{"id":4978,"date":"2024-12-17T20:07:40","date_gmt":"2024-12-17T12:07:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/?p=4978"},"modified":"2025-01-30T20:49:09","modified_gmt":"2025-01-30T12:49:09","slug":"kurds-fulltext-zhen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/2024\/12\/17\/kurds-fulltext-zhen\/","title":{"rendered":"\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u4eba \/ Kurds -\uff08\u5168\u6587\uff09\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u8bcd\u6761\u878d\u5408"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\n

\u4e2d\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff08\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\uff09\uff1a\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a>
\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff08\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\uff09\uff1a\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a>
\u672c\u6587\u57fa\u4e8e\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u7684\u7ebf\u7d22\uff0c\u5e76\u8865\u5145\u90e8\u5206\u6765\u81ea\u4e2d\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u5728\u4e8c\u8005\u51b2\u7a81\u65f6\uff0c\u4ee5\u66f4\u665a\u66f4\u65b0\u8005\u4e3a\u51c6\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fbd\u89c2\u642c\u8fd0\u65f6\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u5408\u89c4\u5316\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u5176\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u4e0a\u4f20\u3002\u90e8\u5206\u6587\u5b57\u91c7\u7528\u6c49\u8bed\u62fc\u97f3<\/strong>\u65b9\u5f0f\u4ee3\u66ff\uff0c\u97f3\u8282\u540e\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u8868\u793a\u6c49\u8bed\u62fc\u97f3\u89c4\u5219\u4e2d\u7684\u58f0\u8c03\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5173\u4e8e\u8fbd\u89c2\u7684\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u642c\u8fd0\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u5df2\u642c\u8fd0\u7684\u8bcd\u6761\uff0c\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e86\u89e3\u66f4\u591a<\/a>\u3002\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\uff08Wikipedia\uff09\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7684\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u767e\u79d1\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u5230\u7acb\u573a\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u6765\u6e90\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8bf7\u5ba2\u89c2\u770b\u5f85\u3002\u6b63\u6587\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u8bd1\u8005\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fbd\u89c2\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4ec5\u4f9b\u53c2\u8003\u3002\u6587\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u542b\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\u94fe\u63a5\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n\u8fbd\u89c2\u6240\u642c\u8fd0\u7684\u8bcd\u6761\u6587\u672c\u4e0e\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u4e00\u9053\u540c\u6837\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 4.0\u534f\u8bae\uff08\u8fbd\u89c2\u642c\u8fd0\u7684\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u5bf9\u7167\u7248\u672c<\/a>\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u7b26\u5408\u534f\u8bae\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u514d\u8d39\u4f7f\u7528\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5546\u7528\uff09\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u548c\u89c6\u9891\u53ef\u80fd\u9075\u5faa\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5171\u4eab\u534f\u8bae\u3002\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

0. \u6982\u8ff0<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u8fbd\u89c2\u6ce8\uff1a\u6b64\u6807\u9898\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u642c\u8fd0\u3001\u6574\u5408\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe0-1\u81f30-9\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n
\u56fe0-10\u81f30-18\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n
\u56fe0-19\u81f30-21\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n
\u56fe0-22\u81f30-30\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n
\u56fe0-31\u548c0-32\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

0.1 \u6587\u5b57\u8bf4\u660e<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u8fbd\u89c2\u6ce8\uff1a\u6b64\u6807\u9898\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u642c\u8fd0\u3001\u6574\u5408\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u4eba<\/strong>\uff08\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u8bed<\/a>\uff1a\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u200e\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u5316\uff1a<\/small>Kurd\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u751f\u6d3b\u4e8e\u897f\u4e9a<\/a>\u7684\u4f0a\u6717\u8bed<\/a>\u6e38\u7267\u6c11\u65cf<\/a>\uff0c\u4e3a\u897f\u5357\u4e9a<\/a>\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u65af\u5766<\/a>\u5730\u533a\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5c45\u6c11\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u5206\u5e03\u5728\u571f\u8033\u5176<\/a>\u3001\u53d9\u5229\u4e9a<\/a>\u3001\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b<\/a>\u3001\u4f0a\u6717<\/a>\u56db\u56fd\u5883\u5185\uff0c\u6709\u5c11\u6570\u5206\u5e03\u5728\u963f\u585e\u62dc\u7586<\/a>\u548c\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a<\/a>\u3001\u6b27\u4fc4<\/a>\u5357\u90e8\u3001\u4ee5\u8272\u5217<\/a>\u7b49\u5730\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u4e1c<\/a>\u5730\u533a\u662f\u4eba\u53e3\u4ec5\u6b21\u4e8e\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f<\/a>\u3001\u571f\u8033\u5176<\/a>\u548c\u6ce2\u65af<\/a>\u7684\u7b2c\u56db\u5927\u6c11\u65cf\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u662f\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u6ca1\u6709\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6c11\u65cf<\/a>\u4e2d\u4eba\u53e3\u6700\u591a\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There are exclaves<\/a> of Kurds in Central Anatolia<\/a>, Khorasan<\/a>, and the Caucasus<\/a>, as well as significant Kurdish diaspora<\/a> communities in the cities of western Turkey (in particular Istanbul) and Western Europe (primarily in Germany<\/a>). The Kurdish population<\/a> is estimated to be between 30 and 45\u00a0million.[2]<\/a>[38]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u4eba\u5728\u4e2d\u5b89\u7eb3\u6258\u5229\u4e9a\u3001\u547c\u7f57\u73ca\u548c\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u5730\u533a\u4e5f\u6709\u98de\u5730\uff0c\u5728\u571f\u8033\u5176\u897f\u90e8\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u4f0a\u65af\u5766\u5e03\u5c14\uff09\u548c\u897f\u6b27\uff08\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\uff09\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u4e2d\u4e5f\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u6563\u5c45\u793e\u7fa4\u3002\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u4eba\u53e3\u4f30\u8ba1\u57283000\u4e07\u81f34500\u4e07\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002[2][38]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kurds speak the Kurdish languages<\/a> and the Zaza\u2013Gorani languages<\/a>, which belong to the Western Iranian<\/a> branch of the Iranian languages<\/a>.[39]<\/a>[40]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u4eba\u4f7f\u7528\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u8bed\u548c\u624e\u624e-\u6208\u5170\u5c3c\u8bed\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u90fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4f0a\u6717\u8bed\u65cf\u897f\u4f0a\u6717\u8bed\u652f\u3002[39][40]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u4eba\u662f\u4e2d\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u73b0\u5b58\u6700\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\uff0c\u4e24\u5343\u591a\u5e74\u6765\u4e00\u76f4\u90fd\u5728\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u65af\u5766\u7684\u5c71\u533a\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u8fc7\u53bb\u90fd\u8fc7\u7740\u6e38\u7267<\/a>\u6216\u8005\u96c7\u4f63\u5175<\/a>\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u4e0d\u65ad\u5411\u5468\u8fb9\u5730\u533a\u6269\u6563\uff0c\u5c61\u5c61\u906d\u53d7\u571f\u8033\u5176\u3001\u53d9\u5229\u4e9a\u3001\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u7b49\u56fd\u7684\u538b\u8feb\u5e76\u8206\u5176\u6fc0\u70c8\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u4eba\u5df2\u6709\u72ec\u7acb\u5efa\u56fd\u7684\u58f0\u6d6a\uff0c\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u5de5\u4eba\u515a<\/a>\u6210\u5458\u8fd8\u88ab\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u5217\u4e3a\u6050\u6016\u4efd\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kurds do not comprise a majority in any country, making them a stateless people<\/a>.[41]<\/a><\/sup> After World War I<\/a> and the defeat of the Ottoman Empire<\/a>, the victorious Western allies<\/a> made provision for a Kurdish state in the 1920 Treaty of S\u00e8vres<\/a>. However, that treaty was not ratified. When the Treaty of Lausanne<\/a> set the boundaries of modern Turkey three years later, no such provision was made, leaving Kurds with minority status in all of the new countries of Turkey, Iraq, and Syria<\/a>.[42]<\/a><\/sup> Recent history of the Kurds<\/a> includes numerous genocides<\/a> and rebellions<\/a>, along with ongoing armed conflicts in Turkish<\/a>, Iranian<\/a>, Syrian<\/a>, and Iraqi Kurdistan<\/a>. Kurds in Iraq and Syria have autonomous regions, while Kurdish movements continue to pursue greater cultural rights<\/a>, autonomy<\/a>, and independence throughout Kurdistan<\/a>[when defined as?<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup>.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u4eba\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u4e0d\u5360\u591a\u6570\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u4eec\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e0\u56fd\u7c4d\u6c11\u65cf\u3002[41]\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u540e\uff0c\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u6218\u8d25\uff0c\u80dc\u5229\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u76df\u519b\u57281920\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u8272\u4f5b\u5c14\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u4e2d\u4e3a\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u56fd\u5bb6\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8be5\u6761\u7ea6\u5e76\u672a\u83b7\u5f97\u6279\u51c6\u3002\u4e09\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u300a\u6d1b\u6851\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u5212\u5b9a\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3\u571f\u8033\u5176\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\uff0c\u5374\u6ca1\u6709\u505a\u51fa\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u4eba\u5728\u571f\u8033\u5176\u3001\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u548c\u53d9\u5229\u4e9a\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u65b0\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\u90fd\u5904\u4e8e\u5c11\u6570\u6c11\u65cf\u5730\u4f4d\u3002[42]\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u4eba\u7684\u8fd1\u4ee3\u53f2\u5305\u62ec\u591a\u8d77\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u548c\u53db\u4e71\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u571f\u8033\u5176\u3001\u4f0a\u6717\u3001\u53d9\u5229\u4e9a\u548c\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u65af\u5766\u5730\u533a\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u6b66\u88c5\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u548c\u53d9\u5229\u4e9a\u7684\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u4eba\u62e5\u6709\u81ea\u6cbb\u533a\uff0c\u800c\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u8fd0\u52a8\u5219\u7ee7\u7eed\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u65af\u5766\uff08\u5982\u679c\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u2026\u2026\uff09\u4e89\u53d6\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u6587\u5316\u6743\u5229\u3001\u81ea\u6cbb\u548c\u72ec\u7acb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u54c8\u83f2\u5179\u00b7\u963f\u8428\u5fb7<\/a>\u6cbb\u4e0b\u7684\u53d9\u5229\u4e9a\uff0c\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u6c11\u65cf\u670d\u9970\u3001\u8282\u65e5\u4e0e\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u8bed\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u906d\u5230\u4e86\u5168\u9762\u7981\u6b62\uff1b\u800c\u571f\u8033\u5176\u4ea6\u6570\u6b21\u8840\u8165\u9547\u538b\u4e86\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u8d77\u4e49\u30021991\u5e74\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u201c\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u672c\u8eab\u5373\u662f\u571f\u8033\u5176\u56fd\u5185\u7684\u7981\u5fcc\uff0c\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u4eba\u53ea\u80fd\u4ee5\u201c\u5c71\u5730\u571f\u8033\u5176\u4eba\u201d\u81ea\u79f0\u3002\u5728\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u590d\u5174\u515a\u653f\u6743<\/a>\u6cbb\u4e0b\uff0c\u56e0\u8428\u8fbe\u59c6<\/a>\u7684\u201c\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u5316\u201d\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u5bf9\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u4eba\u7684\u8feb\u5bb3\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86\u9ad8\u6f6e\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u4eba\u88ab\u9a71\u9010\u5230\u4f0a\u6717\uff0c\u6216\u76f4\u63a5\u88ab\u6740\u5bb3\u3002[9]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559<\/a>\u900a\u5c3c\u6d3e<\/a>\u4fe1\u5f92\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u591a\u6570\u5949\u884c\u6c99\u6590\u4eea\u6559\u6cd5\u5b66\u6d3e<\/a>\uff08\u76db\u884c\u82cf\u83f2\u6559\u56e2<\/a>\uff0c\u4e0e\u5468\u8fb9\u5949\u884c\u54c8\u4e43\u6590\u5b66\u6d3e\u7684\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u548c\u571f\u8033\u5176\u4eba\u4e0d\u540c\uff09\uff0c\u5c11\u6570\u4e3a\u4ec0\u53f6\u6d3e<\/a>\u7a46\u65af\u6797\uff08\u542b\u963f\u62c9\u7ef4\u6d3e<\/a>\u548c\u5341\u4e8c\u4f0a\u739b\u76ee\u6d3e<\/a>\uff09\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u4eba\u4fe1\u5949\u96c5\u5179\u8fea\u6559\u6d3e<\/a>\u3001\u7410\u7f57\u4e9a\u65af\u5fb7\u6559<\/a>\u7b49\u5176\u4ed6\u5b97\u6559\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

0.2 \u6982\u51b5\u8868\u683c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u8fbd\u89c2\u6ce8\uff1a\u6b64\u6807\u9898\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u642c\u8fd0\u3001\u6574\u5408\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Total population\u3010\u603b\u4eba\u53e3\u3011<\/th><\/tr>
30\u201340 million[1]<\/a><\/sup> (The World Factbook<\/a><\/em>, 2015 estimate)
\u30103000\u4e07\u81f34000\u4e07[1]\uff08\u636e\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u6982\u51b5\u300b2015\u5e74\u4f30\u7b97\uff09\u3011
36.4\u201345.6 million[2]<\/a><\/sup> (Kurdish Institute of Paris<\/a>, 2017 estimate)
\u30103640\u4e07\u81f34560\u4e07[2]\uff08\u636e\u5df4\u9ece\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u7814\u7a76\u62402017\u5e74\u4f30\u7b97\uff09\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Regions with significant populations\u3010\u4eba\u53e3\u4f17\u591a\u7684\u5730\u533a\u3011<\/th><\/tr>
Turkey\u3010\u571f\u8033\u5176\u3011<\/th>est.\u200914.3\u201320 million[1]<\/a>[2]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u636e\u4f30\u8ba1\u4e3a1430\u4e07\u81f32000\u4e07[1][2]\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Iran\u3010\u4f0a\u6717\u3011<\/th>est. 8.2\u201312 million[1]<\/a>[2]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u636e\u4f30\u8ba1\u4e3a820\u4e07\u81f31200\u4e07[1][2]\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Iraq\u3010\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u3011<\/th>est. 5.6\u20138.5 million[1]<\/a>[2]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u636e\u4f30\u8ba1\u4e3a560\u4e07\u81f3850\u4e07[1][2]\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Syria\u3010\u53d9\u5229\u4e9a\u3011<\/th>est. 2\u20133.6 million[1]<\/a>[2]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u636e\u4f30\u8ba1\u4e3a200\u4e07\u81f3360\u4e07[1][2]\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Germany\u3010\u5fb7\u56fd\u3011<\/th>1.2\u20131.5 million[3]<\/a>[4]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010120\u4e07\u81f3150\u4e07[3][4]\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Azerbaijan\u3010\u963f\u585e\u62dc\u7586\u3011<\/th>150,000\u2013180,000[5]<\/a>[6]<\/a><\/sup>
\u301015\u4e07\u81f318\u4e07[5][6]\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
France\u3010\u6cd5\u56fd\u3011<\/th>150,000[7]<\/a><\/sup>
\u301015\u4e07[7]\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Sweden\u3010\u745e\u5178\u3011<\/th>100,000+[8]<\/a>[9]<\/a>[10]<\/a>[11]<\/a><\/sup>
\u301010\u4e07\u4ee5\u4e0a[8][9][10][11]\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Netherlands\u3010\u8377\u5170\u3011<\/th>100,000[12]<\/a><\/sup>
\u301010\u4e07[12]\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Russia\u3010\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u3011<\/th>63,818[13]<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr>
Belgium\u3010\u6bd4\u5229\u65f6\u3011<\/th>50,000[14]<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr>
United Kingdom\u3010\u82f1\u56fd\u3011<\/th>49,841[15]<\/a><\/sup>[16]<\/a><\/sup>[17]<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr>
Kazakhstan\u3010\u54c8\u8428\u514b\u65af\u5766\u3011<\/th>47,938[18]<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr>
Armenia\u3010\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u3011<\/th>37,470[19]<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr>
Switzerland\u3010\u745e\u58eb\u3011<\/th>35,000[20]<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr>
Denmark\u3010\u4e39\u9ea6\u3011<\/th>30,000[21]<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr>
Jordan\u3010\u7ea6\u65e6\u3011<\/th>30,000[22]<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr>
Austria\u3010\u5965\u5730\u5229\u3011<\/th>23,000[23]<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr>
Greece\u3010\u5e0c\u814a\u3011<\/th>22,000[24]<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr>
United States\u3010\u7f8e\u56fd\u3011<\/th>20,591\u201340,000[25]<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr>
Canada\u3010\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u3011<\/th>16,315[26]<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr>
Finland\u3010\u82ac\u5170\u3011<\/th>15,850[27]<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr>
Georgia (country)\u3010\u683c\u9c81\u5409\u4e9a\u3011<\/th>13,861[28]<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr>
Kyrgyzstan\u3010\u5409\u5c14\u5409\u65af\u65af\u5766\u3011<\/th>13,200[29]<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr>
Australia\u3010\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u3011<\/th>10,171[30]<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr>
Languages\u3010\u8bed\u8a00\u3011<\/th><\/tr>
Majority:[31]<\/a><\/sup> Kurdish<\/a> (Kurmanji<\/a>\u00b7Sorani<\/a>\u00b7Southern Kurdish<\/a>\u00b7Laki<\/a>)
\u3010\u591a\u6570\uff1a\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u8bed\uff08\u5206\u4e3a\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u66fc\u5409\u8bed\u3001\u7d22\u62c9\u5c3c\u8bed\u3001\u5357\u90e8\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u8bed\u3001\u62c9\u57fa\u8bed\uff09\u3011
Minority:[32]<\/a><\/sup> Zaza<\/a>\u00b7Gorani<\/a>\u00b7others
\u3010\u5c11\u6570\uff1a\u624e\u624e\u8bed\u3001\u6208\u5170\u8bed\u3001\u5176\u4ed6\u8bed\u8a00\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Religion\u3010\u5b97\u6559\u3011<\/th><\/tr>
Predominantly:[33]<\/a><\/sup> Islam<\/a>[<\/a>See Kurdish Muslims<\/a>]<\/a><\/sup> (Sunni Islam<\/a>\u00b7Shia Islam<\/a>\u00b7Kurdish Alevism<\/a>)
\u3010\u4e3b\u8981\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff1a[33] \u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559[\u53c2\u89c1\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u7a46\u65af\u6797]\uff08\u900a\u5c3c\u6d3e\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u00b7\u4ec0\u53f6\u6d3e\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u00b7\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u963f\u5217\u7ef4\u6d3e\uff09\u3011
Significant minority:[34]<\/a>[35]<\/a><\/sup> Yazidism<\/a>\u00b7Yarsanism<\/a>\u00b7Zoroastrianism<\/a>\u00b7Christianity<\/a>[See Kurdish Christians<\/a>]<\/sup>
\u3010\u91cd\u8981\u5c11\u6570\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff1a[34][35] \u4e9a\u5179\u8fea\u6559\u00b7\u96c5\u5c14\u6851\u6559\u00b7\u7946\u6559\u00b7\u57fa\u7763\u6559[\u53c2\u89c1\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u57fa\u7763\u5f92]\u3011<\/td><\/tr>
Related ethnic groups\u3010\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u65cf\u7fa4\u3011<\/th><\/tr>
Other Iranic peoples<\/a>\u3010\u5176\u4ed6\u4f0a\u6717\u8bed\u6c11\u65cf\u3011<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1. \u8bcd\u6e90 | Etymology<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Name of the Kurds<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u4eba\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The exact origins of the name Kurd<\/em> are unclear.[43]<\/a><\/sup> The underlying toponym<\/a> is recorded in Assyrian<\/a> as Qardu<\/em> and in Middle Bronze Age<\/a> Sumerian<\/a> as Kar-da<\/em>.[44]<\/a><\/sup> Assyrian Qardu<\/em> refers to an area in the upper Tigris<\/a> basin, and it is presumably reflected in corrupted form in Classical Arabic<\/a> \u01e6\u016bd\u012b<\/a><\/em> (\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064a), re-adopted in Kurdish as C\u00fbd\u00ee<\/em>.[45]<\/a><\/sup> The name would be continued as the first element in the toponym Corduene<\/a><\/em>, mentioned by Xenophon<\/a> as the tribe who opposed the retreat of the Ten Thousand<\/a> through the mountains north of Mesopotamia<\/a> in the 4th century BC<\/a>.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u201c\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u540d\u79f0\u7684\u786e\u5207\u8d77\u6e90\u5c1a\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u3002[43]\u5176\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u5730\u540d\u5728\u4e9a\u8ff0\u6587\u4e2d\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e3aQardu\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u9752\u94dc\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u82cf\u7f8e\u5c14\u6587\u4e2d\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e3aKar-da\u3002[44]\u4e9a\u8ff0\u6587\u4e2d\u7684Qardu\u6307\u7684\u662f\u5e95\u683c\u91cc\u65af\u6cb3\u4e0a\u6e38\u6d41\u57df\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u53e4\u5178\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u6587\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u4ee5\u8bb9\u4f20\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u53cd\u6620\u4e3a\u01e6\u016bd\u012b\uff08\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064a\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u8bed\u4e2d\u91cd\u65b0\u91c7\u7528\u4e3aC\u00fbd\u00ee\u3002[45]\u8be5\u540d\u79f0\u7ee7\u7eed\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5730\u540dCorduene\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u8272\u8bfa\u82ac\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u516c\u5143\u524d4\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u8be5\u90e8\u843d\u53cd\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e07\u4eba\u5728\u7f8e\u7d22\u4e0d\u8fbe\u7c73\u4e9a\u4ee5\u5317\u7684\u5c71\u5730\u64a4\u9000\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There are, however, dissenting views, which do not derive the name of the Kurds from Qardu<\/em> and Corduene<\/em> but opt for derivation from Cyrtii<\/a><\/em> (Cyrtaei<\/em>) instead.[46]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u70b9\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5c06\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u4eba\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230Qardu\u548cCorduene\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u4eceCyrtii\uff08Cyrtaei\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u63a8\u5bfc\u3002[46]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Regardless of its possible roots in ancient toponymy, the ethnonym<\/a> Kurd<\/em> might be derived from a term kwrt-<\/em> used in Middle Persian<\/a> as a common noun to refer to ‘nomads<\/a>‘ or ‘tent-dwellers’, which could be applied as an attribute to any Iranian<\/a> group with such a lifestyle.[47]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u65e0\u8bba\u5176\u53ef\u80fd\u6e90\u4e8e\u53e4\u4ee3\u5730\u540d\uff0c\u6c11\u65cf\u540d\u79f0\u201c\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u201d\u53ef\u80fd\u6e90\u81ea\u4e2d\u53e4\u6ce2\u65af\u8bed\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u672f\u8bedkwrt-\uff0c\u8be5\u672f\u8bed\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u666e\u901a\u540d\u8bcd\uff0c\u6307\u7684\u662f\u201c\u6e38\u7267\u6c11\u201d\u6216\u201c\u5e10\u7bf7\u5c45\u6c11\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5c5e\u6027\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5177\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4f0a\u6717\u7fa4\u4f53\u3002[47]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The term gained the characteristic of an ethnonym following the Muslim conquest of Persia<\/a>, as it was adopted into Arabic and gradually became associated with an amalgamation of Iranian and Iranianized tribes and groups in the region.[48]<\/a>[49]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5f81\u670d\u6ce2\u65af\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u672f\u8bed\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u6c11\u65cf\u540d\u79f0\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u88ab\u7eb3\u5165\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\uff0c\u5e76\u9010\u6e10\u4e0e\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u4f0a\u6717\u548c\u4f0a\u6717\u5316\u90e8\u843d\u53ca\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u878d\u5408\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002[48][49]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sharafkhan Bidlisi<\/a> in the 16th century states that there are four division of Kurds: Kurmanj<\/a><\/em>, Lur<\/a><\/em>, Kalhor<\/a><\/em>, and Guran<\/a><\/em>, each of which speak a different dialect or language variation. Paul (2008) notes that the 16th-century usage of the term Kurd<\/em> as recorded by Bidlisi, regardless of linguistic grouping, might still reflect an incipient Northwestern Iranian “Kurdish” ethnic identity uniting the Kurmanj<\/a>, Kalhur<\/a>, and Guran<\/a>.[50]<\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u301116\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6c99\u62c9\u514b\u6c57\u00b7\u6bd4\u5fb7\u5229\u897f\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u4eba\u5206\u4e3a\u56db\u4e2a\u5206\u652f\uff1a\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u66fc\u5409\u4eba\u3001\u5362\u5c14\u4eba\u3001\u5361\u5c14\u970d\u5c14\u4eba\u548c\u53e4\u5170\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5404\u81ea\u8bf4\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u8a00\u6216\u8bed\u8a00\u53d8\u4f53\u3002\u4fdd\u7f57\uff082008\u5e74\uff09\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u6bd4\u5fb7\u5229\u897f\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c16\u4e16\u7eaa\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u201c\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u8bed\u8a00\u5206\u7ec4\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd\u4ecd\u7136\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u897f\u5317\u4f0a\u6717\u65b0\u5174\u7684\u201c\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u201d\u6c11\u65cf\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u5c06\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u66fc\u5409\u4eba\u3001\u5361\u5c14\u970d\u5c14\u4eba\u548c\u53e4\u5170\u4eba\u8054\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002[50]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. \u8bed\u8a00 | Language<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Kurdish languages<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u8bf8\u8bed\u8a00\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe2-1\u548c2-2\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Kurdish (Kurdish: Kurd\u00ee<\/em> or \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06cc) is a collection of related dialects spoken by the Kurds.[50]<\/a><\/sup> It is mainly spoken in those parts of Iran<\/a>, Iraq<\/a>, Syria<\/a> and Turkey<\/a> which comprise Kurdistan<\/a>.[51]<\/a><\/sup> Kurdish holds official status in Iraq as a national language alongside Arabic<\/a>, is recognized in Iran as a regional language, and in Armenia<\/a> as a minority language. The Kurds are recognized as a people with a distinct language by Arab geographers such as Al-Masudi<\/a> since the 10th century.[52]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u8bed\uff08\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u8bed\uff1aKurd\u00ee \u6216 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06cc\uff09\u662f\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u4eba\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u76f8\u5173\u65b9\u8a00\u7684\u603b\u79f0\u3002[50]\u5b83\u4e3b\u8981\u5728\u4f0a\u6717\u3001\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u3001\u53d9\u5229\u4e9a\u548c\u571f\u8033\u5176\u7684\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u65af\u5766\u5730\u533a\u4f7f\u7528\u3002[51]\u5728\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\uff0c\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u8bed\u4e0e\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u540c\u4e3a\u5b98\u65b9\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u5728\u4f0a\u6717\u88ab\u627f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5730\u533a\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u5728\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u88ab\u627f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5c11\u6570\u6c11\u65cf\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u81ea10\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u5982\u963f\u5c14\u00b7\u9a6c\u82cf\u8fea\u5c31\u5c06\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u4eba\u89c6\u4e3a\u62e5\u6709\u72ec\u7279\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u3002[52]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u8bed\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u4e66\u5199\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a\u5728\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u548c\u4f0a\u6717\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u5b57\u6bcd<\/a>\u4e66\u5199\uff0c\u5728\u571f\u8033\u5176\u548c\u53d9\u5229\u4e9a\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u62c9\u4e01\u5b57\u6bcd<\/a>\u3002\u4e24\u5730\u539f\u672c\u8bed\u8a00\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u800c\u4ec5\u662f\u4e24\u79cd\u6587\u5b57\u4e66\u5199\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0d\u540c\uff1b\u4f46\u5982\u4eca\u53ef\u80fd\u56e0\u4e3a\u957f\u4e45\u7684\u5206\u9694\uff0c\u4e24\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u5728\u7528\u8bcd\u65b9\u9762\u5df2\u5f00\u59cb\u4ea7\u751f\u663e\u8457\u533a\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many Kurds are either bilingual<\/a> or multilingual<\/a>, speaking the language of their respective nation of origin, such as Arabic, Persian<\/a>, and Turkish<\/a> as a second language<\/a> alongside their native Kurdish, while those in diaspora communities often speak three or more languages. Turkified<\/a> and Arabised<\/a> Kurds often speak little or no Kurdish.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8bb8\u591a\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u4eba\u8981\u4e48\u4f1a\u8bf4\u53cc\u8bed\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u4f1a\u8bf4\u591a\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u9664\u4e86\u4f1a\u8bf4\u6bcd\u8bed\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u8bed\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u4f1a\u8bf4\u5404\u81ea\u539f\u5c5e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u5982\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u3001\u6ce2\u65af\u8bed\u548c\u571f\u8033\u5176\u8bed\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u800c\u6563\u5c45\u56fd\u5916\u7684\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u4eba\u5f80\u5f80\u4f1a\u8bf4\u4e09\u79cd\u6216\u66f4\u591a\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u571f\u8033\u5176\u5316\u548c\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u5316\u7684\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u4eba\u5f80\u5f80\u5f88\u5c11\u8bf4\u6216\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u8bf4\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u8bed\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to Mackenzie, there are few linguistic features that all Kurdish dialects have in common and that are not at the same time found in other Iranian languages<\/a>.[53]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u636e\u9ea6\u80af\u9f50\uff08Mackenzie\uff09\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u8bed\u7684\u6240\u6709\u65b9\u8a00\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u5171\u540c\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u5f81\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u4e0d\u89c1\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u4f0a\u6717\u8bed\u8a00\u3002[53]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Kurdish dialects according to Mackenzie are classified as:[54]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6839\u636e\u9ea6\u80af\u9f50\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u65b9\u8a00\u5206\u4e3a\uff1a[54]<\/p>\n\n\n\n