{"id":5558,"date":"2025-03-14T22:57:23","date_gmt":"2025-03-14T14:57:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/?p=5558"},"modified":"2025-03-14T23:00:52","modified_gmt":"2025-03-14T15:00:52","slug":"vitreous-enamel-zhen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/2025\/03\/14\/vitreous-enamel-zhen\/","title":{"rendered":"\u642a\u74f7\uff08\u73d0\u7405\uff09\/ Vitreous enamel &#8211; \u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u8bcd\u6761\u878d\u5408"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">\u4e2d\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff08\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\uff09\uff1a<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%90%AA%E7%93%B7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a> <br>\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff08\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\uff09\uff1a<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitreous_enamel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a> <br>\u672c\u6587\u57fa\u4e8e\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u7684\u7ebf\u7d22\uff0c\u5e76\u8865\u5145\u90e8\u5206\u6765\u81ea\u4e2d\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u5728\u4e8c\u8005\u51b2\u7a81\u65f6\uff0c\u4ee5\u66f4\u665a\u66f4\u65b0\u8005\u4e3a\u51c6\uff09\u3002 \u8fbd\u89c2\u642c\u8fd0\u65f6\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u5408\u89c4\u5316\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u5176\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u4e0a\u4f20\u3002\u90e8\u5206\u6587\u5b57\u91c7\u7528<strong>\u6c49\u8bed\u62fc\u97f3<\/strong>\u65b9\u5f0f\u4ee3\u66ff\uff0c\u97f3\u8282\u540e\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u8868\u793a\u6c49\u8bed\u62fc\u97f3\u89c4\u5219\u4e2d\u7684\u58f0\u8c03\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">\u5173\u4e8e\u8fbd\u89c2\u7684\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u642c\u8fd0\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u5df2\u642c\u8fd0\u7684\u8bcd\u6761\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wikipedia-intro\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wikipedia-intro\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e86\u89e3\u66f4\u591a<\/a>\u3002\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\uff08Wikipedia\uff09\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7684\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u767e\u79d1\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u5230\u7acb\u573a\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u6765\u6e90\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8bf7\u5ba2\u89c2\u770b\u5f85\u3002\u6b63\u6587\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u8bd1\u8005\u89c2\u70b9\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">\u8fbd\u89c2\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4ec5\u4f9b\u53c2\u8003\u3002<strong>\u6587\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u542b\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\u94fe\u63a5\u3002<\/strong> <\/p>\n<cite>\u8fbd\u89c2\u6240\u642c\u8fd0\u7684\u8bcd\u6761\u6587\u672c\u4e0e\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u4e00\u9053\u540c\u6837\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 4.0\u534f\u8bae\uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/zhuanlan.zhihu.com\/p\/653887754?utm_psn=1730141199812366337\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u8fbd\u89c2\u642c\u8fd0\u7684\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u5bf9\u7167\u7248\u672c<\/a>\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u7b26\u5408\u534f\u8bae\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u514d\u8d39\u4f7f\u7528\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5546\u7528\uff09\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u548c\u89c6\u9891\u53ef\u80fd\u9075\u5faa\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5171\u4eab\u534f\u8bae\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/zhuanlan.zhihu.com\/p\/666846485?utm_psn=1730141316690960386\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. \u6b63\u6587\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u4e13\u680f\uff09<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/zhuanlan.zhihu.com\/p\/30337308858\/\">\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"See_also\">2. \u53c2\u89c1\uff08\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u8bcd\u6761\uff09| See also<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-small-font-size\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fred_Uhl_Ball\">Fred Uhl Ball<\/a>\u00a0(1945\u20131985) \u2013 American enamellist who created the largest known enamel mural<br>\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011Fred Uhl Ball\uff081945\u20131985\uff09\u2014\u2014 \u7f8e\u56fd\u8457\u540d\u73d0\u7405\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\uff0c\u521b\u4f5c\u4e86\u5df2\u77e5\u6700\u5927\u7684\u73d0\u7405\u58c1\u753b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oskar_Schindler\">Oskar Schindler<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rostov,_Yaroslavl_Oblast\">Rostov<\/a>\u00a0in Russia, with Moscow a centre of the Russian industry<br>\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u7684\u7f57\u65af\u6258\u592b\uff0c\u4e0e\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u540c\u662f\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5de5\u4e1a\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%9F%BD\">\u7845<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E9%87%89\">\u91c9<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Notes\">3. \u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.1 \u5f15\u7528\u5217\u8868\uff08\u4e0e\u6587\u4e2d\u6807\u53f7\u5bf9\u5e94\uff09| Notes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list has-small-font-size\">\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitreous_enamel#cite_ref-1\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Campbell, 6<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitreous_enamel#cite_ref-2\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hugh_Chisholm\">Chisholm, Hugh<\/a>, ed. (1911).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikisource.org\/wiki\/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica\/Enamel\">&#8220;Enamel&#8221;\u00a0<\/a>.\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition\">Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica<\/a><\/em>\u00a0(11th\u00a0ed.). Cambridge University Press.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0Osborne, 331<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitreous_enamel#cite_ref-4\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Ogden, 166<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitreous_enamel#cite_ref-5\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0\u041d\u0430\u0443\u043c\u043e\u0432, \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433 (2019-01-01), &#8220;\u0425\u0423\u0414\u041e\u0416\u041d\u042f \u0415\u041c\u0410\u041b\u042c \u0423 \u0425\u0420\u041e\u041d\u041e\u0422\u041e\u041f\u0406 \u0423\u041a\u0420\u0410\u0407\u041d\u0421\u042c\u041a\u041e\u0413\u041e \u041c\u0418\u0421\u0422\u0415\u0426\u0422\u0412\u0410. \u0410\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445&#8221;,\u00a0<em>\u041a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0456 \u0421\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/em>, vol.\u00a02019, no.\u00a02, pp.\u00a0192\u2013197<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitreous_enamel#cite_ref-Mostovshchikova2020_6-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0\u041c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0414\u0430\u0440&#8217;\u044f \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0456\u0432\u043d\u0430 (2020),\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/elibrary.kubg.edu.ua\/id\/eprint\/32111\/\">&#8220;Traditions of painted hot enamel of Europe and the East of the XVIIIth century in contemporary enamel art of Ukraine&#8221;<\/a>,\u00a0<em>\u0410\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043di \u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043di\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a: \u041ci\u0436\u0432\u0443\u0437i\u0432\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0431i\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0446\u044c \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0414\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0446\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433i\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043di\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0443 i\u043c\u0435\u043di I\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0430<\/em>,\u00a0<strong>1<\/strong>\u00a0(30):\u00a0173\u2013180,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24919%2F2308-4863.1%2F30.212240\">10.24919\/2308-4863.1\/30.212240<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0Sullivan, Michael,\u00a0<em>The arts of China<\/em>, 4th edn, p.\u00a0239, University of California Press, 1999,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-520-21877-9\">0-520-21877-9<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-520-21877-2\">978-0-520-21877-2<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=sn0CyBCJKz8C&amp;pg=PA239\">Google books<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0Impey, Oliver; Fairley, Malcolm (2009). &#8220;Enamel in Japan&#8221;. In Williams, Haydn (ed.).\u00a0<em>Enamels of the world, 1700-2000: the Khalili collections<\/em>. London: Khalili Family Trust. pp.\u00a0149\u2013156.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-874780-17-5\"><bdi>978-1-874780-17-5<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^ Earle, Joe (1999).\u00a0<em>Splendors of Meiji\u00a0: treasures of imperial Japan\u00a0: masterpieces from the Khalili Collection<\/em>. St. Petersburg, Fla.: Broughton International Inc. pp.\u00a0252\u2013254.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/1874780137\"><bdi>1874780137<\/bdi><\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OCLC_(identifier)\">OCLC<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/oclc\/42476594\">42476594<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitreous_enamel#cite_ref-10\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Harada, Jiro (1911).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/studiointernatio53lond\/page\/270\/mode\/2up\">&#8220;Japanese Art &amp; Artists of To-day VI. Cloisonn\u00e9 Enamels&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>The Studio<\/em>.\u00a0<strong>53<\/strong>: 271 \u2013 via Internet Archive.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/asianartnewspaper.com\/polished-to-perfection\/\">&#8220;Polished to Perfection&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Asian Art Newspaper<\/em>. 5 November 2017.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1475-1372\">1475-1372<\/a>. Retrieved\u00a016 July\u00a02020.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitreous_enamel#cite_ref-12\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.metmuseum.org\/art\/collection\/search\/60501\">&#8220;Kawade Shibatar\u014d | Imperial Presentation Vase with Maple Branches and Imperial Chrysanthemum Crest (one of a pair)&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>www.metmuseum.org<\/em>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved\u00a016 July\u00a02020.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitreous_enamel#cite_ref-13\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Irvine, Gregory (2013).\u00a0<em>Japonisme and the rise of the modern art movement\u00a0: the arts of the Meiji period\u00a0: the Khalili collection<\/em>. New York: Thames &amp; Hudson. p.\u00a0181.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-500-23913-1\"><bdi>978-0-500-23913-1<\/bdi><\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OCLC_(identifier)\">OCLC<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/oclc\/853452453\">853452453<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0Leonard, Loryn (2012-06-26).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.dma.org\/2012\/06\/26\/how-its-made-japanese-cloisonne\/\">&#8220;How It&#8217;s Made: Japanese Cloisonn\u00e9&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Dallas Museum of Art Uncrated<\/em>. Retrieved\u00a02020-10-16.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitreous_enamel#cite_ref-15\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/jameelcentre.ashmolean.org\/collection\/7\/10227\/10247\/all\/per_page\/25\/offset\/25\/sort_by\/date\/object\/12153\">&#8220;Ashmolean \u2212 Eastern Art Online, Yousef Jameel Centre for Islamic and Asian Art&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>jameelcentre.ashmolean.org<\/em>. Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford. Retrieved\u00a016 July\u00a02020.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitreous_enamel#cite_ref-16\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0&#8220;Japanese Art Enamels&#8221;.\u00a0<em>The Decorator and Furnisher<\/em>.\u00a0<strong>21<\/strong>\u00a0(5): 170. 1893.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/2150-6256\">2150-6256<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JSTOR_(identifier)\">JSTOR<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/25582341\">25582341<\/a>.\u00a0<q>We doubt if any form of the enameller&#8217;s art can equal the work executed in Japan, which is distinguished by great freedom of design, and the most exquisite gradations of color.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitreous_enamel#cite_ref-17\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Toyoro Hida, Gregory Irvine, Kana Ooki, Tomoko Hana and Yukari Muro.\u00a0<em>Namikawa Yasuyuki and Japanese Cloisonn\u00e9 The Allure of Meiji Cloisonn\u00e9: The Aesthetic of Translucent Black<\/em>, pp.182-188,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mainichi_Shimbun\">The Mainichi Newspapers Co, Ltd<\/a>, 2017<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0Moura Carvalho, Pedro (2009). &#8220;Enamel in the Islamic Lands&#8221;. In Williams, Haydn (ed.).\u00a0<em>Enamels of the world, 1700-2000: the Khalili collections<\/em>. London: Khalili Family Trust. pp.\u00a0187\u2013196.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-874780-17-5\"><bdi>978-1-874780-17-5<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitreous_enamel#cite_ref-19\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.iranreview.org\/content\/Documents\/The_Art_of_Minakari_2.htm\">&#8220;The Art of Minakari&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>iranreview.org<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitreous_enamel#cite_ref-20\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vea.org.uk\/what-is-enamel\/\">&#8220;What is Vitreous Enamel?&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>vea.org.uk<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0Andrews, Andrew Irving (1961).\u00a0<em>Porcelain Enamels\u00a0: the preparation, application, and properties of enamels<\/em>. Champaign, IL: The Garrard Press. pp.\u00a0321\u20132.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitreous_enamel#cite_ref-22\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Bernard N. Jazzar; Harold B. Nelson (October 2016).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.themagazineantiques.com\/article\/painting-with-fire\/\">&#8220;Painting With Fire (From our Archives)&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antiques_(magazine)\">The Magazine Antiques<\/a><\/em>. Retrieved\u00a04 November\u00a02024.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitreous_enamel#cite_ref-23\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0database and e-research tool for art and design researchers.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.daao.org.au\/bio\/bernard-hesling\/biography\/\">&#8220;Bernard Hesling\u00a0:: biography at\u00a0:: at Design and Art Australia Online&#8221;<\/a>. Daao.org.au. Retrieved\u00a02013-12-25.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitreous_enamel#cite_ref-24\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/case.edu\/ech\/articles\/w\/winter-harold-edward\">&#8220;WINTER, HAROLD EDWARD | Encyclopedia of Cleveland History | Case Western Reserve University&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>case.edu<\/em>. 12 May 2018. Retrieved\u00a04 November\u00a02024.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitreous_enamel#cite_ref-25\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Judd, Donald, \u201cPorcelain Enameling Aluminum: An Overview,\u201d Proceedings of the 59th Porcelain Enamel Institute Technical Forum, 45-51 (1997).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitreous_enamel#cite_ref-26\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Sullivan, J.D. and Nelson, F.W., &#8220;Stainless Steel Requires Special Enameling Procedures&#8221;, Proceedings of the Porcelain Enamel Institute Technical Forum,&#8221; 150\u2013155 (1970).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitreous_enamel#cite_ref-27\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Pew, Steve, &#8220;The Who, What, Why, Where, and When of Cast Iron Enameling,&#8221; Advances in Porcelain Enamel Technology, 177\u2013186, (2010).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitreous_enamel#cite_ref-28\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Fedak, David and Baldwin, Charles, &#8220;A Comparison of Enameled and Stainless Steel Surfaces,&#8221; Proceedings of the 67th Porcelain Enamel Institute Technical Forum, 45-54 (2005).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitreous_enamel#cite_ref-29\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Gavlenski, Jim and Baldwin, Charles, &#8220;Advanced Porcelain Enamel Coatings with Novel Properties,&#8221; Proceedings of the 69th Porcelain Enamel Institute Technical Forum, 53-58, (2007).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitreous_enamel#cite_ref-30\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Campbell, 6, 10-17<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitreous_enamel#cite_ref-31\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Campbell, 7, 17-32<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitreous_enamel#cite_ref-32\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Campbell, 7<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitreous_enamel#cite_ref-33\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/research\/search_the_collection_database\/term_details.aspx?scopeType=Terms&amp;scopeId=17395\">British Museum<\/a>\u00a0collection database, &#8220;Scope note&#8221; for the term &#8220;enamelled&#8221;; other sources use different categories.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitreous_enamel#cite_ref-34\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Campbell, 7, 33-41<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitreous_enamel#cite_ref-35\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Campbell, 38-42<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitreous_enamel#cite_ref-36\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Campbell, 7, 42<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0Lucie-Smith, 83<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitreous_enamel#cite_ref-38\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090713051944\/http:\/\/www.americanart.si.edu\/luce\/object.cfm?key=338&amp;artistmedia=0&amp;subkey=330\">&#8220;Craft: Jewelry: Brooch&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Luce Foundation Center for American Art<\/em>. Smithsonian American Art Museum. Archived from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.americanart.si.edu\/luce\/object.cfm?key=338&amp;artistmedia=0&amp;subkey=330\">the original<\/a>\u00a0on 13 July 2009. Retrieved\u00a029 March\u00a02013.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitreous_enamel#cite_ref-39\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Lucie-Smith, 84<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitreous_enamel#cite_ref-40\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Feldman, Sid and Baldwin, Charles, &#8220;Surface Tension and Fusion Properties of Porcelain Enamels,&#8221; Proceedings of the 69th Porcelain Enamel Institute Technical Forum, 1-10 (2008)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitreous_enamel#cite_ref-41\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<em>Vitreous and porcelain enamels \u2014 Characteristics of enamel coatings applied to steel panels intended for architecture<\/em>. Standards Policy and Strategy Committee. 2008.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-580-72284-4\"><bdi>978-0-580-72284-4<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"References\">3.2 \u6765\u6e90\u6587\u732e | References<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-small-font-size\">\n<li>Campbell, Marian.\u00a0<em>An Introduction to Medieval Enamels<\/em>, 1983,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_of_Public_Sector_Information\">HMSO<\/a>\u00a0for\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/V%26A_Museum\">V&amp;A Museum<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-11-290385-1\">0-11-290385-1<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edward_Lucie-Smith\">Lucie-Smith, Edward<\/a>,\u00a0<em>The Thames &amp; Hudson Dictionary of Art Terms<\/em>, 2003 (2nd edn), Thames &amp; Hudson, World of Art series,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0500203652\">0500203652<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ogden, Jack, &#8220;Metal&#8221;, in\u00a0<em>Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology<\/em>, eds. Paul T. Nicholson, Ian Shaw, 2000, Cambridge University Press,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0521452570\">0521452570<\/a>, 9780521452571,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=Vj7A9jJrZP0C&amp;pg=PA166\">google books<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Osborne, Harold (ed),\u00a0<em>The Oxford Companion to the Decorative Arts<\/em>, 1975, OUP,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0198661134\">0198661134<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"\u53c3\u8003\u8cc7\u6599\">4. \u4e2d\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u53c2\u8003\u8d44\u6599<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list has-small-font-size\">\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%90%AA%E7%93%B7#cite_ref-%E6%A0%BC%E5%8F%A4_1-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B9%E6%98%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">\u66f9\u662d<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170113093033\/https:\/\/zh.wikisource.org\/wiki\/%E6%A0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E8%A6%81%E8%AB%96\">\u683c\u53e4\u8981\u8ad6<\/a>. \u7ef4\u57fa\u6587\u5e93. 1388\u00a0[2013-07-04]. \uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikisource.org\/wiki\/%E6%A0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E8%A6%81%E8%AB%96\">\u539f\u59cb\u5185\u5bb9<\/a>\u5b58\u6863\u4e8e2017-01-13\uff09\u00a0<strong>\uff08\u4e2d\u6587\uff09<\/strong>.\u00a0<q>\u98df\u7a91\uff0c\u4ee5\u94dc\u4f5c\u8eab\uff0c\u7528\u836f\u70e7\u6210\u4e94\u8272\u82b1\u8005\uff0c\u4e0e\u62c2\u90ce\u5d4c\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u5c1d\u89c1\u9999\u7089\u3001\u82b1\u74f6\u3001\u5408\u513f\u3001\u76cf\u5b50\u4e4b\u7c7b\uff0c\u4f46\u53ef\u5987\u4eba\u95fa\u9601\u4e2d\u7528\u975e\u58eb\u592b\u6587\u623f\u6e05\u73a9\u4e5f\u3002\u53c8\u8c13\u4e4b\u9b3c\u56fd\u7a91\u3002<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%90%AA%E7%93%B7#cite_ref-%E9%9B%B2%E5%8D%97_2-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%A4%A9%E9%A1%BA_(%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D)\">\u5929\u987a\u4e09\u5e74<\/a>\uff081459\u5e74\uff09\u738b\u4f50\u300a<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E5%A2%9E%E6%A0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E8%A6%81%E8%AB%96&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">\u65b0\u589e\u683c\u53e4\u8981\u8bba<\/a>\u300b\uff1a\u4eca\u4e91\u5357\u4eba\u5728\u4eac\u591a\u4f5c\u9152\u76cf\uff0c\u4fd7\u547c\u66f0\u9b3c\u56fd\u5d4c\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%90%AA%E7%93%B7#cite_ref-%E8%90%AC%E6%9B%86_3-0\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%B2%88%E5%BE%B7%E7%AC%A6\">\u6c88\u5fb7\u7b26<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikisource.org\/wiki\/%E8%90%AC%E6%9B%86%E9%87%8E%E7%8D%B2%E7%B7%A8\/%E5%8D%B726#.E9.9B.B2.E5.8D.97.E9.9B.95.E6.BC.86\">\u96f2\u5357\u96d5\u6f06<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%90%AC%E6%9B%86%E9%87%8E%E7%8D%B2%E7%B7%A8\">\u842c\u66c6\u91ce\u7372\u7de8<\/a>. \u5386\u4ee3\u53f2\u6599\u7b14\u8bb0\u4e1b\u520a 1. \u5317\u4eac: \u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c40. 1959-02-01 [1606]\u00a0[2013-07-04].\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90\/9787101017298\">ISBN\u00a09787101017298<\/a>. \uff08\u539f\u59cb\u5185\u5bb9<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200327153334\/https:\/\/zh.wikisource.org\/wiki\/%E8%90%AC%E6%9B%86%E9%87%8E%E7%8D%B2%E7%B7%A8\/%E5%8D%B726#.E9.9B.B2.E5.8D.97.E9.9B.95.E6.BC.86\">\u5b58\u6863<\/a>\u4e8e2020-03-27\uff09\u00a0<strong>\uff08\u4e2d\u6587\uff08\u7e41\u4f53\uff09\uff09<\/strong>.\u00a0<q>\u5143\u65f6\u4e0b\u5927\u7406\uff0c\u9009\u5176\u5de5\u5320\u6700\u9ad8\u8005\u5165\u7981\u4e2d\u3002\u81f3\u6211\u56fd\u521d\u6536\u4e3a\u90e1\u53bf\uff0c\u6ec7\u5de5\u5e03\u6ee1\u5185\u5e9c\uff0c\u4eca\u5fa1\u7528\u76d1\u3002\u4f9b\u7528\u5e93\u8bf8\u5f79\uff0c\u7686\u5176\u5b50\u5b59\u4e5f\u3002\u5176\u540e\u6e10\u4ee5\u6d88\u706d\u3002<\/q><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Further_reading\">5. \u5ef6\u4f38\u9605\u8bfb | Further reading<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-small-font-size\">\n<li>&#8220;Collection Highlights: Art in the Islamic World&#8221;. Beaker. Smithsonian Institution: 2013.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dimand, M. S. &#8220;An Enameled-Glass Bottle of the Mamluk Period&#8221;. Metropolitan Museum of Art.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Herbert_Maryon\">Maryon, Herbert<\/a>\u00a0(1971).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=bpCgM8e7afMC&amp;pg=PA169\">&#8220;Enamelling&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/metalworkenamell00mary\"><em>Metalwork and Enamelling<\/em><\/a>\u00a0(5th\u00a0ed.). New York: Dover.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-486-22702-2\"><bdi>0-486-22702-2<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Papadopoulous, Kiko. &#8220;Venetian Eastern Trade: 11th to 14th Centuries&#8221; 20 January 2012.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"External_links\">6. \u5916\u90e8\u94fe\u63a5 | External links<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Wikimedia Commons has media related to&nbsp;<strong><em><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Enamel\">Enamel<\/a><\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-small-font-size\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.langantiques.com\/university\/index.php\/Enamels_on_jewelry#Email_brun\">Enamels on jewelry<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 historical<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ganoksin.com\/borisat\/directory\/library\/subject\/7\">Enameling Articles and Tutorials at The Ganoksin Project<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cidae.com\/\">CIDAE Center of Information and Difusion of the Art of Enamelling (ES)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.enamellers.nl\/index.php?l=uk\">Society of Dutch Enamellers (NL)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.enamelistsociety.org\/\">The Enamelist Society (US)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.guildofenamellers.org\/\">Guild of Enamellers, UK<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.iei-world.org\/\">International Enamellers Institute<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vea.org.uk\/\">Vitreous Enamel Association (UK)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u4e2d\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff08\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\uff09\uff1a\u8bf7\u70b9 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[162,135],"tags":[155,101],"class_list":["post-5558","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-162","category-materials","tag-155","tag-101"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5558","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5558"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5558\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5558"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5558"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5558"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}