{"id":5225,"date":"2025-02-03T10:00:38","date_gmt":"2025-02-03T02:00:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/?p=5225"},"modified":"2025-02-03T10:43:51","modified_gmt":"2025-02-03T02:43:51","slug":"history-of-yunnan-zhen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/2025\/02\/03\/history-of-yunnan-zhen\/","title":{"rendered":"\u4e91\u5357\u5386\u53f2 \/ History of Yunnan\uff08\u5168\u6587\uff09- \u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u8bcd\u6761\u878d\u5408"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">\u4e2d\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff08\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\uff09\uff1a<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a><br>\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff08\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\uff09\uff1a<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Yunnan\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Yunnan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a><br>\u672c\u6587\u57fa\u4e8e\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u7684\u7ebf\u7d22\uff0c\u5e76\u8865\u5145\u90e8\u5206\u6765\u81ea\u4e2d\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u5728\u4e8c\u8005\u51b2\u7a81\u65f6\uff0c\u4ee5\u66f4\u665a\u66f4\u65b0\u8005\u4e3a\u51c6\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">\u8fbd\u89c2\u642c\u8fd0\u65f6\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u5408\u89c4\u5316\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u5176\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u4e0a\u4f20\u3002\u90e8\u5206\u6587\u5b57\u91c7\u7528<strong>\u6c49\u8bed\u62fc\u97f3<\/strong>\u65b9\u5f0f\u4ee3\u66ff\uff0c\u97f3\u8282\u540e\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u8868\u793a\u6c49\u8bed\u62fc\u97f3\u89c4\u5219\u4e2d\u7684\u58f0\u8c03\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">\u5173\u4e8e\u8fbd\u89c2\u7684\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u642c\u8fd0\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u53ca\u6839\u636e\u540d\u79f0\u7cbe\u786e\u68c0\u7d22\u5df2\u642c\u8fd0\u7684\u8bcd\u6761\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wikipedia-intro\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wikipedia-intro\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee\u8fbd\u89c2\u7f51\u7ad9<\/a>\u3002\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\uff08Wikipedia\uff09\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7684\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u767e\u79d1\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u5230\u7acb\u573a\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u6765\u6e90\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8bf7\u5ba2\u89c2\u770b\u5f85\u3002\u6b63\u6587\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u8bd1\u8005\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<br>\u8fbd\u89c2\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4ec5\u4f9b\u53c2\u8003\u3002<strong>\u6587\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u542b\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\u94fe\u63a5\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<cite>\u8fbd\u89c2\u6240\u642c\u8fd0\u7684\u8bcd\u6761\u6587\u672c\u4e0e\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u4e00\u9053\u540c\u6837\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 4.0\u534f\u8bae\uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/zhuanlan.zhihu.com\/p\/653887754?utm_psn=1730141199812366337\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u8fbd\u89c2\u642c\u8fd0\u7684\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u5bf9\u7167\u7248\u672c<\/a>\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u7b26\u5408\u534f\u8bae\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u514d\u8d39\u4f7f\u7528\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5546\u7528\uff09\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u548c\u89c6\u9891\u53ef\u80fd\u9075\u5faa\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5171\u4eab\u534f\u8bae\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/zhuanlan.zhihu.com\/p\/666846485?utm_psn=1730141316690960386\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u4e91\u5357\u7701<\/strong>\uff0c\u7b80\u79f0<strong>\u4e91<\/strong>\u6216<strong>\u6ec7<\/strong>\uff0c\u662f<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B\">\u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd<\/a>\u897f\u5357\u90e8\u8fb9\u7586\u5730\u533a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA\">\u7701\u4efd<\/a>\uff0c\u7701\u4f1a\u662f<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%98%86%E6%98%8E\">\u6606\u660e<\/a>\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u4e1c\u4e9a\u591a\u6c11\u65cf\u5728\u6b64\u5efa\u7acb\u8fc7\u5404\u79cd\u8f89\u714c\u7684\u6587\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"\u96f2\u5357\u53f2\u524d\u6642\u4ee3\">1. \u4e91\u5357\u53f2\u524d\u65f6\u4ee3 | Prehistory<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u65e7\u77f3\u5668\u65f6\u4ee3\u65e9\u671f\uff0c\u7ea6\u4e00\u767e\u516b\u5341\u4e07\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u7701\u5185\u7684\u5143\u8c0b\u53bf\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u5143\u8c0b\u733f\u4eba\u6d3b\u52a8\u548c\u751f\u606f\u3002\u4e91\u5357\u4ea7\u751f\u8fc7\u6709\u5730\u57df\u7279\u8272\u7684\u4e2d\u77f3\u5668\u65f6\u4ee3\u548c\u65b0\u77f3\u5668\u65f6\u4ee3\u6587\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By the Neolithic period, human settlements existed in the area of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lake_Dian\">Lake Dian<\/a>, close to modern-day <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kunming\">Kunming<\/a>, Yunnan&#8217;s capital. The inhabitants used stone tools and constructed simple wooden structures.<br>\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5230\u65b0\u77f3\u5668\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u5df2\u5728\u6ec7\u6c60\u5730\u533a\u5b9a\u5c45\uff0c\u8be5\u533a\u57df\u6bd7\u90bb\u4e91\u5357\u7701\u4f1a\u6606\u660e\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u77f3\u5668\u5e76\u5efa\u9020\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u6728\u7ed3\u6784\u623f\u5c4b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"\u4e0a\u53e4\u65f6\u4ee3(\u524d221-738)\">2. \u4e0a\u53e4\u65f6\u4ee3(\u524d221-738)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.1 \u6ec7\u56fd | The Kingdom of Dian<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%BB%87%E5%9B%BD\">\u6ec7\u56fd<\/a><\/em> <em>\/ Main articles: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dian_Kingdom\">Dian Kingdom<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Han_campaigns_against_Dian\">Han campaigns against Dian<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.zhihu.com\/pin\/1869686164534992896\">\u56fe2-1\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u524d3\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%A5%9A%E5%9B%BD\">\u695a\u56fd<\/a>\u5927\u5c06\u5e84\u8e7b\u8fdb\u5165<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%BB%87%E6%B1%A0\">\u6ec7\u6c60<\/a>\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%BB%87%E5%9B%BD\">\u6ec7\u56fd<\/a>\u3002<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2#cite_note-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The Dian culture was distributed around the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lake_Dian\">Lake Dian<\/a> area and dated, though controversially, between the 6th century BC and the 1st century AD.<sup>[<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed\">citation needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup> The culture is divided into an early and a late phase. Under <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emperor_Wu_of_Han\">Emperor Wu<\/a>, a series of military campaigns were dispatched against the Dian during the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Southward_expansion_of_the_Han_dynasty\">southward expansion of the Han dynasty<\/a>. In 109 BC, the kingdom officially became a vassal state of the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_Han_dynasty\">Han empire<\/a>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Yunnan#cite_note-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><br>\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6ec7\u6587\u5316\u5206\u5e03\u4e8e\u6ec7\u6c60\u5468\u8fb9\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b58\u5728\u4e89\u8bae\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u65f6\u95f4\u53ef\u8ffd\u6eaf\u81f3\u516c\u5143\u524d6\u4e16\u7eaa\u81f3\u516c\u51431\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002[\u9700\u8981\u5f15\u6587]\u8be5\u6587\u5316\u5206\u4e3a\u65e9\u671f\u548c\u665a\u671f\u4e24\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\u3002\u5728\u6c49\u6b66\u5e1d\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u6c49\u671d\u5411\u5357\u6269\u5f20\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bf9\u6ec7\u4eba\u53d1\u52a8\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u519b\u4e8b\u5f81\u4f10\u3002\u516c\u5143\u524d109\u5e74\uff0c\u6ec7\u56fd\u6b63\u5f0f\u6210\u4e3a\u6c49\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u85e9\u5c5e\u56fd\u3002[1]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Han_dynasty\">2.2 \u6c49\u671d | Han dynasty<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Main article: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Southward_expansion_of_the_Han_dynasty\">Southward expansion of the Han dynasty<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u6c49\u671d\u7684\u897f\u5357\u6269\u5f20\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%88%A8%E6%B0%8F\">\u7228\u6c0f<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.zhihu.com\/pin\/1869686747954307072\">\u56fe2-2\u548c2-3\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u524d221\u5e74\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%A6%E5%A7%8B%E7%9A%87\">\u79e6\u59cb\u7687<\/a>\u7edf\u4e00\u516d\u56fd\uff0c\u5728\u4e91\u5357\u4e1c\u5317\u90e8\u8bbe\u7acb\u90e1\u53bf\uff0c\u5e76\u5f00<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%BA%94%E5%B0%BA%E9%81%93\">\u4e94\u5c3a\u9053<\/a>\u81ea\u4eca<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%9B%B2%E9%9D%96\">\u66f2\u9756<\/a>\u8054\u7cfb\u5185\u5730\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u524d109\u5e74\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%B1%89%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D\">\u6c49\u6b66\u5e1d<\/a>\u6d3e\u5c06\u519b<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E9%83%AD%E6%98%8C\">\u90ed\u660c<\/a>\u5165\u6ec7\u5f81\u670d<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%97%E5%A4%B7\">\u897f\u5357\u5937<\/a>\uff0c\u8bbe\u7acb\u76ca\u5dde\u90e1\u548c24\u4e2a\u53bf\uff0c\u90e1\u6cbb\u6ec7\u6c60\u53bf\uff08\u4eca<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%99%8B%E5%AE%81\">\u664b\u5b81<\/a>\uff09\uff0c\u5f00\u8f9f\u901a\u5f80<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%BC%85%E7%94%B8\">\u7f05\u7538<\/a>\u548c<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6\">\u5370\u5ea6<\/a>\u7684\u5546\u9053\uff0c\u53c8\u6d3e<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%94%90%E8%92%99\">\u5510\u8499<\/a>\u4fee\u590d\u6269\u5efa\u4e94\u5c3a\u9053\uff0c\u66f4\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u897f\u5357\u5937\u9053\u201d\u3002\u6c49\u671d\u5f81\u670d\u897f\u5357\u5937\u65f6\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u5f53\u5730\u6709\u6765\u81ea\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%BA%AB%E6%AF%92\">\u8eab\u6bd2<\/a>\u201d\u7684\u5546\u4eba\uff08\u4eca\u65e5<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6\">\u5df4\u57fa\u65af\u5766<\/a>\u7684<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%BF%A1%E5%BE%B7%E7%9C%81\">\u4fe1\u5fb7\u7701<\/a>\u5728\u68b5\u8bed\u4e2d\u79f0\u4e3a\u201cSindhu\u201d\uff09\u3002<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2#cite_note-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>By this time, agricultural technology in Yunnan had markedly improved. The local people used bronze tools, plows and kept a variety of livestock, including cattle, horses, sheep, goats, pigs and dogs. They lived in tribal congregations, sometimes led by exile Chinese.<sup>[<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed\">citation needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup><br>\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5230\u8fd9\u65f6\uff0c\u4e91\u5357\u7684\u519c\u4e1a\u6280\u672f\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u4e86\u663e\u8457\u63d0\u9ad8\u3002\u5f53\u5730\u4eba\u4f7f\u7528\u9752\u94dc\u519c\u5177\u3001\u7281\uff0c\u5e76\u9972\u517b\u591a\u79cd\u7272\u755c\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u725b\u3001\u9a6c\u3001\u7f8a\u3001\u5c71\u7f8a\u3001\u732a\u548c\u72d7\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u90e8\u843d\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u7531\u6d41\u653e\u5230\u6b64\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u9886\u5bfc\u3002[\u9700\u8981\u5f15\u6587]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In the <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian\">Records of the Grand Historian<\/a><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhang_Qian\">Zhang Qian<\/a> (d. 113 BC) and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sima_Qian\">Sima Qian<\/a> (145-90 BC) make references to &#8220;Sendhuk&#8221;, which may have been referring to an Indianised community taking the name from the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indus_River\">Indus Valley<\/a> (the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sindh\">Sindh<\/a> province in modern Pakistan), originally known as &#8220;Sindhu&#8221; in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sanskrit\">Sanskrit<\/a>. When <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yunnan\">Yunnan<\/a> was annexed by the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Han_dynasty\">Han dynasty<\/a>, Chinese authorities also reported a Sendhuk&#8221; (Indianised) community living in the area.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Yunnan#cite_note-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><br>\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u300a\u53f2\u8bb0\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f20\u9a9e\uff08\u5352\u4e8e\u516c\u5143\u524d113\u5e74\uff09\u548c\u53f8\u9a6c\u8fc1\uff08\u516c\u5143\u524d145\u5e74\u2014\u516c\u5143\u524d90\u5e74\uff09\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u201c\u8eab\u6bd2\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u6307\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ece\u5370\u5ea6\u6cb3\u6d41\u57df\uff08\u4eca\u5df4\u57fa\u65af\u5766\u4fe1\u5fb7\u7701\uff09\u5f97\u540d\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u5316\u793e\u7fa4\uff0c\u8be5\u793e\u7fa4\u5728\u68b5\u8bed\u4e2d\u539f\u672c\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5370\u5ea6\u201d\u3002\u5f53\u4e91\u5357\u88ab\u6c49\u671d\u541e\u5e76\u65f6\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b98\u65b9\u4e5f\u62a5\u544a\u4e86\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u8eab\u6bd2\u201d\uff08\u5370\u5ea6\u5316\uff09\u793e\u7fa4\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002[3]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In 109 AD, the Han court established Yunnan county, a part of Yizhou (\u76ca\u5dde) commandery. Because the county seat was south of Mount Yun (\u4e91\u5c71), the county was named &#8220;Yunnan&#8221; \u2013 literally &#8220;south of Yun&#8221;.<br>\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u516c\u5143109\u5e74\uff0c\u6c49\u671d\u671d\u5ef7\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e86\u4e91\u5357\u53bf\uff0c\u96b6\u5c5e\u4e8e\u76ca\u5dde\u90e1\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u53bf\u6cbb\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4e91\u5c71\u4ee5\u5357\uff0c\u6545\u5f97\u540d\u201c\u4e91\u5357\u201d\uff0c\u5b57\u9762\u610f\u601d\u4e3a\u201c\u4e91\u5c71\u4e4b\u5357\u201d\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD\">\u4e09\u56fd<\/a>\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4e91\u5357\u5730\u533a\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5357\u4e2d\u201d\uff0c225\u5e74\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%9C%80%E6%BC%A2\">\u8700\u6c49<\/a>\u4e1e\u76f8<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%AF%B8%E8%91%9B%E4%BA%AE\">\u8bf8\u845b\u4eae<\/a>\u7387\u5927\u519b\u964d\u670d\u201c\u5357\u4e2d\u201d\u5927\u738b<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%AD%9F%E8%8E%B7\">\u5b5f\u83b7<\/a>\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.3 \u664b\u671d\u4e0e\u5357\u5317\u671d\u65f6\u671f | Jin dynasty and the Northern and Southern dynasties period<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Chinese dynasties of Jin, Liu Song, Southern Qi and Northern Zhou maintain their rules around the commandery in the Kunming area. Southwest Yunnan and the eastern rugged, mountainous areas were still enjoying relative independence, ruled by tribal kings and chieftains with little Chinese influence.<br>\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u91d1\u671d\u3001\u5218\u5b8b\u3001\u5357\u9f50\u548c\u5317\u5468\u7b49\u4e2d\u56fd\u671d\u4ee3\u5728\u6606\u660e\u5730\u533a\u7684\u90e1\u53bf\u5468\u56f4\u7ef4\u6301\u7740\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002\u4e91\u5357\u897f\u5357\u90e8\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e1c\u90e8\u5d0e\u5c96\u591a\u5c71\u7684\u5730\u533a\u4ecd\u7136\u4fdd\u6301\u7740\u76f8\u5bf9\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c\u7531\u90e8\u843d\u9996\u9886\u548c\u738b\u516c\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u53d7\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u5f88\u5c0f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%99%8B%E6%9C%9D\">\u664b\u671d<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%B3%B0%E5%A7%8B_(%E8%A5%BF%E6%99%8B)\">\u6cf0\u59cb<\/a>\u4e03\u5e74\uff08271\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u6539\u7f6e\u5b81\u5dde\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%A4%AA%E5%BA%B7_(%E8%A5%BF%E6%99%8B)\">\u592a\u5eb7<\/a>\u4e09\u5e74\uff08282\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u590d\u7701\u5165\u76ca\u5dde\uff0c\u7f6e\u5357\u5937\u6821\u5c09\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%A4%AA%E5%AE%89_(%E8%A5%BF%E6%99%8B)\">\u592a\u5b89<\/a>\u4e8c\u5e74\uff08303\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u590d\u7f6e\u5b81\u5dde\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%B8%9C%E6%99%8B\">\u4e1c\u664b<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%92%B8%E5%92%8C_(%E4%B8%9C%E6%99%8B)\">\u54b8\u548c<\/a>\u516b\u5e74\uff08333\u5e74\uff09\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%9D%8E%E9%9B%84_(%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%BD)\">\u674e\u96c4<\/a>\u6d3e<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%9D%8E%E5%AF%BF\">\u674e\u5bff<\/a>\u7387\u5175\u653b\u5360\u5357\u4e2d\uff0c\u674e\u5bff\u88ab\u5c01\u4e3a\u201c\u5efa\u5b81\u738b\u201d\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%88%A8%E7%90%9B\">\u7228\u741b<\/a>\u4e3a\u4ea4\u5dde\u523a\u53f2\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%92%B8%E5%BA%B7_(%E4%B8%9C%E6%99%8B)\">\u54b8\u5eb7<\/a>\u56db\u5e74\uff08338\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u5206\u7f6e\u5b89\u5dde\u3002\u54b8\u5eb7\u4e94\u5e74\uff08339\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u7228\u741b\u964d\u664b\uff0c\u664b\u5c01\u7228\u741b\u4e3a\u5b81\u5dde\u523a\u53f2\uff0c\u5e76\u627f\u8ba4\u5176\u4e16\u88ad\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4ece\u6b64<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%BD%9D%E6%97%8F\">\u5f5d\u65cf<\/a>\u8c6a\u65cf\u7228\u6c0f\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e91\u5357400\u5e74\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%8D%97%E6%9C%9D%E6%A2%81\">\u5357\u671d\u6881<\/a>\u5728\u4e91\u5357\u8bbe\u7acb<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%81%E5%B7%9E_(%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97)\">\u5357\u5b81\u5dde<\/a>\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E9%9A%8B%E6%9C%9D\">\u968b\u671d<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%BC%80%E7%9A%87\">\u5f00\u7687<\/a>\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\uff08597\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u4e91\u5357\u4ecd\u7f6e\u5357\u5b81\u5dde\uff0c\u9886\u7f81\u7e3b\u6570\u5341\u5dde\uff0c\u540e\u53c8\u9886\u4e8e\u76ca\u5dde\u90fd\u7763\u5e9c\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D\">\u5510\u671d<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%AD%A6%E5%BE%B7\">\u6b66\u5fb7<\/a>\u56db\u5e74\uff08621\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u7f6e\u59da\u5dde\u7ba1\u7f81\u7e3b\u5dde\u4e09\u5341\u4e8c\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%B2%9E%E8%A7%80\">\u8d1e\u89c2<\/a>\u516d\u5e74\uff08633\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u4e8e\u620e\u5dde\u7f6e\u90fd\u7763\u5e9c\uff0c\u7763\u5357\u4e2d\u4e00\u5341\u4e03\u5dde\u3002707\u5e74\uff0c\u5510\u671d\u51fb\u8d25\u653b\u6253\u6d31\u6d77\u7684\u5410\u8543\u58eb\u5175\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. \u4e2d\u53e4\u65f6\u4ee3(738-1253)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%8D%97%E8%A9%94\">\u5357\u8bcf<\/a>\u548c<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%A4%A7%E7%90%86%E5%9C%8B\">\u5927\u7406\u56fd<\/a> \/ Main article: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kingdom_of_Nanzhao\">Kingdom of Nanzhao<\/a> \/ Main article: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kingdom_of_Dali\">Kingdom of Dali<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.1 \u5357\u8bcf\u56fd | Nanzhao Kingdom<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In 649 AD the chieftain of the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yi_people\">Yi<\/a> Mengshe tribe, Xinuluo (\u7d30\u5974\u908f), founded a kingdom (\u5927\u8499\u570b; <em>D\u00e0m\u00e9nggu\u00f3<\/em>) in the area of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lake_Erhai\">Lake Erhai<\/a>. In the year AD 737, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piluoge\">Piluoge<\/a> (\u76ae\u7f85\u95a3) united the six zhaos in succession, establishing a new kingdom called Nanzhao.<br>\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u516c\u5143649\u5e74\uff0c\u5f5d\u65cf\u8499\u820d\u90e8\u843d\u914b\u957f\u7ec6\u5974\u903b\uff08Xinuluo\uff09\u5728\u6d31\u6d77\u5730\u533a\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u738b\u56fd\uff08\u5927\u8499\u570b\uff1bD\u00e0m\u00e9nggu\u00f3\uff09\u3002\u516c\u5143737\u5e74\uff0c\u76ae\u7f57\u9601\uff08Piluoge\uff09\u76f8\u7ee7\u7edf\u4e00\u516d\u8bcf\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u738b\u56fd\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u5357\u8bcf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>738\u5e74\uff0c\u6d31\u6d77\u5730\u533a\u7684\u8499\u820d\u8bcf\u90e8\u843d\u9996\u9886<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%9A%AE%E7%BD%97%E9%98%81\">\u76ae\u7f57\u9601<\/a>\u517c\u5e76\u5176\u4ed6\u4e94\u8bcf\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%8F%E5%9B%BD\">\u5357\u8bcf\u56fd<\/a>\uff0c\u88ab\u5510\u671d\u5c01\u4e3a\u4e91\u5357\u738b\u3002\u6b21\u5e74\u5efa\u90fd\u592a\u548c\u57ce(\u4eca\u5927\u7406\u5e02)\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In 750, Nanzhao invaded the Tang dynasty. In retaliation, the Tang sent an army against Nanzhao in 751, but this army was soundly defeated at Xiaguan. In 754, another army was sent, this time from the north, but it too was defeated. Bolstered by these successes, Nanzhao expanded rapidly, first into Burma, then into the rest of Yunnan, down into northern Laos and Thailand, and finally, north into Sichuan. In 829, Chengdu was taken; it was a great prize, as it enabled Nanzhao to lay claim to the whole of Sichuan province, with its rich paddy fields.<br>\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011750\u5e74\uff0c\u5357\u8bcf\u5165\u4fb5\u5510\u671d\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u62a5\u590d\uff0c\u5510\u671d\u4e8e751\u5e74\u6d3e\u5175\u653b\u6253\u5357\u8bcf\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u652f\u519b\u961f\u5728\u897f\u5173\u60e8\u8d25\u3002754\u5e74\uff0c\u5510\u671d\u53c8\u4ece\u5317\u65b9\u6d3e\u9063\u53e6\u4e00\u652f\u519b\u961f\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u6837\u906d\u5230\u5931\u8d25\u3002\u53d7\u5230\u8fd9\u4e9b\u80dc\u5229\u7684\u9f13\u821e\uff0c\u5357\u8bcf\u8fc5\u901f\u6269\u5f20\uff0c\u5148\u662f\u4fb5\u5165\u7f05\u7538\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u5360\u9886\u4e91\u5357\u5176\u4f59\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u5357\u4e0b\u8fdb\u5165\u8001\u631d\u5317\u90e8\u548c\u6cf0\u56fd\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u5317\u4e0a\u56db\u5ddd\u3002829\u5e74\uff0c\u5357\u8bcf\u653b\u5360\u4e86\u6210\u90fd\uff1b\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u91cd\u5927\u80dc\u5229\uff0c\u4f7f\u5357\u8bcf\u5f97\u4ee5\u5ba3\u79f0\u62e5\u6709\u6574\u4e2a\u56db\u5ddd\u7701\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5176\u80a5\u6c83\u7684\u6c34\u7a3b\u7530\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Tang dynasty retaliated and by 873, Nanzhao had been expelled from Sichuan, and retreated back to Yunnan. Taking Chengdu marked the high point of the Nanzhao kingdom, and it was a watershed: from then on, the Nanzhao Kingdom slowly declined. n 902, the Nanzhao dynasty was overthrown, and it was followed by three other dynasties in quick succession, until Duan Siping seized power in 937 to establish the Kingdom of Dali.<br>\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5510\u671d\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u53cd\u51fb\uff0c\u5230873\u5e74\uff0c\u5357\u8bcf\u88ab\u9010\u51fa\u56db\u5ddd\uff0c\u64a4\u56de\u4e91\u5357\u3002\u653b\u5360\u6210\u90fd\u662f\u5357\u8bcf\u738b\u56fd\u7684\u9f0e\u76db\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f6c\u6298\u70b9\uff1a\u4ece\u90a3\u65f6\u8d77\uff0c\u5357\u8bcf\u738b\u56fd\u5f00\u59cb\u9010\u6e10\u8870\u843d\u3002902\u5e74\uff0c\u5357\u8bcf\u738b\u671d\u88ab\u63a8\u7ffb\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u8fc5\u901f\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u53e6\u5916\u4e09\u4e2a\u738b\u671d\uff0c\u76f4\u5230937\u5e74\u6bb5\u601d\u5e73\uff08Duan Siping\uff09\u593a\u53d6\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u5927\u7406\u56fd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>902\u5e74\uff0c\u5357\u8bcf\u56fd\u6743\u81e3\u90d1\u4e70\u55e3\u593a\u4f4d\u81ea\u7acb\uff0c\u6539\u56fd\u53f7\u5927\u957f\u548c\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>929\u5e74\uff0c\u8d75\u5584\u653f\u706d\u5927\u957f\u548c\u56fd\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u5927\u5929\u5174\u56fd\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>930\u5e74\uff0c\u4e1c\u5ddd\u8282\u5ea6\u4f7f\u6768\u5e72\u8d1e\u706d\u5927\u5929\u5174\uff0c\u6539\u56fd\u53f7\u5927\u4e49\u5b81\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.2 \u5927\u7406\u56fd | Dali Kingdom<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>937\u5e74\uff0c\u767d\u65cf<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%AE%B5%E6%80%9D%E5%B9%B3\">\u6bb5\u601d\u5e73<\/a>\u706d\u5927\u4e49\u5b81\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%A4%A7%E7%90%86%E5%9B%BD\">\u5927\u7406\u56fd<\/a>\uff0c\u90fd\u57ce\u5927\u7406\u3002\u7586\u57df\u5305\u62ec\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u4e91\u5357\u7701\uff0c\u8d35\u5dde\u7701\uff0c\u56db\u5ddd\u7701\u897f\u5357\u90e8\uff0c\u7f05\u7538\u5317\u90e8\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8001\u631d\u4e0e\u8d8a\u5357\u7684\u5c11\u6570\u5730\u533a\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Dali was a Buddhist <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bai_people\">Bai<\/a> kingdom. Established by Duan Siping in 937, it was ruled by a succession of 22 kings until the year 1253, when it was destroyed by an invasion of the Mongol Empire. The capital city was at <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dali_City,_Yunnan\">Dali<\/a>. In 1274 the Province of Yunnan was created, and the region has since been incorporated within China.<br>\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5927\u7406\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4fe1\u5949\u4f5b\u6559\u7684\u767d\u65cf\u738b\u56fd\u3002\u5b83\u7531\u6bb5\u601d\u5e73\u4e8e937\u5e74\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c\u5386\u7ecf22\u4f4d\u56fd\u738b\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u76f4\u52301253\u5e74\u88ab\u8499\u53e4\u5e1d\u56fd\u5165\u4fb5\u6240\u6bc1\u706d\u3002\u5176\u90fd\u57ce\u8bbe\u5728\u5927\u7406\u30021274\u5e74\uff0c\u4e91\u5357\u7701\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u81ea\u6b64\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"\u8499\u53e4\u5e1d\u570b\u6642\u4ee3\">4. \u8499\u53e4\u5e1d\u56fd\u65f6\u4ee3 \/ Yuan dynasty<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%A2%81%E7%8E%8B%E6%94%BF%E6%AC%8A\">\u6881\u738b\u653f\u6743<\/a>\u548c<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%A4%A7%E7%90%86%E4%B8%96%E8%A5%B2%E7%B8%BD%E7%AE%A1\">\u5927\u7406\u4e16\u88ad\u603b\u7ba1<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1253\u5e74\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%BF%BD%E5%BF%85%E7%83%88\">\u5ffd\u5fc5\u70c8<\/a>\u53d7<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%92%99%E5%93%A5\">\u8499\u54e5<\/a>\u6d3e\u9063\u7387\u9886<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD\">\u8499\u53e4\u5e1d\u56fd<\/a>\u519b\u961f\u5f81\u670d\u5927\u7406\u56fd\u30021276\u5e74<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D\">\u5143\u671d<\/a>\u6b63\u5f0f\u5efa\u7acb<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E7%AD%89%E5%A4%84%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%AD%E4%B9%A6%E7%9C%81\">\u4e91\u5357\u884c\u7701<\/a>\uff0c\u7701\u4f1a<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BA%86%E8%B7%AF\">\u4e2d\u5e86\u8def<\/a>\uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%98%86%E6%98%8E\">\u6606\u660e<\/a>\uff09\uff0c\u81ea\u6b64\u6606\u660e\u53d6\u4ee3<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%A4%A7%E7%90%86\">\u5927\u7406<\/a>\u6210\u4e3a\u4e91\u5357\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002\u8272\u76ee\u4eba<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%B5%9B%E5%85%B8%E8%B5%A4%C2%B7%E8%B5%A1%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%81\">\u8d5b\u5178\u8d64\u00b7\u8d61\u601d\u4e01<\/a>\u4efb<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%B9%B3%E7%AB%A0%E6%94%BF%E4%BA%8B\">\u5e73\u7ae0\u653f\u4e8b<\/a>\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4ea6\u6709\u5b97\u738b<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%A2%81%E7%8E%8B_(%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D)\">\u6881\u738b<\/a>\u51fa\u9547\u4e91\u5357\u3002\u671f\u95f4\u66fe\u7206\u53d1<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%85%83%E7%BC%85%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89\">\u5143\u7f05\u6218\u4e89<\/a>\u3002\u4e91\u5357\u5f00\u53d1\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u94dc\u77ff\u548c\u94f6\u77ff\uff0c\u4ea7\u91cf\u5360\u5168\u56fd\u4e00\u534a\u4ee5\u4e0a\u3002\u76f4\u5230\u6e05\u671d\uff0c\u4e91\u5357\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u767d\u94f6\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4ea7\u533a\u3002\u5927\u6279\u8272\u76ee\u4eba\u53ca\u5c11\u91cf\u8499\u53e4\u4eba\u79fb\u5c45\u4e91\u5357\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u540e\u4e16\u7684\u4e91\u5357<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%9B%9E%E6%97%8F\">\u56de\u65cf<\/a>\u548c\u8499\u53e4\u65cf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mongols\">Mongols<\/a> established regular and tight administrative control over Yunnan. In 1253 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan\">M\u00f6ngke<\/a> of the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mongol_Empire\">Mongol Empire<\/a> dispatched the prince <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kublai_Khan\">Kublai<\/a> (the eventual founder of the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yuan_dynasty\">Yuan dynasty<\/a>) to take Yunnan. The Mongols swept away numerous native kingdoms, including the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dali_Kingdom\">Dali Kingdom<\/a>. Later Yunnan became one of the ten provinces set up by Kublai. Kublai Khan appointed <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turkmen_people\">Turkmen<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sayyid_Ajjal_Shams_al-Din_Omar\">Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar<\/a> governor in Yunnan in 1273.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Yunnan#cite_note-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> Before that, the area had been ruled by a local king and a Mongol prince under the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Khan\">Great Khan<\/a>. The Yuan provincial authorities conferred various titles on many native chieftains, who were obliged to pay taxes. When the Mongols were expelled from <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China_proper\">China proper<\/a> in 1368, Yunnan was thrown into chaos and anarchy for a number of years. The Ming dynasty defeated the last of the Yuan loyalists in 1381.<br>\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8499\u53e4\u4eba\u5bf9\u4e91\u5357\u5b9e\u884c\u4e86\u6b63\u89c4\u4e14\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u8f96\u30021253\u5e74\uff0c\u8499\u53e4\u5e1d\u56fd\u5927\u6c57\u8499\u54e5\u6d3e\u9063\u7687\u5b50\u5ffd\u5fc5\u70c8\uff08\u5143\u671d\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u5efa\u7acb\u8005\uff09\u653b\u5360\u4e91\u5357\u3002\u8499\u53e4\u4eba\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e86\u5305\u62ec\u5927\u7406\u56fd\u5728\u5185\u7684\u4f17\u591a\u571f\u8457\u738b\u56fd\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u4e91\u5357\u6210\u4e3a\u5ffd\u5fc5\u70c8\u8bbe\u7acb\u7684\u5341\u4e2a\u884c\u7701\u4e4b\u4e00\u30021273\u5e74\uff0c\u5ffd\u5fc5\u70c8\u4efb\u547d\u571f\u5e93\u66fc\u4eba\u8d5b\u4e49\u5fb7\u00b7\u963f\u5409\u00b7\u6c99\u59c6\u65af\u4e01\u00b7\u5965\u9a6c\u5c14\u4e3a\u4e91\u5357\u884c\u7701\u957f\u5b98\u3002[4]\u5728\u6b64\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u7531\u4e00\u4f4d\u5f53\u5730\u56fd\u738b\u548c\u4e00\u4f4d\u96b6\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5927\u6c57\u7684\u8499\u53e4\u738b\u5b50\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002\u5143\u671d\u7701\u7ea7\u5b98\u5e9c\u6388\u4e88\u8bb8\u591a\u571f\u8457\u9996\u9886\u5404\u79cd\u5934\u8854\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9996\u9886\u6709\u4e49\u52a1\u7eb3\u7a0e\u30021368\u5e74\uff0c\u8499\u53e4\u4eba\u88ab\u9010\u51fa\u4e2d\u539f\u540e\uff0c\u4e91\u5357\u9677\u5165\u4e86\u6570\u5e74\u7684\u6df7\u4e71\u548c\u65e0\u653f\u5e9c\u72b6\u6001\u30021381\u5e74\uff0c\u660e\u671d\u51fb\u8d25\u4e86\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6279\u5143\u671d\u5fe0\u81e3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"\u660e\u5e1d\u570b\u6642\u4ee3\">5. \u660e\u5e1d\u56fd\u65f6\u4ee3 \/ Ming dynasty<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%AE%B5%E5%8A%9F\">\u6bb5\u529f<\/a>\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%AE%B5%E4%B8%96\">\u6bb5\u4e16<\/a>\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%E5%AD%94%E9%9B%80%E8%83%86_(%E8%AF%9D%E5%89%A7)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">\u5b54\u96c0\u80c6 (\u8bdd\u5267)<\/a>\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E9%BA%93%E5%B7%9D%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9\">\u9e93\u5ddd\u4e4b\u5f79<\/a>\u548c<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%98%8E%E7%BC%85%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89\">\u660e\u7f05\u6218\u4e89<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D\">\u660e\u671d<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%B4%AA%E6%AD%A6\">\u6d2a\u6b66<\/a>\u5341\u56db\u5e74\uff081381\u5e74\uff09\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%9C%B1%E5%85%83%E7%92%8B\">\u6731\u5143\u748b<\/a>\u6d3e\u5927\u5c06<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%82%85%E5%8F%8B%E5%BE%B7\">\u5085\u53cb\u5fb7<\/a>\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%B2%90%E8%8B%B1\">\u6c90\u82f1<\/a>\u7387\u519b\u961f<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%98%8E%E5%B9%B3%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98\">\u653b\u5360\u4e91\u5357<\/a>\uff0c\u706d\u5143\u671d\u6881\u738b\u5e76\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e91\u5357\u3002\u6b21\u5e74\u6539\u4e2d\u5e86\u8def\u4e3a\u4e91\u5357\u5e9c<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2#cite_note-\u660e\u53f2-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u5e76\u7b51\u7816\u57ce\uff0c\u5468\u957f\u4e5d\u91cc\u4e09\u5206\uff08\u7ea6\u5408\u4eca4443\u7c73\uff09\uff0c\u9ad8\u4e8c\u4e08\u4e5d\u5c3a\u4e8c\u5bf8\uff08\u7ea6\u5408\u4eca9\u7c73\uff09\uff0c\u8bbe\u516d\u95e8\u3002\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u6c90\u82f1\u8d1f\u8d23\u9547\u5b88\u4e91\u5357\u3002\u4e3a\u52a0\u5f3a\u5bf9\u4e91\u5357\u5730\u533a\u7684\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u6731\u5143\u748b\u5b9e\u884c<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%94%B9%E5%9C%9F%E6%AD%B8%E6%B5%81\">\u6539\u571f\u5f52\u6d41<\/a>\uff0c\u5927\u6279\u6c49\u65cf\u519b\u6c11\u5411\u4e91\u5357\u79fb\u6c11\uff0c\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u4e91\u5357\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u4ece\u660e\u521d\u5230\u660e\u672b\uff0c\u4e91\u5357\u4eba\u53e3\u753120\u4f59\u4e07\u589e\u52a0\u5230140\u4f59\u4e07<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2#cite_note-\u660e\u53f2-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u968f\u7740\u5927\u6279\u6c49\u65cf\u4eba\u53e3\u79fb\u6c11\u4e91\u5357\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e91\u5357\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u6587\u5316\u7eb3\u5165\u4e2d\u539f\uff0c\u800c\u539f\u6709\u7684\u571f\u8457\u6587\u5316\u5219\u53d7\u5230\u7834\u574f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The newly proclaimed <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ming_dynasty\">Ming dynasty<\/a> did not send armies into Yunnan until 1381. The central government allowed the general <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mu_Ying\">Mu Ying<\/a>, foster son of dynastic founder <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhu_Yuanzhang\">Zhu Yuanzhang<\/a>, to set up a hereditary feudatory system in the province. Throughout the Ming, the Mu family developed tremendous influence in Yunnan.<br>\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u65b0\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u660e\u671d\u76f4\u52301381\u5e74\u624d\u5411\u4e91\u5357\u6d3e\u5175\u3002\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u5141\u8bb8\u5f00\u56fd\u7687\u5e1d\u6731\u5143\u748b\u7684\u517b\u5b50\u6c90\u82f1\u5728\u8be5\u7701\u5efa\u7acb\u4e16\u88ad\u7684\u5c01\u5efa\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u660e\u671d\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u6c90\u6c0f\u5bb6\u65cf\u5728\u4e91\u5357\u62e5\u6709\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>From the end of the 15th century, the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toungoo_Dynasty\">Toungoo Dynasty<\/a> in Myanmar began encroaching on Yunnan. In the 16th century <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chen_Yongbin\">Chen Yongbin<\/a>, the governor of Yunnan, held back a Myanmar invasion. After the war, he built eight passes along the border in Tengyue subprefecture to mark the demarcation between the two countries.<br>\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4ece15\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u7f05\u7538\u7684\u4e1c\u5401\u738b\u671d\u5f00\u59cb\u4fb5\u5360\u4e91\u5357\u300216\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u4e91\u5357\u603b\u7763\u9648\u7528\u5bbe\u62b5\u5fa1\u4e86\u4e00\u6b21\u7f05\u7538\u7684\u5165\u4fb5\u3002\u6218\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u817e\u8d8a\u5dde\u8fb9\u5883\u6cbf\u7ebf\u4fee\u5efa\u4e86\u516b\u5ea7\u5173\u9698\uff0c\u4ee5\u6807\u5fd7\u4e24\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D\">\u660e\u671d<\/a>\u672b\u5e74\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%8D%97%E6%98%8E\">\u5357\u660e<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%98%8E%E6%98%AD%E5%AE%97\">\u6c38\u5386\u7687\u5e1d<\/a>\u4e00\u5ea6\u9003\u4ea1\u5165\u6ec7\uff0c\u6606\u660e\u79f0\u6ec7\u90fd\uff0c\u7ee7\u7eed\u6297\u6e05\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. \u6e05\u5e1d\u56fd\u65f6\u4ee3 | Qing dynasty<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%92%92%E6%B0%B4%E4%B9%8B%E9%9A%BE\">\u5492\u6c34\u4e4b\u96be<\/a>\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%84%A1%E5%A4%8F%E4%B9%8B%E5%B9%B4\">\u65e0\u590f\u4e4b\u5e74<\/a>\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%98%89%E5%BA%86%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E5%A4%A7%E9%A5%A5%E8%8D%92\">\u5609\u5e86\u4e91\u5357\u5927\u9965\u8352<\/a>\u548c<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E9%87%8D%E4%B9%9D%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89\">\u91cd\u4e5d\u8d77\u4e49<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.zhihu.com\/pin\/1869692717904322560\">\u56fe6-1\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.zhihu.com\/pin\/1869693110763798528\">\u56fe6-2\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>After the fall of the Ming in northern China, Yunnan became the last <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Southern_Ming\">Southern Ming<\/a> regime headed by <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhu_Youlang\">Zhu Youlang<\/a>. Supported by rebel loyalists, he persisted in resistance against the Qing conquest even after the Qing capture of Kunming in 1659. Zhu and his men then fled into Myanmar to seek refuge in Ava, but were treated as prisoners. Zhu&#8217;s armed followers savaged <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Upper_Myanmar\">Upper Myanmar<\/a> in an attempt to rescue him. General <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wu_Sangui\">Wu Sangui<\/a>, then still loyal to the Qing, invaded Myanmar in 1662 with a sizable army, and demanded Zhu&#8217;s surrender. Although he hesitated, King Pye finally decided to hand Zhu over to avoid hostility. Wu Sangui later turned against the Manchus but died in 1678. Yunnan finally fell to the Qing army in 1681.<br>\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u660e\u671d\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5317\u65b9\u706d\u4ea1\u540e\uff0c\u4e91\u5357\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u7531\u6731\u7531\u6994\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5357\u660e\u653f\u6743\u6240\u5728\u5730\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u57281659\u5e74\u6606\u660e\u88ab\u6e05\u519b\u653b\u5360\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ecd\u5f97\u5230\u53db\u519b\u5fe0\u81e3\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u575a\u6301\u62b5\u6297\u6e05\u671d\u7684\u5f81\u670d\u3002\u6731\u7531\u6994\u53ca\u5176\u90e8\u4e0b\u968f\u540e\u9003\u5165\u7f05\u7538\uff0c\u5728\u963f\u74e6\u5bfb\u6c42\u907f\u96be\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u88ab\u5f53\u4f5c\u56da\u72af\u5bf9\u5f85\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u8425\u6551\u6731\u7531\u6994\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u6b66\u88c5\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\u5728\u7f05\u7538\u4e0a\u7f05\u7538\u5730\u533a\u5927\u8086\u7834\u574f\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u4ecd\u6548\u5fe0\u4e8e\u6e05\u671d\u7684\u5434\u4e09\u6842\u4e8e1662\u5e74\u7387\u9886\u5927\u519b\u5165\u4fb5\u7f05\u7538\uff0c\u5e76\u8981\u6c42\u6731\u7531\u6994\u6295\u964d\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6731\u7531\u6994\u72b9\u8c6b\u4e0d\u51b3\uff0c\u4f46\u7f05\u7538\u56fd\u738b\u88f4\u8335\u6700\u7ec8\u51b3\u5b9a\u4ea4\u51fa\u6731\u7531\u6994\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u654c\u89c6\u3002\u5434\u4e09\u6842\u540e\u6765\u8f6c\u800c\u53cd\u5bf9\u6ee1\u65cf\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u4e8e1678\u5e74\u53bb\u4e16\u30021681\u5e74\uff0c\u4e91\u5357\u6700\u7ec8\u843d\u5165\u6e05\u519b\u4e4b\u624b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%B8%85%E4%B8%96%E7%A5%96\">\u6e05\u4e16\u7956<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E9%A1%BA%E6%B2%BB\">\u987a\u6cbb<\/a>\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081659\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u6d3e\u5e73\u897f\u738b<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%90%B4%E4%B8%89%E6%A1%82\">\u5434\u4e09\u6842<\/a>\u8ffd\u6355\u6c38\u5386\u30021662\u5e74\uff0c\u5434\u4e09\u6842\u4ece\u7f05\u7538\u6293\u56de\u6c38\u5386\u7687\u5e1d\uff0c\u5728\u6606\u660e\u7ede\u6b7b\u3002\u5434\u4e09\u6842\u9a7b\u5b88\u4e91\u5357\u30021673\u5e74\uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99\">\u5eb7\u7199<\/a>\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u5eb7\u7199\u51b3\u5b9a\u524a\u85e9\uff0c\u5434\u4e09\u6842\u5728\u6606\u660e\u51fa\u5175\u53cd\u6e05\u30021681\u5e74\uff08\u5eb7\u7199\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u6e05\u519b\u653b\u7834\u6606\u660e\uff0c\u5434\u4e09\u6842\u4e4b\u5b59<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%90%B4%E4%B8%96%E7%92%A0\">\u5434\u4e16\u74a0<\/a>\u81ea\u6740\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%B8%89%E8%97%A9%E4%B9%8B%E4%B9%B1\">\u4e09\u85e9\u4e4b\u4e71<\/a>\u5931\u8d25\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1816%E5%B9%B4\">1816\u5e74<\/a>\u53d7\u5230<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A\">\u5370\u5c3c<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%9D%A6%E5%8D%9A%E6%8B%89%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1\">\u5766\u535a\u62c9\u706b\u5c71<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1815%E5%B9%B4%E5%9D%A6%E5%8D%9A%E6%8B%89%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E7%88%86%E5%8F%91\">\u7206\u53d1<\/a>\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5317\u534a\u7403\u5929\u6c14\u51fa\u73b0\u4e25\u91cd\u53cd\u5e38\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%98%89%E5%BA%86%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E5%A4%A7%E9%A5%A5%E8%8D%92\">\u4e91\u5357\u5168\u7701\u4e25\u91cd\u9965\u8352<\/a><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2#cite_note-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u662f\u4e91\u5357\u8fd1\u4ee3\u6709\u8bb0\u8f7d\u4ee5\u6765\u89c4\u6a21\u6700\u5927\u3001\u6700\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u9965\u8352\u3002\u636e\u4e91\u5357\u300a\u9093\u5ddd\u53bf\u5fd7\u300b\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%98%89%E5%BA%86\">\u5609\u5e86<\/a>\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u5e74(1816\u5e74)\u201c\u662f\u5c81\u5927\u9965\uff0c\u8def\u6b7b\u6795\u7c4d\u201d\u3002\u9762\u4e34\u707e\u8352\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u9965\u6c11\u88ab\u8feb\u5356\u513f\u5356\u5973\u4ee5\u6c42\u6d3b\u547d\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%98%86%E6%98%8E%E5%B8%82\">\u6606\u660e<\/a>\u8bd7\u4eba<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%E6%9D%8E%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">\u674e\u4e8e\u9633<\/a>\u5728\u300a\u5356\u513f\u53f9\u300b\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u4e09\u767e\u94b1\u4e70\u4e00\u5347\u7c9f\uff0c\u4e00\u5347\u7c9f\u9971\u4e09\u65e5\u8179\u3002\u7a77\u6c11\u8d64\u624b\u94b1\u4f55\u6765\uff0c\u643a\u7537\u63d0\u5973\u8857\u5934\u5356\u3002\u660e\u77e5\u5356\u513f\u96be\u6551\u9965\uff0c\u5fcd\u88ab\u9b3c\u4f2f\u540c\u65f6\u5f55\u2026\u2026\u201d\uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%84%A1%E5%A4%8F%E4%B9%8B%E5%B9%B4\">\u65e0\u590f\u4e4b\u5e74<\/a>\uff09<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%99%9A%E6%B8%85\">\u665a\u6e05<\/a>\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5f81\u670d\u7f05\u7538\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5f81\u670d\u8d8a\u5357\uff0c\u4e24\u56fd\u52bf\u529b\u5bf9\u4e91\u5357\u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u5b9a\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u8fb9\u5883\u5730\u533a\u5f00\u653e\u4e86\u51e0\u5904\u901a\u5546\u53e3\u5cb8\uff1a<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%85%BE%E5%86%B2\">\u817e\u51b2<\/a>\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%92%99%E8%87%AA\">\u8499\u81ea<\/a>\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%80%9D%E8%8C%85\">\u601d\u8305<\/a>\u30021910\u5e74\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u6295\u8d44\u7684&#8217;\u6ec7\u8d8a\u94c1\u8def&#8217;\uff08\u4e2d\u56fd\u5883\u5185\u90e8\u5206\u4eca\u540d<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%98%86%E6%B2%B3%E9%93%81%E8%B7%AF\">\u6606\u6cb3\u94c1\u8def<\/a>\uff09\u901a\u8f66,\u4ece\u6b64\u6606\u660e\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97\">\u8d8a\u5357<\/a>\u8f6c\u7ecf\u6d77\u8def\uff0c\u5230\u8fbe\u4e2d\u56fd\u5176\u4ed6\u7701\u4efd\u3002\u540c\u5e74\uff0c\u5546\u529e<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%80%80%E9%BE%99\">\u8000\u9f99<\/a>\u7535\u706f\u516c\u53f8\u5f15\u8fdb\u5fb7\u56fd\u6c34\u8f6e\u53d1\u7535\u673a2\u53f0\u5171480\u5343\u74e6\uff0c\u8058\u8bf7\u5fb7\u56fd\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\uff0c\u5728\u6ec7\u6c60\u60df\u4e00\u51fa\u6c34\u53e3\u87b3\u8782\u5ddd\u77f3\u9f99\u575d\uff0c\u4fee\u5efa\u4e2d\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e00\u5ea7\u6c34\u529b\u53d1\u7535\u7ad9\u2014\u2014<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%9F%B3%E9%BE%99%E5%9D%9D%E6%B0%B4%E7%94%B5%E7%AB%99\">\u77f3\u9f99\u575d\u6c34\u7535\u7ad9<\/a>\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1909\u5e74\uff0c\u6e05\u671d\u5b9e\u884c\u65b0\u653f\uff0c\u4e91\u5357\u7f16\u7acb\u65b0\u519b\uff0c\u6210\u7acb<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E9%99%86%E5%86%9B%E8%AE%B2%E6%AD%A6%E5%A0%82\">\u4e91\u5357\u9646\u519b\u8bb2\u6b66\u5802<\/a>\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"\u675c\u6587\u79c0\u653f\u6743\">6.1 \u675c\u6587\u79c0\u653f\u6743 \/ Pingnan Sultanate<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%9D%9C%E6%96%87%E7%A7%80\">\u675c\u6587\u79c0<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Main article: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panthay_Rebellion\">Panthay Rebellion<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u6f58\u585e\u53db\u4e71\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1856\u5e74\uff0d1873\u5e74\uff0c\u4e91\u5357\u56de\u6c11\u4ee5\u5927\u7406\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%9D%9C%E6%96%87%E7%A7%80\">\u675c\u6587\u79c0<\/a>\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u5360\u9886\u6606\u660e\u57ce\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u4e91\u5357\u5168\u5883\u3002\u5927\u7406\u56fd<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%9D%9C%E6%96%87%E7%A7%80\">\u675c\u6587\u79c0<\/a>\u66fe\u7ecf\u6570\u6b21\u56f4\u56f0\u6606\u660e\u5b64\u57ce\u3002\u540e\u6765\u6e05\u5ef7\u9547\u538b\u4e86<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%90%8C%E6%B2%BB%E5%9B%9E%E4%B9%B1\">\u5404\u5730\u56de\u4e71<\/a>\uff0c\u6218\u540e\uff0c\u4e91\u5357\u56de\u65cf\u4eba\u53e3\u5927\u91cf\u51cf\u5c11\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Waves of conflict between the Muslim <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hui_people\">Hui people<\/a> in Yunnan and the Qing government escalated into an all out rebellion in 1856. The rebels in western Yunnan under the leadership of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Du_Wenxiu\">Du Wenxiu<\/a> became the major military and political center of opposition to the Qing government. They turned their fury on the local mandarins and ended up challenging the central government in Beijing. The rebellion successfully captured the city of Dali, which became the base for the rebels&#8217; operations, and they declared themselves a separate political entity from China. The rebels identified their nation as Pingnan Guo (\u5e73\u5357\u56fd; &#8216;Pacified Southern Kingdom&#8217;) and Du Wenxiu was styled Qa\u00b4id Jami al-Muslimin (&#8216;Leader of the Community of Muslims&#8217;), but is usually referred to in foreign sources as Sultan, and ruled 1856 \u2013 26 December 1872. The sultanate reached the high-water mark of their power and glory in 1860.<br>\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111856 \u5e74\uff0c\u4e91\u5357\u56de\u6c11\u4e0e\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u4e0d\u65ad\u5347\u7ea7\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u6f14\u53d8\u6210\u4e00\u573a\u5168\u9762\u53db\u4e71\u3002\u7531\u675c\u6587\u79c0\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u4e91\u5357\u897f\u90e8\u53db\u519b\u6210\u4e3a\u53cd\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u519b\u4e8b\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u6012\u706b\u53d1\u6cc4\u5728\u5f53\u5730\u5b98\u5458\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e76\u6700\u7ec8\u6311\u6218\u5317\u4eac\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u3002\u53db\u519b\u6210\u529f\u5360\u9886\u5927\u7406\u5e02\uff0c\u5927\u7406\u5e02\u6210\u4e3a\u53db\u519b\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u57fa\u5730\uff0c\u53db\u519b\u5ba3\u5e03\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5b9e\u4f53\u3002\u53db\u519b\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u79f0\u4e3a\u5e73\u5357\u56fd\uff0c\u675c\u6587\u79c0\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a Qa\u00b4id Jami al-Muslimin\uff08\u201c\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u793e\u533a\u9886\u8896\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5916\u56fd\u8d44\u6599\u4e2d\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u82cf\u4e39\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728 1856 \u5e74\u81f3 1872 \u5e74 12 \u6708 26 \u65e5\u671f\u95f4\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002\u82cf\u4e39\u56fd\u5728 1860 \u5e74\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86\u6743\u529b\u548c\u8363\u8000\u7684\u9876\u5cf0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Sultanate&#8217;s power declined after 1868. The Chinese Imperial Government had succeeded in reinvigorating itself. By 1871, it was directing a campaign for the annihilation of the obdurate Hui Muslims of Yunnan. Though largely forgotten, the bloody rebellion caused the deaths of up to a million people in Yunnan. Many adherents to the Yunnanese Muslim cause were persecuted by the imperial Manchus. Wholesale massacres of Yunnanese Muslims followed.<br>\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111868 \u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u82cf\u4e39\u56fd\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5f00\u59cb\u8870\u843d\u3002\u6e05\u671d\u653f\u5e9c\u6210\u529f\u91cd\u632f\u65d7\u9f13\u3002\u5230 1871 \u5e74\uff0c\u6e05\u671d\u653f\u5e9c\u53d1\u8d77\u4e86\u4e00\u573a\u6d88\u706d\u4e91\u5357\u987d\u56fa\u56de\u65cf\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4eba\u4eec\u5927\u591a\u5fd8\u8bb0\u4e86\u8fd9\u573a\u8840\u8165\u7684\u53db\u4e71\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u573a\u53db\u4e71\u5374\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e91\u5357\u591a\u8fbe\u4e00\u767e\u4e07\u4eba\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u652f\u6301\u4e91\u5357\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u4e8b\u4e1a\u7684\u4fe1\u5f92\u906d\u5230\u6ee1\u65cf\u4eba\u7684\u8feb\u5bb3\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u4e91\u5357\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u906d\u5230\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u5c60\u6740\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For a period of perhaps ten to fifteen years following the collapse of the Panthay Rebellion, the province&#8217;s Hui minority was widely discriminated against by the victorious Qing, especially in the western frontier districts contiguous with Burma. During these years the refugee Hui settled across the frontier within Burma gradually established themselves in their traditional callings \u2013 as merchants, caravaneers, miners, restaurateurs and (for those who chose or were forced to live beyond the law) as smugglers and mercenaries and became known in Burma as the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panthay\">Panthay<\/a>.<br>\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u6f58\u585e\u8d77\u4e49\u5931\u8d25\u540e\u7684\u5927\u7ea6 10 \u5230 15 \u5e74\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\uff0c\u8be5\u7701\u7684\u56de\u65cf\u5c11\u6570\u6c11\u65cf\u906d\u5230\u4e86\u80dc\u5229\u7684\u6e05\u671d\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u6b67\u89c6\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u4e0e\u7f05\u7538\u63a5\u58e4\u7684\u897f\u90e8\u8fb9\u5883\u5730\u533a\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5e74\u91cc\uff0c\u6d41\u4ea1\u5728\u7f05\u7538\u8fb9\u5883\u7684\u56de\u65cf\u9010\u6e10\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u804c\u4e1a\u2014\u2014\u5546\u4eba\u3001\u5546\u961f\u3001\u77ff\u5de5\u3001\u9910\u9986\u8001\u677f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\uff08\u5bf9\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u9009\u62e9\u6216\u88ab\u8feb\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff09\u8d70\u79c1\u8005\u548c\u96c7\u4f63\u5175\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u7f05\u7538\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u6f58\u585e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"\u4e2d\u83ef\u6c11\u570b\u6642\u4ee3\">7. \u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u65f6\u4ee3 | Republican China<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E9%9B%B2%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81_(%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B)\">\u4e91\u5357\u7701 (\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd)<\/a> \/ See also: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yunnan_Province,_Republic_of_China\">Yunnan Province, Republic of China<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Main article: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yunnan_clique\">Yunnan clique<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u6ec7\u519b\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\">\u56fe7-1\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1911\u5e7410\u670830\u65e5\uff08\u91cd\u9633\u8282\uff09\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%94%A1%E9%94%B7\">\u8521\u9537<\/a>\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%94%90%E7%BB%A7%E5%B0%A7\">\u5510\u7ee7\u5c27<\/a>\u7387\u65b0\u519b\u53d1\u52a8<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E9%87%8D%E4%B9%9D%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89\">\u91cd\u4e5d\u8d77\u4e49<\/a>\uff0c\u8131\u79bb\u6e05\u671d\u30021912\u5e744\u6708\uff0c\u7535\u7ad9\u6b63\u5f0f\u5411\u6606\u660e\u4f9b\u7535\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Following the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911, Yunnan came under the control of local warlords, who had more than the usual degree of autonomy due to Yunnan&#8217;s remoteness. They financed their regime through opium harvesting and traffic.<br>\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111911\u5e74\u6e05\u671d\u706d\u4ea1\u540e\uff0c\u4e91\u5357\u843d\u5165\u4e86\u5730\u65b9\u519b\u9600\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4e91\u5357\u5730\u5904\u504f\u8fdc\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u519b\u9600\u62e5\u6709\u4e86\u8d85\u4e4e\u5bfb\u5e38\u7684\u81ea\u6cbb\u6743\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u9e26\u7247\u79cd\u690d\u548c\u8d29\u5356\u6765\u4e3a\u5176\u653f\u6743\u63d0\u4f9b\u8d44\u91d1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1915\u5e7412\u670825\u65e5\uff0c\u8521\u9537\u3001\u5510\u7ee7\u5c27\u53c8\u5728\u6b64\u53d1\u52a8\u53cd\u5bf9\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u7684<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%8A%A4%E5%9B%BD%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8\">\u62a4\u56fd\u8fd0\u52a8<\/a>\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u6ec7\u519b\u5728\u4e91\u5357\u5f62\u6210\u5272\u636e\u5c40\u9762\uff0c\u5148\u540e\u6709\u5510\u7ee7\u5c27\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E9%BE%99%E4%BA%91\">\u9f99\u4e91<\/a>\uff081928\u5e74\uff0d1945\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u7b49\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e91\u5357\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1925\u5e743\u670816\u65e5\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%A4%A7%E7%90%86%E5%B8%82\">\u5927\u7406\u5e02<\/a>\u53d1\u751f<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1925%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%A7%E7%90%86%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87\">7.0\u7ea7\u5730\u9707<\/a>\uff0c5000\u4eba\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u5927\u7406\u5e02\u635f\u6bc1\u4e25\u91cd\uff0c76000\u5ea7\u623f\u5c4b\u88ab\u5730\u9707\u6643\u52a8\u6216\u968f\u540e\u7684\u706b\u707e\u6467\u6bc1\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%8A%97%E6%97%A5%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89\">\u6297\u65e5\u6218\u4e89<\/a>\u671f\u95f4\uff0c1938\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed8\u51fa\u6781\u5927\u4ee3\u4ef7\u7684<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%BB%87%E7%BC%85%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF\">\u6ec7\u7f05\u516c\u8def<\/a>\u4fee\u901a\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u5883\u5916\u8054\u7cfb\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u4ea4\u901a\u7ebf\u30021942\u5e74\u670910\u591a\u4e07<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%BF%9C%E5%BE%81%E5%86%9B\">\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fdc\u5f81\u519b<\/a>\u4ece\u4e91\u5357\u8fdb\u5165\u7f05\u7538\u914d\u5408\u82f1\u519b\u4e0e\u65e5\u519b\u4f5c\u6218\uff0c\u65e5\u519b\u51fb\u8d25\u82f1\u519b\uff0c\u6cbf<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%BB%87%E7%BC%85%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF\">\u6ec7\u7f05\u516c\u8def<\/a>\u8fdb\u81f3<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%E6%83%A0%E9%80%9A%E6%A1%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">\u60e0\u901a\u6865<\/a>\uff0c\u9694<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%80%92%E6%B1%9F\">\u6012\u6c5f<\/a>\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u519b\u961f\u5bf9\u5cd92\u5e74\u30021938\u5e74\uff0d1946\u5e74\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%B8%85%E5%8D%8E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6\">\u6e05\u534e\u5927\u5b66<\/a>\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6\">\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66<\/a>\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%8D%97%E5%BC%80%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6\">\u5357\u5f00\u5927\u5b66<\/a>\u5728\u6606\u660e\u8054\u5408\u529e\u5b66\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%97%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6\">\u56fd\u7acb\u897f\u5357\u8054\u5408\u5927\u5b66<\/a>\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Sino-Japanese_War\">Second Sino-Japanese War<\/a>, Yunnan served as, among other things, a home base for the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flying_Tigers\">Flying Tigers<\/a> and a refuge for people, especially university faculty and students, from the east. These had originally retreated to <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Changsha\">Changsha<\/a>, but as the Japanese forces were gaining more territory they eventually bombed Changsha in February 1938. The 800 staff faculty and students who were left had to flee and made the 1,000-mile journey to <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kunming\">Kunming<\/a>. It was here that the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Southwest_Associated_University\">National Southwest Associated University<\/a> (commonly known as <strong>Lianda<\/strong>) was established. In these extraordinary wartime circumstances for eight years, staff, professors and students had to survive and operate in makeshift quarters that were subject to sporadic bombing campaigns by Japan. There were dire shortages of food, equipment, books, clothing and other essential needs, but they did manage to conduct the running of a modern <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University\">university<\/a>. Over those eight years of war (1937\u20131945), Lianda became famous nationwide for having and producing many, if not most, of China&#8217;s most prominent academics, scholars, scientists and intellectuals. Both of China&#8217;s only <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nobel_laureates_in_physics\">Nobel laureates in physics<\/a> studied at Lianda.<sup>[<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed\">citation needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup><br>\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e2d\u65e5\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e91\u5357\u9664\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u4f5c\u7528\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u98de\u864e\u961f\u7684\u57fa\u5730\u4ee5\u53ca\u6765\u81ea\u4e1c\u90e8\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u907f\u96be\u6240\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5927\u5b66\u548c\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u6559\u804c\u5458\u5de5\u548c\u5b66\u751f\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u6700\u521d\u64a4\u9000\u5230\u957f\u6c99\uff0c\u4f46\u968f\u7740\u65e5\u519b\u5360\u9886\u66f4\u591a\u9886\u571f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6700\u7ec8\u57281938\u5e742\u6708\u8f70\u70b8\u4e86\u957f\u6c99\u3002\u5269\u4e0b\u7684800\u540d\u6559\u804c\u5458\u5de5\u548c\u5b66\u751f\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u9003\u79bb\uff0c\u8e0f\u4e0a\u4e86\u524d\u5f80\u6606\u660e\u7684\u4e00\u5343\u82f1\u91cc\u65c5\u7a0b\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u56fd\u7acb\u897f\u5357\u8054\u5408\u5927\u5b66\uff08\u4fd7\u79f0\u8054\u5927\uff09\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u516b\u5e74\u975e\u540c\u5bfb\u5e38\u7684\u6218\u65f6\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u6559\u804c\u5458\u5de5\u548c\u5b66\u751f\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u5728\u4e34\u65f6\u4f4f\u6240\u4e2d\u751f\u5b58\u548c\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f4f\u6240\u7ecf\u5e38\u906d\u53d7\u65e5\u519b\u7684\u8f70\u70b8\u3002\u98df\u7269\u3001\u8bbe\u5907\u3001\u4e66\u7c4d\u3001\u8863\u7269\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5fc5\u9700\u54c1\u4e25\u91cd\u77ed\u7f3a\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd8\u662f\u8bbe\u6cd5\u7ef4\u6301\u4e86\u4e00\u6240\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u3002\u5728\u516b\u5e74\u6297\u6218\u671f\u95f4\uff081937\u5e74\u81f31945\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u8054\u5927\u56e0\u5176\u62e5\u6709\u548c\u57f9\u517b\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f17\u591a\uff08\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7684\u8bdd\uff09\u6770\u51fa\u5b66\u8005\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u800c\u95fb\u540d\u5168\u56fd\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u4ec5\u6709\u7684\u4e24\u4f4d\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5956\u5f97\u4e3b\u90fd\u66fe\u5728\u8054\u5927\u5b66\u4e60\u3002[\u9700\u8981\u5f15\u6587]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8. \u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u65f6\u4ee3 | People&#8217;s Republic of China<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%98%86%E6%98%8E%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%9B%AD%E8%89%BA%E5%8D%9A%E8%A7%88%E5%9B%AD\">\u6606\u660e\u4e16\u754c\u56ed\u827a\u535a\u89c8\u56ed<\/a>\u548c<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1970%E5%B9%B4%E9%80%9A%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87\">1970\u5e74\u901a\u6d77\u5730\u9707<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\">\u56fe8-1\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The establishment of the PRC brought gradual but definite consolidation to China&#8217;s southwestern borders, solidifying what were previously murky claims to various regions.<br>\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7684\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e2d\u56fd\u897f\u5357\u8fb9\u5883\u9010\u6e10\u4f46\u786e\u5b9e\u5730\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5de9\u56fa\uff0c\u5de9\u56fa\u4e86\u5bf9\u4e4b\u524d\u6a21\u7cca\u4e0d\u6e05\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u7684\u9886\u571f\u4e3b\u5f20\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For example, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Colonial_French\">Colonial French<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burma#Colonial_era_.281886.E2.80.931948.29\">English<\/a> had been active at sites in neighbouring northern Laos, Vietnam and Burma, and even inside of modern Yunnan at sites like <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tengchong\">Tengchong<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gejiu\">Gejiu<\/a>. In fact, between 1904 and 1909 the French had built the 885\u00a0km (550\u00a0mi)long <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sino-Vietnamese_Railway\">Sino-Vietnamese Railway<\/a> which ran from <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hanoi\">Hanoi<\/a> to <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kunming\">Kunming<\/a> via <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hekou_Yao_Autonomous_County\">Hekou<\/a>, with an offshoot to <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gejiu\">Gejiu<\/a>. The English tried to match the French effort with the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yunnan%E2%80%93Burma_Railway\">Yunnan\u2013Burma Railway<\/a>, but failed to complete it prior to the outbreak of war, with the project ultimately abandoned.<br>\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u66fe\u5728\u90bb\u8fd1\u8001\u631d\u5317\u90e8\u3001\u8d8a\u5357\u548c\u7f05\u7538\u7684\u5730\u533a\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u5982\u4eca\u7684\u4e91\u5357\u817e\u51b2\u548c\u4e2a\u65e7\u7b49\u5730\u4e5f\u6709\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8db3\u8ff9\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u57281904\u5e74\u81f31909\u5e74\u95f4\u4fee\u5efa\u4e86\u957f\u8fbe885\u516c\u91cc\uff08550\u82f1\u91cc\uff09\u7684\u4e2d\u8d8a\u94c1\u8def\uff0c\u8be5\u94c1\u8def\u4ece\u6cb3\u5185\u7ecf\u6cb3\u53e3\u81f3\u6606\u660e\uff0c\u5e76\u6709\u4e00\u6761\u652f\u7ebf\u901a\u5f80\u4e2a\u65e7\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u8bd5\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u4fee\u5efa\u6ec7\u7f05\u94c1\u8def\u6765\u4e0e\u6cd5\u56fd\u6297\u8861\uff0c\u4f46\u6218\u4e89\u7206\u53d1\u524d\u672a\u80fd\u5b8c\u6210\u8be5\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u8be5\u9879\u76ee\u88ab\u5e9f\u5f03\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The PRC also saw a bitter <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sino-Vietnamese_War\">Sino-Vietnamese War<\/a> fought along Yunnan&#8217;s south eastern border, which was properly demarcated only on 23 February 2009,<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Yunnan#cite_note-sinoviet-finish-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup> with renewed agreements taking effect as late as 14 July 2010.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Yunnan#cite_note-sinoviet-effect-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><br>\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u8fd8\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u4e2d\u8d8a\u8fb9\u5883\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u6218\u4e89\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u4e91\u5357\u4e1c\u5357\u90e8\u8fb9\u5883\uff0c\u76f4\u52302009\u5e742\u670823\u65e5\u624d\u6b63\u5f0f\u5212\u5b9a\u8fb9\u754c\uff0c[5]\u800c\u65b0\u7684\u534f\u8bae\u76f4\u52302010\u5e747\u670814\u65e5\u624d\u751f\u6548\u3002[6]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the southern region of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xishuangbanna\">Xishuangbanna<\/a>, little or no Han dominance was felt as late as the end of the 19th century. This is illustrated by <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Otto_E._Ehlers\">Otto E. Ehlers<\/a>&#8216; (1855\u20131895) account of his walk from <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rangoon\">Rangoon<\/a> to <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jinghong\">Jinghong<\/a>, recording upon his arrival that the annual Chinese tribute mission from northerly <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Simao_District\">Simao<\/a> was in town and, whilst they were happy to allow him to stay on the south of the Mekong river, he was not to be lent assistance in crossing over. He had no trouble crossing with the aid of a local, regardless.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Yunnan#cite_note-ehlers-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><br>\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u897f\u53cc\u7248\u7eb3\u5357\u90e8\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u76f4\u523019\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\uff0c\u6c49\u65cf\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u4ecd\u7136\u5fae\u4e4e\u5176\u5fae\u3002\u5965\u6258\u00b7E\u00b7\u57c3\u52d2\u65af\uff08Otto E. Ehlers\uff0c1855-1895\uff09\u5728\u4ece\u4ef0\u5149\u6b65\u884c\u5230\u666f\u6d2a\u7684\u8bb0\u8ff0\u4e2d\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u4ed6\u5230\u8fbe\u65f6\u8bb0\u5f55\u8bf4\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u5317\u65b9\u7684\u601d\u8305\u7684\u5e74\u5ea6\u4e2d\u56fd\u671d\u8d21\u4f7f\u56e2\u6b63\u5728\u9547\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f88\u9ad8\u5174\u5141\u8bb8\u4ed6\u7559\u5728\u6e44\u516c\u6cb3\u5357\u5cb8\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4ed6\u8fc7\u6cb3\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u5f53\u5730\u4eba\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e0b\u8fd8\u662f\u987a\u5229\u8fc7\u6cb3\u4e86\u3002[7]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>20\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%B8%89%E7%BA%BF%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%BE\">\u4e09\u7ebf\u5efa\u8bbe<\/a>\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4fee\u901a\u4e86\u8054\u7cfb\u4e91\u5357\u4e0e\u5185\u5730\u7684\u94c1\u8def\uff0c1966\u5e743\u6708<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%B4%B5%E6%98%86%E9%93%81%E8%B7%AF\">\u8d35\u6606\u94c1\u8def<\/a>\u5efa\u6210\uff081970\u5e7412\u6708\u4ea4\u4ed8\u8fd0\u8425\uff09\uff0c1970\u5e747\u67081\u65e5<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%88%90%E6%98%86%E9%93%81%E8%B7%AF\">\u6210\u6606\u94c1\u8def<\/a>\u5168\u7ebf\u7ae3\u5de5\u8fd0\u8425\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1970\u5e74<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E9%80%9A%E6%B5%B7%E5%8E%BF\">\u901a\u6d77\u53bf<\/a>\u53d1\u751f<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1970%E5%B9%B4%E9%80%9A%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87\">7.5\u7ea7\u5730\u9707<\/a>\uff0c\u9020\u621015621\u4eba\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u53d7\u4f24\u4eba\u6570\u8d85\u8fc732431\u4eba\uff0c500\u4e07\u81f32500\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u635f\u5931\uff0c\u53d7\u707e\u9762\u79ef\u8fbe\u52308781\u591a\u5e73\u65b9\u5343\u7c73\u3002\u662f<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD\">\u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd<\/a>\u5efa\u56fd\u4ee5\u6765\u7b2c\u4e09\u5927\u5730\u9707\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"References\">A. \u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e | References<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list has-small-font-size\">\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Yunnan#cite_ref-1\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2010).\u00a0<em>The Cambridge Illustrated History of China<\/em>. Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a083.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-521-12433-1\"><bdi>978-0-521-12433-1<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Yunnan#cite_ref-2\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Kong, Zhiguo (25 October 2016).\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/worldcat.org\/oclc\/965039831\"><em>The Making of a Maritime Power\u00a0: China&#8217;s Challenges and Policy Responses<\/em><\/a>. Springer.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9789811017865\"><bdi>9789811017865<\/bdi><\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OCLC_(identifier)\">OCLC<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/oclc\/965039831\">965039831<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Yunnan#cite_ref-3\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Tan Chung (1998).\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/ignca.nic.in\/ks_41019.htm\"><em>A Sino-Indian Perspective for India-China Understanding<\/em>.<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070606221357\/http:\/\/ignca.nic.in\/ks_41019.htm\">Archived<\/a>\u00a06 June 2007 at the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine\">Wayback Machine<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Yunnan#cite_ref-4\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0John Man\u00a0<em>Kublai Khan<\/em>, p.80<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Yunnan#cite_ref-sinoviet-finish_5-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chinadaily.com.cn\/china\/2009-02\/23\/content_7503495.htm\">&#8220;China-Vietnam border demarcation finished&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xinhua_News_Agency\">Xinhua News Agency<\/a>. 23 February 2009. Retrieved\u00a019 August\u00a02010.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Yunnan#cite_ref-sinoviet-effect_6-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/english.peopledaily.com.cn\/90001\/90776\/90883\/7066239.html\">&#8220;China-Vietnam land border demarcation agreements take effect Wednesday&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xinhua_News_Agency\">Xinhua News Agency<\/a>. 14 July 2010. Retrieved\u00a019 August\u00a02010.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Yunnan#cite_ref-ehlers_7-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Ehlers, Otto E. (2002).\u00a0<em>On Horseback through Indochina<\/em>. Vol.\u00a02: Burma, North Thailand, the Shan States and Yunnan. White Lotus Press.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/974-7534-74-6\"><bdi>974-7534-74-6<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\">B. \u4e2d\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list has-small-font-size\">\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2#cite_ref-1\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0\u300a\u540e\u6c49\u4e66\u00b7\u897f\u5357\u5937\u300b\uff1a\u201c\u521d\uff0c\u695a\u9877\u8944\u738b\u65f6\uff0c\u9063\u5c06\u5e84\u8c6a\uff08\u5e84\ud86c\udfcb\uff09\u4ece\u6c85\u6c34\u4f10\u591c\u90ce\uff0c\u519b\u81f3\u4e14\u5170\uff0c\u6913\u8239\u4e8e\u5cb8\u800c\u6b65\u6218\u3002\u65e2\u706d\u591c\u90ce\uff0c\u56e0\u7559\u738b\u6ec7\u6c60\u3002&#8230;\u6ec7\u738b\u8005\uff0c\u5e84\ud86c\udfcb\u4e4b\u540e\u4e5f\u3002\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2#cite_ref-2\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Tan Chung (1998).\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/ignca.nic.in\/ks_41019.htm\"><em>A Sino-Indian Perspective for India-China Understanding<\/em>.<\/a>\u00a0\uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070606221357\/http:\/\/ignca.nic.in\/ks_41019.htm\">\u9875\u9762\u5b58\u6863\u5907\u4efd<\/a>\uff0c\u5b58\u4e8e<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86\">\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u6863\u6848\u9986<\/a>\uff09<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u300a\u660e\u53f2\u00b7\u5fd7\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e8c \u5730\u7406\u4e03\u300b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2#cite_ref-4\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cb.com.cn\/life\/2015_0612\/1137198_2.html\">1816\u5e74\u7684\u4f4e\u6e29\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u5168\u4e16\u754c &#8211; \u5148\u950b\u8bdd\u9898 &#8211; \u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u8425\u7f51_\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u8425\u62a5<\/a>. www.cb.com.cn.\u00a0[2020-06-22]. \uff08\u539f\u59cb\u5185\u5bb9<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200925114203\/http:\/\/www.cb.com.cn\/life\/2015_0612\/1137198_2.html\">\u5b58\u6863<\/a>\u4e8e2020-09-25\uff09.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Further_reading\">C. \u5ef6\u4f38\u9605\u8bfb | Further reading<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-small-font-size\">\n<li>Giersch, Charles Patterson (2006): Asian borderlands. The transformation of Qing China&#8217;s Yunnan frontier. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Univ. Press.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Yang, Bin (2009): Between winds and clouds. The making of Yunnan (second century BCE to twentieth century CE). New York, Chichester: Columbia University Press.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"External_links\">D. \u5916\u90e8\u94fe\u63a5 | External links<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/toyoshi.lit.nagoya-u.ac.jp\/maruha\/kanseki\">\u96f2\u5357\u30fb\u6771\u5357\u30a2\u30b8\u30a2\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u6f22\u7c4d\u53f2\u6599<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110522162752\/http:\/\/www.fff33.com\/info\/d\/200612\/389.html\">\u4e91\u5357\u5386\u53f2<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u8bcd\u6761\u8be6\u7ec6\u68b3\u7406\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e91\u5357\u7701\u4ece\u53f2\u524d\u65f6\u4ee3\u5230\u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8109\u7edc\u3002\u4e91\u5357\u5730\u5904\u4e2d\u56fd\u897f\u5357\u8fb9\u9672\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u66fe\u662f\u591a\u6c11\u65cf\u805a\u5c45\u5730\uff0c\u5b55\u80b2\u4e86\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u6587\u660e\u3002\u4ece\u6ec7\u56fd\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u3001\u6c49\u671d\u7684\u897f\u5357\u6269\u5f20\uff0c\u5230\u5357\u8bcf\u56fd\u548c\u5927\u7406\u56fd\u7684\u5174\u8870\uff0c\u518d\u5230\u5143\u660e\u6e05\u4e09\u671d\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u4e91\u5357\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u4e2d\u539f\u738b\u671d\u4e0e\u897f\u5357\u8fb9\u7586\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u8fde\u63a5\u70b9\u3002\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4e91\u5357\u5728\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u519b\u9600\u5272\u636e\u548c\u6297\u65e5\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u6d17\u793c\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u6210\u7acb\u540e\uff0c\u5176\u897f\u5357\u8fb9\u5883\u9010\u6e10\u7a33\u56fa\u3002\u8bcd\u6761\u8fd8\u6d89\u53ca\u4e86\u4e91\u5357\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u878d\u5408\u4ee5\u53ca\u91cd\u5927\u5386\u53f2\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u5c55\u73b0\u4e86\u4e91\u5357\u6df1\u539a\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5e95\u8574\u548c\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u6587\u5316\u9b45\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[43,48,158],"tags":[155,101],"class_list":["post-5225","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-chinese-region-and-people","category-fulltext","category-158","tag-155","tag-101"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5225","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5225"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5225\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5225"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5225"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5225"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}