{"id":5509,"date":"2025-03-02T12:24:30","date_gmt":"2025-03-02T04:24:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/?p=5509"},"modified":"2025-03-02T12:35:21","modified_gmt":"2025-03-02T04:35:21","slug":"qiang-historical-people-zhen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/2025\/03\/02\/qiang-historical-people-zhen\/","title":{"rendered":"\u53e4\u7f8c\u4eba \/ Qiang (historical people) &#8211; \u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u8bcd\u6761\u878d\u5408"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">\u4e2d\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u539f\u6587\u8fde\u63a5\uff08\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\uff09\uff1a<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%8C%E4%BA%BA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a> <br>\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff08\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\uff09\uff1a<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a> <br>\u672c\u6587\u57fa\u4e8e\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u7684\u7ebf\u7d22\uff0c\u5e76\u8865\u5145\u90e8\u5206\u6765\u81ea\u4e2d\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u5728\u4e8c\u8005\u51b2\u7a81\u65f6\uff0c\u4ee5\u66f4\u665a\u66f4\u65b0\u8005\u4e3a\u51c6\uff09\u3002 \u8fbd\u89c2\u642c\u8fd0\u65f6\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u5408\u89c4\u5316\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u5176\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u4e0a\u4f20\u3002\u90e8\u5206\u6587\u5b57\u91c7\u7528<strong>\u6c49\u8bed\u62fc\u97f3<\/strong>\u65b9\u5f0f\u4ee3\u66ff\uff0c\u97f3\u8282\u540e\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u8868\u793a\u6c49\u8bed\u62fc\u97f3\u89c4\u5219\u4e2d\u7684\u58f0\u8c03\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">\u5173\u4e8e\u8fbd\u89c2\u7684\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u642c\u8fd0\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u53ca\u6839\u636e\u540d\u79f0\u7cbe\u786e\u68c0\u7d22\u5df2\u642c\u8fd0\u7684\u8bcd\u6761\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/link.zhihu.com\/?target=https%3A\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wikipedia-intro\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee\u8fbd\u89c2\u7f51\u7ad9<\/a>\u3002\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\uff08Wikipedia\uff09\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7684\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u767e\u79d1\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u5230\u7acb\u573a\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u6765\u6e90\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8bf7\u5ba2\u89c2\u770b\u5f85\u3002\u6b63\u6587\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u8bd1\u8005\u89c2\u70b9\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">\u8fbd\u89c2\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4ec5\u4f9b\u53c2\u8003\u3002<strong>\u6587\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u542b\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\u94fe\u63a5\u3002<\/strong> <\/p>\n<cite>\u8fbd\u89c2\u6240\u642c\u8fd0\u7684\u8bcd\u6761\u6587\u672c\u4e0e\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u4e00\u9053\u540c\u6837\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 4.0\u534f\u8bae\uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/zhuanlan.zhihu.com\/p\/653887754?utm_psn=1730141199812366337\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u8fbd\u89c2\u642c\u8fd0\u7684\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u5bf9\u7167\u7248\u672c<\/a>\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u7b26\u5408\u534f\u8bae\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u514d\u8d39\u4f7f\u7528\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5546\u7528\uff09\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u548c\u89c6\u9891\u53ef\u80fd\u9075\u5faa\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5171\u4eab\u534f\u8bae\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/zhuanlan.zhihu.com\/p\/666846485?utm_psn=1730141316690960386\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. \u6b63\u6587\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u4e13\u680f\uff09<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/zhuanlan.zhihu.com\/p\/27387884264\/\">\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"See_also\">2. \u53c2\u89c1\uff08\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u8bcd\u6761\uff09| See also<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-small-font-size\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_people\">Qiang people<\/a>\u3010\u7f8c\u65cf\uff08\u73b0\u4ee3\uff09\u3011<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tangut_people\">Tangut people<\/a>\u3010\u515a\u9879\u4eba\u3011<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gyalrong_people\">Gyalrong people<\/a>\u3010\u5609\u7ed2\u4eba\u3011<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tibetan_people\">Tibetan people<\/a>\u3010\u85cf\u65cf\u3011<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Achang_people\">Achang people<\/a>\u3010\u963f\u660c\u65cf\u3011<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bamar_people\">Bamar people<\/a>\u3010\u7f05\u65cf\u3011<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sumpa\">Sumpa<\/a>\u3010\u8607\u6bd7\u3011<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mosuo\">Mosuo<\/a>\u3010\u6469\u68ad\u4eba\u3011<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nakhi_people\">Nakhi people<\/a>\u3010\u7eb3\u897f\u65cf\u3011<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pumi_people\">Pumi people<\/a>\u3010\u666e\u7c73\u65cf\u3011<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yi_people\">Yi people<\/a>\u3010\u5f5d\u65cf\u3011<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ethnic_groups_in_Chinese_history\">Ethnic groups in Chinese history<\/a>\u3010\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u65cf\u7fa4\u3011<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%90%90%E8%B0%B7%E6%B8%BE\">\u5410\u8c37\u6d51<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. \u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Footnotes\">3.1 \u811a\u6ce8\uff08\u4e0e\u6587\u4e2d\u6807\u53f7\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u5f15\u7528\u5217\u8868\uff09| Footnotes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list has-small-font-size\">\n<li>^\u00a0Edwin G. Pulleyblank (1983).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=4-vdP2aZWhUC&amp;pg=PA418\">&#8220;Chapter 14 &#8211; The Chinese and Their Neighbors in Prehistoric and Early Historic Times&#8221;<\/a>. In David Keightley (ed.).\u00a0<em>The Origins of Chinese Civilization<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_of_California_Press\">University of California Press<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-520-04229-8\"><bdi>0-520-04229-8<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#cite_ref-2\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Sigfried J. de Laet, Joachim Herrmann:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=WGUz01yBumEC\">History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D<\/a>. UNESCO, 1996, page 501.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#cite_ref-3\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Sanping Chen:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=ugbWH-5OjegC\">Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages<\/a>. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#cite_ref-4\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Patricia Buckley Ebrey:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=vr81YoYK0c4C\">The Cambridge Illustrated History of China<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cambridge_University_Press\">Cambridge University Press<\/a>, 2010, page 69.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#cite_ref-5\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Henry Luce Foundation Professor of East Asian Studies Nicola Di Cosmo, Nicola Di Cosmo, Don J Wyatt.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=Y1mQAgAAQBAJ\">Political Frontiers, Ethnic Boundaries and Human Geographies in Chinese History<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Routledge\">Routledge<\/a>, 2005, page 87.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0Bradley Mayhew, Korina Miller, Alex English:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=sm-2FZavr9QC\">South-West China<\/a>. 2002. Northern S\u00edchuan &#8211; Around W\u00e9nchuan, page 517.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#cite_ref-7\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Wicky W. K. Tse (27 June 2018).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=-y9iDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT126\"><em>The Collapse of China&#8217;s Later Han Dynasty, 25-220 CE: The Northwest Borderlands and the Edge of Empire<\/em><\/a>. Routledge.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9781315532318\"><bdi>9781315532318<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/ctext.org\/dictionary.pl?if=gb&amp;id=28621\">Shouwen<\/a>\u00a0Original text: \u7f8c\uff1a\u897f\u620e\u7267\u7f8a\u4eba\u4e5f\u3002\u4ece\u4eba\u4ece\u7f8a\uff0c\u7f8a\u4ea6\u8072\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#cite_ref-9\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Baxter, William H. and Laurent Sagart. 2014.\u00a0<em>Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxford_University_Press\">Oxford University Press<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-19-994537-5\">978-0-19-994537-5<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#cite_ref-Beckwith375_10-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christopher_I._Beckwith\">Beckwith, Christopher I.<\/a>\u00a0(16 March 2009).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=-Ue8BxLEMt4C\"><em>Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present<\/em><\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Princeton_University_Press\">Princeton University Press<\/a>. pp.\u00a0375\u2013376.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-14008-29941\"><bdi>978-14008-29941<\/bdi><\/a>. Retrieved\u00a030 December\u00a02014.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#cite_ref-11\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.shine.cn\/sunday\/now-and-then\/Qiang-among-Chinas-ancients\/shdaily.shtml\">&#8220;Qiang among China&#8217;s ancients&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>archive.shine.cn<\/em>. 7 September 2014. Retrieved\u00a02018-11-15.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0The Creation of the Qiang Ethnicity, its Relation to the Rme People and the Preservation of Rme Language, p.56-63<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#cite_ref-13\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<em>Shi Jing<\/em>, Sacrificial Odes of\u00a0<em>Shang<\/em>,\u00a0<em>Yin Wu<\/em>. \u300a\u8a69\u7d93\u00b7\u5546\u980c\u00b7\u6bb7\u6b66\u300b: &#8220;\u6614\u6709\u6210\u6e6f\uff0c\u81ea\u5f7c\u6c10\u7f8c\uff0c\u83ab\u6562\u4e0d\u4f86\u4eab\uff0c\u83ab\u6562\u4e0d\u4f86\u738b&#8221;\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0Nicola Di Cosmo (13 March 1999). &#8220;The Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China&#8221;. In Michael Loewe, Edward L. Shaughness (ed.).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=cHA7Ey0-pbEC&amp;pg=PA908\"><em>The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C.<\/em><\/a>\u00a0Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a0908.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-521-47030-7\"><bdi>0-521-47030-7<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chen_Qingying\">Chen Qingying<\/a>,\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=Qcn7AWsj8eQC\">Tibetan History<\/a><\/em>, \u4e94\u6d32\u4f20\u64ad\u51fa\u7248\u793e, 2003. page 7.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#cite_ref-16\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Fei Xiaotong (1999).\u00a0<em>The Pluralistic and Unified Structure of Chinese Ethnic Groups<\/em>. The Central Ethnic University Publishing. p.\u00a028.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#cite_ref-17\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/ctext.org\/dictionary.pl?if=gb&amp;id=4591\">Shiji<\/a>\u00a0\u6b66\u738b\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u55df\uff01\u6211\u6709\u570b\u51a2\u541b\uff0c\u53f8\u5f92\u3001\u53f8\u99ac\u3001\u53f8\u7a7a\uff0c\u4e9e\u65c5\u3001\u5e2b\u6c0f\uff0c\u5343\u592b\u9577\u3001\u767e\u592b\u9577\uff0c\u53ca\u5eb8\u3001\u8700\u3001\u7f8c\u3001\u9af3\u3001\u5fae\u3001\u7e91\u3001\u5f6d\u3001\u6fee\u4eba\uff0c\u7a31\u723e\u6208\uff0c\u6bd4\u723e\u5e72\uff0c\u7acb\u723e\u77db\uff0c\u4e88\u5176\u8a93\u3002\u300d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#cite_ref-Beckwith44_18-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christopher_I._Beckwith\">Beckwith, Christopher I.<\/a>\u00a0(16 March 2009).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=-Ue8BxLEMt4C\"><em>Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present<\/em><\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Princeton_University_Press\">Princeton University Press<\/a>. p.\u00a044.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-14008-29941\"><bdi>978-14008-29941<\/bdi><\/a>. Retrieved\u00a030 December\u00a02014.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#cite_ref-19\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Kleeman, Terry F. (1998).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=FAJrw0yInnAC\"><em>Great Perfection: Religion and Ethnicity in a Chinese Millennial Kingdom<\/em><\/a>. University of Hawaii Press. pp.\u00a054\u201358.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0824818008\"><bdi>0824818008<\/bdi><\/a>. Retrieved\u00a031 December\u00a02014.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#cite_ref-20\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Hulsew\u00e9, A. F. P. (1979).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=HzhCAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA80\"><em>China in Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BC \u2013 AD 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty<\/em><\/a>. E. Brill, Leiden. pp.\u00a080\u201381.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/90-04-05884-2\"><bdi>90-04-05884-2<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#cite_ref-21\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/silkroad\/texts\/weilue\/weilue.html\">Annotated translation of the\u00a0<em>Weil\u00fce<\/em>\u00a0by John E. Hill<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#cite_ref-22\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Joseph P. Yap (2009).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=RovRuGZQYhsC&amp;pg=PA326\">&#8220;Chapter 9 &#8211; War with Qiang&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Wars With the Xiongnu: A Translation from Zizhi Tongjian<\/em>. AuthorHouse. pp.\u00a0324\u2013340.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-4490-0605-1\"><bdi>978-1-4490-0605-1<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#cite_ref-23\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Song, Mengyuan; Wang, Zefei; Lyu, Qiang; Ying, Jun; Wu, Qian; Jiang, Lanrui; Wang, Fei; Zhou, Yuxiang; Song, Feng; Luo, Haibo; Hou, Yiping; Song, Xingbo; Ying, Binwu (2022-11-01).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1872497322001156\">&#8220;Paternal genetic structure of the Qiang ethnic group in China revealed by high-resolution Y-chromosome STRs and SNPs&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Forensic Science International: Genetics<\/em>.\u00a0<strong>61<\/strong>: 102774.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.fsigen.2022.102774\">10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102774<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1872-4973\">1872-4973<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\">PMID<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/36156385\">36156385<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\">S2CID<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:252254620\">252254620<\/a>.\u00a0<q>Furthermore, ancient DNA revealed genetic connections between early Di-Qiang (Di and Qiang were historically combined to be one group) and Han Chinese [5], [6].<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#cite_ref-24\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Li, Jiawei; Zeng, Wen; Zhang, Ye; Ko, Albert Min-Shan; Li, Chunxiang; Zhu, Hong; Fu, Qiaomei; Zhou, Hui (2017-12-04).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5716020\">&#8220;Ancient DNA reveals genetic connections between early Di-Qiang and Han Chinese&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>BMC Evolutionary Biology<\/em>.\u00a0<strong>17<\/strong>\u00a0(1): 239.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2017BMCEE..17..239L\">2017BMCEE..17..239L<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186%2Fs12862-017-1082-0\">10.1186\/s12862-017-1082-0<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1471-2148\">1471-2148<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_(identifier)\">PMC<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5716020\">5716020<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\">PMID<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29202706\">29202706<\/a>.\u00a0<q>We identified Mogou to be the earliest ~4000 yr. BP Di-Qiang population, and genetically related to Taojiazhai in sharing up to 100% paternal (O3a) and ~60% maternal (D4, M10, F, Z) haplogroups.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhiting2002141_25-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#CITEREFWhiting2002\">Whiting 2002<\/a>, p.\u00a0141.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhiting2002158_26-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#CITEREFWhiting2002\">Whiting 2002<\/a>, p.\u00a0158.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhiting2002175_27-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#CITEREFWhiting2002\">Whiting 2002<\/a>, p.\u00a0175.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#CITEREFWhiting2002\">Whiting 2002<\/a>, p.\u00a0179.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#CITEREFTwitchett2008\">Twitchett 2008<\/a>, p.\u00a0270.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#CITEREFCrespigny2017\">Crespigny 2017<\/a>, p.\u00a090.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett2008421_31-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#CITEREFTwitchett2008\">Twitchett 2008<\/a>, p.\u00a0421.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#CITEREFCrespigny2007\">Crespigny 2007<\/a>, p.\u00a0139.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#CITEREFCrespigny2007\">Crespigny 2007<\/a>, p.\u00a0445.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#CITEREFCosmo2009\">Cosmo 2009<\/a>, p.\u00a0104.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrespigny2007723_35-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#CITEREFCrespigny2007\">Crespigny 2007<\/a>, p.\u00a0723.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrespigny2007663_36-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#CITEREFCrespigny2007\">Crespigny 2007<\/a>, p.\u00a0663.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrespigny2007248_37-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#CITEREFCrespigny2007\">Crespigny 2007<\/a>, p.\u00a0248.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrespigny2007639_38-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#CITEREFCrespigny2007\">Crespigny 2007<\/a>, p.\u00a0639.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chinaknowledge.de\/History\/Altera\/qiang.html\">&#8220;Qiang \u7f8c (www.chinaknowledge.de)&#8221;<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chinaknowledge.de\/History\/Division\/rulers-houqin.html#:~:text=The%20Later%20Qin%20Dynasty%20Houqin,people%20of%20the%20Qiang%20%E7%BE%8C.\">&#8220;Later Qin Dynasty \u5f8c\u79e6(www.chinaknowledge.de)&#8221;<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#cite_ref-41\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chinaknowledge.de\/History\/Division\/shiliuguo-event.html\">&#8220;Sixteen Barbarian States Event History (www.chinaknowledge.de)&#8221;<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#cite_ref-42\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Watt, James C. Y.; Angela Falco Howard, Metropolitan Museum of Art Staff, Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, NY., Boris Il\u02b9ich Marshak, Su Bai, Zhao Feng, Maxwell K. Hearn, Denise Patry Leidy, Chao-Hui Jenny Lui, Valentina Ivanova Raspopova, Zhixin Sun (2004).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=JbdS-R3y72MC&amp;dq=Wang+Yu+%28d.+after+500%29+began+his+career+as+a+palace+eunuch+in+his+youth+and+achieved+senior+positions+at+court%2C+...+hundred+miles+northeast+of+Xi%27an%2C+was+the+ancient+town+of+Lirun%2C+where+there+was+a+great+concentration+of+Qiang+people.&amp;pg=PA23\"><em>China: Dawn of a Golden Age, 200-750 AD<\/em><\/a>\u00a0(illustrated\u00a0ed.). Metropolitan Museum of Art. p.\u00a023.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/1588391264\"><bdi>1588391264<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner2008322-323_43-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#CITEREFWagner2008\">Wagner 2008<\/a>, p.\u00a0322-323.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner2008322_44-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#CITEREFWagner2008\">Wagner 2008<\/a>, p.\u00a0322.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKang201663_45-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#CITEREFKang2016\">Kang 2016<\/a>, p.\u00a063.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaPolla200311_46-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#CITEREFLaPolla2003\">LaPolla 2003<\/a>, p.\u00a011.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994181-182_47-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#CITEREFTwitchett1994\">Twitchett 1994<\/a>, p.\u00a0181-182.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#CITEREFWest2009\">West 2009<\/a>, p.\u00a0681-682.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#cite_ref-49\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.lonelyplanet.com\/china\/sichuan\/travel-tips-and-articles\/the-inside-info-on-chinas-ancient-watchtowers\/40625c8c-8a11-5710-a052-1479d27762ce\">&#8220;The inside info on China&#8217;s ancient watchtowers&#8221;<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaPolla200312-13_50-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#CITEREFLaPolla2003\">LaPolla 2003<\/a>, p.\u00a012-13.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaPolla2003431_51-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#CITEREFLaPolla2003\">LaPolla 2003<\/a>, p.\u00a0431.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2009681_52-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#CITEREFWest2009\">West 2009<\/a>, p.\u00a0681.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#CITEREFLaPolla2003\">LaPolla 2003<\/a>, p.\u00a014.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaPolla200314-15_54-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#CITEREFLaPolla2003\">LaPolla 2003<\/a>, p.\u00a014-15.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWen201470%E2%80%9371_55-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qiang_(historical_people)#CITEREFWen2014\">Wen 2014<\/a>, pp.\u00a070\u201371.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"References\">3.2 \u6765\u6e90\u6587\u732e | References<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-small-font-size\">\n<li>Cosmo, Nicola Di (2002),\u00a0<em>Ancient China and Its Enemies<\/em>, Cambridge University Press<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cosmo, Nicola di (2009),\u00a0<em>Military Culture in Imperial China<\/em>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harvard_University_Press\">Harvard University Press<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Crespigny, Rafe de (2007),\u00a0<em>A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms<\/em>, Brill<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Crespigny, Rafe de (2010),\u00a0<em>Imperial Warlord<\/em>, Brill<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Crespigny, Rafe de (2017),\u00a0<em>Fire Over Luoyang: A History of the Later Han Dynasty, 23-220 AD<\/em>, Brill<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>LaPolla, Randy (2003),\u00a0<em>A Grammar of Qiang<\/em>, Mouton Gruyter<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kang, Xiaofei (2016),\u00a0<em>Contesting the Yellow Dragon<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Twitchett, Denis (1994), &#8220;The Liao&#8221;,\u00a0<em>The Cambridge History of China<\/em>, Volume 6,<em>\u00a0Alien Regime and Border States, 907-1368<\/em>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.\u00a043\u2013153,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0521243319\"><bdi>0521243319<\/bdi><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Twitchett, Denis (2008),\u00a0<em>The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1<\/em>, Cambridge University Press<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Wen, Maotao (2014).\u00a0<em>The Creation of the Qiang Ethnicity, its Relation to the Rme People and the Preservation of Rme Language<\/em>\u00a0(Master thesis). Duke University.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Wagner, Donald B. (2008),\u00a0<em>Science and Civilization in China Volume 5-11: Ferrous Metallurgy<\/em>, Cambridge University Press<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>West, Barbara A. (2009),\u00a0<em>Encyclopedia of Peoples of Asia and Oceania<\/em>, Facts on File<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Whiting, Marvin C. (2002),\u00a0<em>Imperial Chinese Military History<\/em>, Writers Club Press<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\">4. \u4e2d\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list has-small-font-size\">\n<li>^\u00a0Edwin G. Pulleyblank.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=4-vdP2aZWhUC&amp;pg=PA418\">Chapter 14 &#8211; The Chinese and Their Neighbors in Prehistoric and Early Historic Times<\/a>. David Keightley (\u7f16). The Origins of Chinese Civilization.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_of_California_Press\">University of California Press<\/a>. 1983.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90\/0-520-04229-8\">ISBN\u00a00-520-04229-8<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0Sigfried J. de Laet, Joachim Herrmann:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=WGUz01yBumEC\">History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D<\/a>. UNESCO, 1996, page 501.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%8C%E4%BA%BA#cite_ref-3\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Sanping Chen:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=ugbWH-5OjegC\">Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages<\/a>. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0Patricia Buckley Ebrey:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=vr81YoYK0c4C\">The Cambridge Illustrated History of China<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cambridge_University_Press\">Cambridge University Press<\/a>, 2010, page 69.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0Henry Luce Foundation Professor of East Asian Studies Nicola Di Cosmo, Nicola Di Cosmo, Don J Wyatt.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=Y1mQAgAAQBAJ\">Political Frontiers, Ethnic Boundaries and Human Geographies in Chinese History<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Routledge\">Routledge<\/a>, 2005, page 87.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%8C%E4%BA%BA#cite_ref-6\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Edwin G. Pulleyblank. Chapter 14 &#8211; The Chinese and Their Neighbors in Prehistoric and Early Historic Times.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=4-vdP2aZWhUC&amp;pg=PA418&amp;lpg=PA418&amp;f=false#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">The Origins of Chinese Civilization<\/a>. University of California Press. 1983\u00a0[2017-06-19].\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90\/9780520042292\">ISBN\u00a09780520042292<\/a>. \uff08\u539f\u59cb\u5185\u5bb9<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201121083319\/https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=4-vdP2aZWhUC&amp;pg=PA418&amp;lpg=PA418&amp;f=false#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">\u5b58\u6863<\/a>\u4e8e2020-11-21\uff09\u00a0<strong>\uff08\u82f1\u8bed\uff09<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%8C%E4%BA%BA#cite_ref-7\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0\u300a\u8bd7\u7ecf\u300b\u3008\u5927\u96c5\u3009\u3008\u5546\u9882\u3009\u3008\u6bb7\u6b66\u3009\uff1a\u201c\u6614\u6709\u6210\u6c64\uff0c\u81ea\u5f7c\u6c10\u7f8c\uff0c\u83ab\u6562\u4e0d\u6765\u4eab\uff0c\u83ab\u6562\u4e0d\u6765\u738b\u3002\u201d\u90d1\u7384\u7b3a\u6ce8\uff1a\u201c\u6c10\u7f8c\uff0c\u5937\u72c4\u56fd\uff0c\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u8005\u3002\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%8C%E4%BA%BA#cite_ref-8\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0\u5546\u9882\uff1a\u201c\u6614\u6709\u6210\u6c64\uff0c\u81ea\u5f7c\u6c10\u7f8c\uff0c\u83ab\u6562\u4e0d\u6765\u4eab\uff0c\u83ab\u6562\u4e0d\u6765\u738b\u3002\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%8C%E4%BA%BA#cite_ref-9\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0\u89c1<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E9%99%B8%E8%B3%88\">\u9646\u8d3e<\/a>\u65b0\u8bed\u3001\u88f4\u9a83<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%8F%B2%E8%AE%B0%E9%9B%86%E8%A7%A3\">\u53f2\u8bb0\u96c6\u89e3<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%8C%E4%BA%BA#cite_ref-10\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0\u5f90\u4e2d\u8212\u3008\u590f\u5546\u4e4b\u9645\u590f\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u8fc1\u5f99\u3009\uff0c\u6536\u5165\u674e\u7ecd\u660e\u3001\u7a0b\u663e\u654f\u7f16\u300a\u897f\u5357\u6c11\u65cf\u7814\u7a76\u8bba\u6587\u9009\u300b\uff0c\u6210\u90fd\uff1a\u56db\u5ddd\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1991\u5e74\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%8C%E4%BA%BA#cite_ref-11\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0\u738b, \u660e\u73c2. \u7f8c\u5728\u6c49\u85cf\u4e4b\u95f4.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90\/9787101061673\">ISBN\u00a09787101061673<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%8C%E4%BA%BA#cite_ref-12\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Sanping Chen:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=ugbWH-5OjegC\">Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages<\/a>\u00a0\uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230115223537\/https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=ugbWH-5OjegC\">\u9875\u9762\u5b58\u6863\u5907\u4efd<\/a>\uff0c\u5b58\u4e8e<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86\">\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u6863\u6848\u9986<\/a>\uff09. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%8C%E4%BA%BA#cite_ref-13\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Beckwith, Christopher I. Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Princeton_University_Press\">Princeton University Press<\/a>.\u00a0: 375\u2013376.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90\/14008-29941\">ISBN\u00a014008-29941<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%8C%E4%BA%BA#cite_ref-14\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0\u5c91\u4ef2\u52c9\u3008\u695a\u8f9e\u4e2d\u7684\u53e4\u7a81\u53a5\u8bed\u3009\uff0c\u6536\u5165\u300a\u5c91\u4ef2\u52c9\u53f2\u5b66\u8bba\u6587\u7eed\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c40\uff0c2004\u5e74\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%8C%E4%BA%BA#cite_ref-15\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0\u738b\u660e\u73c2\u300a\u7f8c\u5728\u6c49\u85cf\u4e4b\u95f4\u300b\uff1a\u201c\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5178\u8303\u7684\u7f8c\u65cf\u53f2\uff0c\u7f8c\u65cf\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u81f3\u5c11\u53ef\u8ffd\u6eaf\u81f3\u5546\u4ee3\u3002\u7532\u9aa8\u6587\u4e2d\u6709\u201c\u7f8c\u201d,\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u5546\u4eba\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u654c\u4eba\u3002\u6839\u636e\u535c\u8f9e\u5730\u7406\u7814\u7a76,\u201c\u7f8c\u201d\u5927\u81f4\u5206\u5e03\u4e8e\u8c6b\u897f\u3001\u664b\u5357\u6216\u9655\u897f\u4e1c\u90e8\u3002\u6bb7\u5546\u535c\u8f9e\u4e4b\u4e2d\u5e38\u6709\u5546\uff0c\u6216\u5176\u5c5e\u56fd\uff0c\u4e0e\u7f8c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002\u535c\u8f9e\u4e2d\u4e5f\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff0c\u88ab\u4fd8\u7684\u7f8c\u4eba\u88ab\u5546\u4eba\u7528\u5728\u7956\u5148\u796d\u7940\u4e2d\u4e3a\u72a0\u7272\uff0c\u6216\u6210\u4e3a\u5546\u4eba\u7684\u5974\u96b6\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u7f8c\u4e0e\u59dc\u5728\u6587\u5b57\u4e0a\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u6bb7\u5546\u4e4b\u7f8c\u4eba\u53c8\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u53f2\u4e2d\u7684\u59dc\u59d3\u4e4b\u65cf\u6709\u5173\u3002\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%8C%E4%BA%BA#cite_ref-16\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0\u5b59\u5b8f\u5f00\u300a\u4e09\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u201c\u7f8c\u201d\u4eba\u2014 \u57fa\u4e8e\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u3001\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u3001\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u300b<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"\u5916\u90e8\u9023\u7d50\">5. \u5916\u90e8\u94fe\u63a5<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4c\/Wikisource-logo.svg\/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png\" alt=\"\u7ef4\u57fa\u6587\u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u6587\u672c\uff1a\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;\u300a<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikisource.org\/wiki\/%E6%AC%BD%E5%AE%9A%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%8A%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90\/%E6%96%B9%E8%BC%BF%E5%BD%99%E7%B7%A8\/%E9%82%8A%E8%A3%94%E5%85%B8\/%E7%BE%8C%E9%83%A8#%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%8C%E4%BA%BA\">\u94a6\u5b9a\u53e4\u4eca\u56fe\u4e66\u96c6\u6210\u00b7\u65b9\u8206\u6c47\u7f16\u00b7\u8fb9\u88d4\u5178\u00b7\u7f8c\u90e8<\/a>\u300b\uff0c\u51fa\u81ea<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E9%99%88%E6%A2%A6%E9%9B%B7\">\u9648\u68a6\u96f7<\/a>\u300a<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%8A%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90\">\u53e4\u4eca\u56fe\u4e66\u96c6\u6210<\/a>\u300b<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u4e2d\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u539f\u6587\u8fde\u63a5\uff08\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\uff09\uff1a\u8bf7\u70b9 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[43,108],"tags":[155,101],"class_list":["post-5509","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-chinese-region-and-people","category-ethnic-groups","tag-155","tag-101"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5509","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5509"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5509\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5509"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5509"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5509"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}