u519b\u4e1c\u5f81\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u9a91\u58eb\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u63f4\u519b\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\u5c06\u5341\u5b57\u519b\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5f17\u5170\u514b\u4eba\u201d\u3002[40]\u6cd5\u56fd\u5341\u5b57\u519b\u5c06\u58eb\u5c06\u6cd5\u8bed\u5e26\u5230\u4e86\u9ece\u51e1\u7279\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u4f7f\u53e4\u6cd5\u8bed\u6210\u4e3a\u5341\u5b57\u519b\u56fd\u5bb6\u901a\u7528\u8bed\uff08\u201c\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u8bed\u201d\uff09\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002[40]1209\u5e74\u53d1\u52a8\u4e86\u963f\u5c14\u6bd4\u5341\u5b57\u519b\u4e1c\u5f81\uff0c\u4ee5\u6d88\u706d\u73b0\u4ee3\u6cd5\u56fd\u897f\u5357\u90e8\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5f02\u7aef\u6e05\u6d01\u6d3e\u3002[41]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 11th century, the House of Plantagenet<\/a>, rulers of the County of Anjou<\/a>, established its dominion over the surrounding provinces of Maine<\/a> and Touraine<\/a>, then built an “empire” from England to the Pyrenees<\/a>, covering half of modern France. Tensions between France and the Plantagenet empire<\/a> would last a hundred years, until Philip II of France<\/a> conquered, between 1202 and 1214, most continental possessions of the empire, leaving England and Aquitaine<\/a> to the Plantagenets.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4ece11\u4e16\u7eaa\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5b89\u8339\u4f2f\u7235\u5bb6\u65cf\u7684\u666e\u5170\u5854\u70ed\u5185\u7279\u5bb6\u65cf\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e86\u5468\u56f4\u7684\u66fc\u6069\u7701\u548c\u56fe\u8d56\u8bb7\u7701\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4ece\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u4e00\u76f4\u6269\u5f20\u5230\u6bd4\u5229\u725b\u65af\u5c71\uff0c\u5360\u636e\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u4e00\u534a\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u4e0e\u666e\u5170\u5854\u70ed\u5185\u7279\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7d27\u5f20\u5173\u7cfb\u6301\u7eed\u4e86\u4e00\u767e\u5e74\uff0c\u76f4\u52301202\u5e74\u81f31214\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u56fd\u738b\u8153\u529b\u4e8c\u4e16\u5f81\u670d\u4e86\u8be5\u5e1d\u56fd\u5728\u5927\u9646\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u9886\u571f\uff0c\u53ea\u5c06\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u548c\u963f\u57fa\u5766\u7559\u7ed9\u4e86\u666e\u5170\u5854\u70ed\u5185\u7279\u5bb6\u65cf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Charles IV the Fair<\/a> died without an heir in 1328.[42]<\/a><\/sup> The crown passed to Philip of Valois<\/a>, rather than Edward of Plantagenet, who became Edward III of England<\/a>. During the reign of Philip, the monarchy reached the height of its medieval power.[42]<\/a><\/sup> However Philip’s seat on the throne was contested by Edward in 1337, and England and France entered the off-and-on Hundred Years’ War<\/a>.[43]<\/a><\/sup> Boundaries changed, but landholdings inside France by English Kings remained extensive for decades. With charismatic leaders, such as Joan of Arc<\/a>, French counterattacks won back most English continental territories. France was struck by the Black Death<\/a>, from which half of the 17 million population died.[44]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u67e5\u7406\u56db\u4e16\uff08\u7f8e\u7537\u5b50\uff09\u4e8e1328\u5e74\u65e0\u55e3\u800c\u7ec8\u3002[42]\u738b\u4f4d\u4f20\u7ed9\u4e86\u74e6\u5362\u74e6\u5bb6\u65cf\u7684\u8153\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u666e\u5170\u5854\u70ed\u5185\u7279\u5bb6\u65cf\u7684\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\uff08\u540e\u6765\u6210\u4e3a\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u56fd\u738b\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u4e09\u4e16\uff09\u3002\u5728\u8153\u529b\u7edf\u6cbb\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u6743\u529b\u7684\u9876\u5cf0\u3002[42]\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u57281337\u5e74\u5bf9\u8153\u529b\u7684\u738b\u4f4d\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8d28\u7591\uff0c\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u548c\u6cd5\u56fd\u56e0\u6b64\u9677\u5165\u4e86\u65ad\u65ad\u7eed\u7eed\u7684\u767e\u5e74\u6218\u4e89\u3002[43]\u8fb9\u754c\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u82f1\u56fd\u56fd\u738b\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u571f\u5730\u6301\u6709\u91cf\u5728\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u91cc\u4ecd\u7136\u5341\u5206\u53ef\u89c2\u3002\u5728\u5723\u5973\u8d1e\u5fb7\u7b49\u9b45\u529b\u578b\u9886\u8896\u7684\u5e26\u9886\u4e0b\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u53cd\u51fb\u593a\u56de\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u9646\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u9886\u571f\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u906d\u53d7\u4e86\u9ed1\u6b7b\u75c5\u7684\u88ad\u51fb\uff0c1700\u4e07\u4eba\u53e3\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u534a\u56e0\u6b64\u4e27\u751f\u3002[44]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.5 \u8fd1\u4ee3\u65e9\u671f\uff0815\u4e16\u7eaa\u81f31789\u5e74\uff09| Early modern period (15th century\u20131789)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: Ancien r\u00e9gime<\/a> and France in the early modern period<\/a>
\u3010\u4e3b\u8981\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u65e7\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0e\u8fd1\u4ee3\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe1-6\u548c1-7\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

1589\u5e74\uff0c\u5361\u4f69\u738b\u671d<\/a>\u7684\u540e\u88d4\u7eb3\u74e6\u62c9\u56fd\u738b<\/a>\u4ea8\u5229<\/a>\u7ee7\u627f\u6cd5\u56fd\u738b\u4f4d\uff0c\u79f0\u4ea8\u5229\u56db\u4e16\uff0c\u5f00\u542f\u6ce2\u65c1\u738b\u671d<\/a>\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u30021598\u5e74\u4ea8\u5229\u56db\u4e16\u9881\u5e03\u300a\u5357\u7279\u6555\u4ee4<\/a>\u300b\uff0c\u80af\u5b9a\u96e8\u683c\u8bfa\u6d3e\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u5206\u88c2\u7684\u4e71\u5c40\u4e00\u5ea6\u7ec8\u7ed3\u3002\u5730\u7406\u5927\u53d1\u73b0<\/a>\u540e\uff0c\u65b0\u5927\u9646<\/a>\u4ea6\u51fa\u73b0\u6cd5\u56fd\u63a2\u9669\u5bb6\u7684\u8eab\u5f71\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u96c5\u514b\u00b7\u5361\u8482\u57c3<\/a>\u548c\u8428\u7c73\u57c3\u5c14\u00b7\u5fb7\u5c1a\u666e\u5170<\/a>\u3002\u6839\u690d\u4e8e\u6cd5\u56fd\u63a2\u9669\u5bb6\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u4e0e\u76ae\u6bdb\u8d38\u6613\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u5728\u5317\u7f8e\u6d32<\/a>\u5f00\u62d3\u5e7f\u5927\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\uff0c\u662f\u4e3a\u65b0\u6cd5\u5170\u897f<\/a>\u3002<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The French Renaissance<\/a> saw cultural development and standardisation of French, which became the official language of France<\/a> and Europe’s aristocracy. France became rivals of the House of Habsburg<\/a> during the Italian Wars<\/a>, which would dictate much of their later foreign policy until the mid-18th century. French explorers claimed lands in the Americas, paving expansion of the French colonial empire<\/a>. The rise of Protestantism led France to a civil war known as the French Wars of Religion<\/a>.[45]<\/a><\/sup> This forced Huguenots<\/a> to flee to Protestant regions such as the British Isles<\/a> and Switzerland<\/a>. The wars were ended by Henry IV<\/a>‘s Edict of Nantes<\/a>, which granted some freedom of religion to the Huguenots. Spanish<\/a> troops,[46]<\/a><\/sup> assisted the Catholics from 1589 to 1594 and invaded France in 1597. Spain and France returned to all-out war between 1635 and 1659. The war<\/a> cost France 300,000 casualties.[47]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6cd5\u56fd\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u65f6\u671f\u89c1\u8bc1\u4e86\u6587\u5316\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u6cd5\u8bed\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u5316\uff0c\u6cd5\u8bed\u6210\u4e3a\u6cd5\u56fd\u548c\u6b27\u6d32\u8d35\u65cf\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u4e0e\u54c8\u5e03\u65af\u5821\u5bb6\u65cf\u7684\u610f\u5927\u5229\u6218\u4e89\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u5176\u7ade\u4e89\u5bf9\u624b\uff0c\u8fd9\u573a\u6218\u4e89\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u6cd5\u56fd\u76f4\u523018\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u63a2\u9669\u5bb6\u58f0\u79f0\u62e5\u6709\u7f8e\u6d32\u7684\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u4e3a\u6cd5\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u6269\u5f20\u94fa\u5e73\u4e86\u9053\u8def\u3002\u65b0\u6559\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u5185\u6218\uff0c\u5373\u6cd5\u56fd\u5b97\u6559\u6218\u4e89\u3002[45]\u8fd9\u8feb\u4f7f\u80e1\u683c\u8bfa\u6d3e\u9003\u5f80\u82f1\u56fd\u7fa4\u5c9b\u548c\u745e\u58eb\u7b49\u65b0\u6559\u5730\u533a\u3002\u6218\u4e89\u5728\u4ea8\u5229\u56db\u4e16\u9881\u5e03\u7684\u300a\u5357\u7279\u6555\u4ee4\u300b\u540e\u7ed3\u675f\uff0c\u8be5\u6555\u4ee4\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e86\u80e1\u683c\u8bfa\u6d3e\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u81ea\u7531\u30021589\u5e74\u81f31594\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u519b\u961f[46]\u534f\u52a9\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5f92\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e1597\u5e74\u5165\u4fb5\u6cd5\u56fd\u30021635\u5e74\u81f31659\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u4e0e\u6cd5\u56fd\u518d\u6b21\u7206\u53d1\u5168\u9762\u6218\u4e89\u3002\u8fd9\u573a\u6218\u4e89\u4f7f\u6cd5\u56fd\u635f\u5931\u4e8630\u4e07\u4eba\u3002[47]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Under Louis XIII<\/a>, Cardinal Richelieu<\/a> promoted centralisation of the state and reinforced royal power. He destroyed castles of defiant lords and denounced the use of private armies. By the end of the 1620s, Richelieu established “the royal monopoly of force”.[48]<\/a><\/sup> France fought in the Thirty Years’ War<\/a>, supporting the Protestant side against the Habsburgs. From the 16th to the 19th century, France was responsible for about 10% of the transatlantic slave trade<\/a>.[49]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u8def\u6613\u5341\u4e09\u7edf\u6cbb\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u7ea2\u8863\u4e3b\u6559\u9ece\u585e\u7559\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\uff0c\u5e76\u52a0\u5f3a\u4e86\u738b\u6743\u3002\u4ed6\u6467\u6bc1\u4e86\u53cd\u6297\u8d35\u65cf\u7684\u57ce\u5821\uff0c\u5e76\u8c34\u8d23\u4f7f\u7528\u79c1\u4eba\u519b\u961f\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u52301620\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\uff0c\u9ece\u585e\u7559\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u201c\u738b\u6743\u7684\u6b66\u529b\u5784\u65ad\u201d\u3002[48]\u6cd5\u56fd\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u65b0\u6559\u4e00\u65b9\u5bf9\u6297\u54c8\u5e03\u65af\u5821\u5bb6\u65cf\u3002\u4ece16\u4e16\u7eaa\u523019\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u7ea6\u5360\u8de8\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u5974\u96b6\u8d38\u6613\u768410%\u3002[49]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8def\u6613\u5341\u4e09\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u8005\u8def\u6613\u5341\u56db<\/a>\u5e74\u5e7c\u65f6\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u7531\u5b89\u59ae\u738b\u592a\u540e<\/a>\u548c\u9a6c\u624e\u7136<\/a>\u6444\u653f\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\u6bb5\u53d1\u751f\u53cd\u5bf9\u541b\u4e3b\u4e13\u5236<\/a>\u7684\u6295\u77f3\u515a\u4e71<\/a>\uff0c\u800c\u5f53\u65f6\u6cd5\u56fd\u6b63\u4e0e\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u4ea4\u6218<\/a>\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4e00\u5ea6\u9762\u4e34\u5185\u5fe7\u5916\u60a3\u3002\u6295\u77f3\u515a\u4e71\u5e73\u606f\u540e\uff0c\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u8d35\u65cf\u52bf\u529b\u4e0d\u518d\u5bf9\u738b\u6743\u6784\u6210\u5a01\u80c1\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e3a\u968f\u540e\u8def\u6613\u5341\u56db\u65f6\u671f\u541b\u4e3b\u4e13\u5236\u7684\u7a7a\u524d\u52a0\u5f3a\u6253\u4e0b\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u800c\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u540d\u5c06\u8482\u96f7\u7eb3\u5b50\u7235<\/a>\u7387\u519b\u6218\u80dc\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u5e1d\u56fd<\/a>\u540e\uff0c\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u738b\u56fd\u7684\u56fd\u529b\u4e8e\u8def\u6613\u5341\u56db\u7edf\u6cbb\u671f\u95f4\u8fbe\u81f3\u5dc5\u5cf0\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u65e0\u53ef\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u9738\u6743\u3002\u8def\u6613\u5341\u56db\u628a\u5927\u8d35\u65cf\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u51e1\u5c14\u8d5b\u5bab<\/a>\u5c45\u4f4f\uff0c\u5c06\u6574\u4e2a\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e8e\u4ed6\u7684\u5468\u56f4\uff0c\u4eba\u6cbb<\/a>\u4e0d\u53ef\u6311\u6218\u3002\u8def\u6613\u5341\u56db\u7edf\u6cbb\u671f\u95f4\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u6b27\u6d32\u7b2c\u4e00\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u5927\u56fd\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u9646\u6d77\u53cc\u6599\u9738\u6743\uff0c\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u6587\u5316\u4e0a\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u4e3e\u8db3\u8f7b\u91cd\u3002\u6cd5\u8bed\u6210\u4e3a\u6b27\u6d32\u4e0a\u5c42\u793e\u4f1a\u9996\u5d07\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u5728\u5916\u4ea4\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u6587\u5b66\u4e0a\u7686\u4e3a\u6700\u4e3a\u901a\u7528\u4e4b\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u76f4\u81f320\u4e16\u7eaa\u624d\u6e10\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed<\/a>\u53d6\u4ee3[40]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u5728\u7f8e\u6d32\u3001\u975e\u6d32\u548c\u4e9a\u6d32\u90fd\u62e5\u6709\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b96\u6c11\u5e1d\u56fd<\/a>\u3002\u5b97\u6559\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8def\u6613\u5341\u56db\u6495\u6bc1\u300a\u5357\u7279\u6555\u4ee4\u300b\uff0c\u56da\u7981\u4e0a\u5343\u540d\u96e8\u683c\u8bfa\u6d3e\u4fe1\u5f92\uff0c\u7ef4\u62a4\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u652f\u914d\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

During Louis XIV<\/a>‘s minority, trouble known as The Fronde<\/a> occurred. This rebellion was driven by feudal lords and sovereign courts<\/a> as a reaction to the royal absolute power<\/a>. The monarchy reached its peak during the 17th century and reign of Louis XIV, during which France further increased its influence.[50]<\/a><\/sup> By turning lords into courtiers<\/a> at the Palace of Versailles<\/a>, his command of the military went unchallenged. The “Sun King” made France the leading European power. France became the most populous European country<\/a> and had tremendous influence over European politics, economy, and culture. French became the most-used language in diplomacy, science<\/a>, and literature until the 20th century.[51]<\/a><\/sup> France took control of territories in the Americas, Africa and Asia. In 1685, Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes<\/a>, forcing thousands of Huguenots into exile and published the Code Noir<\/a><\/em> providing the legal framework for slavery and expelling Jews from French colonies.[52]<\/a><\/sup>
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Under the wars of Louis XV<\/a> (r. 1715\u20131774), France lost New France<\/a> and most Indian possessions<\/a> after its defeat in the Seven Years’ War<\/a> (1756\u20131763). Its European territory<\/a> kept growing, however, with acquisitions such as Lorraine<\/a> and Corsica<\/a>. Louis XV’s weak rule, including the decadence of his court, discredited the monarchy, which in part paved the way for the French Revolution<\/a>.[53]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u8def\u6613\u5341\u4e94\uff081715-1774\u5e74\u5728\u4f4d\uff09\u7edf\u6cbb\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5728\u4e03\u5e74\u6218\u4e89\uff081756-1763\u5e74\uff09\u5931\u8d25\u540e\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u65b0\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u548c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u9886\u5730\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5176\u6b27\u6d32\u9886\u571f\u4ecd\u5728\u4e0d\u65ad\u6269\u5f20\uff0c\u5982\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u6d1b\u6797\u548c\u79d1\u897f\u5609\u7b49\u5730\u3002\u8def\u6613\u5341\u4e94\u7684\u8f6f\u5f31\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5bab\u5ef7\u7684\u9893\u5e9f\uff0c\u4f7f\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u7684\u58f0\u671b\u53d7\u635f\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4e3a\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u94fa\u5e73\u4e86\u9053\u8def\u3002[53]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Louis XVI<\/a> (r. 1774\u20131793) supported America with money, fleets and armies<\/a>, helping them win independence from Great Britain<\/a>. France gained revenge, but verged on bankruptcy\u2014a factor that contributed to the Revolution. Some of the Enlightenment<\/a> occurred in French intellectual circles, and scientific breakthroughs, such as the naming of oxygen<\/a> (1778) and the first hot air balloon carrying passengers<\/a> (1783), were achieved by French scientists. French explorers took part in the voyages of scientific exploration<\/a> through maritime expeditions. Enlightenment philosophy, in which reason<\/a> is advocated as the primary source of legitimacy<\/a>, undermined the power of and support for the monarchy and was a factor in the Revolution.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8def\u6613\u5341\u516d\uff081774-1793\u5e74\u5728\u4f4d\uff09\u7528\u91d1\u94b1\u3001\u8230\u961f\u548c\u519b\u961f\u652f\u6301\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ece\u82f1\u56fd\u8d62\u5f97\u72ec\u7acb\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u5f97\u4ee5\u590d\u4ec7\uff0c\u4f46\u6fd2\u4e34\u7834\u4ea7\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u5bfc\u81f4\u9769\u547d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u77e5\u8bc6\u754c\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u7a81\u7834\uff0c\u5982\u547d\u540d\u6c27\u6c14\uff081778\u5e74\uff09\u548c\u9996\u6b21\u7528\u70ed\u6c14\u7403\u8f7d\u4eba\u98de\u884c\uff081783\u5e74\uff09\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u63a2\u9669\u5bb6\u901a\u8fc7\u6d77\u4e0a\u63a2\u9669\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u8003\u5bdf\u7684\u822a\u884c\u3002\u542f\u8499\u54f2\u5b66\u4e3b\u5f20\u7406\u6027\u662f\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u8fd9\u524a\u5f31\u4e86\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u7684\u6743\u529b\u548c\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u5e76\u6210\u4e3a\u9769\u547d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u56e0\u7d20\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8def\u6613\u5341\u516d\u7edf\u6cbb\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u542f\u8499\u601d\u6f6e\u5174\u8d77<\/a>\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e5f\u521b\u9020\u6709\u79d1\u5b66\u6210\u5c31\u2014\u20141778\u5e74\u5b89\u6258\u4e07\u00b7\u62c9\u74e6\u9521<\/a>\u53d1\u73b0\u6c27\u6c14<\/a>\uff1b1783\u5e74\u5b5f\u683c\u83f2\u5144\u5f1f<\/a>\u53d1\u660e\u8f7d\u4eba\u70ed\u6c14\u7403<\/a>\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u63a2\u9669\u5bb6\u8def\u6613\u00b7\u5b89\u6258\u4e07\u00b7\u5e03\u5e72\u7ef4\u5c14<\/a>\u548c\u62c9\u5f7c\u9c81\u5179\u4f2f\u7235<\/a>\u53c2\u4e0e\u5168\u7403\u822a\u884c\u4e0e\u5730\u7406\u52d8\u63a2\u3002\u542f\u8499\u601d\u6f6e\u5ba3\u626c\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u5c06\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7edf\u6cbb\u5408\u6cd5\u6027<\/a>\u548c\u6743\u5a01\u6027<\/a>\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u548c\u5224\u65ad\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u8fd9\u52a8\u6447\u4e86\u6cd5\u56fd\u541b\u4e3b\u4e13\u5236\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u6839\u57fa\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.6 \u9769\u547d\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\uff081789\u20131799\uff09<\/strong>| Revolutionary France (1789\u20131799)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: French Revolution<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d<\/a>\u3001\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u7b2c\u4e00\u5171\u548c\u56fd<\/a>\u548c\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u7b2c\u4e00\u5e1d\u56fd<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe1-8\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change that began with the Estates General of 1789<\/a>, and ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire<\/a> in 1799 and the formation of the French Consulate<\/a>. Many of its ideas are fundamental principles of liberal democracy<\/a>,[54]<\/a><\/sup> while its values and institutions remain central to modern political discourse.[55]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u662f\u4e00\u6bb5\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u53d8\u9769\u7684\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u59cb\u4e8e1789\u5e74\u7684\u4e09\u7ea7\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u7ed3\u675f\u4e8e1799\u5e74\u96fe\u6708\u5341\u516b\u65e5\u653f\u53d8\u548c\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u6267\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6210\u7acb\u3002\u5927\u9769\u547d\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u601d\u60f3\u90fd\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5219\uff0c[54]\u800c\u5176\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u8bdd\u8bed\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u3002[55]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Its causes<\/a> were a combination of social, political and economic factors, which the Ancien R\u00e9gime<\/a><\/em> proved unable to manage. A financial crisis and social distress led in May 1789 to the convocation<\/a> of the Estates General<\/a>, which was converted into a National Assembly<\/a> in June. The Storming of the Bastille<\/a> on 14 July led to a series of radical measures by the Assembly, among them the abolition of feudalism<\/a>, state control over the Catholic Church in France<\/a>, and a declaration of rights<\/a>.
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\u4e3a\u5bfb\u6c42\u89e3\u51b3\u8d22\u653f\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6cd5\u738b\u8def\u6613\u5341\u516d<\/a>\u4e8e1789\u5e745\u6708\u53ec\u5f00\u4e09\u7ea7\u4f1a\u8bae<\/a>\uff0c\u4f46\u4f1a\u8bae\u5f88\u5feb\u9677\u5165\u50f5\u5c40\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u7b49\u7ea7\u5e73\u6c11<\/a>\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u5bf9\u4e8e\u81ea\u8eab\u6743\u5229\u4e0d\u6ee1\uff0c\u81ea\u884c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u56fd\u6c11\u8bae\u4f1a<\/a>\uff0c\u516c\u5f00\u53cd\u5bf9\u738b\u6743\u6743\u5a01\u3002\u6570\u65e5\u5185\u5c40\u52bf\u7d27\u5f20\uff0c\u5df4\u9ece\u9677\u5165\u66b4\u52a8\u30027\u670814\u65e5\uff0c\u6124\u6012\u7684\u793a\u5a01\u8005\u653b\u5360\u4e86\u6cd5\u56fd\u738b\u6743\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u5df4\u58eb\u5e95\u72f1<\/a>\u30027\u670814\u65e5\u88ab\u89c6\u4f5c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d<\/a>\u7206\u53d1\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5929\u968f\u540e\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e3a\u6cd5\u56fd\u56fd\u5e86\u65e5<\/a>\u30028\u670826\u65e5\uff0c\u300a\u4eba\u6743\u5ba3\u8a00<\/a>\u300b\u9881\u5e03\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u7684\u7eb2\u9886\u6027\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u8bd5\u56fe\u636e\u6b64\u786e\u7acb\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u4eba\u6743<\/a>\u3002\u5ba3\u8a00\u5f3a\u8c03\u201c\u81ea\u7531<\/a>\u3001\u8d22\u4ea7<\/a>\u3001\u5b89\u5168<\/a>\u548c\u53cd\u6297\u538b\u8feb\u662f\u5929\u8d4b\u4e0d\u53ef\u5265\u593a\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u201d\uff0c\u80af\u5b9a\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531<\/a>\u4ee5\u53ca\u53f8\u6cd5\u516c\u6b63<\/a>\u3002\u5b83\u547c\u5401\u5e9f\u6b62\u738b\u5ba4\u4e0e\u8d35\u65cf\u7684\u7279\u6743\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u4eba\u4eba\u751f\u800c\u81ea\u7531\u5e73\u7b49\u30021791\u5e746\u670820\u65e5\uff0c\u8def\u6613\u5341\u516d\u51fa\u9003<\/a>\uff0c\u6253\u7834\u4e86\u6c11\u4f17\u5bf9\u4e8e\u541b\u4e3b\u7acb\u5baa\u7684\u5e7b\u60f3\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8def\u6613\u5341\u516d\u968f\u540e\u540c\u610f\u7b7e\u7f72\u65b0\u5baa\u6cd5\u5b9e\u884c\u541b\u4e3b\u7acb\u5baa<\/a>\uff0c\u591a\u6570\u6c11\u4f17\u81ea\u6b64\u5f00\u59cb\u503e\u5411\u5e9f\u9664\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u3001\u5efa\u7acb\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u3002\u7136\u800c\u5e9f\u9664\u541b\u4e3b\u6216\u662f\u524a\u5f31\u738b\u6743\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5747\u906d\u5230\u6b27\u6d32\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c\u5965\u5730\u5229\u548c\u666e\u9c81\u58eb\u56fd\u738b\u53d1\u8868\u300a\u76ae\u5c14\u5c3c\u8328\u5ba3\u8a00<\/a>\u300b\u4ee5\u8b66\u544a\u9769\u547d\u8005\u4e0d\u8981\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u4fb5\u72af\u8def\u6613\u5341\u516d\u7684\u6743\u529b\u30021792\u5e744\u670820\u65e5\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5bf9\u5965\u5730\u5229\u5ba3\u6218\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u6218\u4e89<\/a>\u7206\u53d1\u3002\u6218\u4e89\u671f\u95f4\u6cd5\u56fd\u56fd\u5185\u66b4\u4e71\u63a5\u8fde\u4e0d\u65ad\uff0c8\u670810\u65e5\uff0c\u6c11\u4f17\u653b\u5360\u675c\u4f0a\u52d2\u91cc\u5bab<\/a>\uff0c\u62d8\u7981\u56fd\u738b\u3001\u738b\u540e[43]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u4e5d\u6708\u5c60\u6740<\/a>\u968f\u540e\u53d1\u751f[44]<\/a><\/sup>\u30029\u670822\u65e5\uff0c\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u7b2c\u4e00\u5171\u548c\u56fd<\/a>\u6210\u7acb\u30021793\u5e74\uff0c\u8def\u6613\u5341\u516d\u88ab\u5224\u53db\u56fd<\/a>\uff0c\u8d70\u4e0a\u4e86\u65ad\u5934\u53f0<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next three years were dominated by struggle for political control, exacerbated by economic depression<\/a>. Military defeats following the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars<\/a> in April 1792 resulted in the insurrection of 10 August 1792<\/a>. The monarchy was abolished<\/a> and replaced by the French First Republic<\/a> in September, while Louis XVI was executed<\/a> in January 1793.
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After another revolt in June 1793<\/a>, the constitution was suspended and power passed from the National Convention<\/a> to the Committee of Public Safety<\/a>. About 16,000 people were executed in a Reign of Terror<\/a>, which ended in July 1794<\/a>. Weakened by external threats and internal opposition, the Republic was replaced in 1795 by the Directory<\/a>. Four years later in 1799, the Consulate<\/a> seized power in a coup<\/a> led by Napoleon<\/a>.
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\u65b0\u751f\u7684\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u9762\u4e34\u5185\u5fe7\u5916\u60a3\u2014\u2014\u6b27\u6d32\u5217\u5f3a\u4e0d\u65ad\u65bd\u52a0\u538b\u529b\uff0c\u56fd\u5185\u53cd\u9769\u547d\u66b4\u4e71\u4e0d\u65ad\u30021792\u5e744\u670820\u65e5\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5bf9\u54c8\u5e03\u65af\u5821\u541b\u4e3b\u56fd<\/a>\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u5f17\u6717\u8328\u4e8c\u4e16<\/a>\u5ba3\u6218[\u5f17\u6717\u8328\u4e8c\u4e16\u6b64\u65f6\u975e\u795e\u5723\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7687\u5e1d]<\/sup>\uff0c\u5927\u9769\u547d\u6218\u4e89\u7206\u53d1\u3002\u6218\u4e89\u521d\u671f\u6cd5\u519b\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u4e0d\u4f73\uff0c\u8054\u519b\u770b\u4f3c\u5f88\u5feb\u80fd\u8d62\u5f97\u8fd9\u573a\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u74e6\u5c14\u5bc6\u6218\u5f79<\/a>\u540e\u5c40\u52bf\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u6cd5\u519b\u5f00\u59cb\u5728\u5404\u4e2a\u6218\u7ebf\u51fa\u51fb\uff0c\u5f81\u670d\u4e86\u6bd4\u5229\u65f6<\/a>\u3001\u83b1\u8335\u5170<\/a>\u3001\u8428\u4f0f\u4f9d<\/a>\u7b49\u5730\u533a\u30021793\u5e74\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5bf9\u8377\u5170<\/a>\u3001\u82f1\u56fd<\/a>\u3001\u897f\u73ed\u7259<\/a>\u5ba3\u6218\uff0c\u4f46\u6b64\u65f6\u5c40\u52bf\u518d\u6b21\u5bf9\u6cd5\u56fd\u4e0d\u5229\u3002\u540c\u5e749\u6708\uff0c\u7f57\u4f2f\u65af\u5e87\u5c14<\/a>\u5efa\u7acb\u4e13\u653f\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u96c5\u5404\u5bbe\u4e13\u653f<\/a>\u30021793\u5e74\u81f31794\u5e74\uff0c\u670916,000\u81f340,000\u4eba\u88ab\u5904\u51b3\uff1b\u6cd5\u56fd\u897f\u90e8\uff0c\u201c\u84dd\u515a\u201d\uff08Bleus\uff0c\u9769\u547d\u652f\u6301\u8005\uff09\u4e0e\u201c\u767d\u515a\u201d\uff08Blancs\uff0c\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u652f\u6301\u8005\uff09\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u4e0d\u65ad[45]<\/a>[46]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u800c\u540e\u6cd5\u519b\u9881\u5e03\u603b\u4f53\u6218\u4ee4\uff0c\u52301795\u5e74\u5e74\u521d\u4e0d\u4ec5\u518d\u6b21\u5f81\u670d\u6bd4\u5229\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd8\u5360\u9886\u8377\u5170<\/a>\u4e0e\u83b1\u8335\u6cb3\u5de6\u5cb8<\/a>\uff0c\u540c\u5e74\u666e\u9c81\u58eb<\/a>\u3001\u8377\u5170\u3001\u897f\u73ed\u7259<\/a>\u9000\u51fa\u6218\u4e89\u30021796\u5e74\uff0c\u4e09\u4e2a\u6cd5\u56fd\u519b\u56e2\u5411\u5965\u5730\u5229\u672c\u571f\u8fdb\u653b\uff0c\u4ec5\u6709\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u00b7\u6ce2\u62ff\u5df4<\/a>\u7684\u610f\u5927\u5229\u519b\u56e2\u51fb\u8d25\u654c\u519b\uff0c\u5411\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3<\/a>\u8fdb\u519b\u8feb\u4f7f\u5965\u5730\u5229\u4eba\u4f11\u6218\uff0c\u57281797\u5e7410\u670817\u65e5\u7b7e\u8ba2\u300a\u574e\u6ce2\u798f\u5c14\u7c73\u5965\u6761\u7ea6<\/a>\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.7 \u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u4e0e19\u4e16\u7eaa\uff081799-1914\uff09| Napoleon and 19th century (1799\u20131914)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: France in the long nineteenth century<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u6f2b\u957f\u7684\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe1-9\u548c1-10\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Napoleon became First Consul<\/a> in 1799 and later Emperor<\/a> of the French Empire<\/a> (1804\u20131814; 1815). Changing sets of European coalitions<\/a> declared wars on Napoleon’s empire<\/a>. His armies conquered most of continental Europe with swift victories such as the battles of Jena-Auerstadt<\/a> and Austerlitz<\/a>. Members of the Bonaparte<\/a> family were appointed monarchs in some of the newly established kingdoms.[57]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u4e8e1799\u5e74\u6210\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e00\u6267\u653f\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u6210\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u5e1d\u56fd\u7687\u5e1d\uff081804\u20131814\uff1b1815\uff09\u3002\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6b27\u6d32\u8054\u76df\u76f8\u7ee7\u5411\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u5ba3\u6218\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u519b\u961f\u51ed\u501f\u8036\u62ff-\u5965\u5c14\u65af\u5854\u7279\u6218\u5f79\u548c\u5965\u65af\u7279\u5229\u8328\u6218\u5f79\u7b49\u901f\u6218\u901f\u51b3\uff0c\u5f81\u670d\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u9646\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u533a\u3002\u6ce2\u62ff\u5df4\u5bb6\u65cf\u7684\u6210\u5458\u88ab\u4efb\u547d\u4e3a\u65b0\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u738b\u56fd\u7684\u541b\u4e3b\u3002[57]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1804\u5e74\uff0c\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u52a0\u5195\u4e3a\u5e1d\u30021805\u5e74\uff0c\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u5148\u5728\u4e4c\u5c14\u59c6\u6218\u5f79<\/a>\u6b7c\u706d\u5965\u519b\u5927\u90e8\uff0c\u518d\u5728\u5965\u65af\u7279\u91cc\u8328\u6218\u5f79<\/a>\u51fb\u8d25\u4fc4\u5965\u8054\u519b\uff0c\u5927\u7834\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b21\u53cd\u6cd5\u540c\u76df<\/a>\u30021806\u5e74\uff0c\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u5728\u8036\u62ff\u6218\u5f79<\/a>\u51fb\u8d25\u666e\u519b\u653b\u5360\u67cf\u6797<\/a>\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5728\u6ce2\u5170<\/a>\u5730\u533a\u4e0e\u4fc4\u519b\u93d6\u6218\uff0c\u4e8e1807\u5e74\u590f\u5728\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u5170\u6218\u5f79<\/a>\u5927\u7834\u4fc4\u519b\u30021808\u5e74\uff0c\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u7387\u519b\u5165\u4fb5\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u30021809\u5e74\uff0c\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u518d\u6b21\u653b\u5360\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3<\/a>\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5728\u74e6\u683c\u62c9\u59c6\u6218\u5f79<\/a>\u51fb\u8d25\u5965\u519b\u4e3b\u529b\u30021812\u5e74\uff0c\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u56e0\u201c\u5927\u9646\u5c01\u9501<\/a>\u201d\u95ee\u9898\u5bf9\u4fc4\u5ba3\u6218\uff0c\u7136\u56e0\u4fc4\u519b\u7126\u571f\u6218\u7565<\/a>\u4e0e\u8865\u7ed9\u95ee\u9898\u8d25\uff0c\u5e1d\u56fd\u6839\u57fa\u52a8\u6447\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8054\u519b\u7ec4\u5efa\u7b2c\u516d\u6b21\u53cd\u6cd5\u540c\u76df<\/a>\u53d1\u52a8\u53cd\u653b\uff0c\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u5c61\u80dc\u5374\u96be\u63a9\u9893\u52bf\uff0c\u4e8e1814\u5e74\u9000\u4f4d\u30021815\u5e74\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u5f52\u56fd\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u6ed1\u94c1\u5362\u6218\u5f79<\/a>\u540e\u518d\u6b21\u88ab\u6d41\u653e\uff0c\u4e8e1821\u5e74\u5728\u5723\u8d6b\u52d2\u62ff\u5c9b<\/a>\u75c5\u901d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

These victories led to the worldwide expansion of French revolutionary ideals and reforms, such as the metric system<\/a>, Napoleonic Code<\/a> and Declaration of the Rights of Man. In 1812 Napoleon attacked Russia<\/a>, reaching Moscow. Thereafter his army disintegrated through supply problems, disease, Russian attacks, and finally winter. After this catastrophic campaign and the ensuing uprising of European monarchies<\/a> against his rule, Napoleon was defeated. About a million Frenchmen died during the Napoleonic Wars<\/a>.[57]<\/a><\/sup> After his brief return<\/a> from exile, Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815 at the Battle of Waterloo<\/a>, and the Bourbon monarchy was restored<\/a> with new constitutional limitations.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8fd9\u4e9b\u80dc\u5229\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u6cd5\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u7406\u5ff5\u548c\u6539\u9769\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u8303\u56f4\u6269\u5f20\uff0c\u5982\u7c73\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u300a\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u6cd5\u5178\u300b\u548c\u300a\u4eba\u6743\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u30021812\u5e74\uff0c\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u8fdb\u653b\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\uff0c\u4e00\u5ea6\u62b5\u8fbe\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u3002\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u519b\u961f\u56e0\u8865\u7ed9\u95ee\u9898\u3001\u75be\u75c5\u3001\u4fc4\u519b\u653b\u51fb\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e25\u5bd2\u5929\u6c14\u800c\u5206\u5d29\u79bb\u6790\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u573a\u707e\u96be\u6027\u7684\u6218\u5f79\u548c\u6b27\u6d32\u541b\u4e3b\u56fd\u968f\u540e\u53cd\u5bf9\u4ed6\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u8d77\u4e49\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u88ab\u51fb\u8d25\u3002\u7ea6\u6709100\u4e07\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u5728\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u6218\u4e89\u671f\u95f4\u4e27\u751f\u3002[57]\u5728\u88ab\u6d41\u653e\u77ed\u6682\u56de\u5f52\u540e\uff0c\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u4e8e1815\u5e74\u5728\u6ed1\u94c1\u5362\u6218\u5f79\u4e2d\u6700\u7ec8\u6218\u8d25\uff0c\u6ce2\u65c1\u738b\u671d\u5728\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u9650\u5236\u540e\u590d\u8f9f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The discredited Bourbon dynasty was overthrown by the July Revolution<\/a> of 1830, which established the constitutional July Monarchy<\/a>; French troops began the conquest of Algeria<\/a>. Unrest led to the French Revolution of 1848<\/a> and the end of the July Monarchy. The abolition of slavery and introduction of male universal suffrage was re-enacted in 1848. In 1852, president of the French Republic, Louis-Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte<\/a>, Napoleon I’s nephew, was proclaimed emperor of the Second Empire<\/a>, as Napoleon III. He multiplied French interventions abroad, especially in Crimea<\/a>, Mexico<\/a> and Italy<\/a>. Napoleon III was unseated following defeat in the Franco-Prussian War<\/a> of 1870, and his regime replaced by the Third Republic<\/a>. By 1875, the French conquest of Algeria was complete, with approximately 825,000 Algerians killed from famine, disease, and violence.[58]<\/a><\/sup>
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France had colonial possessions<\/a> since the beginning of the 17th century, but in the 19th and 20th centuries its empire<\/a> extended greatly and became the second-largest behind the British Empire<\/a>.[59]<\/a><\/sup> Including metropolitan France, the total area reached almost 13 million square kilometres in the 1920s and 1930s, 9% of the world’s land. Known as the Belle \u00c9poque<\/a><\/em>, the turn of the century was characterised by optimism, regional peace, economic prosperity and technological, scientific and cultural innovations. In 1905, state secularism<\/a> was officially established<\/a>.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u81ea17\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5c31\u62e5\u6709\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\uff0c\u4f46\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\u548c20\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u5176\u5e1d\u56fd\u7248\u56fe\u5927\u5927\u6269\u5c55\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4ec5\u6b21\u4e8e\u5927\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5927\u5e1d\u56fd\u3002[59] \u5305\u62ec\u672c\u571f\u6cd5\u56fd\u5728\u5185\uff0c\u5176\u603b\u9762\u79ef\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa20\u5e74\u4ee3\u548c30\u5e74\u4ee3\u8fbe\u5230\u8fd11300\u4e07\u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\uff0c\u5360\u4e16\u754c\u9646\u5730\u9762\u79ef\u76849%\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e4b\u4ea4\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u7f8e\u597d\u65f6\u4ee3\u201d\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e50\u89c2\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5730\u533a\u548c\u5e73\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7e41\u8363\u4ee5\u53ca\u6280\u672f\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u6587\u5316\u521b\u65b0\u4e3a\u7279\u70b9\u30021905\u5e74\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e16\u4fd7\u4e3b\u4e49\u6b63\u5f0f\u786e\u7acb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6b64\u65f6\u671f\u6b27\u6d32\u6b65\u5165\u65b0\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4e5f\u53c2\u4e0e\u6b27\u6d32\u5217\u5f3a\u5728\u5168\u7403\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u548c\u52bf\u529b\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u4e89\u593a\u300219\u4e16\u7eaa\u81f320\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u593a\u5f97\u5e45\u5458\u8fbd\u9614\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u5728\u975e\u6d32<\/a>\uff09\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u9886\u571f\u904d\u5e03\u5168\u7403\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u5e1d\u56fd\uff0c\u4ec5\u6b21\u4e8e\u5927\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd<\/a>\u3002\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa20\u5e74\u4ee3\u81f330\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u9886\u571f\u9762\u79ef\u8fbe\u52301,300\u4e07\u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\uff0c\u5360\u4e16\u754c\u603b\u9646\u5730\u9762\u79ef\u76848.6%\u3002\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0e20\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e4b\u4ea4\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u56fd\u5185\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u5c40\u52bf\u8d8b\u4e8e\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u83b7\u5f97\u957f\u8db3\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u548c\u6587\u5316\u4e8b\u4e1a\u4e5f\u65e5\u81fb\u6210\u719f\uff0c\u4e50\u89c2\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u6210\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u8fd9\u6bb5\u65f6\u671f\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u7f8e\u597d\u5e74\u4ee3<\/a>\u201d\uff08Belle \u00c9poque\uff09\u30021905\u5e74\u6cd5\u56fd\u901a\u8fc7\u6cd5\u6848\u5b8c\u6210\u653f\u6559\u5206\u79bb<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.8 20\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u81f3\u4e2d\u671f\uff081914\u20131946\uff09| Early to mid-20th century (1914\u20131946)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: History of France (1900\u2013present)<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u6cd5\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\uff081900\u5e74\u81f3\u4eca\uff09\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe1-11\u548c1-12\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

France was invaded by Germany and defended by Great Britain<\/a> at the start of World War I in August 1914. A rich industrial area in the north was occupied. France and the Allies<\/a> emerged victorious against the Central Powers<\/a> at tremendous human cost. It left 1.4 million French soldiers dead, 4% of its population.[60]<\/a>[61]<\/a><\/sup> Interwar was marked by intense international tensions<\/a> and social reforms introduced by the Popular Front government<\/a> (e.g., annual leave<\/a>, eight-hour workdays<\/a>, women in government<\/a>).
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111914\u5e748\u6708\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u7206\u53d1\u65f6\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u906d\u5230\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u5165\u4fb5\uff0c\u5e76\u7531\u82f1\u56fd\u8fdb\u884c\u9632\u5fa1\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u5317\u90e8\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bcc\u9976\u5de5\u4e1a\u533a\u88ab\u5fb7\u519b\u5360\u9886\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u53ca\u5176\u76df\u56fd\u4ee5\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u4eba\u529b\u4ee3\u4ef7\u6218\u80dc\u4e86\u540c\u76df\u56fd\u3002\u8fd9\u573a\u6218\u4e89\u5bfc\u81f4140\u4e07\u6cd5\u56fd\u58eb\u5175\u4e27\u751f\uff0c\u5360\u5168\u56fd\u4eba\u53e3\u76844%\u3002[60][61]\u4e00\u6218\u4e0e\u4e8c\u6218\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u4ee5\u56fd\u9645\u5c40\u52bf\u7684\u7d27\u5f20\u5c40\u52bf\u548c\u4eba\u6c11\u9635\u7ebf\u653f\u5e9c\u63a8\u884c\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6539\u9769\uff08\u5982\u5e74\u5047\u3001\u516b\u5c0f\u65f6\u5de5\u4f5c\u5236\u3001\u5973\u6027\u53c2\u653f\uff09\u4e3a\u6807\u5fd7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1914\u5e748\u6708\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218<\/a>\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u5e1d\u56fd<\/a>\u9a7b\u6cd5\u5927\u4f7f\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u51af\u00b7\u820d\u6069<\/a>\u9012\u4ea4\u5bf9\u6cd5\u5ba3\u6218\u4e66\uff0c\u5fb7\u519b\u5f00\u59cb\u5b9e\u884c\u6218\u7565\u8fdb\u653b\u8ba1\u5212\u201c\u65bd\u91cc\u82ac\u8ba1\u5212<\/a>\u201d\uff0c\u7ecf\u4f4e\u5730\u5730\u533a<\/a>\u5165\u4fb5\u6cd5\u56fd[47]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u6218\u4e89\u521d\u671f\uff0c\u5fb7\u519b\u653b\u52bf\u51cc\u5389\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u9a6c\u6069\u6cb3\u6218\u5f79<\/a>\u88ab\u6cd5\u519b\u51fb\u8d25\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u7ecf\u5386\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u6218\u540e\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u6316\u6398\u6218\u58d5\u8f6c\u53d8\u6210\u5bf9\u5cd9\u7684\u5811\u58d5\u6218\u30021915\u5e74\uff0c\u6cd5\u519b\u5bf9\u5fb7\u519b\u9635\u7ebf\u53d1\u52a8\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6210\u6548\u4e0d\u5f70\u7684\u653b\u52bf\uff0c\u635f\u8017\u4e0d\u5c11\u6cd5\u519b\u7684\u6709\u751f\u529b\u91cf\u30021916\u5e742\u6708\uff0c\u5fb7\u519b\u5bf9\u51e1\u5c14\u767b\u8fdb\u653b<\/a>\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u5bf9\u4e3b\u8981\u8981\u585e\u53d1\u52a8\u591a\u6b21\u6765\u56de\u4e89\u593a\u30027\u6708\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u53d1\u52a8\u7d22\u59c6\u6cb3\u653b\u52bf<\/a>\u30021916\u5e74\u672b\uff0c\u51e1\u5c14\u767b\u6218\u5f79<\/a>\u4e0e\u7d22\u59c6\u6cb3\u6218\u5f79<\/a>\u7ed3\u675f\u30021917\u5e74\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u53c8\u53d1\u52a8\u4e00\u6b21\u5927\u578b\u653b\u52bf\uff0c\u4f46\u88ab\u5fb7\u519b\u826f\u597d\u7684\u9632\u5fa1\u51fb\u8d25\u30021918\u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u5fb7\u519b\u53d1\u52a8\u7687\u5e1d\u4f1a\u6218<\/a>\uff0c\u5175\u950b\u76f4\u6307\u5df4\u9ece<\/a>\uff0c\u4f46\u88ab\u6cd5\u519b\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u9a6c\u6069\u6cb3\u6218\u5f79<\/a>\u51fb\u8d25\u3002\u4e0b\u534a\u5e74\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5143\u5e05\u798f\u7166<\/a>\u53d1\u52a8\u767e\u65e5\u653b\u52bf<\/a>\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u7ed3\u675f\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u534f\u7ea6\u56fd<\/a>\u7684\u4e3b\u529b\u90e8\u961f\uff0c\u4ee5\u60e8\u75db\u7684\u4ee3\u4ef7\u8d62\u5f97\u80dc\u5229\u3002124\u4e07\u540d\u6cd5\u519b\u58eb\u5175\u4e27\u547d\uff0c\u5360\u6cd5\u56fd\u603b\u4eba\u53e3\u76844%[48]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u57281912\u5e74\u81f31915\u5e74\u95f4\u5f81\u53ec\u7684\u58eb\u5175\u670927%\uff0d30%\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387[49]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6218\u95f4\u671f<\/a>\u6cd5\u56fd\u5de6\u7ffc\u653f\u6cbb\u8054\u76df\u4eba\u6c11\u9635\u7ebf<\/a>\u66fe\u8d62\u5f97\u7acb\u6cd5\u9009\u4e3e\uff0c\u5f97\u4ee5\u5728\u5168\u56fd\u63a8\u884c\u591a\u9879\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5e74\u5047<\/a>\u3001\u516b\u5c0f\u65f6\u5de5\u4f5c\u5236<\/a>\u548c\u5987\u5973\u53c2\u653f\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1940\u5e74\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218<\/a>\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u6cd5\u519b\u867d\u5728\u6bd4\u5229\u65f6\u7684\u963f\u5c3c\u6218\u5f79<\/a>\u53ca\u8ba9\u5e03\u5362\u6218\u5f79<\/a>\u6682\u65f6\u8fdf\u6ede\u5fb7\u519b\uff0c\u4f46\u6700\u7ec8\u6ca1\u80fd\u963b\u6321\u4f4f\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5fb7\u56fd<\/a>\u7684\u51cc\u5389\u653b\u52bf\uff0c1940\u5e746\u670822\u65e5\u672c\u571f\u5ba3\u544a\u6ca6\u9677<\/a>\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u5171\u548c\u56fd<\/a>\u706d\u4ea1[50]<\/a>[51]<\/a><\/sup>\u30021940\u5e747\u670810\u65e5\uff0c\u56fd\u4f1a\u51b3\u5b9a\u5c06\u6743\u529b\u79fb\u4ea4\u7ed9\u8001\u5143\u5e05\u83f2\u5229\u666e\u00b7\u8d1d\u5f53<\/a>[\u5f53\u4e2d\u670980\u4e2a\u8bae\u5458\u6295\u53cd\u5bf9\u7968\u3002]<\/sup>\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u672c\u571f\u88ab\u5fb7\u56fd\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u5317\u65b9\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u7ba1\u8f96\u533a<\/a>\u548c\u5357\u65b9\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u81ea\u7531\u5730\u533a\u7531\u8d1d\u5f53\u653f\u5e9c\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u8bbe\u5728\u7ef4\u5e0c<\/a>\uff0c\u6545\u540d\u201c\u7ef4\u5e0c\u653f\u6743<\/a>\u201d\uff0c\u6b63\u5f0f\u56fd\u540d\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u56fd\uff08l’\u00c9tat fran\u00e7ais\uff09\uff0c\u53d7\u5fb7\u56fd\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u5b9e\u65bd\u4e86\u4e00\u8fde\u4e32\u538b\u5236\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4e3e\u63aa\uff1b\u9664\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u5c42\u9762\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u4ea6\u52a0\u5f3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7b49\u5404\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u7ba1\u63a7\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u683c\u8a00\u66f4\u4ece\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u5e73\u7b49\u3001\u535a\u7231\u201d\u88ab\u7f6e\u6362\u6210\u4e86\u201c\u52b3\u52a8\u3001\u5bb6\u5ead\u3001\u7956\u56fd\u201d\uff08Travail, Famille, Patrie\uff09\u3002\u590f\u5c14\u00b7\u6234\u9ad8\u4e50<\/a>\u9886\u5bfc\u81ea\u7531\u6cd5\u56fd\u8fd0\u52a8<\/a>\u7ee7\u7eed\u62b5\u6297<\/a>\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u8bbe\u7acb\u6709\u6d41\u4ea1\u653f\u5e9c[52]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u81ea1942\u5e74\u81f31944\u5e74\uff0c\u5927\u7ea6160,000\u540d\u6cd5\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\uff08\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u7ea675,000\u540d\u72b9\u592a\u4eba<\/a>\uff09\u88ab\u9001\u5f80\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u548c\u6ce2\u5170\u7684\u706d\u7edd\u8425<\/a>\u548c\u96c6\u4e2d\u8425<\/a>[53]<\/a>[54]<\/a>[55]<\/a>[56]<\/a><\/sup>\u30021944\u5e746\u67086\u65e5\uff0c\u76df\u519b<\/a>\u5728\u8bfa\u66fc\u5e95\u767b\u9646<\/a>\uff0c\u800c\u81ea\u7531\u6cd5\u56fd<\/a>8\u6708\u53d1\u52a8\u9f99\u9a91\u5175\u884c\u52a8<\/a>\u89e3\u653e\u5357\u6cd5\u3002\u7fcc\u5e74\u6cd5\u56fd\u89e3\u653e\uff0c\u6234\u9ad8\u4e50\u6210\u7acb\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c<\/a>\u63a5\u7ba1\u6cd5\u56fd\u672c\u571f\uff0c\u7ee7\u7eed\u4e0e\u5fb7\u56fd\u4ea4\u6218<\/a>\uff0c\u5e76\u7740\u624b\u6e05\u7b97\u901a\u654c\u8005\u3002\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u4ea6\u63a8\u884c\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7ed9\u4e88\u5973\u6027\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u548c\u5efa\u7acb\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u969c<\/a>\u7cfb\u7edf\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From 1942 to 1944, about 160,000 French citizens, including around 75,000 Jews<\/a>,[63]<\/a><\/sup> were deported to death<\/a> and concentration camps<\/a>.[64]<\/a><\/sup> On 6 June 1944, the Allies<\/a> invaded Normandy<\/a>, and in August they invaded Provence<\/a>. The Allies and French Resistance<\/a> emerged victorious, and French sovereignty was restored with the Provisional Government of the French Republic<\/a> (GPRF). This interim government, established by de Gaulle, continued to wage war against Germany<\/a> and to purge collaborators from office<\/a>. It made important reforms e.g. suffrage extended to women and the creation of a social security<\/a> system.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111942\u5e74\u81f31944\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u7ea6\u670916\u4e07\u6cd5\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u7ea67.5\u4e07\u540d\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\uff0c[63]\u88ab\u9063\u9001\u81f3\u6b7b\u4ea1\u96c6\u4e2d\u8425\u548c\u96c6\u4e2d\u8425\u3002[64]1944\u5e746\u67086\u65e5\uff0c\u76df\u519b\u5728\u8bfa\u66fc\u5e95\u767b\u9646\uff0c8\u6708\u5165\u4fb5\u666e\u7f57\u65fa\u65af\u3002\u76df\u519b\u548c\u6cd5\u56fd\u62b5\u6297\u529b\u91cf\u53d6\u5f97\u80dc\u5229\uff0c\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u6c11\u65cf\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08GPRF\uff09\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u6062\u590d\u4e86\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7531\u6234\u9ad8\u4e50\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u7ee7\u7eed\u5bf9\u5fb7\u56fd\u4f5c\u6218\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5408\u4f5c\u8005\u6e05\u9664\u51fa\u653f\u5e9c\u3002\u5b83\u5b9e\u65bd\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u91cd\u8981\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u5982\u5973\u6027\u83b7\u5f97\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u3001\u5efa\u7acb\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u969c\u4f53\u7cfb\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.9 1946\u5e74\u81f3\u4eca | 1946\u2013present<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u56fe1-13\u548c1-14\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

A new constitution resulted in the Fourth Republic<\/a> (1946\u20131958), which saw strong economic growth (les Trente Glorieuses<\/a><\/em>). France was a founding member of NATO<\/a> and attempted to regain control of French Indochina<\/a>, but was defeated by the Viet Minh<\/a> in 1954. France faced another anti-colonialist<\/a> conflict in Algeria<\/a>, then part of France and home to over one million European settlers (Pied-Noir<\/a>). The French systematically used torture and repression, including extrajudicial killings to keep control.[65]<\/a><\/sup> This conflict nearly led to a coup and civil war.[66]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4e00\u90e8\u65b0\u5baa\u6cd5\u50ac\u751f\u4e86\u7b2c\u56db\u5171\u548c\u56fd\uff081946-1958\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u89c1\u8bc1\u4e86\u5f3a\u52b2\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\uff08\u5373\u201c\u8f89\u714c\u7684\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u201d\uff09\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u662f\u5317\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u516c\u7ea6\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff08NATO\uff09\u7684\u521b\u59cb\u6210\u5458\u56fd\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5e76\u8bd5\u56fe\u91cd\u65b0\u63a7\u5236\u6cd5\u5c5e\u5370\u5ea6\u652f\u90a3\uff0c\u4f46\u57281954\u5e74\u88ab\u8d8a\u5357\u6c11\u65cf\u89e3\u653e\u519b\u51fb\u8d25\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u5728\u963f\u5c14\u53ca\u5229\u4e9a\u53c8\u906d\u9047\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u573a\u53cd\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u963f\u5c14\u53ca\u5229\u4e9a\u5f53\u65f6\u662f\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5c45\u4f4f\u7740\u4e00\u767e\u591a\u4e07\u6b27\u6d32\u79fb\u6c11\uff08\u767d\u963f\u5c14\u53ca\u5229\u4e9a\u4eba\uff09\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u6709\u7cfb\u7edf\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u9177\u5211\u548c\u9547\u538b\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6cd5\u5916\u5904\u51b3\uff0c\u4ee5\u7ef4\u6301\u63a7\u5236\u3002[65]\u8fd9\u573a\u51b2\u7a81\u51e0\u4e4e\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u653f\u53d8\u548c\u5185\u6218\u3002[66]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

During the May 1958 crisis<\/a>, the weak Fourth Republic gave way to the Fifth Republic<\/a>, which included a strengthened presidency.[67]<\/a><\/sup> The war concluded with the \u00c9vian Accords<\/a> in 1962 which led to Algerian independence<\/a>, at a high price: between half a million and one million deaths and over 2 million internally-displaced Algerians.[68]<\/a><\/sup> Around one million Pied-Noirs and Harkis<\/a> fled from Algeria to France.[69]<\/a><\/sup> A vestige of empire is the French overseas departments and territories<\/a>.
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1958\u5e74\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u653f\u5c40\u52a8\u8361\uff0c\u5185\u9601\u66f4\u6362\u9891\u7e41\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u963f\u5c14\u53ca\u5229\u4e9a\u72ec\u7acb\u6218\u4e89<\/a>\u62d6\u7d2f\u56fd\u529b\u53d7\u635f\u3002\u5f53\u5e745\u6708\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u519b\u5b98\u5728\u963f\u5c14\u53ca\u5c14<\/a>\u53d1\u8d77\u4e94\u6708\u5341\u4e09\u65e5\u653f\u53d8<\/a>\uff0c5\u670825\u65e5\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u5357\u90e8\u4e5f\u53d1\u751f\u53cd\u653f\u5e9c\u66b4\u4e71\uff0c\u8feb\u4f7f\u65f6\u4efb\u603b\u7edf\u52d2\u5185\u00b7\u79d1\u8482<\/a>\u4efb\u547d\u5f53\u65f6\u5df2\u4e0b\u91ce\u7684\u6234\u9ad8\u4e50\u62c5\u4efb\u603b\u7406\u300210\u67085\u65e5\uff0c\u6234\u9ad8\u4e50\u5ba3\u544a\u5efa\u7acb\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u7b2c\u4e94\u5171\u548c\u56fd<\/a>\u300211\u6708\u8fdb\u884c\u56fd\u6c11\u8bae\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\uff0c\u4ee5\u6234\u9ad8\u4e50\u4e3a\u9996\u7684\u4fdd\u536b\u65b0\u5171\u548c\u8054\u76df\u53d6\u80dc\u3002\u6b20\u7f3a\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u7b2c\u56db\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u88ab\u65b0\u5baa\u6cd5\u53d6\u4ee3\uff0c\u6269\u5927\u4e86\u603b\u7edf\u7684\u6743\u529b[59]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u9996\u4efb\u603b\u7edf\u5373\u662f\u4e8c\u6218\u671f\u95f4\u7684\u82f1\u96c4\u6234\u9ad8\u4e50\u3002\u6234\u9ad8\u4e50\u653f\u5e9c\u8bd5\u56fe\u7ec8\u6b62\u53cd\u6b96\u6c11\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u30021962\u5e74\u6cd5\u56fd\u7b7e\u7f72\u300a\u57c3\u7ef4\u6602\u534f\u5b9a<\/a>\u300b\u7ed3\u675f\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u963f\u5c14\u53ca\u5229\u4e9a<\/a>\u83b7\u5f97\u72ec\u7acb\u3002\u4f59\u4e0b\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\uff0c\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u6d77\u5916\u7701\u548c\u6d77\u5916\u9886\u5730<\/a>\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u5728\u6218\u540e\u76841945\u5e74\u81f31975\u5e74\u7ecf\u6d4e\u51fa\u73b0\u5feb\u901f\u589e\u957f\u3001\u5efa\u7acb\u9ad8\u5ea6\u53d1\u8fbe\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u798f\u5229<\/a>\u4f53\u7cfb[60]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u9ec4\u91d1\u4e09\u5341\u5e74<\/a>\u3002\u5728\u7f8e\u82cf\u51b7\u6218<\/a>\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u6234\u9ad8\u4e50\u5b9e\u884c\u201c\u6c11\u65cf\u72ec\u7acb\u201d\u7684\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e3b\u5bfc\u6cd5\u56fd\u9000\u51fa\u5317\u7ea6\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u4e00\u4f53\u5316\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u7740\u624b\u6267\u884c\u6838\u8ba1\u5212<\/a>\uff0c\u4f7f\u6cd5\u56fd\u6700\u7ec8\u62e5\u6709\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u4e09\u5927\u6838\u6b66\u8d2e\u5907\u91cf<\/a>\u3002\u4e3a\u56e2\u7ed3\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u4ee5\u4e0e\u7f8e\u82cf\u6297\u8861\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0e\u897f\u5fb7<\/a>\u7b7e\u7f72\u300a\u7231\u4e3d\u820d\u6761\u7ea6<\/a>\u300b\uff0c\u6062\u590d\u53cc\u65b9\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u63a8\u52a8\u6cd5\u5fb7\u548c\u89e3\u30021968\u5e74\u6cd5\u56fd\u7206\u53d1\u4e94\u6708\u98ce\u66b4<\/a>\u5b66\u751f\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u53cd\u54cd\u5de8\u5927\u3002\u8fd9\u6b21\u8fd0\u52a8\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u6cd5\u56fd\u7531\u4fdd\u5b88\u9053\u5fb7\u601d\u60f3\uff08\u5982\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u6743\u5a01\u5c0a\u91cd\u548c\u7231\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\uff09\u8f6c\u5411\u81ea\u7531\u9053\u5fb7\u601d\u60f3\uff08\u4e16\u4fd7\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u3001\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u3001\u6027\u9769\u547d<\/a>\uff09\u7684\u5206\u6c34\u5cad\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e71\u5c40\u88ab\u653f\u5e9c\u5e73\u606f\uff0c\u4f46\u6b64\u6b21\u8fd0\u52a8\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u90e8\u5206\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u9694\u9602\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u653f\u5e9c\u5931\u53bb\u90e8\u5206\u6c11\u5fc3\u30021969\u5e74\uff0c\u6234\u9ad8\u4e50\u5173\u4e8e\u524a\u5f31\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u6743\u529b\u7684\u4fee\u5baa\u6848\u516c\u6295<\/a>\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u5ba3\u5e03\u8f9e\u53bb\u603b\u7edf\u804c\u52a1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u540e\u6234\u9ad8\u4e50\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u867d\u4ecd\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u4e3a\u53d1\u8fbe\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u4e4b\u4e00<\/a>\uff0c\u4f46\u9762\u4e34\u7740\u591a\u9879\u7ecf\u6d4e\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6709\u7740\u9ad8\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\u548c\u9ad8\u516c\u5171\u503a\u52a1\u3002\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0e21\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e4b\u4ea4\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u7ad9\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u4e00\u4f53\u5316<\/a>\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u6700\u524d\u6cbf\u30021992\u5e74\u6cd5\u56fd\u7b7e\u7f72\u300a\u9a6c\u65af\u7279\u91cc\u8d6b\u7279\u6761\u7ea6<\/a>\u300b\uff0c1999\u5e74\u53c2\u4e0e\u5efa\u7acb\u6b27\u5143\u533a<\/a>\uff0c2007\u5e74\u53c8\u7b7e\u7f72\u300a\u91cc\u65af\u672c\u6761\u7ea6<\/a>\u300b[61]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u4e5f\u91cd\u65b0\u8f6c\u5411\u5317\u7ea6\uff0c\u53c2\u4e0e\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4e0e\u5317\u7ea6\u6210\u5458\u56fd\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u884c\u52a8[62]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

During the Cold War<\/a>, de Gaulle pursued a policy of “national independence” towards the Western<\/a> and Eastern blocs<\/a>. He withdrew from NATO’s military-integrated command (while remaining within the alliance), launched a nuclear development programme<\/a> and made France the fourth nuclear power<\/a>. He restored<\/a> cordial Franco-German relations<\/a> to create a European counterweight between American and Soviet spheres of influence. However, he opposed any development of a supranational Europe<\/a>, favouring sovereign nations<\/a>. The revolt of May 1968<\/a> had an enormous social impact; it was a watershed moment when a conservative moral ideal (religion, patriotism, respect for authority) shifted to a more liberal moral ideal (secularism, individualism, sexual revolution). Although the revolt was a political failure (the Gaullist<\/a> party emerged stronger than before) it announced a split between the French and de Gaulle, who resigned.[70]<\/a><\/sup>
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In the post-Gaullist era, France remained one of the most developed economies in the world<\/a> but faced crises that resulted in high unemployment rates and increasing public debt. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, France has been at the forefront of the development of a supranational European Union<\/a>, notably by signing the Maastricht Treaty<\/a> in 1992, establishing the eurozone<\/a> in 1999[71]<\/a><\/sup> and signing the Treaty of Lisbon<\/a> in 2007.[72]<\/a><\/sup> France has fully reintegrated into NATO and since participated in most NATO-sponsored wars.[73]<\/a><\/sup> Since the 19th century, France has received many immigrants<\/a>, often male foreign workers<\/a> from European Catholic countries who generally returned home when not employed.[74]<\/a><\/sup> During the 1970s France faced an economic crisis and allowed new immigrants (mostly from the Maghreb<\/a>, in northwest Africa)[74]<\/a><\/sup> to permanently settle in France with their families<\/a> and acquire citizenship. It resulted in hundreds of thousands of Muslims living in subsidised public housing and suffering from high unemployment rates.[75]<\/a><\/sup> The government had a policy of assimilation<\/a> of immigrants, where they were expected to adhere to French values and norms.[76]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u540e\u6234\u9ad8\u4e50\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4ecd\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u53d1\u8fbe\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4f46\u906d\u9047\u4e86\u5bfc\u81f4\u9ad8\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\u548c\u516c\u5171\u503a\u52a1\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u5371\u673a\u3002\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u548c21\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5728\u63a8\u52a8\u8d85\u56fd\u5bb6\u6b27\u6d32\u8054\u76df\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u65b9\u9762\u8d70\u5728\u524d\u5217\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u7b7e\u7f721992\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u9a6c\u65af\u7279\u91cc\u8d6b\u7279\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u30011999\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\u6b27\u5143\u533a[71]\u4ee5\u53ca2007\u5e74\u7b7e\u7f72\u300a\u91cc\u65af\u672c\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u3002[72]\u6cd5\u56fd\u5df2\u5b8c\u5168\u91cd\u65b0\u52a0\u5165\u5317\u7ea6\uff0c\u5e76\u81ea\u6b64\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e86\u5317\u7ea6\u8d5e\u52a9\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6570\u6218\u4e89\u3002[73]\u81ea19\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u63a5\u7eb3\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u79fb\u6c11\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u6b27\u6d32\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7537\u6027\u5916\u56fd\u5de5\u4eba\uff0c\u5931\u4e1a\u65f6\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u56de\u56fd\u3002[74]20\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u9762\u4e34\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u65b0\u79fb\u6c11\uff08\u4e3b\u8981\u6765\u81ea\u897f\u5317\u975e\u7684\u9a6c\u683c\u91cc\u5e03\u5730\u533a\uff09[74]\u4e0e\u5176\u5bb6\u4eba\u4e00\u8d77\u6c38\u4e45\u5b9a\u5c45\u6cd5\u56fd\u5e76\u83b7\u5f97\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u3002\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u6570\u5341\u4e07\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u653f\u5e9c\u8865\u8d34\u7684\u516c\u5171\u4f4f\u623f\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u906d\u53d7\u9ad8\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\u4e4b\u82e6\u3002[75]\u653f\u5e9c\u5b9e\u884c\u540c\u5316\u79fb\u6c11\u7684\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u4ed6\u4eec\u9075\u5b88\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u548c\u89c4\u8303\u3002[76]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u81ea19\u4e16\u7eaa\u8d77\uff0c\u4fbf\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u79fb\u6c11\u5b9a\u5c45\u6cd5\u56fd\u3002\u6700\u521d\u4ed6\u4eec\u5927\u591a\u6570\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u6b27\u6d32\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7537\u6027\u5916\u7c4d\u5de5\u4eba\uff0c\u5931\u4e1a\u65f6\u591a\u6570\u4ea6\u4f1a\u9009\u62e9\u56de\u56fd[63]<\/a><\/sup>\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u9762\u4e34\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5371\u673a\u3001\u5f00\u59cb\u653e\u5bbd\u79fb\u6c11\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u7ed9\u4e88\u79fb\u6c11\u6c38\u4e45\u5b9a\u5c45\u6743\uff0c\u9042\u8fce\u6765\u65b0\u79fb\u6c11\uff08\u5927\u591a\u6570\u6765\u81ea\u975e\u6d32<\/a>\u9a6c\u683c\u91cc\u5e03<\/a>\u5730\u533a[63]<\/a><\/sup>\uff09\u3002\u653e\u5f00\u79fb\u6c11\u4ea6\u5bfc\u81f4\u793e\u4f1a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6570\u5341\u4e07\u7a46\u65af\u6797<\/a>\u4eab\u53d7\u516c\u5171\u4f4f\u623f\u8865\u8d34\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u7740\u9ad8\u5931\u4e1a\u7387[64]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u73b0\u8c61\u5728\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u6700\u4e3a\u660e\u663e\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u653e\u5f03\u540c\u5316<\/a>\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u5f3a\u5236\u8981\u6c42\u79fb\u6c11\u9075\u5b88\u6cd5\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u4ee5\u53ca\u6587\u5316\u89c4\u8303\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u5141\u8bb8\u79fb\u6c11\u4fdd\u7559\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6587\u5316\u4e60\u4fd7\uff0c\u4ec5\u9700\u878d\u5165\u793e\u4f1a[65]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since the 1995 public transport bombings<\/a>, France has been targeted by Islamist organisations, notably the Charlie Hebdo<\/em> attack<\/a> in 2015 which provoked the largest public rallies<\/a> in French history, gathering 4.4 million people,[77]<\/a><\/sup> the November 2015 Paris attacks<\/a> which resulted in 130 deaths, the deadliest attack on French soil since World War II[78]<\/a><\/sup> and the deadliest in the European Union since the Madrid train bombings in 2004<\/a>.[79]<\/a><\/sup> Op\u00e9ration Chammal<\/a>, France’s military efforts to contain ISIS<\/a>, killed over 1,000 ISIS troops between 2014 and 2015.[80]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u81ea1995\u5e74\u516c\u5171\u4ea4\u901a\u7206\u70b8\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u88ad\u51fb\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f2015\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u67e5\u7406\u5468\u520a\u300b\u88ad\u51fb\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u8be5\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u6cd5\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u89c4\u6a21\u6700\u5927\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u96c6\u4f1a\uff0c\u5171\u6709440\u4e07\u4eba\u53c2\u52a0\uff0c[77]\u4ee5\u53ca2015\u5e7411\u6708\u7684\u5df4\u9ece\u88ad\u51fb\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4130\u4eba\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u662f\u81ea\u4e8c\u6218\u4ee5\u6765\u6cd5\u56fd\u672c\u571f\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u6700\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u88ad\u51fb\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c[78]\u4e5f\u662f\u81ea2004\u5e74\u9a6c\u5fb7\u91cc\u706b\u8f66\u7206\u70b8\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4ee5\u6765\u6b27\u76df\u5185\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u6700\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u88ad\u51fb\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002[79]\u201c\u65b0\u6708\u6c99\u4e18\u201d\u884c\u52a8\u662f\u6cd5\u56fd\u4e3a\u904f\u5236ISIS\u800c\u5f00\u5c55\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u57282014\u5e74\u81f32015\u5e74\u671f\u95f4\u6740\u6b7b\u4e861000\u591a\u540dISIS\u58eb\u5175\u3002[80]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6cd5\u56fd\u81ea2015\u5e7411\u670813\u65e5\u906d\u53d7\u6050\u6016\u653b\u51fb\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u65ad\u7eed\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u6050\u6016\u653b\u51fb\u800c\u6570\u6b21\u5ef6\u957f\u7d27\u6025\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u6700\u65b0\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u5ef6\u957f\u9884\u8ba1\u5ef6\u957f\u81f32017\u5e7411\u67081\u65e5[72]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. \u5730\u7406 | Geography<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u6cd5\u56fd\u5730\u7406<\/a> \/ Main article: Geography of France<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.1 \u4f4d\u7f6e\u548c\u8fb9\u754c | Location and borders<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u56fe2-1\u81f32-3\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

The vast majority of France’s territory and population is situated in Western Europe and is called Metropolitan France<\/a>. It is bordered by the North Sea<\/a> in the north, the English Channel<\/a> in the northwest, the Atlantic Ocean<\/a> in the west and the Mediterranean Sea<\/a> in the southeast. Its land borders consist of Belgium<\/a> and Luxembourg<\/a> in the northeast, Germany<\/a> and Switzerland<\/a> in the east, Italy<\/a> and Monaco<\/a> in the southeast, and Andorra<\/a> and Spain<\/a> in the south and southwest. Except for the northeast, most of France’s land borders are roughly delineated by natural boundaries and geographic features: to the south and southeast, the Pyrenees and the Alps and the Jura, respectively, and to the east, the Rhine river. Metropolitan France includes various coastal islands, of which the largest is Corsica<\/a>. Metropolitan France is situated mostly between latitudes 41\u00b0<\/a> and 51\u00b0 N<\/a>, and longitudes 6\u00b0 W<\/a> and 10\u00b0 E<\/a>, on the western edge of Europe, and thus lies within the northern temperate<\/a> zone. Its continental part covers about 1000 km from north to south and from east to west.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6cd5\u56fd\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7684\u9886\u571f\u548c\u4eba\u53e3\u4f4d\u4e8e\u897f\u6b27\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u672c\u571f\u6cd5\u56fd\u3002\u5b83\u5317\u4e34\u5317\u6d77\uff0c\u897f\u5317\u4e34\u82f1\u5409\u5229\u6d77\u5ce1\uff0c\u897f\u4e34\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\uff0c\u4e1c\u5357\u4e34\u5730\u4e2d\u6d77\u3002\u5176\u9646\u5730\u90bb\u56fd\u5305\u62ec\u4e1c\u5317\u90e8\u7684\u6bd4\u5229\u65f6\u548c\u5362\u68ee\u5821\uff0c\u4e1c\u90e8\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u548c\u745e\u58eb\uff0c\u4e1c\u5357\u90e8\u7684\u610f\u5927\u5229\u548c\u6469\u7eb3\u54e5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5357\u90e8\u548c\u897f\u5357\u90e8\u7684\u5b89\u9053\u5c14\u548c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u3002\u9664\u4e1c\u5317\u90e8\u5916\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u9646\u5730\u8fb9\u754c\u5927\u81f4\u7531\u81ea\u7136\u8fb9\u754c\u548c\u5730\u7406\u7279\u5f81\u5212\u5206\uff1a\u5357\u90e8\u548c\u4e1c\u5357\u90e8\u5206\u522b\u662f\u6bd4\u5229\u725b\u65af\u5c71\u8109\u3001\u963f\u5c14\u5351\u65af\u5c71\u8109\u548c\u6c5d\u62c9\u5c71\u8109\uff0c\u4e1c\u90e8\u662f\u83b1\u8335\u6cb3\u3002\u672c\u571f\u6cd5\u56fd\u5305\u62ec\u591a\u4e2a\u6cbf\u6d77\u5c9b\u5c7f\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u5927\u7684\u662f\u79d1\u897f\u5609\u5c9b\u3002\u672c\u571f\u6cd5\u56fd\u4e3b\u8981\u4f4d\u4e8e\u6b27\u6d32\u897f\u90e8\u8fb9\u7f18\uff0c\u5317\u7eac41\u00b0\u81f351\u00b0\u548c\u897f\u7ecf6\u00b0\u81f3\u4e1c\u7ecf10\u00b0\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5317\u534a\u7403\u6e29\u5e26\u3002\u5176\u5927\u9646\u90e8\u5206\u4ece\u5317\u5230\u5357\u3001\u4ece\u4e1c\u5230\u897f\u7ef5\u5ef6\u7ea61000\u516c\u91cc\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Metropolitan France covers 551,500 square kilometres (212,935 sq mi),[81]<\/a><\/sup> the largest among European Union<\/a> members.[71]<\/a><\/sup> France’s total land area, with its overseas departments and territories (excluding Ad\u00e9lie Land<\/a>), is 643,801 km2<\/sup> (248,573 sq mi),[82]<\/a><\/sup> 0.45% of the total land area on Earth. France possesses a wide variety of landscapes, from coastal plains in the north and west to mountain ranges of the Alps<\/a> in the southeast, the Massif Central<\/a> in the south-central and Pyrenees<\/a> in the southwest.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u672c\u571f\u6cd5\u56fd\u9762\u79ef551,500\u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\uff08212,935\u5e73\u65b9\u82f1\u91cc\uff09\uff0c[81] \u662f\u6b27\u76df\u6210\u5458\u56fd\u4e2d\u9762\u79ef\u6700\u5927\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002[71] \u6cd5\u56fd\uff08\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u963f\u5fb7\u5229\u5730\uff09\u7684\u603b\u9646\u5730\u9762\u79ef\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5176\u6d77\u5916\u7701\u548c\u9886\u5730\uff0c\u4e3a643,801\u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\uff08248,573\u5e73\u65b9\u82f1\u91cc\uff09\uff0c[82] \u5360\u5730\u7403\u9646\u5730\u603b\u9762\u79ef\u76840.45%\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u62e5\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u591a\u6837\u7684\u5730\u8c8c\uff0c\u4ece\u5317\u90e8\u548c\u897f\u90e8\u7684\u6cbf\u6d77\u5e73\u539f\uff0c\u5230\u4e1c\u5357\u90e8\u7684\u963f\u5c14\u5351\u65af\u5c71\u8109\uff0c\u518d\u5230\u4e2d\u5357\u90e8\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u9ad8\u539f\u548c\u897f\u5357\u90e8\u7684\u6bd4\u5229\u725b\u65af\u5c71\u8109\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Due to its numerous overseas departments and territories<\/a> scattered across the planet, France possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone<\/a> (EEZ) in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2<\/sup> (4,261,000 sq mi). Its EEZ covers approximately 8% of the total surface of all the EEZs of the world.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u7531\u4e8e\u6cd5\u56fd\u4f17\u591a\u7684\u6d77\u5916\u7701\u548c\u9886\u5730\u904d\u5e03\u5168\u7403\uff0c\u5176\u4e13\u5c5e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u533a\uff08EEZ\uff09\u9762\u79ef\u5c45\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u8fbe11,035,000\u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\uff084,261,000\u5e73\u65b9\u82f1\u91cc\uff09\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u4e13\u5c5e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u533a\u7ea6\u5360\u5168\u7403\u6240\u6709\u4e13\u5c5e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u533a\u603b\u9762\u79ef\u76848%\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6cd5\u56fd\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u62e5\u6709\u4f17\u591a\u6d77\u5916\u7701\u548c\u6d77\u5916\u9886\u5730<\/a>\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9886\u571f\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u884c\u653f\u533a\u5212\u7b49\u7ea7\u548c\u7ba1\u8f96\u5f62\u5f0f\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5206\u522b\u4f4d\u4e8e\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n