{"id":762,"date":"2023-08-11T23:03:41","date_gmt":"2023-08-11T15:03:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/?p=762"},"modified":"2024-07-12T21:56:19","modified_gmt":"2024-07-12T13:56:19","slug":"rosatom-en","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/2023\/08\/11\/rosatom-en\/","title":{"rendered":"Rosatom\uff08\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u56fd\u5bb6\u539f\u5b50\u80fd\u516c\u53f8\uff09\uff08\u5168\u6587\uff09 – \u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\n

\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff08\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\uff09\uff1ahttps:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rosatom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fbd\u89c2\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u8bd1\u6587\u4ec5\u4f9b\u53c2\u8003\u3002\u539f\u6587\u548c\u8bd1\u6587\u5747\u9075\u5b88CC-BY-SA 4.0\u56fd\u9645\u534f\u8bae<\/a>\uff0c\u5728\u6807\u6ce8\u6765\u6e90\u5e76\u9075\u5b88\u534f\u8bae\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u514d\u8d39\u4f7f\u7528\u6587\u7ae0\u548c\u56fe\u7247\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5546\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u6587\u4e2d\u8d85\u94fe\u63a5\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u5411\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\u9875\u9762\uff08\u5982\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u7ad9\u5185\u94fe\u63a5\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\u5c01\u9762\u56fe\u7247\u4e3aRosatom\u7684logo\uff0c\u6765\u6e90\uff1ahttp:\/\/rosatom.ru\/en\/<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

This article is about a corporation established in 2007. For Rosatom government body in 2004\u20132008, see <\/em>Rosatom (Federal Agency)<\/a>.<\/em>
\u672c\u6587\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6210\u7acb\u4e8e2007\u5e74\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e2004\u5e74\u81f32008\u5e74\u7684Rosatom\u653f\u5e9c\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u9605Rosatom\uff08\u8054\u90a6\u673a\u6784\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rosatom<\/strong> (Russian: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c, IPA: <\/small>[r\u0250s\u02c8at\u0259m]<\/a>), also known as Rosatom State Nuclear Energy Corporation<\/strong>, the State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom<\/strong>, or Rosatom State Corporation<\/strong>, is a Russian state corporation<\/a> headquartered in Moscow<\/a> that specializes in nuclear energy<\/a>, nuclear non-energy goods and high-tech products. Established in 2007, the nonprofit organization<\/a> comprises more than 350 enterprises, including scientific research organizations, a nuclear weapons complex<\/a>, and the world’s only nuclear icebreaker<\/a> fleet.[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1aRosatom\uff08\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\uff1a\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\uff09\uff0c\u53c8\u79f0\u4e3aRosatom\u56fd\u5bb6\u6838\u80fd\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u56fd\u5bb6\u539f\u5b50\u80fd\u516c\u53f8\u6216Rosatom\u56fd\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u662f\u603b\u90e8\u4f4d\u4e8e\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u7684\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u56fd\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u6838\u80fd\u3001\u975e\u80fd\u6e90\u6838\u4ea7\u54c1\u548c\u9ad8\u79d1\u6280\u4ea7\u54c1\u3002\u6210\u7acb\u4e8e2007\u5e74\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u975e\u8425\u5229\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5305\u62ec350\u591a\u5bb6\u4f01\u4e1a\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u79d1\u7814\u673a\u6784\u3001\u6838\u6b66\u5668\u7efc\u5408\u4f53\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u6838\u52a8\u529b\u7834\u51b0\u8230\u961f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The organization is the largest electricity generating company in Russia, producing 215.746 TWh of electricity, 20.28% of the country’s total electricity production. The corporation ranks first in overseas NPP<\/a> construction, responsible for 76% of global nuclear technology exports: 35 nuclear power plant<\/a> units, at different stages of development, in 12 countries, as of December 2020.[5]<\/a><\/sup> Rosatom also manufactures equipment, produces isotopes for nuclear medicine, carries out research, and conducts material studies. It also produces supercomputers and software as well as different nuclear and non-nuclear products. Rosatom plans to further develop renewable energy<\/a> and wind power<\/a>. Two nuclear power plants are being built in Russia at Kursk-2 NPP<\/a> with plans announced for 2 more units at Kola NPP.[6]<\/a><\/sup> Rosatom has a 38% world market share and in 2019 led in global uranium enrichment services (36%) and covers 16% of the global nuclear fuel market.[7]<\/a><\/sup>[8]<\/a><\/sup>[9]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u662f\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u6700\u5927\u7684\u53d1\u7535\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f215.746 TWh\u7684\u7535\u529b\uff0c\u5360\u5168\u56fd\u603b\u7535\u529b\u4ea7\u91cf\u768420.28%\u3002\u8be5\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u6d77\u5916\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\u5efa\u8bbe\u65b9\u9762\u6392\u540d\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u5168\u740376%\u7684\u6838\u6280\u672f\u51fa\u53e3\uff1a\u622a\u81f32020\u5e7412\u6708\uff0c\u572812\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6b63\u5728\u5efa\u8bbe\u4e2d\u768435\u4e2a\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\u5355\u4f4d\u5904\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u9636\u6bb5\u3002Rosatom\u8fd8\u5236\u9020\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u751f\u4ea7\u7528\u4e8e\u6838\u533b\u5b66\u7684\u540c\u4f4d\u7d20\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u6750\u6599\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u5b83\u8fd8\u751f\u4ea7\u8d85\u7ea7\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u548c\u8f6f\u4ef6\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6838\u80fd\u548c\u975e\u6838\u80fd\u4ea7\u54c1\u3002Rosatom\u8ba1\u5212\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u53d1\u5c55\u53ef\u518d\u751f\u80fd\u6e90\u548c\u98ce\u80fd\u3002\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u6b63\u5728\u5e93\u5c14\u65af\u514b-2\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\u5efa\u8bbe\u4e24\u5ea7\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba1\u5212\u5728\u79d1\u62c9\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\u5efa\u8bbe\u53e6\u5916\u4e24\u4e2a\u5355\u4f4d\u3002Rosatom\u5728\u5168\u7403\u5e02\u573a\u5360\u670938%\u7684\u4efd\u989d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u57282019\u5e74\u5728\u5168\u7403\u94c0\u6d53\u7f29\u670d\u52a1\uff0836%\uff09\u65b9\u9762\u5904\u4e8e\u9886\u5148\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u8986\u76d6\u4e86\u5168\u7403\u6838\u71c3\u6599\u5e02\u573a\u768416%\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2020 Rosatom approved an updated strategy with the intent to branch into 100 new business areas, including nuclear medicine, composites, wind energy, hydrogen, waste management, additive technology, and production of hydrogen.[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u57282020\u5e74\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u56fd\u5bb6\u539f\u5b50\u80fd\u516c\u53f8\uff08Rosatom\uff09\u6279\u51c6\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u66f4\u65b0\u7684\u6218\u7565\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u8fdb\u5165100\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u4e1a\u52a1\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6838\u533b\u5b66\u3001\u590d\u5408\u6750\u6599\u3001\u98ce\u80fd\u3001\u6c22\u80fd\u3001\u5e9f\u7269\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u589e\u6750\u5236\u9020\u6280\u672f\u548c\u6c22\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The state corporation is authorized on behalf of the state to fulfill Russia’s international obligations in the field of the use of nuclear energy and of non-proliferation<\/a> of nuclear materials. Rosatom is also involved with large-scale projects such as ITER<\/a> and FAIR<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u56fd\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u88ab\u6388\u6743\u4ee3\u8868\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5c65\u884c\u5728\u6838\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u548c\u6838\u6750\u6599\u975e\u6269\u6563\u9886\u57df\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u56fd\u5bb6\u6838\u80fd\u516c\u53f8\uff08Rosatom\uff09\u8fd8\u53c2\u4e0e\u5927\u578b\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u5982\u56fd\u9645\u70ed\u6838\u805a\u53d8\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5806\uff08ITER\uff09\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u52a0\u901f\u5668\u8bbe\u65bd\uff08FAIR\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As of February 2021, the total portfolio orders of Rosatom reached $250 billion.[10]<\/a><\/sup>[11]<\/a><\/sup> According to the 2020 corporate report, its 10-year foreign order portfolio stood at $138.3 billion, while revenue reached $7.5 billion. The 10-year order portfolio for new products stood at \u20bd1,602.1 billion while revenue reached \u20bd261.1 billion.[12]<\/a><\/sup>[13]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u622a\u81f32021\u5e742\u6708\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u56fd\u5bb6\u539f\u5b50\u80fd\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u603b\u6295\u8d44\u7ec4\u5408\u8ba2\u5355\u8fbe\u52302500\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\u3002\u6839\u636e2020\u5e74\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u517610\u5e74\u671f\u5916\u56fd\u8ba2\u5355\u7ec4\u5408\u8fbe\u5230\u4e861383\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\uff0c\u800c\u6536\u5165\u8fbe\u5230\u4e8675\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\u3002\u65b0\u4ea7\u54c1\u768410\u5e74\u8ba2\u5355\u7ec4\u5408\u8fbe\u52301602.1\u4ebf\u5362\u5e03\uff0c\u800c\u6536\u5165\u8fbe\u5230261.1\u4ebf\u5362\u5e03\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
Rosatom logo\u3002
\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1ahttp:\/\/rosatom.ru\/en\/<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n
\n
\"\"<\/a>
Rosatom’s headquarters at Bolshaya Ordynka Street<\/a> in Moscow
\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1aSergey Norin<\/a> from Moscow, Russia – 1557<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
Native name \u672c\u571f\u540d\u79f0<\/th>\u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u00bb<\/td><\/tr>
Type \u7c7b\u578b<\/th>State-owned<\/a> \u56fd\u6709<\/td><\/tr>
Industry \u4ea7\u4e1a<\/th>Nuclear power<\/a> \u6838\u80fd
Wind power<\/a> \u98ce\u80fd
Hydrogen fuel<\/a> \u6c22\u71c3\u6599<\/td><\/tr>
Predecessor \u524d\u4efb<\/th>Federal Agency on Atomic Energy<\/a> \u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u8054\u90a6\u539f\u5b50\u80fd\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a<\/td><\/tr>
Founded \u521b\u7acb\u65f6\u95f4<\/th>1 December 2007; 15 years ago[1]<\/a><\/sup> 2007\u5e7412\u67081\u65e5\uff1b15\u5e74\u524d<\/td><\/tr>
Founder \u521b\u7acb\u8005<\/th>Vladimir Putin<\/a> by signed law[2]<\/a><\/sup>\u5f17\u62c9\u57fa\u7c73\u5c14\u00b7\u666e\u4eac\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u7b7e\u7f72\u6cd5\u5f8b<\/td><\/tr>
Headquarters \u603b\u90e8<\/th>Moscow<\/a>, Russia<\/a> \u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u83ab\u65af\u79d1<\/td><\/tr>
Area served \u670d\u52a1\u5730\u57df<\/th>Worldwide \u5168\u4e16\u754c<\/td><\/tr>
Key people \u4e3b\u8981\u4eba\u7269<\/th>Alexey Likhachev<\/a> [ru<\/a>](General Director)<\/small> \u963f\u5217\u514b\u8c22\u00b7\u5229\u54c8\u5207\u592b\uff08\u603b\u88c1\uff09<\/td><\/tr>
Products \u4ea7\u54c1<\/th>Nuclear reactors<\/a> \u6838\u53cd\u5e94\u5806
Nuclear fuel<\/a> \u6838\u71c3\u6599
Uranium mining<\/a> \u94c0\u77ff\u5f00\u91c7
Uranium enrichment<\/a> \u94c0\u6d53\u7f29
Nuclear decommissioning<\/a> \u6838\u8bbe\u65bd\u505c\u8fd0
Nuclear medicine<\/a> \u6838\u533b\u5b66
Wind power<\/a> \u98ce\u80fd
Hydrogen fuel<\/a> \u6c22\u71c3\u6599
Additive manufacturing<\/a> \u589e\u6750\u5236\u9020
Composites<\/a> \u590d\u5408\u6750\u6599<\/td><\/tr>
Revenue \u6536\u5165<\/th>\u20bd1,207.4 trillion[3]<\/a><\/sup> (2020) 1,207.4\u4e07\u4ebf\u5362\u5e03[3]\uff082020\u5e74\uff09<\/td><\/tr>
Total assets<\/a> \u603b\u8d44\u4ea7<\/th>\u20bd4,722.4 trillion[3]<\/a><\/sup> (2020) \u20bd4,722.4\u4e07\u4ebf[3]\uff082020\u5e74\uff09<\/td><\/tr>
Owner \u6240\u6709\u8005<\/th>Russian government<\/a> \u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u653f\u5e9c<\/td><\/tr>
Number of employees \u96c7\u5458\u6570\u91cf<\/th>276,100[3]<\/a><\/sup> (2020)<\/td><\/tr>
Subsidiaries<\/a> \u5b50\u516c\u53f8<\/th>See organization<\/a> \u53c2\u89c1\u201c\u5b50\u516c\u53f8\u201d\u90e8\u5206<\/td><\/tr>
Website \u7f51\u7ad9<\/th>rosatom.ru\/en\/<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1. History \u5386\u53f2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Further information: Ministry of Nuclear Engineering and Industry of the Soviet Union<\/a> and Federal Agency on Atomic Energy (Russia)<\/a>
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a\u82cf\u8054\u6838\u5de5\u7a0b\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u90e8\u4ee5\u53ca\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u539f\u5b50\u80fd\u7f72<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.1 Origins & Establishment \u8d77\u6e90\u4e0e\u5efa\u7acb<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Several Soviet<\/a> and Russian government<\/a> entities with different tasks are among the Rosatom predecessors. On 26 June 1953, the Council of Ministers<\/a> transformed the First Main Directorate in charge of nuclear weapons<\/a> program into the Ministry of Medium Machine Building<\/a> (MinSredMash). The ministry was entrusted with the development of the civic nuclear power<\/a> program. In 1989, Minsredmash and the Ministry of Atomic Energy<\/a> merged to form the Ministry of Nuclear Engineering and Industry of the USSR<\/a>.[14]<\/a>[15]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u82cf\u8054\u548c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u653f\u5e9c\u5b9e\u4f53\u5206\u522b\u627f\u62c5\u7740\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u5e76\u6210\u4e3a\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u539f\u5b50\u80fd\u7f72\u7684\u524d\u8eab\u4e4b\u4e00\u30021953\u5e746\u670826\u65e5\uff0c\u82cf\u8054\u56fd\u52a1\u9662\u5c06\u8d1f\u8d23\u6838\u6b66\u5668\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u603b\u5c40\u8f6c\u578b\u4e3a\u4e2d\u578b\u673a\u68b0\u5de5\u4e1a\u90e8\uff08MinSredMash\uff09\uff0c\u8be5\u90e8\u88ab\u6388\u6743\u5f00\u5c55\u6c11\u7528\u6838\u80fd\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u30021989\u5e74\uff0cMinSredMash\u548c\u539f\u5b50\u80fd\u90e8\u5408\u5e76\u4e3a\u82cf\u8054\u6838\u5de5\u7a0b\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u90e8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Ministry for Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation [(Russian<\/a>: \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, also known as Minatom (Russian: \u041c\u0438\u043da\u0442\u043e\u043c)] was established as a successor to the Russian part of the Ministry of Nuclear Engineering and Industry of the USSR on 29 January 1992, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union<\/a>. The newly created ministry received about 80% of the enterprises of the union department, including 9 nuclear power plants with 28 power units. Under this name, the ministry existed until 9 March 2004, when it was transformed into the Federal Agency on Atomic Energy<\/a>.[14]<\/a>[15]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u8054\u90a6\u539f\u5b50\u80fd\u90e8\uff08\u4fc4\u8bed\uff1a\u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438\uff0c\u4e5f\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3aMinatom (\u4fc4\u8bed\uff1a\u041c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c)\uff09\u4e8e1992\u5e741\u670829\u65e5\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u82cf\u8054\u6838\u5de5\u7a0b\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u90e8\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u7ee7\u4efb\u8005\uff0c\u82cf\u8054\u89e3\u4f53\u540e\u6210\u7acb\u3002\u65b0\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u90e8\u95e8\u63a5\u7ba1\u4e86\u7ea680%\u7684\u8054\u76df\u90e8\u95e8\u4f01\u4e1a\uff0c\u5305\u62ec9\u4e2a\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\u548c28\u4e2a\u6838\u7535\u673a\u7ec4\u3002\u8be5\u90e8\u95e8\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57\u4e0b\u5b58\u5728\u76f4\u52302004\u5e743\u67089\u65e5\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u8054\u90a6\u539f\u5b50\u80fd\u7f72\uff08Federal Agency on Atomic Energy\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 1 December 2007, Russian President<\/a> Vladimir Putin<\/a> signed a law adopted by the Federal Assembly<\/a> under which the Federal Atomic Energy Agency were to be abolished, and its powers and assets were to be transferred to the newly created “State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom.” On 12 December of the same year, the agency transformed into a state corporation<\/a>.[14]<\/a>[16]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a2007\u5e7412\u67081\u65e5\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u603b\u7edf\u5f17\u62c9\u57fa\u7c73\u5c14\u00b7\u666e\u4eac\u7b7e\u7f72\u4e86\u8054\u90a6\u8bae\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u8be5\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u8054\u90a6\u539f\u5b50\u80fd\u7f72\u5c06\u88ab\u5e9f\u9664\uff0c\u5176\u6743\u529b\u548c\u8d44\u4ea7\u5c06\u88ab\u8f6c\u79fb\u7ed9\u65b0\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u201c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u56fd\u5bb6\u539f\u5b50\u80fd\u516c\u53f8Rosatom\u201d\u3002\u540c\u5e7412\u670812\u65e5\uff0c\u8be5\u673a\u6784\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.2 Closing Down Plutonium Production Plants \u5173\u95ed\u949a\u751f\u4ea7\u5382<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

As part of a deal reached with the United States in 2003, Russia’s plutonium-producing reactors were shut down.[17]<\/a><\/sup> The reactors had originally been built during the nuclear arms race<\/a> to provide weapons-grade plutonium, but some of the reactors had since been relied on to provide heat and power to cities. In 2005, work began on a coal plant to provide alternative power to Seversk<\/a> and Tomsk<\/a>, which had been relying on nuclear reactors originally built in the 1960s as part of the nuclear arms race<\/a>. The coal plant was partially funded by the U.S., with construction concluding in 2008.[18]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u4f5c\u4e3a2003\u5e74\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u8fbe\u6210\u7684\u534f\u8bae\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u7684\u949a\u751f\u4ea7\u53cd\u5e94\u5806\u88ab\u5173\u95ed\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53cd\u5e94\u5806\u6700\u521d\u662f\u5728\u6838\u519b\u5907\u7ade\u8d5b\u671f\u95f4\u5efa\u9020\u7684\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u751f\u4ea7\u6b66\u5668\u7ea7\u949a\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u53cd\u5e94\u5806\u540e\u6765\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u4e3a\u57ce\u5e02\u63d0\u4f9b\u70ed\u529b\u548c\u7535\u529b\u30022005\u5e74\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u5efa\u8bbe\u4e00\u5ea7\u7164\u7535\u5382\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e3a\u585e\u97e6\u5c14\u65af\u514b\u548c\u6c64\u59c6\u65af\u514b\u63d0\u4f9b\u66ff\u4ee3\u80fd\u6e90\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u57ce\u5e02\u6700\u521d\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u4e0a\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6838\u519b\u5907\u7ade\u8d5b\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u5efa\u9020\u7684\u6838\u53cd\u5e94\u5806\u3002\u8be5\u7164\u7535\u5382\u90e8\u5206\u7531\u7f8e\u56fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u8d44\u91d1\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u5efa\u8bbe\u4e8e2008\u5e74\u5b8c\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.3 Involvement in International Markets \u5bf9\u56fd\u9645\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Between 2000-2015, Rosatom “was the supplier in around half of all international agreements on nuclear power plant construction, reactor and fuel supply, decommissioning or waste”.[19]<\/a><\/sup> Russia has various diplomatic ties with different countries via nuclear energy diplomacy.[20]<\/a><\/sup> Some form of formalized agreement exists with 54 countries as of 2023, although some plans for Russian-built nuclear power plants were cancelled after the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[19]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u57282000\u5e74\u81f32015\u5e74\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u56fd\u5bb6\u539f\u5b50\u80fd\u516c\u53f8Rosatom\u201c\u5728\u5927\u7ea6\u4e00\u534a\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\u5efa\u8bbe\u3001\u53cd\u5e94\u5806\u548c\u71c3\u6599\u4f9b\u5e94\u3001\u62c6\u9664\u6216\u5e9f\u7269\u5904\u7406\u534f\u8bae\u4e2d\u5145\u5f53\u4f9b\u5e94\u65b9\u201d\u3002\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u901a\u8fc7\u6838\u80fd\u5916\u4ea4\u4e0e\u4e0d\u540c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u5916\u4ea4\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u622a\u81f32023\u5e74\uff0c\u8be5\u516c\u53f8\u5df2\u4e0e54\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7b7e\u8ba2\u4e86\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u7684\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5165\u4fb5\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u540e\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5efa\u9020\u7684\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\u8ba1\u5212\u88ab\u53d6\u6d88\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.4 Wind Power Investments \u98ce\u80fd\u6295\u8d44<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n

This section may be confusing or unclear<\/a> to readers<\/strong>. Please help clarify the section<\/a>. There might be a discussion about this on the talk page<\/a>. (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message<\/a><\/small>)<\/em>
\u672c\u8282\u53ef\u80fd\u5bf9\u8bfb\u8005\u6765\u8bf4\u6709\u4e9b\u6df7\u4e71\u6216\u4e0d\u6e05\u6670\u3002\u8bf7\u5e2e\u52a9\u6f84\u6e05\u672c\u8282\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u9875\u9762\u4e0a\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u5173\u4e8e\u6b64\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002\uff082023\u5e747\u6708\uff09\uff08\u4e86\u89e3\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u4f55\u65f6\u79fb\u9664\u6b64\u6a21\u677f\u6d88\u606f\uff09<\/p>\n\uff08\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u81ea\u5e26\u7684\u63d0\u793a\uff09<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Rosatom decided to invest in wind power<\/a>, believing that rapid cost reductions in the renewable industry will become a competitive threat to nuclear power, and started to build wind turbines<\/a>. Rosatom was also concerned that nuclear export opportunities were becoming exhausted. In October, Rosatom was reported to be considering postponing commissioning new nuclear plants in Russia due to excess generation capacity and that new nuclear electricity prices are higher than for existing plant. The Russian government is considering reducing support for new nuclear under its support contracts, called Dogovor Postavki Moshnosti (DPM), which guarantee developers a return on investment through increased payments from consumers for 20 years.[21]<\/a>[22]<\/a>[23]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u57282017\u5e74\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u56fd\u5bb6\u539f\u5b50\u80fd\u516c\u53f8Rosatom\u51b3\u5b9a\u6295\u8d44\u98ce\u80fd\uff0c\u5e76\u5f00\u59cb\u5efa\u8bbe\u98ce\u529b\u6da1\u8f6e\u673a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ef\u518d\u751f\u80fd\u6e90\u884c\u4e1a\u7684\u6210\u672c\u5feb\u901f\u964d\u4f4e\u5c06\u5bf9\u6838\u80fd\u6784\u6210\u7ade\u4e89\u5a01\u80c1\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0cRosatom\u4e5f\u62c5\u5fc3\u6838\u80fd\u51fa\u53e3\u673a\u4f1a\u6b63\u5728\u9010\u6e10\u51cf\u5c11\u3002\u636e\u62a5\u9053\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u53d1\u7535\u80fd\u529b\u8fc7\u5269\u4ee5\u53ca\u65b0\u5efa\u6838\u7535\u5382\u7684\u7535\u4ef7\u8f83\u9ad8\uff0cRosatom\u8003\u8651\u63a8\u8fdf\u5728\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u6295\u5165\u4f7f\u7528\u65b0\u7684\u6838\u7535\u5382\u3002\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u653f\u5e9c\u6b63\u5728\u8003\u8651\u964d\u4f4e\u5bf9\u65b0\u5efa\u6838\u7535\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u5176\u79f0\u4e3a\u201cDogovor Postavki Moshnosti (DPM)\u201d\u7684\u652f\u6301\u5408\u540c\uff0c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u5f00\u53d1\u5546\u901a\u8fc7\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u652f\u4ed8\u83b7\u5f9720\u5e74\u7684\u6295\u8d44\u56de\u62a5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.5 2017 Ruthenium Plume Controversy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ruthenium<\/a>, a byproduct of uranium-235 fission, is used by nuclear monitoring sites as an indicator of a nuclear accident.[24]<\/a><\/sup> In October 2017, a plume of ruthenium-106 was detected by multiple laboratories throughout Europe. Rosatom denied that there had been a leak or accident at its nuclear sites and suggested that the plume was caused by a satellite burning upon reentry.[25]<\/a><\/sup> A 2019 study ruled out the satellite hypothesis. By analyzing air sample data from multiple monitoring sites, the scientists determined that the most likely cause of the plume was a fire of explosion while attempting to process ruthenium into cerium-144.[25]<\/a><\/sup> Rosatom continues to deny that there was a leak or explosion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u948c\u662f\u94c0-235\u88c2\u53d8\u7684\u526f\u4ea7\u7269\uff0c\u6838\u76d1\u6d4b\u7ad9\u5c06\u5176\u7528\u4f5c\u6838\u4e8b\u6545\u7684\u6307\u793a\u7269\u3002\u57282017\u5e7410\u6708\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u591a\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u68c0\u6d4b\u5230\u4e86\u948c-106\u7684\u4e91\u56e2\u3002Rosatom\u5426\u8ba4\u5176\u6838\u8bbe\u65bd\u53d1\u751f\u6cc4\u6f0f\u6216\u4e8b\u6545\uff0c\u5e76\u8868\u793a\u8be5\u4e91\u56e2\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7531\u536b\u661f\u518d\u5165\u5927\u6c14\u5c42\u65f6\u71c3\u70e7\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c2019\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u6392\u9664\u4e86\u536b\u661f\u5047\u8bbe\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5206\u6790\u591a\u4e2a\u76d1\u6d4b\u7ad9\u7684\u7a7a\u6c14\u6837\u54c1\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u786e\u5b9a\u8be5\u4e91\u56e2\u6700\u53ef\u80fd\u7531\u5904\u7406\u948c\u5236\u6210\u9517-144\u65f6\u7684\u706b\u707e\u6216\u7206\u70b8\u5f15\u8d77\u3002Rosatom\u7ee7\u7eed\u5426\u8ba4\u6cc4\u6f0f\u6216\u7206\u70b8\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.6 Other Events, 2017-2020 2017-2020\u5e74\u671f\u95f4\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u4ef6<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n

This section may be confusing or unclear<\/a> to readers<\/strong>. Please help clarify the section<\/a>. There might be a discussion about this on the talk page<\/a>. (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message<\/a><\/small>)<\/em>
\u672c\u8282\u53ef\u80fd\u5bf9\u8bfb\u8005\u6765\u8bf4\u6709\u4e9b\u6df7\u4e71\u6216\u4e0d\u6e05\u6670\u3002\u8bf7\u5e2e\u52a9\u6f84\u6e05\u672c\u8282\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u9875\u9762\u4e0a\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u5173\u4e8e\u6b64\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002\uff082023\u5e747\u6708\uff09\uff08\u4e86\u89e3\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u4f55\u65f6\u79fb\u9664\u6b64\u6a21\u677f\u6d88\u606f\uff09<\/p>\n\uff08\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u81ea\u5e26\u7684\u63d0\u793a\uff09<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

On 28 June 2017, The Financial Times<\/a><\/em> criticized Rosatom for lack of transparency regarding an alleged expansionist agenda through its role as a “Kremlin-controlled company<\/a>“.[26]<\/a><\/sup> On 20 March 2018, this criticism was underlined by the Bellona Foundation<\/a>, who focused on the scarce data available on Rosatom’s progress in Sudan<\/a>.[27]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u57282017\u5e746\u670828\u65e5\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u300a\u91d1\u878d\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u6279\u8bc4\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u56fd\u5bb6\u539f\u5b50\u80fd\u516c\u53f8Rosatom\u7f3a\u4e4f\u900f\u660e\u5ea6\uff0c\u6307\u8d23\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u514b\u91cc\u59c6\u6797\u5bab\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u201d\u5b58\u5728\u6269\u5f20\u4e3b\u4e49\u8bae\u7a0b\u30022018\u5e743\u670820\u65e5\uff0c\u8d1d\u6d1b\u7eb3\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u4e5f\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u5bf9Rosatom\u5728\u82cf\u4e39\u8fdb\u5c55\u7684\u7a00\u7f3a\u6570\u636e\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 August 2020, Rosatom marked the 75th anniversary of the Russian nuclear industry<\/a>. As part of the celebration, Rosatom launched its rebranding campaign \u201cUnited Rosatom,\u201d which made subsidiaries in the nuclear industry utilize the Rosatom’s Moebius<\/a> strip logo. In 2020, Rosatom set a goal of tripling its revenue to \u20bd4 trillion by 2030, 40% of which is set to come from new lines of business, with primarily focus on sustainable tech.[28]<\/a><\/sup>[5]<\/a><\/sup>[29]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a2020\u5e748\u670820\u65e5\uff0cRosatom\u5e86\u795d\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u6838\u80fd\u4ea7\u4e1a\u6210\u7acb75\u5468\u5e74\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5e86\u795d\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0cRosatom\u63a8\u51fa\u4e86\u5176\u91cd\u65b0\u54c1\u724c\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u201c\u8054\u5408Rosatom\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u8981\u6c42\u6838\u80fd\u884c\u4e1a\u7684\u5b50\u516c\u53f8\u4f7f\u7528Rosatom\u7684Moebius\u5e26\u72b6\u5fbd\u6807\u30022020\u5e74\uff0cRosatom\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e86\u52302030\u5e74\u5c06\u5176\u6536\u5165\u589e\u52a0\u52304\u4e07\u4ebf\u5362\u5e03\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d40%\u5c06\u6765\u81ea\u65b0\u4e1a\u52a1\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5173\u6ce8\u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u6280\u672f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.7 2022 Invasion of Ukraine \u5165\u4fb5\u4e4c\u514b\u5170<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Nations supporting Ukraine<\/a> following the 2022 Russian invasion<\/a> sanctioned key Russian industries, including Rosatom and its subsidiaries. The Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office<\/a> of the United Kingdom<\/a> announced direct sanctions against Rosatom and its executives.[30]<\/a><\/sup> The United States Department of the Treasury<\/a> Office of Foreign Assets Control<\/a> sanctioned UMATEX Joint-Stock Company and its subsidiaries in Russia and the Czech Republic<\/a> pursuant to Executive Order<\/a> 14024<\/a>, as part of a drive against Russia’s suppliers of carbon fibers<\/a>.[31]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u57282022\u5e74\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5165\u4fb5\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u540e\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u5173\u952e\u7684\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u4ea7\u4e1a\u5b9e\u65bd\u4e86\u5236\u88c1\uff0c\u5305\u62ecRosatom\u53ca\u5176\u5b50\u516c\u53f8\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u3001\u8054\u90a6\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\u5ba3\u5e03\u76f4\u63a5\u5bf9Rosatom\u53ca\u5176\u9ad8\u7ba1\u5b9e\u65bd\u5236\u88c1\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u8d22\u653f\u90e8\u5916\u56fd\u8d44\u4ea7\u63a7\u5236\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\u4f9d\u636e\u7b2c14024\u53f7\u884c\u653f\u547d\u4ee4\u5bf9UMATEX\u80a1\u4efd\u516c\u53f8\u53ca\u5176\u5728\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u548c\u6377\u514b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7684\u5b50\u516c\u53f8\u5b9e\u65bd\u5236\u88c1\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6253\u51fb\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u78b3\u7ea4\u7ef4\u4f9b\u5e94\u5546\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Within the next two days after Russian military forces occupied Ukraine’s Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant<\/a> on 24 February 2022, Rosatom employees had gained an unauthorized access to the plant, threatened the Ukrainian personnel and demanded the plant’s manuals, procedures and other documentation.[32]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u57282022\u5e742\u670824\u65e5\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u519b\u961f\u5360\u9886\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u7684\u5207\u5c14\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5229\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\u540e\u7684\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u4e24\u5929\u5185\uff0cRosatom\u7684\u5458\u5de5\u672a\u7ecf\u6388\u6743\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u8be5\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\uff0c\u5e76\u5a01\u80c1\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u4eba\u5458\uff0c\u5e76\u8981\u6c42\u83b7\u53d6\u8be5\u7ad9\u7684\u624b\u518c\u3001\u7a0b\u5e8f\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since 12 March 2022,[33]<\/a><\/sup> once Russian military forces occupied Ukraine’s Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant<\/a>, Rosatom employees have gained an access and set a base there without permission of the plant’s owner Energoatom<\/a>. Rosatom engineers have demanded documentation and manuals on the plant’s operation. Rosatom spokeswoman said that its employees are present at Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant<\/a> to ensure the safety of the plant and are not involved in its management or security.[34]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u81ea2022\u5e743\u670812\u65e5\u8d77\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u519b\u961f\u5360\u9886\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u7684\u624e\u6ce2\u7f57\u70ed\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\u540e\uff0cRosatom\u7684\u5458\u5de5\u672a\u7ecf\u6279\u51c6\u8fdb\u5165\u5e76\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u5730\uff0c\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u5f97\u5230\u8be5\u7535\u7ad9\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8005Energoatom\u7684\u8bb8\u53ef\u3002Rosatom\u7684\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u8981\u6c42\u4e86\u8be5\u7535\u7ad9\u8fd0\u8425\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u624b\u518c\u3002Rosatom\u7684\u53d1\u8a00\u4eba\u79f0\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5458\u5de5\u5728\u624e\u6ce2\u7f57\u70ed\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u786e\u4fdd\u5176\u5b89\u5168\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u53c2\u4e0e\u5176\u7ba1\u7406\u6216\u5b89\u5168\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 29 September 2022 the International Atomic Energy Agency<\/a> was told by a Ukrainian ambassador that Rosatom had sent more officials to Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant to enforce the change in ownership from Ukraine to Russia and to give the plant employees two weeks to apply for work with Rosatom. Allowing Russia to claim ownership of Zaporizhzhia would represent the biggest nuclear theft in history.[35]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a2022\u5e749\u670829\u65e5\uff0c\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u5927\u4f7f\u5411\u56fd\u9645\u539f\u5b50\u80fd\u673a\u6784\uff08IAEA\uff09\u8868\u793a\uff0cRosatom\u5df2\u7ecf\u6d3e\u9063\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u5230\u624e\u6ce2\u7f57\u70ed\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\uff0c\u4ee5\u5b9e\u65bd\u5c06\u5176\u6240\u6709\u6743\u4ece\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\uff0c\u5e76\u7ed9\u4e88\u8be5\u7535\u7ad9\u5458\u5de5\u4e24\u5468\u65f6\u95f4\u7533\u8bf7\u52a0\u5165Rosatom\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u5141\u8bb8\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u58f0\u79f0\u5bf9\u624e\u6ce2\u7f57\u70ed\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\u62e5\u6709\u6240\u6709\u6743\u5c06\u4ee3\u8868\u7740\u6709\u53f2\u4ee5\u6765\u6700\u5927\u7684\u6838\u76d7\u7a83\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Organization \u7ec4\u7ec7<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

As of early 2021, Rosatom included 356 of various organizational and legal forms. Some belong to the enterprises of the nuclear power<\/a> complex, which comprises organizations of nuclear energy, nuclear engineering<\/a>, and the nuclear fuel cycle<\/a>, such as enterprises for the exploration and production of natural uranium, conversion and enrichment of uranium, production of nuclear fuel, electricity and equipment, development of new technologies for the nuclear fuel and gas centrifuge platform.[5]<\/a><\/sup> Others belong to the growing number of new businesses outside of nuclear power, including wind energy, composite materials, additive technologies, nuclear medicine, among others. The civilian assets of the Russian nuclear industry are concentrated within Rosatom’s holding company Atomenergoprom<\/a>, which unites 204 enterprises as of December 2020.[12]<\/a>[36]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u622a\u81f32021\u5e74\u521d\uff0cRosatom\u62e5\u6709356\u4e2a\u5404\u79cd\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6838\u80fd\u590d\u5408\u4f53\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6838\u80fd\u3001\u6838\u5de5\u7a0b\u548c\u6838\u71c3\u6599\u5faa\u73af\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u5982\u5f00\u91c7\u548c\u751f\u4ea7\u5929\u7136\u94c0\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\uff0c\u94c0\u8f6c\u5316\u548c\u6d53\u7f29\u4f01\u4e1a\uff0c\u6838\u71c3\u6599\u3001\u7535\u529b\u548c\u8bbe\u5907\u751f\u4ea7\u4f01\u4e1a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f00\u53d1\u6838\u71c3\u6599\u548c\u6c14\u4f53\u79bb\u5fc3\u673a\u5e73\u53f0\u7684\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u7b49[5]\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f01\u4e1a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6838\u80fd\u4e4b\u5916\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u957f\u7684\u65b0\u4e1a\u52a1\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u98ce\u80fd\u3001\u590d\u5408\u6750\u6599\u3001\u589e\u6750\u5236\u9020\u6280\u672f\u3001\u6838\u533b\u5b66\u7b49\u3002\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u6838\u80fd\u4ea7\u4e1a\u7684\u6c11\u7528\u8d44\u4ea7\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728Rosatom\u7684\u63a7\u80a1\u516c\u53f8Atomenergoprom\uff0c\u622a\u81f32020\u5e7412\u6708\uff0c\u8be5\u516c\u53f8\u5171\u6709204\u5bb6\u4f01\u4e1a[12][36]\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Rosatom companies are integrated into multiple divisions:[12]<\/a>[37]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1aRosatom\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u88ab\u5206\u4e3a\u591a\u4e2a\u90e8\u95e8[12][37]\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.1 Mining division \u91c7\u77ff\u90e8\u95e8<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The holding company of the Rosatom mining division is JSC Atomredmetzoloto<\/a>, which consolidates Russian uranium mining assets. Key daughter companies include JSC Khiagda and JSC Dalur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1aRosatom\u91c7\u77ff\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u63a7\u80a1\u516c\u53f8\u662fJSC Atomredmetzoloto\uff0c\u8be5\u516c\u53f8\u6574\u5408\u4e86\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u7684\u94c0\u77ff\u5f00\u91c7\u8d44\u4ea7\u3002\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5b50\u516c\u53f8\u5305\u62ecJSC Khiagda\u548cJSC Dalur\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uranium One<\/a> is a separate global mining company that operates directly under Rosatom with a diverse portfolio of assets in Kazakhstan, United States and Tanzania.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1aUranium One\u662f\u4e00\u5bb6\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u5168\u7403\u77ff\u4e1a\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u96b6\u5c5e\u4e8eRosatom\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u5728\u54c8\u8428\u514b\u65af\u5766\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u5766\u6851\u5c3c\u4e9a\u7684\u591a\u6837\u5316\u8d44\u4ea7\u7ec4\u5408\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.2 Fuel division \u71c3\u6599\u90e8\u95e8<\/h3>\n\n\n
\n
\"\"<\/a>
Work on a fuel cassette of the nuclear power reactor at the Novosibirsk Chemical Concentrates Plant<\/a>, a TVEL<\/a> subsidiary\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1aRIA Novosti archive, image #132603 \/ Ruslan Krivobok \/ CC-BY-SA 3.0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

The managing company of the Rosatom fuel division is JSC TVEL<\/a>, which is a leading organization on the global nuclear fuel cycle front-end market and the only supplier of nuclear fuel for Russian NPPs and the nuclear-powered icebreaker fleet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u6838\u80fd\u71c3\u6599\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u516c\u53f8\u662fJSC TVEL\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5168\u7403\u6838\u71c3\u6599\u524d\u7aef\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u9886\u5148\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\u548c\u6838\u52a8\u529b\u7834\u51b0\u8239\u961f\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u6838\u71c3\u6599\u4f9b\u5e94\u5546\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Key daughter companies include Bochvar National Research Institute for Inorganic Materials, Siberian Chemical Combine<\/a>, and Chepetskiy Mechanical Plant<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5b50\u516c\u53f8\u5305\u62ecBochvar\u56fd\u5bb6\u65e0\u673a\u6750\u6599\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u3001\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u5316\u5b66\u8054\u5408\u4f01\u4e1a\u548cChepetskiy\u673a\u68b0\u5382\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The division’s tasks include the fabrication of nuclear fuel, conversion and enrichment of uranium, and the production of gas centrifuges<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u8be5\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u5305\u62ec\u6838\u71c3\u6599\u7684\u5236\u9020\u3001\u94c0\u7684\u8f6c\u5316\u548c\u6d53\u7f29\u4ee5\u53ca\u6c14\u4f53\u79bb\u5fc3\u673a\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uranium enrichment is carried out at four TVEL Fuel Company plants, including Angarsk Electrochemical Plant in Angarsk<\/a>, Irkutsk oblast<\/a>, Zelenogorsk Electrochemical Plant<\/a> in Zelenogorsk<\/a>, Krasnoyarsk Krai<\/a>, Ural Electrochemical Plant<\/a> in Novouralsk<\/a>, Sverdlovsk oblast<\/a>, and the Siberian Chemical Plant in Seversk<\/a>, Tomsk oblast<\/a>.[38]<\/a><\/sup> Uranium is enriched using an advanced gas centrifuge technology to separate uranium isotopes. Depleted uranium hexafluoride is converted to an oxide form at the W-ECP unit of Zelenogorsk Electrochemical Plant.[39]<\/a>[40]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u94c0\u6d53\u7f29\u5728\u56db\u4e2aTVEL\u71c3\u6599\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u5de5\u5382\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5b89\u52a0\u5c14\u65af\u514b\u7535\u5316\u5b66\u5382\uff08\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4f0a\u5c14\u5e93\u8328\u514b\u5dde\u5b89\u52a0\u5c14\u65af\u514b\uff09\u3001\u6cfd\u5217\u8bfa\u6208\u5c14\u65af\u514b\u7535\u5316\u5b66\u5382\uff08\u4f4d\u4e8e\u514b\u62c9\u65af\u8bfa\u4e9a\u5c14\u65af\u514b\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u6cfd\u5217\u8bfa\u6208\u5c14\u65af\u514b\uff09\u3001\u65b0\u4e4c\u62c9\u5c14\u7535\u5316\u5b66\u5382\uff08\u4f4d\u4e8e\u65af\u7ef4\u5c14\u5fb7\u6d1b\u592b\u65af\u514b\u5dde\u65b0\u4e4c\u62c9\u5c14\u65af\u514b\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u5316\u5b66\u5382\uff08\u4f4d\u4e8e\u6258\u6728\u65af\u514b\u5dde\u585e\u97e6\u5c14\u65af\u514b\uff09\u3002\u94c0\u6d53\u7f29\u4f7f\u7528\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u6c14\u4f53\u79bb\u5fc3\u673a\u6280\u672f\u6765\u5206\u79bb\u94c0\u540c\u4f4d\u7d20\u3002\u5e9f\u5f03\u7684\u516d\u6c1f\u5316\u94c0\u5728\u6cfd\u5217\u8bfa\u6208\u5c14\u65af\u514b\u7535\u5316\u5b66\u5382\u7684W-ECP\u88c5\u7f6e\u4e2d\u88ab\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u6c27\u5316\u7269\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nuclear fuel is produced at Rosatom’s Machine-building plant (JSC MSZ) and Novosibirsk Chemical Concentrates Plant (JSC NCCP). The plants produce UO2<\/sub>-based (enriched fresh and reprocessed uranium) nuclear fuel for all models of Russian power and research reactors, as well as for many foreign power and research reactor models and for Russian ship-based power installations. The development of accident tolerant fuel for VVER and PWR reactors has now entered the stage of testing.[41]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u6838\u71c3\u6599\u5728Rosatom\u7684\u673a\u68b0\u5236\u9020\u5382\uff08JSC MSZ\uff09\u548c\u65b0\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u5316\u5b66\u6d53\u7f29\u5382\uff08JSC NCCP\uff09\u751f\u4ea7\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5de5\u5382\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u578b\u53f7\u7684\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u7535\u529b\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u53cd\u5e94\u5806\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8bb8\u591a\u5916\u56fd\u7535\u529b\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u53cd\u5e94\u5806\u578b\u53f7\u4ee5\u53ca\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u8230\u8f7d\u52a8\u529b\u88c5\u7f6e\u751f\u4ea7\u4ee5UO2\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u6838\u71c3\u6599\uff08\u5bcc\u96c6\u7684\u65b0\u9c9c\u94c0\u548c\u518d\u5904\u7406\u94c0\uff09\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u9488\u5bf9VVER\u548cPWR\u53cd\u5e94\u5806\u7684\u4e8b\u6545\u5bb9\u5fcd\u71c3\u6599\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fdb\u5165\u6d4b\u8bd5\u9636\u6bb5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

MOX fuel for fast sodium reactors is produced at the Mining and Chemical Combine, while uranium-plutonium mixed fuel will be produced at the Siberian Chemical Plant, which is currently under construction. A uranium-plutonium fuel REMIX<\/a> (regenerated mixture) being tested for VVER reactors; its commercial production is expected to take place at the Mining and Chemical Combine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5feb\u901f\u94a0\u51b7\u5806\u4f7f\u7528\u7684MOX\u71c3\u6599\u5728\u77ff\u5316\u5143\u7d20\u5316\u5b66\u8054\u5408\u4f01\u4e1a\u751f\u4ea7\uff0c\u800c\u94c0-\u949a\u6df7\u5408\u71c3\u6599\u5c06\u5728\u76ee\u524d\u6b63\u5728\u5efa\u8bbe\u4e2d\u7684\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u5316\u5b66\u5382\u751f\u4ea7\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8eVVER\u53cd\u5e94\u5806\u6b63\u5728\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7684\u94c0-\u949a\u71c3\u6599REMIX\uff08\u518d\u751f\u6df7\u5408\u7269\uff09\uff0c\u9884\u8ba1\u5176\u5546\u4e1a\u751f\u4ea7\u5c06\u5728\u77ff\u5316\u5143\u7d20\u5316\u5b66\u8054\u5408\u4f01\u4e1a\u8fdb\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SNF reprocessing is carried out at the Mayak Production Association at the RT-1 plant. The plant is currently processing the spent nuclear fuel (of various compositions) from power reactors (BN-350<\/a>, VVER-440<\/a>, BN-600<\/a>, RBMK-1000<\/a>, VVER-1000<\/a>; BN-MOX), from the research reactors of Russian and foreign scientific centres, and from the reactors of submarine and surface naval fleet transport power plants.[37]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u6838\u71c3\u6599\u540e\u5904\u7406\u5728Mayak\u751f\u4ea7\u8054\u5408\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684RT-1\u5de5\u5382\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u8be5\u5de5\u5382\u76ee\u524d\u6b63\u5728\u5904\u7406\u6765\u81ea\u7535\u529b\u53cd\u5e94\u5806\uff08BN-350\u3001VVER-440\u3001BN-600\u3001RBMK-1000\u3001VVER-1000\uff1bBN-MOX\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u548c\u5916\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7528\u53cd\u5e94\u5806\u4ee5\u53ca\u6f5c\u8247\u548c\u6d77\u519b\u8230\u961f\u8fd0\u8f93\u52a8\u529b\u88c5\u7f6e\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u5e9f\u5f03\u6838\u71c3\u6599\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.3 Mechanical engineering division \u673a\u68b0\u5de5\u7a0b\u90e8<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The managing company is JSC Atomenergomash<\/a>. It is one of Russia’s largest groups of mechanical engineering enterprises offering a full range of solutions for the design, manufacture and supply of equipment for the nuclear power industry. The division comprises more than 10 production sites, including production enterprises, engineering centers and research organizations in Russia, Ukraine, the Czech Republic, and Hungary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u7ba1\u7406\u516c\u53f8\u662fJSC Atomenergomash\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u6700\u5927\u7684\u673a\u68b0\u5de5\u7a0b\u4f01\u4e1a\u96c6\u56e2\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u6838\u80fd\u884c\u4e1a\u8bbe\u5907\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3001\u5236\u9020\u548c\u4f9b\u5e94\u7684\u5168\u5957\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u8be5\u90e8\u95e8\u5305\u62ec\u8d85\u8fc710\u4e2a\u751f\u4ea7\u57fa\u5730\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u3001\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u3001\u6377\u514b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u548c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u4f01\u4e1a\u3001\u5de5\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5fc3\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u673a\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the group’s own data, 14% of nuclear power plants in the world and 40% of thermal power stations in the CIS and the Baltic states use the holding equipment. In addition, the division is the largest producer of equipment for the VVER reactor and the world’s only producer of the fast-neutron reactor<\/a> (BN reactor<\/a>). Its enterprises are also responsible for design and manufacturing of reactors for SMR nuclear power plants, both onshore and offshore, as well as nuclear icebreakers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u6839\u636e\u8be5\u96c6\u56e2\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u5168\u740314%\u7684\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\u548c\u72ec\u8054\u4f53\u4ee5\u53ca\u6ce2\u7f57\u7684\u6d77\u56fd\u5bb640%\u7684\u70ed\u7535\u7ad9\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u96c6\u56e2\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8be5\u90e8\u95e8\u662fVVER\u53cd\u5e94\u5806\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u6700\u5927\u751f\u4ea7\u5546\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u5feb\u4e2d\u5b50\u53cd\u5e94\u5806\uff08BN\u53cd\u5e94\u5806\uff09\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u5546\u3002\u8be5\u4f01\u4e1a\u8fd8\u8d1f\u8d23\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u5236\u9020\u9646\u4e0a\u548c\u79bb\u5cb8\u5c0f\u578b\u6a21\u5757\u5316\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u5806\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6838\u52a8\u529b\u7834\u51b0\u8239\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u5806\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Key daughter companies include OKB Gidropress<\/a>, OKBM Afrikantov<\/a>, JSC Machine-Building Factory of Podolsk, and AEM-technology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u8be5\u96c6\u56e2\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5b50\u516c\u53f8\u5305\u62ecOKB Gidropress\u3001OKBM Afrikantov\u3001Podolsk\u673a\u68b0\u5236\u9020\u5382\u548cAEM-technology\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.4 Engineering division \u5de5\u7a0b\u90e8<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The managing company is JSC ASE EC<\/a>, which has extensive capabilities for managing the construction of complex engineering facilities. The main business areas of the division include design and construction of large NPPs in Russia and abroad, and developing digital technologies for managing complex engineering facilities based on the Multi-D platform.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u7ba1\u7406\u516c\u53f8\u662fJSC ASE EC\uff0c\u5b83\u5177\u6709\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u6765\u7ba1\u7406\u590d\u6742\u5de5\u7a0b\u8bbe\u65bd\u7684\u5efa\u8bbe\u3002\u8be5\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4e1a\u52a1\u9886\u57df\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u548c\u56fd\u5916\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u5efa\u8bbe\u5927\u578b\u6838\u7535\u5382\uff0c\u5e76\u57fa\u4e8eMulti-D\u5e73\u53f0\u5f00\u53d1\u7528\u4e8e\u7ba1\u7406\u590d\u6742\u5de5\u7a0b\u8bbe\u65bd\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u6280\u672f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Key companies include JSC Atomenergoproekt, and JSC ATOMPROEKT.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u91cd\u8981\u516c\u53f8\u5305\u62ecJSC Atomenergoproekt\u548cJSC ATOMPROEKT\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.5 Power engineering division \u52a8\u529b\u5de5\u7a0b\u90e8<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The managing company is JSC Rosenergoatom<\/a>. It is the only NPP operator in Russia and a key player in the Russian electricity market<\/a>. Its main business areas include power and heat generation at NPPs and acting as the operator of nuclear facilities (nuclear power plants), radiation sources and facilities storing nuclear materials and radioactive substances<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u7ba1\u7406\u516c\u53f8\u662fJSC Rosenergoatom\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\u8fd0\u8425\u5546\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u7535\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u3002\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u4e1a\u52a1\u9886\u57df\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\u53d1\u7535\u548c\u4f9b\u70ed\uff0c\u5e76\u62c5\u4efb\u6838\u8bbe\u65bd\uff08\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\uff09\u3001\u8f90\u5c04\u6e90\u548c\u5b58\u50a8\u6838\u6750\u6599\u548c\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u7269\u8d28\u8bbe\u65bd\u7684\u8fd0\u8425\u5546\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Key companies include all Russian NPPs, JSC AtomEnergoRemont, JSC AtomEnergoSbyt, and TITAN-2 construction holding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u91cd\u8981\u516c\u53f8\u5305\u62ec\u6240\u6709\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u7684\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\u3001JSC AtomEnergoRemont\u3001JSC AtomEnergoSbyt\u548cTITAN-2\u5efa\u8bbe\u96c6\u56e2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.6 Back-end division \u540e\u7aef\u90e8\u95e8<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The managing company is JSC Federal Center for Nuclear and Radiation Safety. It is dedicated to a centralized system for management of spent nuclear fuel<\/a> and radioactive waste<\/a>, as well as decommissioning of hazardous nuclear and radiological facilities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u7ba1\u7406\u516c\u53f8\u662fJSC\u8054\u90a6\u6838\u4e0e\u8f90\u5c04\u5b89\u5168\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002\u5b83\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u5efa\u7acb\u96c6\u4e2d\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u6838\u71c3\u6599\u5e9f\u6599\u548c\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u5e9f\u7269\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5371\u9669\u6838\u4e0e\u8f90\u5c04\u8bbe\u65bd\u7684\u9000\u5f79\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Key companies include FSUE Mining and Chemical Combine<\/a> , FSUE Radon, NO RWM.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u91cd\u8981\u516c\u53f8\u5305\u62ecFSUE\u77ff\u51b6\u5316\u5b66\u8054\u5408\u4f01\u4e1a\uff0cFSUE Radon\u548cNO RWM\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.7 R&D division \u7814\u53d1\u90e8<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The managing company is JSC Science and Innovations. Key companies include Russian Scientific Center (RSC) \u2013 A.I. Leipunskiy IPPE, NII NPO Luch, and the Research Institute of Atomic Reactors<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u7ba1\u7406\u516c\u53f8\u662f JSC Science and Innovations\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u516c\u53f8\u5305\u62ec\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u5fc3 (RSC) \u2013 A.I. Leipunskiy IPPE\u3001NII NPO Luch \u548c\u539f\u5b50\u53cd\u5e94\u5806\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.8 Northern Sea Route \u5317\u6d77\u822a\u7ebf<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The development of the Northern Sea Route<\/a> has become a Rosatom priority after the company was appointed its infrastructure operator in late 2018. Rosatom seeks to organize ship navigation within the NSR, develop the infrastructure of seaports, including energy, create a navigation safety system, as well as navigational and hydrographic support. In addition, several Rosatom entities are involved in the development of international transit sea freight traffic along the Northern Sea Transit Corridor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u81ea 2018 \u5e74\u5e95\u88ab\u4efb\u547d\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u8fd0\u8425\u5546\u540e\uff0c\u5317\u6d77\u822a\u7ebf\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u8be5\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u9996\u8981\u4efb\u52a1\u3002Rosatom \u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u5728\u5317\u6d77\u822a\u7ebf\u5185\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8239\u8236\u822a\u884c\u3001\u5f00\u53d1\u5305\u62ec\u80fd\u6e90\u5728\u5185\u7684\u6d77\u6e2f\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u3001\u521b\u5efa\u822a\u884c\u5b89\u5168\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001 \u4ee5\u53ca\u5bfc\u822a\u548c\u6c34\u6587\u6d4b\u91cf\u652f\u6301\u3002 \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u591a\u4e2aRosatom\u5b9e\u4f53\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e86\u5317\u6d77\u8fc7\u5883\u8d70\u5eca\u6cbf\u7ebf\u56fd\u9645\u8fc7\u5883\u6d77\u4e0a\u8d27\u8fd0\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Key companies include FSUE Atomflot<\/a>, Directorate of the Northern Sea Route, Rusatom Cargo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u4e3b\u8981\u516c\u53f8\u5305\u62ec FSUE Atomflot\u3001\u5317\u6d77\u822a\u7ebf\u7ba1\u7406\u5c40\u3001Rusatom Cargo\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.9 Wind power division \u98ce\u80fd\u90e8<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Rosatom decided to invest in wind turbine<\/a> manufacturing, believing that rapid cost reductions in the renewable industry will become a competitive threat to nuclear power. Russia had recently offered subsidies for domestically built renewable technology.[21]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a2017\u5e74\uff0cRosatom\u51b3\u5b9a\u6295\u8d44\u98ce\u529b\u6da1\u8f6e\u673a\u5236\u9020\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ef\u518d\u751f\u80fd\u6e90\u884c\u4e1a\u6210\u672c\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u964d\u4f4e\u5c06\u6210\u4e3a\u6838\u7535\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u5a01\u80c1\u3002 \u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u6700\u8fd1\u4e3a\u56fd\u4ea7\u53ef\u518d\u751f\u80fd\u6e90\u6280\u672f\u63d0\u4f9b\u8865\u8d34\u3002[21]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The managing company is JSC NovaWind. This Rosatom’s division concentrates its efforts in advanced areas of wind energy generation technology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u7ba1\u7406\u516c\u53f8\u662f JSC NovaWind\u3002 Rosatom \u7684\u8be5\u90e8\u95e8\u4e3b\u8981\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u98ce\u80fd\u53d1\u7535\u6280\u672f\u7684\u5148\u8fdb\u9886\u57df\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Key companies include WindSGC, WindSGC-2, and Atompowerindustry Trade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u4e3b\u8981\u516c\u53f8\u5305\u62ec WindSGC\u3001WindSGC-2 \u548c Atompowerindustry Trade\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.10 Nuclear medicine division \u6838\u533b\u5b66\u90e8<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The managing company is JSC Rusatom Healthcare. It has been historically developed at various enterprises of the Russian nuclear industry. In 2017, Rosatom established the division to bring together assets and expertise in healthcare. The nuclear medicine division is in charge of nuclear medicine, manufacturing and distribution of radioisotope products and radiation sterilisation equipment, as well as creation of integrated turnkey solutions for medicine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u7ba1\u7406\u516c\u53f8\u662f JSC Rusatom Healthcare\u3002 \u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b83\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u6838\u5de5\u4e1a\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e2d\u5f00\u53d1\u3002 2017 \u5e74\uff0cRosatom \u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u8be5\u90e8\u95e8\uff0c\u4ee5\u6574\u5408\u533b\u7597\u4fdd\u5065\u9886\u57df\u7684\u8d44\u4ea7\u548c\u4e13\u4e1a\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002 \u6838\u533b\u5b66\u4e8b\u4e1a\u90e8\u8d1f\u8d23\u6838\u533b\u5b66\u3001\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u540c\u4f4d\u7d20\u4ea7\u54c1\u548c\u8f90\u5c04\u706d\u83cc\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u5236\u9020\u548c\u5206\u9500\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u521b\u5efa\u533b\u5b66\u7efc\u5408\u4ea4\u94a5\u5319\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Key companies include JSC Isotope and NIITFA. In February 2022, Rusatom Healthcare acquired 25,001% of shares of Medscan group, the rest of shares still being hold by its major shareholder, Yevgeny Tugolukov.[42]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u4e3b\u8981\u516c\u53f8\u5305\u62ec JSC Isotope \u548c NIITFA\u3002 2022\u5e742\u6708\uff0cRusatom Healthcare\u6536\u8d2d\u4e86Medscan\u96c6\u56e225,001%\u7684\u80a1\u4efd\uff0c\u5176\u4f59\u80a1\u4efd\u4ecd\u7531\u5176\u5927\u80a1\u4e1cYevgeny Tugolukov\u6301\u6709\u3002[42]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.11 Advanced materials and technologies division \u5148\u8fdb\u6750\u6599\u4e0e\u6280\u672f\u4e8b\u4e1a\u90e8<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The managing company is JSC UMATEX, which is engaged in production of carbon fiber and fiber-based items, as well as R&D and engineering support to its partners.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u7ba1\u7406\u516c\u53f8\u662f JSC UMATEX\uff0c\u8be5\u516c\u53f8\u4ece\u4e8b\u78b3\u7ea4\u7ef4\u548c\u7ea4\u7ef4\u5236\u54c1\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u5176\u5408\u4f5c\u4f19\u4f34\u63d0\u4f9b\u7814\u53d1\u548c\u5de5\u7a0b\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Key companies include JSC Khimprominzhiniring, R&D centre, and LLC ALABUGA-FIBRE.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u4e3b\u8981\u516c\u53f8\u5305\u62ec JSC Khimprominzhiniring\u3001\u7814\u53d1\u4e2d\u5fc3\u548c LLC ALABUGA-FIBRE\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.12 Digital products division \u6570\u7801\u4ea7\u54c1\u4e8b\u4e1a\u90e8<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The managing company is the Digitalization Unit of Rosatom, which is engaged in solving tasks in three main areas:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u7ba1\u7406\u516c\u53f8\u662f Rosatom \u7684\u6570\u5b57\u5316\u90e8\u95e8\uff0c\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u89e3\u51b3\u4e09\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u9886\u57df\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The participation in the digitalization of Russia, as Rosatom is the center of competences of the Federal Project Digital Technologies within the National Program Digital Economy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u53c2\u4e0e\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u6570\u5b57\u5316\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a Rosatom \u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u6570\u5b57\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8ba1\u5212\u4e2d\u8054\u90a6\u6570\u5b57\u6280\u672f\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The development of digital products for nuclear power and beyond.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u6838\u7535\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u9886\u57df\u6570\u5b57\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The internal digitalization of the Russian nuclear industry, making it independent from foreign technologies in critical areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u6838\u5de5\u4e1a\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u6570\u5b57\u5316\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u5728\u5173\u952e\u9886\u57df\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u5916\u56fd\u6280\u672f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Key companies include Cifrum and Rusatom Digital Solutions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u4e3b\u8981\u516c\u53f8\u5305\u62ec Cifrum \u548c Rusatom Digital Solutions\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.13 Infrastructure solutions division \u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u4e8b\u4e1a\u90e8<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The managing company is JSC Rusatom Infrastructure Solutions. It is responsible for the coordination of innovation and advanced technologies of Rosatom organizations for effective urban management, improving quality of life, creating a comfortable and safe urban environment as part of the \u201cSmart City\u201d program. Another area of expertise is the production of fresh water, which includes the development of solutions for desalination, water treatment, and water purification. The company develops, builds, modernizes, maintains water supply, water purification and water treatment facilities for energy, petrochemical, food, and other industries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u7ba1\u7406\u516c\u53f8\u662f JSC Rusatom \u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u516c\u53f8\u3002 \u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u667a\u6167\u57ce\u5e02\u201d\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5b83\u8d1f\u8d23\u534f\u8c03Rosatom\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u548c\u5148\u8fdb\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u6709\u6548\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u63d0\u9ad8\u751f\u6d3b\u8d28\u91cf\u3001\u521b\u9020\u8212\u9002\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u73af\u5883\u3002 \u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e13\u4e1a\u9886\u57df\u662f\u6de1\u6c34\u751f\u4ea7\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5f00\u53d1\u6d77\u6c34\u6de1\u5316\u3001\u6c34\u5904\u7406\u548c\u6c34\u51c0\u5316\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u3002 \u8be5\u516c\u53f8\u4e3a\u80fd\u6e90\u3001\u77f3\u5316\u3001\u98df\u54c1\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u884c\u4e1a\u5f00\u53d1\u3001\u5efa\u9020\u3001\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u3001\u7ef4\u62a4\u4f9b\u6c34\u3001\u6c34\u51c0\u5316\u548c\u6c34\u5904\u7406\u8bbe\u65bd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.14 Additive manufacturing division<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The managing company is Rusatom Additive Technologies. It connects together the scientific and production companies of Rosatom in order to develop the area of additive production in Russia. It controls design and production of 3D-printers, additive powders, complete sets, software, and 3D-printing services.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u7ba1\u7406\u516c\u53f8\u662f Rusatom Additive Technologies\u3002 \u5b83\u5c06 Rosatom \u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u751f\u4ea7\u516c\u53f8\u8054\u5408\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4ee5\u53d1\u5c55\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u7684\u6dfb\u52a0\u5242\u751f\u4ea7\u9886\u57df\u3002 \u5b83\u63a7\u5236 3D \u6253\u5370\u673a\u3001\u6dfb\u52a0\u5242\u7c89\u672b\u3001\u6210\u5957\u8bbe\u5907\u3001\u8f6f\u4ef6\u548c 3D \u6253\u5370\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u751f\u4ea7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.15 Energy storage systems division \u50a8\u80fd\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e8b\u4e1a\u90e8<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The managing company is LLC RENERA, which is engaged in the development of lithium-ion traction batteries for electric transport and fixed systems for energy accumulation, as well as products for emergency and uninterruptible power supply and storage systems for renewable energy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u7ba1\u7406\u516c\u53f8\u662f LLC RENERA\uff0c\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u5f00\u53d1\u7528\u4e8e\u7535\u529b\u8fd0\u8f93\u7684\u9502\u79bb\u5b50\u52a8\u529b\u7535\u6c60\u548c\u7528\u4e8e\u80fd\u91cf\u79ef\u7d2f\u7684\u56fa\u5b9a\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7528\u4e8e\u53ef\u518d\u751f\u80fd\u6e90\u7684\u5e94\u6025\u548c\u4e0d\u95f4\u65ad\u4f9b\u7535\u548c\u5b58\u50a8\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.16 Process control systems and electrical engineering division \u8fc7\u7a0b\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u7535\u6c14\u5de5\u7a0b\u90e8<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The managing company is JSC Rusatom Automated Control Systems. It builds comprehensive solutions for automation of production processes, manufactures and supplies electrical equipment<\/a>, designs and constructs electricity supply facilities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u7ba1\u7406\u516c\u53f8\u662f JSC Rusatom \u81ea\u52a8\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u516c\u53f8\u3002 \u5b83\u4e3a\u751f\u4ea7\u8fc7\u7a0b\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u6784\u5efa\u5168\u9762\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u5236\u9020\u548c\u4f9b\u5e94\u7535\u6c14\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u5efa\u9020\u4f9b\u7535\u8bbe\u65bd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.17 Environmental solutions division \u73af\u5883\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u4e8b\u4e1a\u90e8<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The managing company is FSUE Federal Environmental Operator.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7ba1\u7406\u516c\u53f8\u662f FSUE \u8054\u90a6\u73af\u5883\u8fd0\u8425\u5546\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.18 Sales and trading division \u9500\u552e\u53ca\u8d38\u6613\u90e8<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The managing company is Techsnabexport<\/a> (TENEX), which is in charge of international export of uranium enrichment services and products. Techsnabexport was founded in 1963 as a foreign trade agent of the Soviet nuclear industry, the company is known on the foreign market under the trademark TENEX<\/em>. In 1993, a Russian<\/a>–American<\/a> intergovernmental program, the Megatons to Megawatts Program<\/a>, in which the aims were converting highly enriched uranium extracted from Russian nuclear warheads into low-enriched uranium for use by American nuclear power plants<\/a>, was signed thanks to Techsnabexport’s efforts, and lasted until 2013. By the end of the agreement, about 500 tons of weapons-grade uranium were recycled from 20,000 Russian warheads. The fuel thus produced provided about half of all energy produced by US nuclear power plants (and about 10% of all electricity produced in the US).[40]<\/a><\/sup>[43]<\/a><\/sup>[44]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7ba1\u7406\u516c\u53f8\u662fTechsnabexport\uff08TENEX\uff09\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u56fd\u9645\u94c0\u6d53\u7f29\u670d\u52a1\u548c\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u51fa\u53e3\u4e1a\u52a1\u3002Techsnabexport\u6210\u7acb\u4e8e1963\u5e74\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u82cf\u8054\u6838\u5de5\u4e1a\u7684\u5bf9\u5916\u8d38\u6613\u4ee3\u7406\u5546\uff0c\u8be5\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u56fd\u5916\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u4ee5TENEX\u5546\u6807\u800c\u95fb\u540d\u3002 1993\u5e74\uff0c\u7531\u4e8eTechsnabexport\u7684\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7b7e\u7f72\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u6838\u5f39\u5934\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6\u51fa\u7684\u9ad8\u6d53\u7f29\u94c0\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u7528\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\u7684\u4f4e\u6d53\u7f29\u94c0\u7684\u4fc4\u7f8e\u653f\u5e9c\u95f4\u9879\u76ee\u201c\u5146\u74e6\u7279\u6362\u5146\u987f\u8ba1\u5212\u201d\uff0c\u8be5\u8ba1\u5212\u6301\u7eed\u52302013\u5e74\u3002\u5728\u534f\u8bae\u7ed3\u675f\u65f6\uff0c\u7ea6\u6709500\u5428\u6b66\u5668\u7ea7\u94c0\u4ece2\u4e07\u679a\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5f39\u5934\u4e2d\u56de\u6536\u5229\u7528\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u71c3\u6599\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u80fd\u6e90\u7684\u5927\u7ea6\u4e00\u534a\uff08\u7ea6\u5360\u7f8e\u56fd\u5168\u90e8\u7535\u529b\u4ea7\u91cf\u768410\uff05\uff09[40] [43] [44]\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Operations \u8fd0\u8425<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

3.1 Nuclear power plants \u6838\u7535\u7ad9<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The management company Rosenergoatom<\/a> operates all of Russia’s nuclear power plants and represents the electric power division of the state corporation Rosatom. As of April 2021, 11 nuclear power plants (38 power units) operated in Russia with a total capacity of 30.5 GW, producing about 20.28% of all electricity produced in Russia.[45]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1aRosenergoatom \u7ba1\u7406\u516c\u53f8\u8d1f\u8d23\u8fd0\u8425\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u6240\u6709\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee3\u8868\u56fd\u8425\u516c\u53f8 Rosatom \u7684\u7535\u529b\u90e8\u95e8\u3002 \u622a\u81f32021\u5e744\u6708\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u670911\u5ea7\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\uff0838\u53f0\u673a\u7ec4\uff09\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u603b\u5bb9\u91cf\u4e3a30.5\u5409\u74e6\uff0c\u53d1\u7535\u91cf\u7ea6\u5360\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u603b\u53d1\u7535\u91cf\u768420.28%\u3002 [45]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.1.1 In operation \u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u4e2d\u7684<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

See also: Nuclear power in Russia \u00a7 Nuclear power reactors<\/a> \u53e6\u8bf7\u53c2\u9605\uff1a\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u7684\u6838\u80fd_ \u00a7_ \u6838\u7535\u53cd\u5e94\u5806<\/p>\n\n\n\n