{"id":5765,"date":"2025-11-13T12:37:44","date_gmt":"2025-11-13T04:37:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/?p=5765"},"modified":"2025-11-13T18:42:31","modified_gmt":"2025-11-13T10:42:31","slug":"united-states-congress-fulltext-zhen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/2025\/11\/13\/united-states-congress-fulltext-zhen\/","title":{"rendered":"\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u4f1a \/ United States Congress -\uff08\u5168\u6587\uff09\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u8bcd\u6761\u878d\u5408"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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0. \u6982\u8ff0<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe0-1\u548c0-2\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

0.1 \u6587\u5b57\u8bf4\u660e\uff08\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u7684\u5f00\u7bc7\u90e8\u5206\uff09<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

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\u5408\u4f17\u56fd\u56fd\u4f1a<\/strong>[1]<\/a><\/sup>\uff08\u82f1\u8bed\uff1aUnited States Congress\uff09\uff0c\u901a\u79f0\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u4f1a<\/strong>\uff0c\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd<\/a>\u6700\u9ad8\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u5173<\/a>\uff0c\u7531\u53c2\u8bae\u9662<\/a>\u4e0e\u4f17\u8bae\u9662<\/a>\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u534e\u76db\u987f\u7279\u533a<\/a>\u7684\u56fd\u4f1a\u5927\u53a6<\/a>\u3002\u6839\u636e\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5<\/a>\u300b\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u662f\u4e09\u6743\u5206\u7acb<\/a>\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7acb\u6cd5<\/a>\u6743\u529b\u5f52\u4e8e\u56fd\u4f1a\u3001\u884c\u653f<\/a>\u6743\u529b\u5f52\u4e8e\u603b\u7edf<\/a>\u3001\u53f8\u6cd5<\/a>\u6743\u529b\u5f52\u4e8e\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662<\/a>\u3002\u56fd\u4f1a\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u6743\u529b\u4e2d\u67a2\uff0c\u7531\u7ecf\u76f4\u63a5\u9009\u4e3e<\/a>\u4ea7\u751f\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u8bae\u5458\u4e0e\u4f17\u8bae\u9662\u8bae\u5458\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u4e24\u9662\u5236<\/a>\u5ea6\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8bae\u5458\u4ee3\u8868\u5176\u9009\u533a<\/a>\u5185\u7684\u9009\u6c11<\/a>\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u4f53\uff0c\u56fd\u4f1a\u8bae\u5458\u4ee3\u8868\u6574\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u9009\u6c11<\/a>\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u7acb\u6cd5\u6765\u89c4\u8303\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The United States Congress<\/strong> is the legislative branch<\/a> of the federal government of the United States<\/a>. It is a bicameral<\/a> legislature, including a lower body<\/a>, the U.S. House of Representatives<\/a>, and an upper body<\/a>, the U.S. Senate<\/a>. They both meet in the United States Capitol<\/a> in Washington, D.C.<\/a>
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Members of Congress are chosen through direct election<\/a>,[Before the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures.]<\/sup> though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a governor<\/a>‘s appointment. Congress has a total of 535 voting members, a figure which includes 100 senators<\/a> and 435 representatives<\/a>; the House of Representatives has 6 additional non-voting members<\/a>. The vice president of the United States<\/a>, as president of the Senate, has a vote in the Senate only when there is a tie.[2]<\/a><\/sup>
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Congress[Congress does not take a grammatical article, except when referring to an individual Congress.[3]<\/sup>]<\/sup> convenes for a two-year term<\/a> (a Congress), commencing every other January. Each Congress is usually split into two sessions, one for each year. Elections<\/a> are held every even-numbered year on Election Day<\/a>. The members of the House of Representatives are elected for the two-year term of a Congress. The Reapportionment Act of 1929<\/a> established that there be 435 representatives, and the Uniform Congressional District Act<\/a> requires that they be elected from single-member constituencies<\/a> or districts<\/em>. It is also required that the congressional districts<\/a> be apportioned<\/a> among states<\/a> by population<\/a> every ten years using the U.S. census<\/a> results, provided that each state has at least one congressional representative. Each senator is elected at-large<\/a> in their state for a six-year term, with terms staggered<\/a>, so every two years approximately one-third of the Senate is up for election. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, so currently, there are 100 senators for the 50 states.
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Article One of the U.S. Constitution<\/a> requires that members of Congress be at least 25 years old for the House and at least 30 years old for the U.S. Senate, be a U.S. citizen<\/a> for seven years for the House and nine years for the Senate, and be an inhabitant of the state which they represent. Members in both chambers may stand for re-election an unlimited number of times.
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Congress was created by the U.S. Constitution<\/a> and first met in 1789, replacing the Congress of the Confederation<\/a> in its legislative function. Although not legally mandated, in practice members of Congress since the late 19th century are typically affiliated with one of the two major parties<\/a>, the Democratic Party<\/a> or the Republican Party<\/a>, and only rarely with a third party<\/a> or independents<\/a> affiliated with no party. Members can also switch parties<\/a> at any time, though this is uncommon.
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0.2 \u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u201cOverview\u201d\u7ae0\u8282<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u8fbd\u89c2\u6ce8\uff1a\u6b64\u6807\u9898\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u642c\u8fd0\u3001\u6574\u5408\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u89c6\u98911\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Article One of the United States Constitution<\/a> states, “All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.” The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process\u00a0\u2013 legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers. The Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential<\/a> appointments<\/a> while the House initiates revenue<\/a>-raising bills.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c\u4e00\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u201c\u672c\u5baa\u6cd5\u6240\u6388\u4e88\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u7acb\u6cd5\u6743\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7531\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u548c\u4f17\u8bae\u9662\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u7f8e\u5229\u575a\u5408\u4f17\u56fd\u56fd\u4f1a\u3002\u201d \u4f17\u8bae\u9662\u4e0e\u4f17\u8bae\u9662\u5728\u7acb\u6cd5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5730\u4f4d\u5e73\u7b49\u2014\u2014\u4efb\u4f55\u6cd5\u6848\u672a\u7ecf\u4e24\u9662\u5171\u540c\u540c\u610f\u5747\u65e0\u6cd5\u6210\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u5baa\u6cd5\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e24\u9662\u5404\u81ea\u72ec\u6709\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff1a\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u8d1f\u8d23\u6279\u51c6\u6761\u7ea6\u548c\u603b\u7edf\u63d0\u540d\u7684\u4eba\u4e8b\u4efb\u547d\uff0c\u800c\u4f17\u8bae\u9662\u5219\u62e5\u6709\u63d0\u51fa\u5f81\u7a0e\u6cd5\u6848\u7684\u4e13\u5c5e\u6743\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The House initiates and decides impeachment<\/a> while the Senate votes on conviction and removal of office for impeachment cases.[4]<\/a><\/sup> A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before an impeached person can be removed from office.[4]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f17\u8bae\u9662\u8d1f\u8d23\u53d1\u8d77\u5e76\u51b3\u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u5f39\u52be\u8054\u90a6\u5b98\u5458\uff0c\u800c\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u5219\u5bf9\u5f39\u52be\u6848\u8fdb\u884c\u5ba1\u5224\uff0c\u5e76\u51b3\u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u5c06\u5176\u7f62\u514d\u3002[4] \u8981\u5c06\u88ab\u5f39\u52be\u8005\u7f62\u514d\u804c\u52a1\uff0c\u987b\u83b7\u5f97\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e8c\u591a\u6570\u7968\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002[4]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The term Congress<\/a><\/em> can also refer to a particular meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years; the current one, the 119th Congress<\/a>, began on January 3, 2025, and will end on January 3, 2027. Since the adoption of the Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution<\/a>, the Congress has started and ended at noon on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, while members of the House of Representatives are commonly referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u201c\u56fd\u4f1a\u201d\uff08Congress\uff09\u4e00\u8bcd\u4e5f\u53ef\u6307\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u7279\u5b9a\u4f1a\u671f\u3002\u6bcf\u5c4a\u56fd\u4f1a\u4efb\u671f\u4e3a\u4e24\u5e74\uff1b\u5f53\u524d\u7b2c119\u5c4a\u56fd\u4f1a\u59cb\u4e8e2025\u5e741\u67083\u65e5\uff0c\u5c06\u4e8e2027\u5e741\u67083\u65e5\u7ed3\u675f\u3002\u81ea\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u6761\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u300b\u901a\u8fc7\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6bcf\u5c4a\u56fd\u4f1a\u5747\u4e8e\u5947\u6570\u5e741\u67083\u65e5\u4e2d\u5348\u6b63\u5f0f\u5f00\u59cb\u548c\u7ed3\u675f\u3002\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u6210\u5458\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u53c2\u8bae\u5458\u201d\uff08senators\uff09\uff0c\u4f17\u8bae\u9662\u6210\u5458\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u4f17\u8bae\u5458\u201d\uff08representatives\uff09\u3001\u201c\u56fd\u4f1a\u8bae\u5458\u201d\uff08congressmen\uff09\u6216\u201c\u5973\u56fd\u4f1a\u8bae\u5458\u201d\uff08congresswomen\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scholar and representative Lee H. Hamilton<\/a> asserted that the “historic mission of Congress has been to maintain freedom” and insisted it was a “driving force in American government”[5]<\/a><\/sup> and a “remarkably resilient institution”.[6]<\/a><\/sup> Congress is the “heart and soul of our democracy”, according to this view, even though legislators rarely achieve the prestige or name recognition of presidents or Supreme Court justices<\/a>; one wrote that “legislators remain ghosts in America’s historical imagination.” One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played an active role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure.[7]<\/a><\/sup> Several academics described Congress:
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5b66\u8005\u517c\u524d\u4f17\u8bae\u5458\u674e\u00b7H\u00b7\u6c49\u5bc6\u5c14\u987f\uff08Lee H. Hamilton\uff09\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u56fd\u4f1a\u7684\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u4f7f\u547d\u662f\u7ef4\u62a4\u81ea\u7531\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u5f3a\u8c03\u5b83\u662f\u201c\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u9a71\u52a8\u529b\u201d[5] \u548c\u201c\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u51e1\u800c\u5bcc\u6709\u97e7\u6027\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u201d\u3002[6] \u6309\u7167\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u56fd\u4f1a\u662f\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5fc3\u810f\u4e0e\u7075\u9b42\u201d\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u56fd\u4f1a\u8bae\u5458\u5f88\u5c11\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u603b\u7edf\u6216\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u90a3\u6837\u7684\u58f0\u671b\u6216\u516c\u4f17\u8ba4\u77e5\u5ea6\uff1b\u6709\u8bc4\u8bba\u79f0\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u60f3\u8c61\u4e2d\uff0c\u7acb\u6cd5\u8005\u4ecd\u662f\u5e7d\u7075\u822c\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u201d \u4e00\u4f4d\u5206\u6790\u4eba\u58eb\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u56fd\u4f1a\u5e76\u975e\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u52a8\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u5851\u9020\u653f\u5e9c\u653f\u7b56\u65b9\u9762\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u79ef\u6781\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5bf9\u516c\u4f17\u538b\u529b\u6781\u4e3a\u654f\u611f\u3002[7] \u591a\u4f4d\u5b66\u8005\u5982\u6b64\u63cf\u8ff0\u56fd\u4f1a\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

Congress reflects us in all our strengths and all our weaknesses. It reflects our regional idiosyncrasies, our ethnic, religious, and racial diversity, our multitude of professions, and our shadings of opinion on everything from the value of war to the war over values. Congress is the government’s most representative body … Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the great public policy issues of the day.[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u201c\u56fd\u4f1a\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4f18\u70b9\u4e0e\u7f3a\u70b9\u4e2d\u6620\u7167\u51fa\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u8eab\u3002\u5b83\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u5404\u5730\u533a\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u6027\u3001\u65cf\u88d4\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u79cd\u65cf\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u3001\u4f17\u591a\u804c\u4e1a\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u4ece\u6218\u4e89\u4ef7\u503c\u5230\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u4e4b\u4e89\u7b49\u4e00\u5207\u8bae\u9898\u4e0a\u7684\u591a\u5143\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u56fd\u4f1a\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u6700\u5177\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u7684\u673a\u6784\u2026\u2026\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u804c\u8d23\u6b63\u662f\u8c03\u548c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u5f53\u65e5\u91cd\u5927\u516c\u5171\u653f\u7b56\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u7acb\u573a\u3002\u201d[5]<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux.[8]<\/a><\/sup> In recent times, the American South<\/a> and West<\/a> have gained<\/a> House seats according to demographic<\/a> changes recorded by the census and includes more women and minorities<\/a>.[8]<\/a><\/sup> While power balances among the different parts of government<\/a> continue to change, the internal structure of Congress is important to understand along with its interactions with so-called intermediary institutions<\/em> such as political parties<\/a>, civic associations<\/a>, interest groups<\/a>, and the mass media<\/a>.[7]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u56fd\u4f1a\u59cb\u7ec8\u5904\u4e8e\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d8\u5316\u4e0e\u6d41\u52a8\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002[8] \u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u7ed3\u6784\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5357\u90e8\u548c\u897f\u90e8\u5728\u4f17\u8bae\u9662\u83b7\u5f97\u66f4\u591a\u5e2d\u4f4d\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u56fd\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u5973\u6027\u548c\u5c11\u6570\u65cf\u88d4\u4ee3\u8868\u4e5f\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u591a\u3002[8] \u5c3d\u7ba1\u653f\u5e9c\u5404\u90e8\u95e8\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5e73\u8861\u6301\u7eed\u6f14\u53d8\uff0c\u4f46\u7406\u89e3\u56fd\u4f1a\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u7ed3\u6784\u53ca\u5176\u4e0e\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u4e2d\u4ecb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u201d\uff08\u5982\u653f\u515a\u3001\u516c\u6c11\u56e2\u4f53\u3001\u5229\u76ca\u96c6\u56e2\u548c\u5927\u4f17\u5a92\u4f53\uff09\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u4ecd\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002[7]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Congress of the United States serves two distinct purposes that overlap: local representation to the federal government of a congressional district by representatives and a state’s at-large representation to the federal government by senators<\/a>.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u4f1a\u627f\u62c5\u7740\u4e24\u9879\u76f8\u4e92\u91cd\u53e0\u4f46\u6027\u8d28\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u804c\u80fd\uff1a\u4f17\u8bae\u5458\u4ee3\u8868\u5176\u6240\u5728\u56fd\u4f1a\u9009\u533a\u5411\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u8868\u8fbe\u5730\u65b9\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u800c\u53c2\u8bae\u5458\u5219\u4ee3\u8868\u6574\u4e2a\u5dde\u5411\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u63d0\u4f9b\u5168\u5dde\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Most incumbents<\/a> seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning<\/a> subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent.[9]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5927\u591a\u6570\u73b0\u4efb\u8bae\u5458\u90fd\u4f1a\u5bfb\u6c42\u8fde\u4efb\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8d62\u5f97\u540e\u7eed\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6982\u7387\u8d85\u8fc790%\u3002[9]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The historical records of the House of Representatives and the Senate<\/a> are maintained by the Center for Legislative Archives, which is a part of the National Archives and Records Administration<\/a>.[10]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4f17\u8bae\u9662\u548c\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6863\u6848\u7531\u96b6\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u6863\u6848\u4e0e\u6587\u4ef6\u7ba1\u7406\u5c40\uff08NARA\uff09\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u6863\u6848\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff08Center for Legislative Archives\uff09\u4fdd\u7ba1\u3002[10]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Congress is directly responsible for the governing of the District of Columbia<\/a>, the current seat of the federal government.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u56fd\u4f1a\u76f4\u63a5\u8d1f\u8d23\u6cbb\u7406\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u7279\u533a\uff08District of Columbia\uff09\u2014\u2014\u5373\u5f53\u524d\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u6240\u5728\u5730\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

0.3 \u6982\u51b5\u8868\u683c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u8fbd\u89c2\u6ce8\uff1a\u6b64\u6807\u9898\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u642c\u8fd0\u3001\u6574\u5408\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5408\u4f17\u56fd\u56fd\u4f1a
United States Congress<\/th><\/tr>
\u7b2c119\u5c4a\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u4f1a<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
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\u5f53\u524d\u4efb\u671f<\/th>2025\u5e741\u67083\u65e5-2027\u5e741\u67083\u65e5<\/td><\/tr>
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\u81ea2025\u5e741\u670820\u65e5<\/td><\/tr>
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\u81ea2023\u5e7410\u67083\u65e5<\/td><\/tr>
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\u81ea2023\u5e741\u67083\u65e5<\/td><\/tr>
\u7ed3\u6784<\/th><\/tr>
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435\u540d\u4f17\u8bae\u9662\u8bae\u5458
6\u540d\u59d4\u4efb\u4ee3\u8868<\/td><\/tr>
\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u653f\u515a<\/th>\u591a\u6570\u515a<\/strong>\uff0853\uff09 \u00a0 \u5171\u548c\u515a<\/a>\uff0853\uff09 \u5c11\u6570\u515a<\/strong>\uff0847\uff09 \u00a0 \u6c11\u4e3b\u515a<\/a>\uff0845\uff09 \u00a0 \u65e0\u515a\u7c4d<\/a>\uff082\uff09[\u5b89\u683c\u65af\u00b7\u91d1\u548c\u4f2f\u5c3c\u00b7\u6851\u5fb7\u65af\u52a0\u5165\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u515a\u56e2\u3002]<\/sup> \u7a7a\u7f3a<\/strong>\uff080\uff09 \u00a0\u00a0\u7a7a\u7f3a\uff080\uff09<\/td><\/tr>
\u4f17\u8bae\u9662\u653f\u515a<\/th>\u591a\u6570\u515a<\/strong>\uff08219\uff09 \u00a0\u00a0\u5171\u548c\u515a<\/a>\uff08219\uff09 \u5c11\u6570\u515a<\/strong>\uff08214\uff09 \u00a0\u00a0\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a<\/a>\uff08214\uff09 \u7a7a\u7f3a<\/strong>\uff082\uff09 \u00a0\u00a0\u7a7a\u7f3a\uff082\uff09[\u5fb7\u514b\u8428\u65af\u5dde\u7b2c\u5341\u516b\u56fd\u4f1a\u9009\u533a<\/a>\u3001\u7530\u7eb3\u897f\u5dde\u7b2c\u4e03\u56fd\u4f1a\u9009\u533a<\/a>]<\/sup><\/td><\/tr>
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1. \u5386\u53f2 | History<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Main article: History of the United States Congress<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u4f1a\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u90a6\u8054\u8bae\u4f1a (\u7f8e\u56fd)<\/a>\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5408\u4f17\u56fd\u56fd\u4f1a\u521b\u7acb\u4e8e1789\u5e743\u67084\u65e5\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u524d\u8eab\u662f\u90a6\u8054\u8bae\u4f1a<\/a>\uff081781\u5e74\uff0d1789\u5e74\uff09\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5<\/a>\u7b2c\u4e00\u6761\u6307\u660e\u56fd\u4f1a\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u6743\u529b\u548c\u8fd0\u4f5c\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u56fd\u4f1a\u7684\u4e24\u9662\u5236<\/a>\u662f\u5eb7\u6d85\u72c4\u683c\u59a5\u534f<\/a>\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u5728\u5927\u5dde\u6240\u62e5\u62a4\u7684\u5f17\u5409\u5c3c\u4e9a\u65b9\u6848<\/a>\u548c\u5c0f\u5dde\u6240\u62e5\u62a4\u7684\u65b0\u6cfd\u897f\u65b9\u6848<\/a>\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u8fbe\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u4e24\u9662\u5236\u4e5f\u4ee3\u8868\u7f8e\u56fd\u5236\u5baa\u4f1a\u8bae\u4ee3\u8868\u5bf9\u76f4\u63a5\u6c11\u4e3b<\/a>\u7684\u4e0d\u4fe1\u4efb\u3002\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u7b2c\u4e00\u6761<\/a>\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b3e\u548c\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b3e\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6307\u5b9a\u4f17\u8bae\u9662<\/a>\u7684\u4f17\u8bae\u5458\u7531\u9009\u6c11\u76f4\u63a5\u9009\u4e3e<\/a>\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u53c2\u8bae\u9662<\/a>\u7684\u53c2\u8bae\u5458\u5219\u7531\u5404\u5dde\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u9009\u4e3e\uff08\u540e\u4e00\u6761\u6b3e\u57281913\u5e74\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u7b2c\u5341\u4e03\u6761\u4fee\u6b63\u6848<\/a>\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6539\u4e3a\u7531\u5404\u5dde\u9009\u6c11\u76f4\u63a5\u9009\u4e3e\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5baa\u6cd5\u8fd8\u89c4\u5b9a\u4f17\u8bae\u5458\u7684\u4efb\u671f\u4e3a\u4e24\u5e74\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e24\u5e74\u5168\u90e8\u6539\u9009\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u800c\u53c2\u8bae\u5458\u4efb\u671f\u662f\u516d\u5e74[\u7b2c\u4e00\u5c4a\u9009\u4e3e\u65f6\u89c4\u5b9a\u67091\/3\u662f\u4efb\u671f\u4e24\u5e74\uff1b1\/3\u4efb\u671f\u56db\u5e74\uff0c1\/3\u4efb\u671f\u516d\u5e74\uff0c\u4ee5\u540e\u7684\u53c2\u8bae\u5458\u9009\u4e3e\u90fd\u4e3a\u4efb\u671f\u516d\u5e74\u3002]<\/sup>\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e24\u5e74\u6539\u9009\u5927\u7ea6\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u8bae\u5458\u3002\u5728\u603b\u7edf\u9009\u4e3e\u4e24\u5e74\u540e\u6240\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u56fd\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u4e2d\u671f\u9009\u4e3e<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.1 18\u4e16\u7eaa | 18th century<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u56fe1-0\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

The First Continental Congress<\/a> was a gathering of representatives from twelve of the Thirteen Colonies<\/a>.[11]<\/a><\/sup> On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress<\/a> adopted the Declaration of Independence<\/a>, referring to the new nation as the “United States of America”. The Articles of Confederation<\/a> in 1781 created the Congress of the Confederation<\/a>, a unicameral<\/a> body with equal representation among the states in which each state had a veto<\/a> over most decisions. Congress had executive but not legislative authority, and the federal judiciary was confined to admiralty[12]<\/a><\/sup> and lacked authority to collect taxes, regulate commerce, or enforce laws.[13]<\/a>[14]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u7b2c\u4e00\u5c4a\u5927\u9646\u4f1a\u8bae\u662f\u7531\u5341\u4e09\u4e2a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4e2d\u5341\u4e8c\u4e2a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u96c6\u4f1a\u3002[11] 1776\u5e747\u67084\u65e5\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5c4a\u5927\u9646\u4f1a\u8bae\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u300a\u72ec\u7acb\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\uff0c\u9996\u6b21\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b0\u751f\u56fd\u5bb6\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u7f8e\u5229\u575a\u5408\u4f17\u56fd\u201d\u30021781\u5e74\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u300a\u90a6\u8054\u6761\u4f8b\u300b\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e86\u90a6\u8054\u56fd\u4f1a\uff08Congress of the Confederation\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e00\u9662\u5236\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u5404\u5dde\u62e5\u6709\u5e73\u7b49\u4ee3\u8868\u6743\uff0c\u4e14\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5dde\u5bf9\u5927\u591a\u6570\u51b3\u7b56\u90fd\u62e5\u6709\u5426\u51b3\u6743\u3002\u8be5\u56fd\u4f1a\u62e5\u6709\u884c\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u4f46\u6ca1\u6709\u7acb\u6cd5\u6743\uff1b\u8054\u90a6\u53f8\u6cd5\u4f53\u7cfb\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u6d77\u4e8b\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c[12] \u4e14\u65e0\u6743\u5f81\u7a0e\u3001\u7ba1\u7406\u5546\u4e1a\u6216\u6267\u884c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002[13][14]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Government powerlessness led to the Convention of 1787<\/a> which proposed a revised constitution with a two-chamber or bicameral<\/em> Congress.[15]<\/a><\/sup> Smaller states argued for equal representation for each state.[16]<\/a><\/sup> The two-chamber structure had functioned well in state governments.[17]<\/a><\/sup> A compromise plan, the Connecticut Compromise<\/a>, was adopted with representatives chosen by population<\/a> (benefiting larger states) and exactly two senators chosen by state governments (benefiting smaller states).[8]<\/a>[18]<\/a><\/sup> The ratified constitution created a federal structure<\/a> with two overlapping power centers so that each citizen as an individual<\/em> is subject to the powers of state government and national government.[19]<\/a>[20]<\/a>[21]<\/a><\/sup> To protect against abuse of power, each branch of government\u00a0\u2013 executive, legislative, and judicial\u00a0\u2013 had a separate sphere of authority and could check other branches according to the principle of the separation of powers<\/a>.[4]<\/a><\/sup> Furthermore, there were checks and balances within<\/em> the legislature since there were two separate chambers.[22]<\/a><\/sup> The new government became active in 1789.[4]<\/a>[23]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u7531\u4e8e\u90a6\u8054\u653f\u5e9c\u8f6f\u5f31\u65e0\u529b\uff0c1787\u5e74\u53ec\u5f00\u4e86\u5236\u5baa\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u90e8\u4fee\u8ba2\u540e\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e24\u9662\u5236\uff08\u5373\u4e24\u9662\u7ed3\u6784\uff09\u7684\u56fd\u4f1a\u3002[15] \u5c0f\u5dde\u4e3b\u5f20\u5404\u5dde\u5728\u56fd\u4f1a\u4e2d\u5e94\u62e5\u6709\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u6743\u3002[16] \u8fd9\u79cd\u4e24\u9662\u7ed3\u6784\u5728\u5404\u5dde\u653f\u5e9c\u4e2d\u5df2\u6709\u826f\u597d\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002[17] \u6700\u7ec8\u91c7\u7eb3\u4e86\u201c\u5eb7\u6d85\u72c4\u683c\u59a5\u534f\u6848\u201d\uff08Connecticut Compromise\uff09\uff1a\u4f17\u8bae\u9662\u8bae\u5458\u6309\u5404\u5dde\u4eba\u53e3\u6bd4\u4f8b\u9009\u51fa\uff08\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u5927\u5dde\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u5219\u7531\u5404\u5dde\u653f\u5e9c\u5404\u9009\u6d3e\u4e24\u540d\u53c2\u8bae\u5458\uff08\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u5c0f\u5dde\uff09\u3002[8][18] \u7ecf\u6279\u51c6\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u8054\u90a6\u4f53\u5236\uff0c\u8bbe\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u76f8\u4e92\u91cd\u53e0\u7684\u6743\u529b\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u4f7f\u6bcf\u4f4d\u516c\u6c11\u540c\u65f6\u53d7\u5dde\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u7ba1\u8f96\u3002[19][20][21] \u4e3a\u9632\u6b62\u6743\u529b\u6ee5\u7528\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u884c\u653f\u3001\u7acb\u6cd5\u548c\u53f8\u6cd5\u4e09\u4e2a\u5206\u652f\u5404\u81ea\u62e5\u6709\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u804c\u6743\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u5e76\u4f9d\u636e\u201c\u5206\u6743\u5236\u8861\u201d\u539f\u5219\u76f8\u4e92\u5236\u7ea6\u3002[4] \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u5185\u90e8\u4e5f\u8bbe\u6709\u5236\u8861\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u7531\u4e24\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u8bae\u9662\u7ec4\u6210\u3002[22] \u65b0\u653f\u5e9c\u4e8e1789\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u8fd0\u4f5c\u3002[4][23]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Political scientist Julian E. Zelizer<\/a> suggested there were four main congressional eras, with considerable overlap, and included the formative era<\/em> (1780s\u20131820s), the partisan era<\/em> (1830s\u20131900s), the committee era<\/em> (1910s\u20131960s), and the contemporary era<\/em> (1970\u2013present).[24]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u5bb6\u6731\u5229\u5b89\u00b7E\u00b7\u6cfd\u5229\u6cfd\uff08Julian E. Zelizer\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u4f1a\u5386\u53f2\u53ef\u5206\u4e3a\u56db\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u91cd\u53e0\uff1a\u5f62\u6210\u671f\uff081780\u5e74\u4ee3\u20131820\u5e74\u4ee3\uff09\u3001\u515a\u6d3e\u671f\uff081830\u5e74\u4ee3\u20131900\u5e74\u4ee3\uff09\u3001\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5bfc\u671f\uff081910\u5e74\u4ee3\u20131960\u5e74\u4ee3\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f53\u4ee3\u671f\uff081970\u5e74\u81f3\u4eca\uff09\u3002[24]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Federalists<\/a> and anti-federalists<\/a> jostled for power in the early years as political parties became pronounced. With the passage of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights<\/a>, the anti-federalist movement was exhausted. Some activists joined the Anti-Administration Party<\/a> that James Madison<\/a> and Thomas Jefferson<\/a> were forming about 1790\u20131791 to oppose policies of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton<\/a>; it soon became the Democratic-Republican Party<\/a> or the Jeffersonian Republican Party[25]<\/a><\/sup> and thus began the era of the First Party System<\/a>.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u5efa\u56fd\u521d\u671f\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u4eba\u4e0e\u53cd\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u4eba\u4e3a\u4e89\u593a\u6743\u529b\u6fc0\u70c8\u89d2\u529b\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u653f\u515a\u7684\u65e5\u76ca\u9c9c\u660e\u800c\u5c55\u5f00\u7ade\u4e89\u3002\u968f\u7740\u5baa\u6cd5\u548c\u300a\u6743\u5229\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u7684\u901a\u8fc7\uff0c\u53cd\u8054\u90a6\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd0\u52a8\u9010\u6e10\u5f0f\u5fae\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u6d3b\u52a8\u4eba\u58eb\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u9ea6\u8fea\u900a\u548c\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u6770\u6590\u900a\u5927\u7ea6\u57281790\u20131791\u5e74\u95f4\u7ec4\u5efa\u7684\u201c\u53cd\u884c\u653f\u6d3e\u201d\uff08Anti-Administration Party\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53cd\u5bf9\u8d22\u653f\u90e8\u957f\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u00b7\u6c49\u5bc6\u5c14\u987f\u7684\u653f\u7b56\uff1b\u8be5\u6d3e\u522b\u5f88\u5feb\u6f14\u53d8\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u515a\uff08Democratic-Republican Party\uff09\uff0c\u4ea6\u79f0\u6770\u6590\u900a\u5171\u548c\u515a\uff0c[25] \u7531\u6b64\u5f00\u542f\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u201c\u7b2c\u4e00\u653f\u515a\u4f53\u7cfb\u201d\u65f6\u4ee3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.2 19\u4e16\u7eaa | 19th century<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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\u56fe1-1\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

In 1800, Thomas Jefferson<\/a>‘s election to the presidency marked a peaceful transition of power<\/a> between the parties. John Marshall<\/a>, 4th chief justice of the Supreme Court<\/a>, empowered the courts by establishing the principle of judicial review in law<\/a> in the landmark case Marbury v. Madison<\/a><\/em> in 1803, effectively giving the Supreme Court a power to nullify congressional legislation.[26]<\/a>[27]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111800\u5e74\uff0c\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u6770\u6590\u900a\u5f53\u9009\u603b\u7edf\uff0c\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u515a\u4e4b\u95f4\u9996\u6b21\u5b9e\u73b0\u548c\u5e73\u7684\u6743\u529b\u4ea4\u63a5\u30021803\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u5177\u6709\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u201c\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\u8bc9\u9ea6\u8fea\u900a\u6848\u201d\uff08Marbury v. Madison\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7b2c\u56db\u4efb\u9996\u5e2d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u53f8\u6cd5\u5ba1\u67e5\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e86\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5426\u51b3\u56fd\u4f1a\u7acb\u6cd5\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5927\u5927\u589e\u5f3a\u4e86\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u3002[26][27]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Civil War<\/a>, which lasted from 1861 to 1865, resolved the slavery issue and unified the nation under federal authority but weakened the power of states’ rights<\/a>. The Gilded Age<\/a> (1877\u20131901) was marked by Republican<\/a> dominance of Congress. During this time, lobbying activity became more intense, particularly during the administration of President Ulysses S. Grant<\/a> in which influential lobbies advocated for railroad subsidies and tariffs on wool.[28]<\/a><\/sup> Immigration and high birth rates swelled the ranks of citizens and the nation grew at a rapid pace.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111861\u5e74\u81f31865\u5e74\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u5185\u6218\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5c06\u56fd\u5bb6\u7edf\u4e00\u4e8e\u8054\u90a6\u6743\u5a01\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u524a\u5f31\u4e86\u5404\u5dde\u7684\u5dde\u6743\u3002\u9540\u91d1\u65f6\u4ee3\uff081877\u20131901\u5e74\uff09\u4ee5\u5171\u548c\u515a\u5bf9\u56fd\u4f1a\u7684\u4e3b\u5bfc\u4e3a\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u6e38\u8bf4\u6d3b\u52a8\u65e5\u76ca\u6d3b\u8dc3\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5728\u5c24\u5229\u897f\u65af\u00b7S\u00b7\u683c\u5170\u7279\u603b\u7edf\u6267\u653f\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u6e38\u8bf4\u56e2\u4f53\u79ef\u6781\u5021\u5bfc\u94c1\u8def\u8865\u8d34\u548c\u7f8a\u6bdb\u5173\u7a0e\u653f\u7b56\u3002[28] \u79fb\u6c11\u6f6e\u548c\u9ad8\u51fa\u751f\u7387\u4f7f\u516c\u6c11\u4eba\u6570\u8fc5\u901f\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e5f\u4ee5\u524d\u6240\u672a\u6709\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u6269\u5f20\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Progressive Era<\/a> was characterized by strong party leadership in both houses of Congress and calls for reform; sometimes reformers said lobbyists corrupted politics.[29]<\/a><\/sup> The position of Speaker of the House<\/a> became extremely powerful under leaders such as Thomas Reed<\/a> in 1890 and Joseph Gurney Cannon<\/a>.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8fdb\u6b65\u4e3b\u4e49\u65f6\u4ee3\uff08Progressive Era\uff09\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u662f\u56fd\u4f1a\u4e24\u9662\u5747\u62e5\u6709\u5f3a\u6709\u529b\u7684\u653f\u515a\u9886\u5bfc\uff0c\u5e76\u6d8c\u73b0\u51fa\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u6539\u9769\u547c\u58f0\uff1b\u4e00\u4e9b\u6539\u9769\u8005\u6307\u8d23\u6e38\u8bf4\u96c6\u56e2\u8150\u8680\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u3002[29] \u5728\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u91cc\u5fb7\uff08Thomas Reed\uff0c1890\u5e74\uff09\u548c\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u52a0\u5c3c\u00b7\u574e\u519c\uff08Joseph Gurney Cannon\uff09\u7b49\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u4efb\u5185\uff0c\u4f17\u8bae\u9662\u8bae\u957f\u4e00\u804c\u53d8\u5f97\u6781\u5177\u6743\u52bf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.3 20\u4e16\u7eaa | 20th century<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u56fe1-2\u81f31-5\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

By the beginning of the 20th century, party structures and leadership emerged as key organizers of Senate proceedings.[31]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u523020\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u9886\u5bfc\u5c42\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u8bae\u4e8b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u5173\u952e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u529b\u91cf\u3002[31]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A system of seniority, in which long-time members of Congress gained more and more power, encouraged politicians of both parties to seek long terms. Committee<\/a> chairmen remained influential in both houses until the reforms of the 1970s.[32]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8d44\u5386\u5236\u5ea6\uff08seniority system\uff09\u9010\u6e10\u5f62\u6210\u2014\u2014\u5373\u5728\u56fd\u4f1a\u4efb\u804c\u65f6\u95f4\u8d8a\u957f\u7684\u8bae\u5458\u83b7\u5f97\u8d8a\u591a\u6743\u529b\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4fc3\u4f7f\u4e24\u515a\u653f\u6cbb\u4eba\u7269\u90fd\u529b\u6c42\u957f\u671f\u8fde\u4efb\u3002\u76f4\u52301970\u5e74\u4ee3\u6539\u9769\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u5728\u4e24\u9662\u4e2d\u59cb\u7ec8\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u3002[32]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Important structural changes included the direct popular election<\/a> of senators according to the Seventeenth Amendment<\/a>,[18]<\/a><\/sup> ratified on April 8, 1913. Supreme Court<\/a> decisions based on the Constitution’s commerce clause<\/a> expanded congressional power to regulate the economy.[33]<\/a><\/sup> One effect of popular election of senators was to reduce the difference between the House and Senate in terms of their link to the electorate.[34]<\/a><\/sup> Lame duck<\/a> reforms according to the Twentieth Amendment<\/a> reduced the power of defeated and retiring members of Congress to wield influence despite their lack of accountability.[35]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u53d8\u5316\u5305\u62ec\u6839\u636e1913\u5e744\u67088\u65e5\u6279\u51c6\u7684\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u7b2c\u5341\u4e03\u6761\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u300b\u5b9e\u884c\u53c2\u8bae\u5458\u7531\u4eba\u6c11\u76f4\u63a5\u9009\u4e3e\u4ea7\u751f\u3002[18] \u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u4f9d\u636e\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u5546\u4e1a\u6761\u6b3e\u201d\uff08commerce clause\uff09\u4f5c\u51fa\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5224\u51b3\uff0c\u6269\u5927\u4e86\u56fd\u4f1a\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u76d1\u7ba1\u6743\u529b\u3002[33] \u53c2\u8bae\u5458\u76f4\u9009\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f71\u54cd\u662f\u7f29\u5c0f\u4e86\u4f17\u8bae\u9662\u4e0e\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u5728\u4e0e\u9009\u6c11\u8054\u7cfb\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002[34] \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u300a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u6761\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u300b\u5bf9\u201c\u8ddb\u811a\u9e2d\u201d\uff08lame duck\uff09\u4efb\u671f\u8fdb\u884c\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u524a\u5f31\u4e86\u90a3\u4e9b\u5df2\u843d\u9009\u6216\u5373\u5c06\u9000\u4f11\u4f46\u5c1a\u672a\u79bb\u4efb\u7684\u8bae\u5458\u5728\u7f3a\u4e4f\u95ee\u8d23\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7ee7\u7eed\u65bd\u52a0\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002[35]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Great Depression<\/a> ushered in President Franklin Roosevelt<\/a> and strong control by Democrats[36]<\/a><\/sup> and historic New Deal<\/a> policies. Roosevelt<\/a>‘s election in 1932 marked a shift in government power towards the executive branch. Numerous New Deal initiatives came from the White House<\/a> rather initiated by Congress.[37]<\/a><\/sup> President Roosevelt pushed his agenda in Congress by detailing Executive Branch staff to friendly Senate committees (a practice that ended with the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946).[38]<\/a><\/sup> The Democratic Party<\/a> controlled both houses of Congress for many years.[39]<\/a>[40]<\/a>[41]<\/a><\/sup> During this time, Republicans and conservative southern Democrats[42]<\/a><\/sup> formed the Conservative Coalition<\/a>.[41]<\/a>[43]<\/a><\/sup> Democrats maintained control of Congress during World War II<\/a>.[44]<\/a>[45]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5927\u8427\u6761\u65f6\u671f\u8fce\u6765\u4e86\u5bcc\u5170\u514b\u6797\u00b7\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u603b\u7edf\u7684\u4e0a\u53f0\u4ee5\u53ca\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5f3a\u529b\u638c\u63a7\uff0c[36] \u5e76\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u5177\u6709\u5386\u53f2\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u201c\u65b0\u653f\u201d\uff08New Deal\uff09\u653f\u7b56\u30021932\u5e74\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u5f53\u9009\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u653f\u5e9c\u6743\u529b\u5411\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u95e8\u8f6c\u79fb\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u65b0\u653f\u4e3e\u63aa\u6e90\u81ea\u767d\u5bab\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u7531\u56fd\u4f1a\u53d1\u8d77\u3002[37] \u7f57\u65af\u798f\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06\u884c\u653f\u5206\u652f\u5de5\u4f5c\u4eba\u5458\u5b89\u6392\u5230\u53cb\u597d\u7684\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6765\u63a8\u52a8\u5176\u8bae\u7a0b\uff08\u8fd9\u4e00\u505a\u6cd5\u57281946\u5e74\u300a\u7acb\u6cd5\u91cd\u7ec4\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u901a\u8fc7\u540e\u7ec8\u6b62\uff09\u3002[38] \u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u591a\u5e74\u638c\u63a7\u56fd\u4f1a\u4e24\u9662\u3002[39][40][41] \u5728\u6b64\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5171\u548c\u515a\u4eba\u4e0e\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u5357\u65b9\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u4eba[42]\u7ec4\u6210\u4e86\u201c\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u8054\u76df\u201d\uff08Conservative Coalition\uff09\u3002[41][43] \u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u7ee7\u7eed\u4fdd\u6301\u5bf9\u56fd\u4f1a\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u3002[44][45]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Congress struggled with efficiency in the postwar era partly by reducing the number of standing congressional committees.[46]<\/a><\/sup> Southern Democrats became a powerful force in many influential committees although political power alternated between Republicans and Democrats during these years. More complex issues required greater specialization and expertise, such as space flight and atomic energy policy.[46]<\/a><\/sup> Senator Joseph McCarthy<\/a> exploited the fear of communism during the Second Red Scare<\/a> and conducted televised hearings.[47]<\/a>[48]<\/a><\/sup> In 1960, Democratic candidate John F. Kennedy<\/a> narrowly won the presidency and power shifted again to the Democrats who dominated both chambers of Congress from 1961 to 1980, and retained a consistent majority in the House from 1955 to 1994.[49]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6218\u540e\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u56fd\u4f1a\u6548\u7387\u9762\u4e34\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86\u5e38\u8bbe\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u3002[46] \u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5e74\u4e24\u515a\u8f6e\u6d41\u6267\u653f\uff0c\u5357\u65b9\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u4eba\u5728\u591a\u4e2a\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e2d\u4ecd\u662f\u4e00\u80a1\u5f3a\u5927\u52bf\u529b\u3002\u968f\u7740\u592a\u7a7a\u98de\u884c\u3001\u539f\u5b50\u80fd\u653f\u7b56\u7b49\u8bae\u9898\u65e5\u76ca\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u56fd\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u6027\u548c\u6280\u672f\u4e13\u957f\u3002[46] \u53c2\u8bae\u5458\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u9ea6\u5361\u9521\uff08Joseph McCarthy\uff09\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u201c\u7ea2\u8272\u6050\u614c\u201d\uff08Second Red Scare\uff09\u671f\u95f4\u5229\u7528\u6c11\u4f17\u5bf9\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6050\u60e7\uff0c\u4e3b\u6301\u4e86\u7535\u89c6\u76f4\u64ad\u7684\u542c\u8bc1\u4f1a\u3002[47][48] 1960\u5e74\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7F\u00b7\u80af\u5c3c\u8fea\u4ee5\u5fae\u5f31\u4f18\u52bf\u8d62\u5f97\u603b\u7edf\u804c\u4f4d\uff0c\u6743\u529b\u518d\u6b21\u8f6c\u5411\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u3002\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u4ece1961\u5e74\u81f31980\u5e74\u4e3b\u5bfc\u56fd\u4f1a\u4e24\u9662\uff0c\u5e76\u81ea1955\u5e74\u81f31994\u5e74\u6301\u7eed\u638c\u63a7\u4f17\u8bae\u9662\u591a\u6570\u5e2d\u4f4d\u3002[49]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Congress enacted Johnson’s Great Society<\/a> program to fight poverty and hunger. The Watergate Scandal<\/a> had a powerful effect of waking up a somewhat dormant Congress which investigated presidential wrongdoing and coverups; the scandal “substantially reshaped” relations between the branches of government, suggested political scientist Bruce J. Schulman<\/a>.[50]<\/a><\/sup> Partisanship returned, particularly after 1994; one analyst attributes partisan infighting to slim congressional majorities which discouraged friendly social gatherings in meeting rooms such as the Board of Education<\/em>.[7]<\/a><\/sup> Congress began reasserting its authority.[37]<\/a>[51]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u56fd\u4f1a\u968f\u540e\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u6797\u767b\u00b7\u7ea6\u7ff0\u900a\u603b\u7edf\u7684\u201c\u4f1f\u5927\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\uff08Great Society\uff09\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u4ee5\u5e94\u5bf9\u8d2b\u56f0\u4e0e\u9965\u997f\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6c34\u95e8\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff08Watergate Scandal\uff09\u6781\u5927\u5730\u5524\u9192\u4e86\u6b64\u524d\u76f8\u5bf9\u6c89\u5bc2\u7684\u56fd\u4f1a\uff0c\u4fc3\u4f7f\u5176\u8c03\u67e5\u603b\u7edf\u7684\u4e0d\u5f53\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0e\u63a9\u76d6\u884c\u4e3a\uff1b\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u5bb6\u5e03\u9c81\u65af\u00b7J\u00b7\u8212\u5c14\u66fc\uff08Bruce J. Schulman\uff09\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8be5\u4e11\u95fb\u201c\u5b9e\u8d28\u6027\u5730\u91cd\u5851\u4e86\u201d\u653f\u5e9c\u5404\u5206\u652f\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002[50] \u6b64\u540e\u515a\u6d3e\u5bf9\u7acb\u91cd\u65b0\u52a0\u5267\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u57281994\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff1b\u6709\u5206\u6790\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5fae\u5f31\u7684\u56fd\u4f1a\u591a\u6570\u5e2d\u4f4d\u5bfc\u81f4\u8bae\u5458\u4e4b\u95f4\u7f3a\u4e4f\u793e\u4ea4\u4e92\u52a8\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u4e0d\u518d\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u4f1a\u8bae\u5ba4\u7b49\u573a\u6240\u4e3e\u884c\u53cb\u597d\u805a\u4f1a\uff09\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u52a0\u5267\u4e86\u515a\u6d3e\u5185\u6597\u3002[7] \u56fd\u4f1a\u5f00\u59cb\u91cd\u65b0\u4e3b\u5f20\u81ea\u8eab\u6743\u5a01\u3002[37][51]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lobbying<\/a> became a big factor despite the 1971 Federal Election Campaign Act<\/a>. Political action committees<\/a> or PACs could make substantive donations to congressional candidates via such means as soft money<\/a><\/em> contributions.[52]<\/a><\/sup> While soft money funds were not given to specific campaigns for candidates, the money often benefited candidates substantially in an indirect way and helped reelect candidates.[52]<\/a><\/sup> Reforms such as the 2002 Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act<\/a> limited campaign donations but did not limit soft money<\/em> contributions.[53]<\/a><\/sup> One source suggests post-Watergate laws amended in 1974 meant to reduce the “influence of wealthy contributors and end payoffs” instead “legitimized PACs” since they “enabled individuals to band together in support of candidates”.[54]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5c3d\u7ba11971\u5e74\u300a\u8054\u90a6\u7ade\u9009\u6cd5\u300b\uff08Federal Election Campaign Act\uff09\u51fa\u53f0\uff0c\u6e38\u8bf4\u6d3b\u52a8\u4ecd\u6210\u4e3a\u91cd\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u653f\u6cbb\u884c\u52a8\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08PACs\uff09\u53ef\u901a\u8fc7\u201c\u8f6f\u94b1\u201d\uff08soft money\uff09\u7b49\u65b9\u5f0f\u5411\u56fd\u4f1a\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u63d0\u4f9b\u5927\u91cf\u6350\u6b3e\u3002[52] \u867d\u7136\u8f6f\u94b1\u5e76\u975e\u76f4\u63a5\u6350\u7ed9\u7279\u5b9a\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u7ade\u9009\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u4f46\u5f80\u5f80\u95f4\u63a5\u5927\u5e45\u52a9\u76ca\u5019\u9009\u4eba\uff0c\u5e76\u5e2e\u52a9\u5176\u8fde\u4efb\u3002[52] 2002\u5e74\u300a\u4e24\u515a\u7ade\u9009\u6539\u9769\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\uff08Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act\uff09\u867d\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u7ade\u9009\u6350\u6b3e\uff0c\u5374\u672a\u7981\u6b62\u8f6f\u94b1\u6350\u8d60\u3002[53] \u6709\u89c2\u70b9\u6307\u51fa\uff0c1974\u5e74\u4fee\u8ba2\u7684\u6c34\u95e8\u4e8b\u4ef6\u540e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u672c\u610f\u662f\u201c\u51cf\u5c11\u5bcc\u6709\u6350\u52a9\u8005\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u5e76\u675c\u7edd\u6743\u94b1\u4ea4\u6613\u201d\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u53cd\u800c\u201c\u4f7fPAC\u5408\u6cd5\u5316\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u201c\u5141\u8bb8\u4e2a\u4eba\u8054\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u652f\u6301\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u201d\u3002[54]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From 1974 to 1984, PACs grew from 608 to 3,803 and donations leaped from $12.5\u00a0million to $120\u00a0million[54]<\/a>[55]<\/a>[56]<\/a><\/sup> along with concern over PAC influence in Congress.[57]<\/a>[58]<\/a><\/sup> In 2009, there were 4,600 business, labor and special-interest PACs[59]<\/a><\/sup> including ones for lawyers<\/a>, electricians<\/a>, and real estate brokers<\/a>.[60]<\/a><\/sup> From 2007 to 2008, 175 members of Congress received “half or more of their campaign cash” from PACs.[59]<\/a>[61]<\/a>[62]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4ece1974\u5e74\u52301984\u5e74\uff0cPAC\u6570\u91cf\u4ece608\u4e2a\u6fc0\u589e\u81f33,803\u4e2a\uff0c\u6350\u6b3e\u603b\u989d\u4ece1,250\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u8dc3\u5347\u81f31.2\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\uff0c[54][55][56] \u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u5bf9PAC\u5728\u56fd\u4f1a\u4e2d\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u62c5\u5fe7\u3002[57][58] \u52302009\u5e74\uff0c\u5df2\u67094,600\u4e2a\u6765\u81ea\u4f01\u4e1a\u3001\u5de5\u4f1a\u53ca\u7279\u6b8a\u5229\u76ca\u96c6\u56e2\u7684PAC\uff0c[59] \u5305\u62ec\u5f8b\u5e08\u3001\u7535\u5de5\u548c\u623f\u5730\u4ea7\u7ecf\u7eaa\u4eba\u7684PAC\u3002[60] \u57282007\u81f32008\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c175\u540d\u56fd\u4f1a\u8bae\u5458\u201c\u4e00\u534a\u6216\u66f4\u591a\u201d\u7684\u7ade\u9009\u8d44\u91d1\u6765\u81eaPAC\u3002[59][61][62]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From 1970 to 2009, the House expanded delegates, along with their powers and privileges representing U.S. citizens in non-state areas, beginning with representation on committees for Puerto Rico’s resident commissioner<\/a> in 1970. In 1971, a delegate for the District of Columbia was authorized, and in 1972 new delegate positions were established for U.S. Virgin Islands<\/a> and Guam<\/a>. In 1978, an additional delegate for American Samoa<\/a> were added.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111970\u5e74\u81f32009\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u4f17\u8bae\u9662\u9010\u6b65\u6269\u5927\u4e86\u65e0\u6295\u7968\u6743\u4ee3\u8868\uff08delegates\uff09\u7684\u8bbe\u7f6e\u53ca\u5176\u6743\u529b\u548c\u7279\u6743\uff0c\u4ee5\u4ee3\u8868\u975e\u5dde\u5c5e\u5730\u533a\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u30021970\u5e74\uff0c\u6ce2\u591a\u9ece\u5404\u5e38\u9a7b\u4e13\u5458\u9996\u6b21\u83b7\u51c6\u52a0\u5165\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff1b1971\u5e74\u6388\u6743\u8bbe\u7acb\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u7279\u533a\u4ee3\u8868\uff1b1972\u5e74\u4e3a\u7f8e\u5c5e\u7ef4\u5c14\u4eac\u7fa4\u5c9b\u548c\u5173\u5c9b\u8bbe\u7acb\u65b0\u4ee3\u8868\u804c\u4f4d\uff1b1978\u5e74\u53c8\u589e\u8bbe\u7f8e\u5c5e\u8428\u6469\u4e9a\u4ee3\u8868\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the late 20th century, the media became more important in Congress’s work.[63]<\/a><\/sup> Analyst Michael Schudson<\/a> suggested that greater publicity undermined the power of political parties and caused “more roads to open up in Congress for individual representatives to influence decisions”.[63]<\/a><\/sup> Norman Ornstein<\/a> suggested that media prominence led to a greater emphasis on the negative and sensational side of Congress, and referred to this as the tabloidization<\/a><\/em> of media coverage.[8]<\/a><\/sup> Others saw pressure to squeeze a political position into a thirty-second soundbite.[64]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u301120\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u671f\uff0c\u5a92\u4f53\u5728\u56fd\u4f1a\u8fd0\u4f5c\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u65e5\u76ca\u7a81\u51fa\u3002[63] \u5206\u6790\u5bb6\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u00b7\u8212\u5fb7\u68ee\uff08Michael Schudson\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u66f4\u591a\u66dd\u5149\u524a\u5f31\u4e86\u653f\u515a\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u4f7f\u201c\u56fd\u4f1a\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u8ba9\u4e2a\u522b\u8bae\u5458\u80fd\u591f\u5f71\u54cd\u51b3\u7b56\u201d\u3002[63] \u8bfa\u66fc\u00b7\u5965\u6069\u65af\u5766\uff08Norman Ornstein\uff09\u5219\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5a92\u4f53\u5173\u6ce8\u5ea6\u7684\u63d0\u5347\u5bfc\u81f4\u62a5\u9053\u66f4\u4fa7\u91cd\u56fd\u4f1a\u7684\u8d1f\u9762\u548c sensational\uff08\u8038\u4eba\u542c\u95fb\uff09\u4e00\u9762\uff0c\u4ed6\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u5a92\u4f53\u8986\u76d6\u7684\u516b\u5366\u5316\u201d\uff08tabloidization\uff09\u3002[8] \u8fd8\u6709\u4eba\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u8bae\u5458\u9762\u4e34\u5c06\u653f\u6cbb\u7acb\u573a\u538b\u7f29\u621030\u79d2\u201c\u91d1\u53e5\u201d\uff08soundbite\uff09\u7684\u538b\u529b\u3002[64]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A report characterized Congress in 2013 as unproductive, gridlocked, and “setting records for futility”.[65]<\/a><\/sup> In October 2013, with Congress unable to compromise, the government was shut down for several weeks and risked a serious default on debt payments, causing 60% of the public to say they would “fire every member of Congress” including their own representative.[66]<\/a><\/sup> One report suggested Congress posed the “biggest risk to the U.S. economy” because of its brinksmanship<\/a>, “down-to-the-wire budget and debt crises” and “indiscriminate spending cuts”, resulting in slowed economic activity and keeping up to two million people unemployed.[67]<\/a><\/sup> There has been increasing public dissatisfaction with Congress,[68]<\/a><\/sup> with extremely low approval ratings[69]<\/a>[70]<\/a><\/sup> which dropped to 5% in October 2013.[71]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4e00\u4efd\u62a5\u544a\u5c062013\u5e74\u7684\u56fd\u4f1a\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u201c\u4f4e\u6548\u3001\u50f5\u5c40\u9891\u53d1\uff0c\u5e76\u521b\u4e0b\u65e0\u80fd\u7684\u65b0\u7eaa\u5f55\u201d\u3002[65] 2013\u5e7410\u6708\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u56fd\u4f1a\u65e0\u6cd5\u8fbe\u6210\u59a5\u534f\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u505c\u6446\u6570\u5468\uff0c\u5e76\u4e00\u5ea6\u6fd2\u4e34\u503a\u52a1\u8fdd\u7ea6\u98ce\u9669\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f460%\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u8868\u793a\u201c\u5e0c\u671b\u89e3\u96c7\u6240\u6709\u56fd\u4f1a\u8bae\u5458\u201d\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u3002[66] \u6709\u62a5\u544a\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u56fd\u4f1a\u56e0\u5176\u201c\u8fb9\u7f18\u653f\u7b56\u201d\uff08brinksmanship\uff09\u3001\u201c\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u523b\u624d\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u9884\u7b97\u4e0e\u503a\u52a1\u5371\u673a\u201d\u4ee5\u53ca\u201c\u4e0d\u52a0\u533a\u5206\u7684\u652f\u51fa\u524a\u51cf\u201d\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u6700\u5927\u98ce\u9669\u201d\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u62d6\u6162\u4e86\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u8fd8\u5bfc\u81f4\u6700\u591a\u8fbe200\u4e07\u4eba\u5931\u4e1a\u3002[67] \u516c\u4f17\u5bf9\u56fd\u4f1a\u7684\u4e0d\u6ee1\u6301\u7eed\u4e0a\u5347\uff0c[68] \u652f\u6301\u7387\u8dcc\u81f3\u5386\u53f2\u4f4e\u70b9\u2014\u20142013\u5e7410\u6708 approval rating\uff08\u652f\u6301\u7387\uff09\u4ec5\u4e3a5%\u3002[69][70][71]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.4 21\u4e16\u7eaa | 21st century<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u56fe1-6\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

In 2009, Congress authorized another delegate for the Northern Mariana Islands<\/a>. These six members of Congress enjoy floor privileges<\/a> to introduce bills and resolutions, and in recent Congresses they vote in permanent and select committees, in party caucuses and in joint conferences with the Senate. They have Capitol Hill offices, staff and two annual appointments to each of the four military academies. While their votes are constitutional when Congress authorizes their House Committee of the Whole<\/a> votes, recent Congresses have not allowed for that, and they cannot vote when the House is meeting as the House of Representatives.[73]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112009\u5e74\uff0c\u56fd\u4f1a\u6388\u6743\u4e3a\u5317\u9a6c\u91cc\u4e9a\u7eb3\u7fa4\u5c9b\u589e\u8bbe\u4e00\u540d\u4ee3\u8868\u3002\u8fd9\u516d\u540d\u65e0\u6295\u7968\u6743\u7684\u56fd\u4f1a\u8bae\u5458\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u6765\u81ea\u6ce2\u591a\u9ece\u5404\u3001\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u7279\u533a\u3001\u7f8e\u5c5e\u7ef4\u5c14\u4eac\u7fa4\u5c9b\u3001\u5173\u5c9b\u3001\u7f8e\u5c5e\u8428\u6469\u4e9a\u548c\u5317\u9a6c\u91cc\u4e9a\u7eb3\u7fa4\u5c9b\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\uff09\u4eab\u6709\u5728\u4f17\u8bae\u9662\u8bae\u4e8b\u5385\u53d1\u8a00\u3001\u63d0\u51fa\u6cd5\u6848\u548c\u51b3\u8bae\u6848\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff1b\u5728\u8fd1\u5e74\u7684\u56fd\u4f1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u5728\u5e38\u8bbe\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u548c\u7279\u522b\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u3001\u515a\u5185\u515a\u56e2\u4f1a\u8bae\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0e\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u4e3e\u884c\u7684\u8054\u5e2d\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\u6295\u7968\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u62e5\u6709\u56fd\u4f1a\u5c71\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\u3001\u914d\u5907\u5de5\u4f5c\u4eba\u5458\uff0c\u5e76\u6bcf\u5e74\u53ef\u5411\u56db\u6240\u519b\u4e8b\u5b66\u9662\u5404\u63a8\u8350\u4e24\u540d\u5b66\u5458\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5f53\u56fd\u4f1a\u6388\u6743\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u201c\u5168\u4f53\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u201d\uff08Committee of the Whole\uff09\u4e2d\u6295\u7968\u65f6\uff0c\u5176\u6295\u7968\u5177\u6709\u5408\u5baa\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\u7684\u56fd\u4f1a\u5e76\u672a\u5141\u8bb8\u6b64\u7c7b\u6295\u7968\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5f53\u4f17\u8bae\u9662\u4ee5\u6b63\u5f0f\u5168\u4f53\u4f1a\u8bae\uff08House of Representatives\uff09\u5f62\u5f0f\u5f00\u4f1a\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u65e0\u6743\u6295\u7968\u3002[73]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On January 6, 2021, Congress gathered to confirm the election of Joe Biden, when supporters of the outgoing president Donald Trump attacked the building<\/a>. The session of Congress ended prematurely, and Congress representatives evacuated. Trump<\/a> supporters occupied Congress until D.C police evacuated the area. The event was the first time since the Burning of Washington<\/a> by the British during the War of 1812<\/a> that the United States Congress was forcefully occupied.[74]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112021\u5e741\u67086\u65e5\uff0c\u56fd\u4f1a\u53ec\u5f00\u4f1a\u8bae\u786e\u8ba4\u4e54\u00b7\u62dc\u767b\u5f53\u9009\u603b\u7edf\uff0c\u671f\u95f4\u65f6\u4efb\u603b\u7edf\u5510\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u7279\u6717\u666e\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\u88ad\u51fb\u4e86\u56fd\u4f1a\u5927\u53a6\u3002\u4f1a\u8bae\u88ab\u8feb\u63d0\u524d\u4e2d\u65ad\uff0c\u56fd\u4f1a\u8bae\u5458\u7d27\u6025\u758f\u6563\u3002\u7279\u6717\u666e\u652f\u6301\u8005\u4e00\u5ea6\u5360\u9886\u56fd\u4f1a\u5927\u53a6\uff0c\u76f4\u81f3\u534e\u76db\u987f\u7279\u533a\u8b66\u65b9\u6e05\u7a7a\u8be5\u533a\u57df\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u81ea1812\u5e74\u6218\u4e89\u671f\u95f4\u82f1\u519b\u706b\u70e7\u534e\u76db\u987f\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u4f1a\u9996\u6b21\u906d\u5230\u66b4\u529b\u5f3a\u884c\u5360\u9886\u3002[74]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This section is an excerpt from Democratic backsliding in the United States \u00a7 Congress<\/a>.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5185\u5bb9\u6458\u81ea\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u5012\u9000\u300b\u6761\u76ee\u4e0b\u7684\u201c\u56fd\u4f1a\u201d\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Despite the importance of congress outlined in Article One<\/a>, congress has lost power to the executive and judiciary both intentionally and unintentionally.[75]<\/a>[76]<\/a>[77]<\/a>[78]<\/a>[79]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5c3d\u7ba1\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c\u4e00\u6761\u660e\u786e\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u56fd\u4f1a\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u56fd\u4f1a\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5df2\u9010\u6e10\u88ab\u884c\u653f\u548c\u53f8\u6cd5\u5206\u652f\u524a\u5f31\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u79cd\u524a\u5f31\u65e2\u6709\u6709\u610f\u4e3a\u4e4b\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u65e0\u610f\u9020\u6210\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002[75][76][77][78][79]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. \u56fd\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u5973\u6027 | Women in Congress<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Various social and structural barriers have prevented women from gaining seats in Congress. In the early 20th century, women’s domestic roles<\/a> and the inability to vote<\/a> forestalled opportunities to run for and hold public office. The two party system and the lack of term limits favored incumbent white men, making the widow’s succession<\/a> \u2013 in which a woman temporarily took over a seat vacated by the death of her husband \u2013 the most common path to Congress for white women.[80]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5404\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u969c\u788d\u957f\u671f\u963b\u788d\u5973\u6027\u83b7\u5f97\u56fd\u4f1a\u5e2d\u4f4d\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u88ab\u5c40\u9650\u4e8e\u5bb6\u5ead\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u4e14\u5c1a\u65e0\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5979\u4eec\u96be\u4ee5\u7ade\u9009\u6216\u62c5\u4efb\u516c\u804c\u3002\u4e24\u515a\u5236\u4f53\u7cfb\u548c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4efb\u671f\u9650\u5236\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u5728\u4efb\u7684\u767d\u4eba\u7537\u6027\u8bae\u5458\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u201c\u9057\u5b40\u7ee7\u4efb\u201d\uff08widow\u2019s succession\uff09\u2014\u2014\u5373\u4e08\u592b\u53bb\u4e16\u540e\u7531\u5176\u9057\u5b40\u6682\u65f6\u63a5\u66ff\u8bae\u5e2d\u2014\u2014\u6210\u4e3a\u767d\u4eba\u5973\u6027\u8fdb\u5165\u56fd\u4f1a\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u3002[80]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Women candidates began making substantial inroads in the later 20th century, due in part to new political support mechanisms and public awareness of their underrepresentation in Congress.[81]<\/a><\/sup> Recruitment and financial support<\/a> for women candidates were rare until the second-wave feminism movement<\/a>, when activists<\/a> moved into electoral politics. Beginning in the 1970s, donors and political action committees<\/a> like EMILY’s List<\/a> began recruiting, training and funding women candidates. Watershed political moments like the confirmation of Clarence Thomas<\/a> and the 2016 presidential election<\/a> created momentum for women candidates, resulting in the Year of the Woman<\/a> and the election of members of The Squad<\/a>, respectively.[82]<\/a>[83]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5230\u4e8620\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u671f\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u5f00\u59cb\u53d6\u5f97\u663e\u8457\u8fdb\u5c55\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\u65b0\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u652f\u6301\u673a\u5236\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u516c\u4f17\u5bf9\u5973\u6027\u5728\u56fd\u4f1a\u4e2d\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u4e0d\u8db3\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u63d0\u9ad8\u3002[81] \u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6ce2\u5973\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd0\u52a8\u5174\u8d77\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u9488\u5bf9\u5973\u6027\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u7684\u62db\u52df\u548c\u8d44\u91d1\u652f\u6301\u6781\u4e3a\u7f55\u89c1\uff1b\u968f\u7740\u5973\u6743\u6d3b\u52a8\u4eba\u58eb\u8f6c\u5411\u9009\u4e3e\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u60c5\u51b5\u5f00\u59cb\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u81ea1970\u5e74\u4ee3\u8d77\uff0c\u8bf8\u5982\u201c\u827e\u7c73\u8389\u540d\u5355\u201d\uff08EMILY\u2019s List\uff09\u7b49\u653f\u6cbb\u884c\u52a8\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u548c\u6350\u52a9\u8005\u5f00\u59cb\u79ef\u6781\u62db\u52df\u3001\u57f9\u8bad\u5e76\u8d44\u52a9\u5973\u6027\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u5173\u952e\u653f\u6cbb\u4e8b\u4ef6\u2014\u2014\u5982\u514b\u62c9\u4f26\u65af\u00b7\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\uff08Clarence Thomas\uff09\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u786e\u8ba4\u542c\u8bc1\u4f1a\u548c2016\u5e74\u603b\u7edf\u5927\u9009\u2014\u2014\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u5973\u6027\u53c2\u653f\u6d6a\u6f6e\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86\u201c\u5973\u6027\u4e4b\u5e74\u201d\uff08Year of the Woman\uff09\u548c\u201c\u5c0f\u961f\u201d\uff08The Squad\uff09\u6210\u5458\u5f53\u9009\u56fd\u4f1a\u3002[82][83]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Women of color faced additional challenges that made their ascension to Congress even more difficult. Jim Crow laws<\/a>, voter suppression<\/a> and other forms of structural racism made it virtually impossible for women of color to reach Congress prior to 1965. The passage of the Voting Rights Act that year<\/a>, and the elimination of race-based immigration laws in the 1960s opened the possibility for Black, Asian American, Latina and other non-white women candidates to run for Congress.[84]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6709\u8272\u4eba\u79cd\u5973\u6027\u9762\u4e34\u66f4\u591a\u989d\u5916\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u8fdb\u5165\u56fd\u4f1a\u7684\u9053\u8def\u66f4\u52a0\u8270\u96be\u3002\u57281965\u5e74\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5409\u59c6\u00b7\u514b\u52b3\u6cd5\uff08Jim Crow laws\uff09\u3001\u9009\u6c11\u538b\u5236\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u51e0\u4e4e\u5b8c\u5168\u963b\u65ad\u4e86\u6709\u8272\u4eba\u79cd\u5973\u6027\u8fdb\u5165\u56fd\u4f1a\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u30021965\u5e74\u300a\u6295\u7968\u6743\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\uff08Voting Rights Act\uff09\u7684\u901a\u8fc7\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca1960\u5e74\u4ee3\u5e9f\u9664\u57fa\u4e8e\u79cd\u65cf\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u624d\u4e3a\u975e\u88d4\u3001\u4e9a\u88d4\u3001\u62c9\u4e01\u88d4\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u975e\u767d\u4eba\u5973\u6027\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u53c2\u9009\u56fd\u4f1a\u6253\u5f00\u4e86\u5927\u95e8\u3002[84]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Racially polarized voting, racial stereotypes and lack of institutional support still prevent women of color from reaching Congress as easily as white people<\/a>. Senate elections, which require victories in statewide electorates, have been particularly difficult for women of color.[85]<\/a><\/sup> Carol Moseley Braun<\/a> became the first woman of color to reach the Senate in 1993. The second, Mazie Hirono<\/a>, won in 2013.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u81f3\u4eca\u79cd\u65cf\u5206\u5316\u6295\u7968\uff08racially polarized voting\uff09\u3001\u79cd\u65cf\u523b\u677f\u5370\u8c61\u4ee5\u53ca\u5236\u5ea6\u6027\u652f\u6301\u7684\u7f3a\u4e4f\uff0c\u4ecd\u4f7f\u6709\u8272\u4eba\u79cd\u5973\u6027\u6bd4\u767d\u4eba\u66f4\u96be\u8fdb\u5165\u56fd\u4f1a\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u5728\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\u2014\u2014\u9700\u8d62\u5f97\u5168\u5dde\u8303\u56f4\u9009\u6c11\u652f\u6301\u2014\u2014\u5bf9\u6709\u8272\u4eba\u79cd\u5973\u6027\u800c\u8a00\u5c24\u4e3a\u56f0\u96be\u3002[85] 1993\u5e74\uff0c\u5361\u7f57\u5c14\u00b7\u83ab\u65af\u5229\u00b7\u5e03\u52b3\u6069\uff08Carol Moseley Braun\uff09\u6210\u4e3a\u9996\u4f4d\u8fdb\u5165\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u7684\u6709\u8272\u4eba\u79cd\u5973\u6027\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4f4d\u662f2013\u5e74\u5f53\u9009\u7684\u5e7f\u91ce\u5e86\u5b50\uff08Mazie Hirono\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2021, Kamala Harris<\/a> became the first female President of the Senate<\/a>, which came with her role as the first female Vice President of the United States<\/a>.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30112021\u5e74\uff0c\u5361\u739b\u62c9\u00b7\u54c8\u91cc\u65af\uff08Kamala Harris\uff09\u5c31\u4efb\u7f8e\u56fd\u526f\u603b\u7edf\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u6210\u4e3a\u9996\u4f4d\u5973\u6027\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u8bae\u957f\uff08President of the Senate\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. \u804c\u8d23 | Role<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

3.1 \u6743\u529b | Powers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Powers of the United States Congress<\/a>\u3010\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u4f1a\u7684\u6743\u529b\u3011<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\u56fe2-1\u81f32-3\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

3.1.1 \u6982\u8ff0 | Overview<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Article One of the Constitution<\/a> creates and sets forth the structure and most of the powers of Congress. Sections One through Six describe how Congress is elected and gives each House the power to create its own structure. Section Seven lays out the process for creating laws, and Section Eight enumerates numerous powers. Section Nine is a list of powers Congress does not have, and Section Ten enumerates powers of the state, some of which may only be granted by Congress.[86]<\/a><\/sup> Constitutional amendments<\/a> have granted Congress additional powers. Congress also has implied powers<\/a> derived from the Constitution’s Necessary and Proper Clause<\/a>.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c\u4e00\u6761\u521b\u8bbe\u4e86\u56fd\u4f1a\uff0c\u5e76\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u5176\u7ed3\u6784\u53ca\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6743\u529b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u81f3\u7b2c\u516d\u6b3e\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u56fd\u4f1a\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5e76\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e24\u9662\u5404\u81ea\u5236\u5b9a\u5185\u90e8\u7ec4\u7ec7\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u6743\u529b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e03\u6b3e\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u7acb\u6cd5\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u7b2c\u516b\u6b3e\u5219\u5217\u4e3e\u4e86\u56fd\u4f1a\u7684\u8bf8\u591a\u5177\u4f53\u6743\u529b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e5d\u6b3e\u5217\u51fa\u4e86\u56fd\u4f1a\u4e0d\u5f97\u884c\u4f7f\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u7b2c\u5341\u6b3e\u5219\u5217\u4e3e\u4e86\u5404\u5dde\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u67d0\u4e9b\u6743\u529b\u987b\u7ecf\u56fd\u4f1a\u6279\u51c6\u65b9\u53ef\u884c\u4f7f\u3002[86] \u6b64\u540e\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6269\u5927\u4e86\u56fd\u4f1a\u7684\u6743\u529b\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u56fd\u4f1a\u8fd8\u62e5\u6709\u6e90\u81ea\u5baa\u6cd5\u201c\u5fc5\u8981\u4e0e\u9002\u5f53\u6761\u6b3e\u201d\uff08Necessary and Proper Clause\uff09\u7684\u9ed8\u793a\u6743\u529b\uff08implied powers\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Congress has authority over financial and budgetary policy through the enumerated power to “lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States”. There is vast authority over budgets, although analyst Eric Patashnik suggested that much of Congress’s power to manage the budget has been lost when the welfare state expanded since “entitlements were institutionally detached from Congress’s ordinary legislative routine and rhythm.”[87]<\/a><\/sup> Another factor leading to less control over the budget was a Keynesian<\/a> belief that balanced budgets were unnecessary.[87]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u56fd\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u5baa\u6cd5\u660e\u793a\u7684\u5f81\u7a0e\u6743\u2014\u2014\u201c\u5f81\u6536\u8d4b\u7a0e\u3001\u5173\u7a0e\u3001\u8fdb\u53e3\u7a0e\u548c\u6d88\u8d39\u7a0e\uff0c\u4ee5\u507f\u4ed8\u56fd\u503a\u5e76\u4e3a\u5408\u4f17\u56fd\u7684\u5171\u540c\u9632\u52a1\u548c\u5168\u6c11\u798f\u5229\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ecf\u8d39\u201d\u2014\u2014\u638c\u63e1\u8d22\u653f\u4e0e\u9884\u7b97\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5206\u6790\u4eba\u58eb\u57c3\u91cc\u514b\u00b7\u5e15\u5854\u4ec0\u5c3c\u514b\uff08Eric Patashnik\uff09\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u798f\u5229\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6269\u5f20\uff0c\u201c\u6cd5\u5b9a\u798f\u5229\u9879\u76ee\uff08entitlements\uff09\u5728\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0a\u8131\u79bb\u4e86\u56fd\u4f1a\u5e38\u89c4\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u8282\u594f\u201d\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u56fd\u4f1a\u7ba1\u7406\u9884\u7b97\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6743\u529b\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5df2\u88ab\u524a\u5f31\u3002[87] \u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u524a\u5f31\u56fd\u4f1a\u9884\u7b97\u63a7\u5236\u529b\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u662f\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e73\u8861\u9884\u7b97\u662f\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002[87]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Sixteenth Amendment<\/a> in 1913 extended congressional power of taxation to include income taxes<\/a> without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.[88]<\/a><\/sup> The Constitution also grants Congress the exclusive power to appropriate funds, and this power of the purse<\/a><\/em> is one of Congress’s primary checks<\/a> on the executive branch.[88]<\/a><\/sup> Congress can borrow money on the credit of the United States, regulate commerce<\/a> with foreign nations and among the states, and coin money.[89]<\/a><\/sup> Generally, the Senate and the House of Representatives have equal legislative authority, although only the House may originate revenue and appropriation bills<\/a>.[4]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u30111913\u5e74\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u300a\u7b2c\u5341\u516d\u6761\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u300b\u5c06\u56fd\u4f1a\u7684\u5f81\u7a0e\u6743\u6269\u5c55\u81f3\u6240\u5f97\u7a0e\uff0c\u4e14\u65e0\u9700\u5728\u5404\u5dde\u4e4b\u95f4\u6309\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5206\u914d\uff0c\u4e5f\u65e0\u9700\u8003\u8651\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\u6216\u7edf\u8ba1\u7ed3\u679c\u3002[88] \u5baa\u6cd5\u8fd8\u8d4b\u4e88\u56fd\u4f1a\u4e13\u5c5e\u7684\u62e8\u6b3e\u6743\uff08appropriations power\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u9879\u201c\u94b1\u888b\u6743\u201d\uff08power of the purse\uff09\u662f\u56fd\u4f1a\u5236\u7ea6\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u624b\u6bb5\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002[88] \u56fd\u4f1a\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee3\u8868\u7f8e\u56fd\u4fe1\u7528\u4e3e\u503a\u3001\u7ba1\u7406\u5bf9\u5916\u53ca\u5dde\u9645\u8d38\u6613\uff0c\u5e76\u94f8\u9020\u8d27\u5e01\u3002[89] \u603b\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u4e0e\u4f17\u8bae\u9662\u62e5\u6709\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u6743\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u6709\u4f17\u8bae\u9662\u6709\u6743\u63d0\u51fa\u7a0e\u6536\u548c\u62e8\u6b3e\u6cd5\u6848\u3002[4]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Congress has an important role in national defense<\/a>, including the exclusive power to declare war, to raise and maintain the armed forces<\/a>, and to make rules for the military.[90]<\/a><\/sup> Some critics charge that the executive branch<\/a> has usurped Congress’s constitutionally defined task of declaring war.[91]<\/a><\/sup> While historically presidents initiated the process for going to war, they asked for and received formal war declarations from Congress for the War of 1812<\/a>, the Mexican\u2013American War<\/a>, the Spanish\u2013American War<\/a>, World War I<\/a>, and World War II<\/a>,[92]<\/a><\/sup> although President Theodore Roosevelt<\/a>‘s military move into Panama in 1903 did not get congressional approval.[92]<\/a><\/sup> In the early days after the North Korean invasion of 1950<\/a>, President Truman<\/a> described the American response as a “police action”.[93]<\/a><\/sup> According to Time<\/a><\/em> magazine in 1970, “U.S. presidents [had] ordered troops into position or action without a formal congressional declaration a total of 149 times.”[92]<\/a><\/sup> In 1993, Michael Kinsley<\/a> wrote that “Congress’s war power has become the most flagrantly disregarded provision in the Constitution,” and that the “real erosion [of Congress’s war power] began after World War\u00a0II.”[94]<\/a>[95]<\/a>[96]<\/a><\/sup> Disagreement about the extent of congressional versus presidential power regarding war has been present periodically throughout the nation’s history.[97]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u56fd\u4f1a\u5728\u56fd\u9632\u4e8b\u52a1\u4e2d\u626e\u6f14\u5173\u952e\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e13\u5c5e\u7684\u5ba3\u6218\u6743\u3001\u7ec4\u5efa\u548c\u7ef4\u6301\u6b66\u88c5\u90e8\u961f\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5236\u5b9a\u519b\u4e8b\u6cd5\u89c4\u7684\u6743\u529b\u3002[90] \u4e00\u4e9b\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\u6307\u8d23\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u95e8\u7be1\u593a\u4e86\u5baa\u6cd5\u660e\u786e\u8d4b\u4e88\u56fd\u4f1a\u7684\u5ba3\u6218\u6743\u3002[91] \u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u603b\u7edf\u867d\u5e38\u7387\u5148\u542f\u52a8\u6218\u4e89\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u4f46\u57281812\u5e74\u6218\u4e89\u3001\u7f8e\u58a8\u6218\u4e89\u3001\u7f8e\u897f\u6218\u4e89\u3001\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u548c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u4e2d\uff0c\u5747\u6b63\u5f0f\u8bf7\u6c42\u5e76\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u56fd\u4f1a\u7684\u5ba3\u6218\u6388\u6743\u3002[92] \u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c1903\u5e74\u897f\u5965\u591a\u00b7\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u603b\u7edf\u51fa\u5175\u5df4\u62ff\u9a6c\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u5e76\u672a\u83b7\u5f97\u56fd\u4f1a\u6279\u51c6\u3002[92] 1950\u5e74\u671d\u9c9c\u6218\u4e89\u521d\u671f\uff0c\u675c\u9c81\u95e8\u603b\u7edf\u5c06\u7f8e\u519b\u884c\u52a8\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u8b66\u5bdf\u884c\u52a8\u201d\u3002[93] \u636e\u300a\u65f6\u4ee3\u300b\u6742\u5fd71970\u5e74\u62a5\u9053\uff0c\u201c\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u5728\u672a\u7ecf\u56fd\u4f1a\u6b63\u5f0f\u5ba3\u6218\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5df2149\u6b21\u4e0b\u4ee4\u519b\u961f\u90e8\u7f72\u6216\u91c7\u53d6\u884c\u52a8\u3002\u201d[92] 1993\u5e74\uff0c\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u00b7\u91d1\u65af\u5229\uff08Michael Kinsley\uff09\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u56fd\u4f1a\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u6743\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e2d\u6700\u88ab\u516c\u7136\u5ffd\u89c6\u7684\u6761\u6b3e\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u201c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u4fb5\u8680\u59cb\u4e8e\u4e8c\u6218\u4e4b\u540e\u201d\u3002[94][95][96] \u5173\u4e8e\u56fd\u4f1a\u4e0e\u603b\u7edf\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u6743\u529b\u4e0a\u7684\u754c\u9650\u4e4b\u4e89\uff0c\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u5468\u671f\u6027\u5730\u53cd\u590d\u51fa\u73b0\u3002[97]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Congress can establish post offices and post roads, issue patents and copyrights<\/a>, fix standards of weights and measures, establish Courts inferior to the Supreme Court<\/a>, and “make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof”. Article Four<\/a> gives Congress the power to admit new states into the Union.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u56fd\u4f1a\u8fd8\u53ef\u8bbe\u7acb\u90ae\u5c40\u548c\u90ae\u653f\u9053\u8def\u3001\u6388\u4e88\u4e13\u5229\u4e0e\u7248\u6743\u3001\u5236\u5b9a\u5ea6\u91cf\u8861\u6807\u51c6\u3001\u8bbe\u7acb\u4f4e\u4e8e\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c\u5e76\u201c\u5236\u5b9a\u4e00\u5207\u5fc5\u8981\u800c\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5404\u9879\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u672c\u5baa\u6cd5\u6388\u4e88\u5408\u4f17\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u6216\u5176\u4efb\u4f55\u90e8\u95e8\u6216\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u5207\u6743\u529b\u201d\u3002\u300a\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c\u56db\u6761\u8fd8\u8d4b\u4e88\u56fd\u4f1a\u63a5\u7eb3\u65b0\u5dde\u52a0\u5165\u8054\u90a6\u7684\u6743\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of Congress’s foremost non-legislative functions is the power to investigate<\/a> and oversee the executive branch.[98]<\/a><\/sup> Congressional oversight<\/a> is usually delegated to committees<\/a> and is facilitated by Congress’s subpoena power.[99]<\/a><\/sup> Some critics have charged that Congress has in some instances failed to do an adequate job of overseeing<\/a> the other branches of government. In the Plame affair<\/a>, critics including Representative Henry A. Waxman<\/a> charged that Congress was not doing an adequate job of oversight in this case.[100]<\/a><\/sup> There have been concerns about congressional oversight of executive actions such as warrantless wiretapping<\/a>, although others respond that Congress did investigate the legality of presidential decisions.[101]<\/a><\/sup> Political scientists Ornstein and Mann suggested that oversight functions do not help members of Congress win reelection. Congress also has the exclusive power of removal<\/a>, allowing impeachment and removal of the president, federal judges and other federal officers.[102]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u56fd\u4f1a\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u975e\u7acb\u6cd5\u804c\u80fd\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u5bf9\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u95e8\u8fdb\u884c\u8c03\u67e5\u4e0e\u76d1\u7763\u3002[98] \u56fd\u4f1a\u76d1\u7763\u901a\u5e38\u59d4\u6258\u7ed9\u5404\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u56fd\u4f1a\u7684\u4f20\u7968\u6743\uff08subpoena power\uff09\u4e88\u4ee5\u5b9e\u65bd\u3002[99] \u4e00\u4e9b\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u56fd\u4f1a\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u672a\u80fd\u5145\u5206\u5c65\u884c\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u76d1\u7763\u804c\u8d23\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u201c\u666e\u83b1\u59c6\u4e8b\u4ef6\u201d\uff08Plame affair\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f17\u8bae\u5458\u4ea8\u5229\u00b7A\u00b7\u97e6\u514b\u65af\u66fc\uff08Henry A. Waxman\uff09\u7b49\u4eba\u6279\u8bc4\u56fd\u4f1a\u672a\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u5f00\u5c55\u76d1\u7763\u3002[100] \u4eba\u4eec\u4e5f\u66fe\u62c5\u5fe7\u56fd\u4f1a\u5bf9\u8bf8\u5982\u65e0\u8bc1\u76d1\u542c\u7b49\u884c\u653f\u884c\u4e3a\u76d1\u7763\u4e0d\u529b\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e5f\u6709\u89c2\u70b9\u8ba4\u4e3a\u56fd\u4f1a\u786e\u5b9e\u8c03\u67e5\u8fc7\u603b\u7edf\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u3002[101] \u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u8005\u8bfa\u66fc\u00b7\u5965\u6069\u65af\u5766\uff08Norman Ornstein\uff09\u548c\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u66fc\uff08Thomas Mann\uff09\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u76d1\u7763\u804c\u80fd\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u5e2e\u52a9\u56fd\u4f1a\u8bae\u5458\u8d62\u5f97\u8fde\u4efb\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u56fd\u4f1a\u8fd8\u62e5\u6709\u4e13\u5c5e\u7684\u7f62\u514d\u6743\uff0c\u53ef\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u603b\u7edf\u3001\u8054\u90a6\u6cd5\u5b98\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u8054\u90a6\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u5f39\u52be\u5c06\u5176\u514d\u804c\u3002[102]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There have been charges that presidents acting under the doctrine of the unitary executive<\/a> have assumed important legislative and budgetary powers that should belong to Congress.[103]<\/a><\/sup> So-called signing statements<\/a> are one way in which a president can “tip the balance of power between Congress and the White House a little more in favor of the executive branch”, according to one account.[104]<\/a><\/sup> Past presidents, including Ronald Reagan<\/a>, George H. W. Bush<\/a>, Bill Clinton<\/a>, and George W. Bush<\/a>,[105]<\/a><\/sup> have made public statements when signing congressional legislation about how they understand a bill or plan to execute it, and commentators, including the American Bar Association<\/a>, have described this practice as against the spirit of the Constitution.[106]<\/a>[107]<\/a><\/sup> There have been concerns that presidential authority to cope with financial crises is eclipsing the power of Congress.[108]<\/a><\/sup> In 2008, George F. Will<\/a> called the Capitol building a “tomb for the antiquated idea that the legislative branch matters”.[109]<\/a><\/sup>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u6709\u6307\u63a7\u79f0\uff0c\u603b\u7edf\u4f9d\u636e\u201c\u5355\u4e00\u884c\u653f\u5b98\u7406\u8bba\u201d\uff08unitary executive doctrine\uff09\u884c\u4e8b\u65f6\uff0c\u64c5\u81ea\u652b\u53d6\u4e86\u672c\u5e94\u5c5e\u4e8e\u56fd\u4f1a\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u4e0e\u9884\u7b97\u6743\u529b\u3002[103] \u6709\u8bc4\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u7b7e\u7f72\u58f0\u660e\u201d\uff08signing statements\uff09\u662f\u603b\u7edf\u201c\u5c06\u56fd\u4f1a\u4e0e\u767d\u5bab\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5929\u5e73\u7565\u5fae\u5411\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u95e8\u503e\u659c\u201d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002[104] \u5305\u62ec\u7f57\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u91cc\u6839\u3001\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7H\u00b7W\u00b7\u5e03\u4ec0\u3001\u6bd4\u5c14\u00b7\u514b\u6797\u987f\u548c\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7W\u00b7\u5e03\u4ec0\u5728\u5185\u7684\u591a\u4f4d\u524d\u603b\u7edf\uff0c[105] \u90fd\u66fe\u5728\u7b7e\u7f72\u56fd\u4f1a\u6cd5\u6848\u65f6\u53d1\u8868\u516c\u5f00\u58f0\u660e\uff0c\u89e3\u91ca\u5176\u5bf9\u6cd5\u6848\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u6216\u6267\u884c\u8ba1\u5212\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5f8b\u5e08\u534f\u4f1a\u7b49\u8bc4\u8bba\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u505a\u6cd5\u8fdd\u80cc\u4e86\u5baa\u6cd5\u7cbe\u795e\u3002[106][107] \u8fd8\u6709\u4eba\u62c5\u5fe7\uff0c\u603b\u7edf\u5e94\u5bf9\u91d1\u878d\u5371\u673a\u7684\u6743\u9650\u6b63\u5728\u524a\u5f31\u56fd\u4f1a\u7684\u6743\u529b\u3002[108] 2008\u5e74\uff0c\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7F\u00b7\u5a01\u5c14\uff08George F. Will\uff09\u751a\u81f3\u79f0\u56fd\u4f1a\u5927\u53a6\u662f\u201c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fc7\u65f6\u7406\u5ff5\u2014\u2014\u5373\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u4ecd\u5177\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u2014\u2014\u7684\u575f\u5893\u201d\u3002[109]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.1.2 \u660e\u793a\u6743\u529b | Enumeration<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

The Constitution enumerates the powers of Congress in detail. In addition, other congressional powers have been granted, or confirmed, by constitutional amendments. The Thirteenth<\/a> (1865), Fourteenth<\/a> (1868), and Fifteenth Amendments<\/a> (1870) gave Congress authority to enact legislation to enforce rights of African Americans, including voting rights<\/a>, due process<\/a>, and equal protection<\/a> under the law.[110]<\/a><\/sup> Generally militia forces are controlled by state governments, not Congress.[111]<\/a><\/sup>
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