{"id":797,"date":"2023-08-12T04:17:05","date_gmt":"2023-08-11T20:17:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/?p=797"},"modified":"2024-05-21T23:07:37","modified_gmt":"2024-05-21T15:07:37","slug":"murmansk-en","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/2023\/08\/12\/murmansk-en\/","title":{"rendered":"Murmansk\uff08\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\uff09-\uff08\u5168\u6587\uff09\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\n

\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff08\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\uff09\uff1ahttps:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Murmansk<\/a>
\u8fbd\u89c2\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u8bd1\u6587\u4ec5\u4f9b\u53c2\u8003\u3002\u539f\u6587\u548c\u8bd1\u6587\u5747\u9075\u5b88CC-BY-SA 4.0\u56fd\u9645\u534f\u8bae<\/a>\uff0c\u5728\u6807\u6ce8\u6765\u6e90\u5e76\u9075\u5b88\u534f\u8bae\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u514d\u8d39\u4f7f\u7528\u6587\u7ae0\u548c\u56fe\u7247\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5546\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u6587\u4e2d\u8d85\u94fe\u63a5\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u5411\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\u9875\u9762\uff08\u5982\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u7ad9\u5185\u94fe\u63a5\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\u5c01\u9762\u56fe\u7247\uff1aView of Murmansk celebrating the 65th anniversary of liberation of the Soviet Transarctic\u3002\uff08\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u5e86\u795d\u82cf\u8054\u6a2a\u8d2f\u5317\u6781\u89e3\u653e65\u5468\u5e74\u7684\u666f\u8c61\u3002\uff09\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1aTom Thiel<\/a> – Flickr<\/a>: Arctic Liberation<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

For other uses, see <\/em>Murmansk (disambiguation)<\/a>.<\/em>
\u5173\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u8bf7\u89c1\u201c\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b (\u6d88\u6b67\u4e49)\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Murmansk<\/strong> (Russian<\/a>: \u041c\u0443\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a; Northern Sami<\/a>: Murm\u00e1nska<\/em>; Kildin Sami<\/a>: \u041c\u0443\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d \u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u048d) is a port city<\/a> and the administrative center<\/a> of Murmansk Oblast<\/a> in the far northwest part<\/a> of Russia<\/a>. It sits on both slopes and banks of a modest ria<\/a> or fjord<\/a>, Kola Bay<\/a>, an estuarine inlet of the Barents Sea<\/a>, with its bulk on the east bank of the inlet. It is in the north of the rounded Kola Peninsula<\/a> which covers most of the oblast<\/a>. The city is 108 kilometres (67 mi) from the border with Norway<\/a> and 182 kilometres (113 mi) from the border with Finland<\/a>.
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\uff08\u4fc4\u8bed\uff1a\u041c\u0443\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\uff1b\u5317\u8428\u7c73\u8bed\uff1aMurm\u00e1nska\uff1b\u57fa\u5c14\u4e01\u8428\u7c73\u8bed\uff1a\u041c\u0443\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d \u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0439\uff09\u662f\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u8fdc\u897f\u5317\u5730\u533a\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u5dde\u7684\u6e2f\u53e3\u57ce\u5e02\u548c\u884c\u653f\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002 \u5b83\u5750\u843d\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u9002\u5ea6\u7684\u6cb3\u53e3\u6216\u5ce1\u6e7e\u79d1\u62c9\u6e7e\u7684\u659c\u5761\u548c\u5cb8\u8fb9\uff0c\u79d1\u62c9\u6e7e\u662f\u5df4\u4f26\u652f\u6d77\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6cb3\u53e3\u5165\u53e3\uff0c\u5176\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5165\u53e3\u7684\u4e1c\u5cb8\u3002 \u5b83\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5706\u5f62\u79d1\u62c9\u534a\u5c9b\u7684\u5317\u90e8\uff0c\u8986\u76d6\u4e86\u8be5\u5dde\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u533a\u3002 \u8be5\u5e02\u8ddd\u79bb\u632a\u5a01\u8fb9\u5883 108 \u516c\u91cc\uff0867 \u82f1\u91cc\uff09\uff0c\u8ddd\u79bb\u82ac\u5170\u8fb9\u5883 182 \u516c\u91cc\uff08113 \u82f1\u91cc\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Benefiting from the North Atlantic Current<\/a>, Murmansk resembles cities of its size across western Russia, with highway and railway access to the rest of Europe<\/a>, and the northernmost trolleybus<\/a> system on Earth. It lies over 2\u00b0 north of the Arctic Circle<\/a>. Its connectivity contrasts to the isolation of Arctic ports like the Siberian<\/a> Dikson<\/a> on the shores of the Kara Sea<\/a>, and Iqaluit<\/a>, in the Canadian Arctic<\/a>. Despite long, snowy winters, Murmansk’s climate is moderated by the generally ice-free waters around it.
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u53d7\u76ca\u4e8e\u5317\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u6d0b\u6d41\uff0c\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u4e0e\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u897f\u90e8\u540c\u7b49\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u901a\u5f80\u6b27\u6d32\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u533a\u7684\u9ad8\u901f\u516c\u8def\u548c\u94c1\u8def\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u6700\u5317\u7aef\u7684\u65e0\u8f68\u7535\u8f66\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002 \u5b83\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5317\u6781\u5708\u4ee5\u53172\u00b0\u4ee5\u4e0a\u3002 \u5b83\u7684\u8fde\u901a\u6027\u4e0e\u5580\u62c9\u6d77\u6cbf\u5cb8\u7684\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u8fea\u514b\u68ee\u6e2f\u548c\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u5317\u6781\u5730\u533a\u7684\u4f0a\u9b41\u7279\u6e2f\u7b49\u5317\u6781\u6e2f\u53e3\u7684\u5b64\u7acb\u5f62\u6210\u9c9c\u660e\u5bf9\u6bd4\u3002 \u5c3d\u7ba1\u51ac\u5b63\u6f2b\u957f\u4e14\u591a\u96ea\uff0c\u4f46\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u5468\u56f4\u7684\u6c34\u57df\u666e\u904d\u4e0d\u7ed3\u51b0\uff0c\u6c14\u5019\u6e29\u548c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although there was a building boom in the early twentieth century’s arms races, Murmansk’s population has been in decline since the Cold War<\/a>, from 468,039\u2009(1989 Census<\/a>);[10]<\/a><\/sup> 336,137\u2009(2002 Census<\/a>);[11]<\/a><\/sup> 307,257\u2009(2010 Census<\/a>);[12]<\/a><\/sup> to 270,384 (2021 Census).[13]<\/a><\/sup> It remains the largest city north of the Arctic Circle, with over 100,000 more inhabitants than Norilsk<\/a>, Russia, and is a major port of the Arctic Ocean<\/a>.[14]<\/a><\/sup>
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u7684\u519b\u5907\u7ade\u8d5b\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u5efa\u7b51\u70ed\u6f6e\uff0c\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u81ea\u51b7\u6218\u4ee5\u6765\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u4ece468,039\u2009\uff081989\u5e74\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\uff09\uff1b[10] 336,137\u2009\uff082002\u5e74\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\uff09\uff1b[11] 307,257\u2009\uff082010\u5e74\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\uff09\uff1b[11] 307,257\u2009\uff082010\u5e74\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\uff09\uff1b[11] 307,257\u2009\uff082010\u5e74\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\uff09\u3002 [12] \u81f3 270,384\uff082021 \u5e74\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\uff09\u3002[13] \u5b83\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u5317\u6781\u5708\u4ee5\u5317\u6700\u5927\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u5c45\u6c11\u6570\u91cf\u6bd4\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u8bfa\u91cc\u5c14\u65af\u514b\u591a10\u4e07\u4ee5\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u662f\u5317\u51b0\u6d0b\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6e2f\u53e3\u3002 [14]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Murmansk<\/strong> \uff08\u82f1\u8bed\uff09<\/strong><\/strong>\u041c\u0443\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a \uff08\u4fc4\u8bed\uff09<\/td><\/tr>
City<\/a><\/strong>[1]<\/a> \u57ce\u5e02<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
Other transcription(s)<\/strong> \u5176\u4ed6\u8f6c\u5f55<\/strong><\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
 \u2022 <\/strong>Kildin Sami<\/a><\/strong> <\/strong><\/strong>\u57fa\u5c14\u4e01\u8428\u7c73\u8bed<\/strong><\/td>\u041c\u0443\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d \u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u048d<\/td><\/tr>
 \u2022 <\/strong>Northern Sami<\/a><\/strong><\/strong>\u5317\u8428\u7c73\u8bed<\/strong><\/td>Murm\u00e1nska<\/td><\/tr>
Country<\/strong> \u56fd\u5bb6<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>Russia<\/a> \u4fc4\u7f57\u65af<\/td><\/tr>
Federal subject<\/a><\/strong><\/strong>\u8054\u90a6\u4e3b\u4f53<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>Murmansk Oblast<\/a>[1]<\/a> \u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u5dde<\/td><\/tr>
Official foundation<\/strong>
<\/strong>date (<\/strong>see text<\/em><\/strong><\/em><\/strong>)<\/strong><\/strong>\u5b98\u65b9\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u65f6\u95f4<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>		October 4, 1916[2]<\/a>1916\u5e7410\u67084\u65e5<\/td><\/tr>
City status since<\/strong><\/strong>\u62e5\u6709\u57ce\u5e02\u5730\u4f4d\u59cb\u4e8e<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>July 19, 1916[2]<\/a>1916\u5e747\u670819\u65e5<\/td><\/tr>
Government<\/strong> \u653f\u5e9c<\/strong><\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
 \u2022 Body<\/strong> \u5b9e\u4f53<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>Council of Deputies<\/a> \u4f17\u8bae\u9662<\/td><\/tr>
 \u2022 Head\/Mayor<\/strong><\/strong>\u9996\u8111\/\u5e02\u957f<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>Dmitry Filippov (Head)\u5fb7\u7c73\u7279\u91cc\u00b7\u83f2\u5229\u6ce2\u592b\uff08\u8bae\u5458\u9996\u8111\uff09
Evgeniy Nikora (Mayor)\u53f6\u592b\u6839\u5c3c\u00b7\u5c3c\u53e4\u62c9\uff08\u5e02\u957f\uff09<\/td><\/tr>
Elevation<\/strong> \u6d77\u62d4<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>50 m (160 ft)<\/td><\/tr>
Population<\/strong> \u4eba\u53e3<\/strong><\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
 \u2022 Estimate <\/strong><\/strong>(2018)[3]<\/a>\u4f30\u8ba1\u503c<\/strong><\/td>295,374<\/td><\/tr>
 \u2022 Rank<\/strong> \u6392\u540d<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>61st<\/a> in 2010<\/td><\/tr>
Administrative status<\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
 \u2022 <\/strong>Subordinated to \u96b6\u5c5e\u4e8e<\/strong><\/td>City<\/a> of Murmansk[1]<\/a>\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u5e02<\/td><\/tr>
 \u2022 <\/strong>Capital<\/a> of\u662f\u54ea\u91cc\u7684\u9996\u5e9c<\/td>Murmansk Oblast,[1]<\/a> City of Murmansk[1]<\/a>\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u5dde\uff0c[1] \u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u5e02[1]<\/td><\/tr>
Municipal status<\/a><\/strong> <\/strong>\u5e02\u653f\u72b6\u51b5<\/strong><\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
 \u2022 <\/strong>Urban okrug\u5e02\u533a<\/td>Murmansk Urban Okrug[4]<\/a>\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u5e02\u533a<\/td><\/tr>
 \u2022 <\/strong>Capital<\/a> of\u662f\u54ea\u91cc\u7684\u9996\u5e9c<\/td>Murmansk Urban Okrug[4]<\/a>\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u5e02\u533a<\/td><\/tr>
Time zone<\/a><\/strong><\/strong>\u6240\u5728\u65f6\u533a<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>UTC+3<\/a> (MSK<\/a> [5]<\/a>)<\/td><\/tr>
Postal code(s)<\/a><\/strong>[6]<\/a>\u90ae\u653f\u7f16\u7801<\/td>183000\u2013183099<\/td><\/tr>
Dialing code(s)<\/a><\/strong><\/strong>\u7535\u8bdd\u533a\u53f7<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>+7 8152<\/td><\/tr>
OKTMO<\/a><\/strong> ID<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>47701000001<\/td><\/tr>
City Day<\/strong><\/strong>\u57ce\u5e02\u7eaa\u5ff5\u65e5<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>October 4[7]<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
Website<\/strong><\/strong>\u7f51\u7ad9<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>www.citymurmansk.ru<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n
\n
\"\"<\/a>
View of Murmansk celebrating the 65th anniversary of liberation of the Soviet Transarctic
\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u5e86\u795d\u82cf\u8054\u8de8\u5317\u6781\u5730\u533a\u89e3\u653e 65 \u5468\u5e74\u7684\u666f\u89c2
\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aTom Thiel<\/a> – Flickr<\/a>: Arctic Liberation<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n
\n
\"\"<\/a>
Coat of arms of Murmansk
\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u5dde\u5fbd\u7ae0
\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aMesserWoland<\/a> – own work created in Inkscape, based on graphics from [1]<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n
\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u6240\u5728\u7684\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u5dde<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n
\n
\"\"<\/a>
Central part of Murmansk \u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u4e2d\u5fc3\u533a
\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aPhoto by Martin Lie, Trondheim, Norway.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

1. Etymology \u8bcd\u6e90<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The name of the city is derived from Murman<\/em>, from an old name for Norwegians by Russians, likely a borrowing from Old Norse nor\u00f0ma\u00f0r<\/a><\/em>, which gave its name to the Murman Coast<\/a> and the surrounding region including the Kola Peninsula<\/a>.[15]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8be5\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u6e90\u81ea Murman\uff0c\u6e90\u81ea\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u4eba\u5bf9\u632a\u5a01\u4eba\u7684\u65e7\u79f0\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u501f\u7528\u53e4\u632a\u5a01\u8bed Nor\u00f0ma\u00f0r\uff0cMurman \u6d77\u5cb8\u548c\u5305\u62ec\u79d1\u62c9\u534a\u5c9b\u5728\u5185\u7684\u5468\u8fb9\u5730\u533a\u56e0\u6b64\u5f97\u540d\u3002 [15]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. History \u5386\u53f2<\/h2>\n\n\n
\n
\"\"<\/a>
Aerial view of Murmansk, 1936 1936\u5e74\u7684\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u822a\u62cd
\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1aUnknown author – \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0431\u043e\u043c “\u041c\u0443\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f\u0445”<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n
\n
\"\"<\/a>
War destruction in Murmansk (1942) 1942\u5e74\uff0c\u6218\u4e89\u6467\u6b8b\u7684\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b
\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1aUnknown author – \u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0412\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u044f \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0430<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Murmansk was the last city founded in the Russian Empire<\/a>.[16]<\/a><\/sup> In 1915, World War I<\/a> needs led to the construction of the railroad from Petrozavodsk<\/a> to an ice-free location on the Murman Coast<\/a> in the Russian Arctic<\/a>, to which Russia’s allies shipped military supplies.[2]<\/a><\/sup> The terminus became known as the Murman station and soon boasted a port, a naval base, and an adjacent settlement with a population that quickly grew in size and soon surpassed the nearby towns of Alexandrovsk<\/a> and Kola<\/a>.[2]<\/a>[17]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u662f\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5e1d\u56fd\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u57ce\u5e02\u3002[16] 1915 \u5e74\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u4fee\u5efa\u4e86\u4ece\u5f7c\u5f97\u7f57\u624e\u6c83\u8328\u514b\u5230\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5317\u6781\u5730\u533a\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u6d77\u5cb8\u65e0\u51b0\u5730\u533a\u7684\u94c1\u8def\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u7684\u76df\u56fd\u5411\u8be5\u5730\u8fd0\u9001\u519b\u4e8b\u7269\u8d44\u3002 [2] \u8be5\u7ec8\u70b9\u7ad9\u540e\u6765\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u7ad9\uff0c\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u62e5\u6709\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6e2f\u53e3\u3001\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d77\u519b\u57fa\u5730\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u90bb\u8fd1\u7684\u5b9a\u5c45\u70b9\uff0c\u8be5\u5b9a\u5c45\u70b9\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u8fc5\u901f\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u5f88\u5feb\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e86\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5fb7\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u514b\u548c\u79d1\u62c9\u57ce\u9547\u3002 [2][17]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On June 29 [O.S.<\/a> July 12], 1916, Russian Transport Minister<\/a> Alexander Trepov<\/a> petitioned to grant urban status to the railway settlement.[2]<\/a><\/sup> On July 6 [O.S.<\/a> July 19], 1916, the petition was approved and the town was named Romanov-on-Murman<\/strong> (\u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0301\u043d\u043e\u0432-\u043d\u0430-\u041c\u0443\u0301\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435, Romanov-na-Murmane<\/em>), after the Imperial Russian dynasty of Romanovs<\/a>.[2]<\/a><\/sup> On September 21 [O.S.<\/a> October 4], 1916, the official ceremony was performed,[2]<\/a><\/sup> and the date is now considered the official date of the city’s foundation. After the February Revolution<\/a> of 1917, on April 3 [O.S.<\/a> April 16], 1917, the town was given its present name.[18]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

6 \u6708 29 \u65e5 [O.S. 1916\u5e747\u670812\u65e5\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u4ea4\u901a\u90e8\u957f\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u00b7\u7279\u96f7\u6ce2\u592b\u8bf7\u613f\u7ed9\u4e88\u94c1\u8def\u5b9a\u5c45\u70b9\u57ce\u5e02\u5730\u4f4d\u3002 [2] 7 \u6708 6 \u65e5 [O.S. 1916 \u5e74 7 \u6708 19 \u65e5\uff0c\u8bf7\u613f\u4e66\u83b7\u5f97\u6279\u51c6\uff0c\u8be5\u9547\u88ab\u547d\u540d\u4e3a\u7f57\u66fc\u8bfa\u592b\u6cb3\u7554\u7f57\u66fc\u8bfa\u592b (\u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0301\u043d\u043e\u0432-\u043d\u0430-\u041c\u0443\u0301\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435, Romanov-na-Murmane)\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5e1d\u56fd\u7f57\u66fc\u8bfa\u592b\u738b\u671d\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u547d\u540d\u3002 [2] 9 \u6708 21 \u65e5 [O.S. 1916 \u5e74 10 \u6708 4 \u65e5\uff0c\u4e3e\u884c\u4e86\u6b63\u5f0f\u4eea\u5f0f\uff0c[2] \u8be5\u65e5\u671f\u73b0\u5728\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u8be5\u57ce\u5e02\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u65e5\u671f\u3002 1917 \u5e74\u4e8c\u6708\u9769\u547d\u540e\uff0c4 \u6708 3 \u65e5 [O.S. 1917\u5e744\u670816\u65e5\uff0c\u8be5\u9547\u88ab\u547d\u540d\u4e3a\u73b0\u540d\u3002[18]<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
HMS Glory<\/em><\/a>, flagship of the British North Russia Squadron<\/a> in Murmansk in the First World War<\/a>
\u82f1\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u6d77\u519b\u8363\u8000\u53f7\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u671f\u95f4\u9a7b\u624e\u5728\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u5317\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5206\u8230\u961f\u7684\u65d7\u8230
\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1aUnknown author – \u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f \u041c\u0443\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u044f<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

In the winter of 1917 the British North Russia Squadron<\/a> under Rear Admiral<\/a> Thomas Kemp<\/a> was established at Murmansk.[19]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1917 \u5e74\u51ac\u5929\uff0c\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u574e\u666e\u5c11\u5c06\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u5317\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u4e2d\u961f\u5728\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u6210\u7acb\u3002[19]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From 1918 to 1920, during the Russian Civil War<\/a>, the town was occupied by the Western powers<\/a>, who had been allied<\/a> in World War I<\/a>, and also controlled by the White Army<\/a> forces.[20]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1918\u5e74\u81f31920\u5e74\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5185\u6218\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u8be5\u9547\u88ab\u4e00\u6218\u76df\u53cb\u897f\u65b9\u5217\u5f3a\u5360\u9886\uff0c\u5e76\u88ab\u767d\u519b\u63a7\u5236\u3002 [20]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On February 13, 1926, local self-government was organized in Murmansk for the first time, during a plenary session<\/a> of the Murmansk City Soviet<\/a>, which elected a Presidium.[18]<\/a><\/sup> Before this, the city was governed by the authorities of Alexandrovsky Uyezd<\/a> and later of Murmansk Governorate<\/a>.[18]<\/a><\/sup> On August 1, 1927, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee<\/a> (VTsIK) issued two resolutions: “On the Establishment of Leningrad Oblast” and “On the Borders and Composition of the Okrugs of Leningrad Oblast”, which transformed Murmansk Governorate into Murmansk Okrug<\/a> within Leningrad Oblast<\/a> and made Murmansk the administrative center of Murmansk Okrug.[18]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1926\u5e742\u670813\u65e5\uff0c\u5728\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u5e02\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u5168\u4f53\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\uff0c\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u9996\u6b21\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e86\u5730\u65b9\u81ea\u6cbb\uff0c\u9009\u4e3e\u4e86\u4e3b\u5e2d\u56e2\u3002 [18] \u5728\u6b64\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u8be5\u5e02\u7531\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5fb7\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u57fa\u5f53\u5c40\u548c\u540e\u6765\u7684\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u7701\u5f53\u5c40\u7ba1\u8f96\u3002 [18] 1927\u5e748\u67081\u65e5\uff0c\u5168\u4fc4\u4e2d\u592e\u6267\u884c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08VTsIK\uff09\u9881\u5e03\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u5efa\u7acb\u5217\u5b81\u683c\u52d2\u5dde\u300b\u548c\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u5217\u5b81\u683c\u52d2\u5dde\u5404\u533a\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u548c\u7ec4\u6210\u300b\u4e24\u9879\u51b3\u8bae\uff0c\u5c06\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u7701\u6539\u4e3a\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u5dde \u5212\u5165\u5217\u5b81\u683c\u52d2\u5dde\u5e76\u4f7f\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u6210\u4e3a\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u5dde\u7684\u884c\u653f\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002 [18]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1934, the Murmansk Okrug Executive Committee developed a redistricting proposal, which included a plan to enlarge the city by merging the surrounding territories in the north, south, and west into Murmansk.[18]<\/a><\/sup> While this plan was not confirmed by the Leningrad Oblast Executive Committee, in 1935\u20131937 several rural localities of Kolsky<\/a> and Polyarny Districts<\/a> were merged into Murmansk anyway.[18]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1934\u5e74\uff0c\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u5dde\u6267\u884c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u91cd\u65b0\u5212\u5206\u9009\u533a\u7684\u63d0\u6848\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u4e00\u9879\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06\u5317\u90e8\u3001\u5357\u90e8\u548c\u897f\u90e8\u5468\u8fb9\u5730\u533a\u5408\u5e76\u5230\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u6765\u6269\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u3002 [18] \u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u4e00\u8ba1\u5212\u6ca1\u6709\u5f97\u5230\u5217\u5b81\u683c\u52d2\u5dde\u6267\u884c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u786e\u8ba4\uff0c\u4f46\u5728 1935 \u5e74\u81f3 1937 \u5e74\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u79d1\u5c14\u65af\u57fa\u533a\u548c\u6ce2\u5229\u4e9a\u5c14\u5c3c\u533a\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u519c\u6751\u5730\u533a\u65e0\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\u90fd\u88ab\u5e76\u5165\u4e86\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u3002 [18]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Presidium of the Leningrad Oblast Executive Committee resolution of February 26, 1935, the administrative center of Polyarny District was moved from Polyarnoye<\/a> to Sayda-Guba<\/a>.[21]<\/a><\/sup> However, the provisions of the resolution were not fully implemented, and due to military construction in Polyarnoye, the administrative center was instead moved to Murmansk in the beginning of 1935.[21]<\/a><\/sup> In addition to being the administrative center of Murmansk Okrug, Murmansk continued to serve as the administrative center of Polyarny District until September 11, 1938.[18]<\/a><\/sup> On February 10, 1938, when the VTsIK adopted a Resolution changing the administrative-territorial structure of Murmansk Okrug, the city of Murmansk became a separate administrative division of the okrug, equal in status to that of the districts.[18]<\/a><\/sup> This status was retained when Murmansk Okrug was transformed into Murmansk Oblast on May 28, 1938.[18]<\/a><\/sup> The Germans were promised the use of the port, they called Norwegenhafen for transportation of goods and raw materials from 1922 to 1941.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6839\u636e1935\u5e742\u670826\u65e5\u5217\u5b81\u683c\u52d2\u5dde\u6267\u884c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u56e2\u51b3\u8bae\uff0c\u6ce2\u5229\u4e9a\u5c14\u5185\u533a\u7684\u884c\u653f\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4ece\u6ce2\u5229\u4e9a\u5c14\u8bfa\u8036\u8fc1\u81f3\u8d5b\u8fbe-\u53e4\u5df4\u3002 [21] \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8be5\u51b3\u8bae\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u5e76\u672a\u5f97\u5230\u5145\u5206\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6ce2\u5229\u4e9a\u8bfa\u8036\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u5efa\u8bbe\uff0c\u884c\u653f\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e8e1935\u5e74\u521d\u8fc1\u81f3\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u3002 [21] \u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u9664\u4e86\u662f\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u5dde\u7684\u884c\u653f\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u4e00\u76f4\u62c5\u4efb\u6ce2\u5229\u4e9a\u5c14\u5c3c\u533a\u7684\u884c\u653f\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u76f4\u52301938\u5e749\u670811\u65e5\u4e3a\u6b62\u3002 [18] 1938\u5e742\u670810\u65e5\uff0c\u5f53VTsIK\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u9879\u6539\u53d8\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u5dde\u884c\u653f\u9886\u571f\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u51b3\u8bae\u65f6\uff0c\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u5e02\u6210\u4e3a\u8be5\u5dde\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u884c\u653f\u533a\u5212\uff0c\u4e0e\u5404\u533a\u5177\u6709\u540c\u7b49\u5730\u4f4d\u3002 [18] 1938 \u5e74 5 \u6708 28 \u65e5\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u5dde\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u5dde\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5730\u4f4d\u5f97\u5230\u4fdd\u7559\u3002[18] \u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u88ab\u8bb8\u8bfa\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6e2f\u53e3\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u79f0\u632a\u5a01\u6e2f\u4e3a 1922 \u5e74\u81f3 1941 \u5e74\u95f4\u8fd0\u8f93\u8d27\u7269\u548c\u539f\u6750\u6599\u7684\u6e2f\u53e3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

During World War II<\/a>, Murmansk was a link to the Western world for the Soviet Union<\/a> with large quantities of goods important to the respective military efforts traded with the Allies<\/a>: primarily seeing military equipment, manufactured goods and raw materials brought into the Soviet Union. The supplies were brought to the city in the Arctic convoys<\/a>.[22]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u662f\u82cf\u8054\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u7ebd\u5e26\uff0c\u4e0e\u76df\u519b\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u5bf9\u5404\u81ea\u519b\u4e8b\u884c\u52a8\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8d27\u7269\u8d38\u6613\uff1a\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u519b\u4e8b\u88c5\u5907\u3001\u5236\u6210\u54c1\u548c\u539f\u6750\u6599\u8fdb\u5165\u82cf\u8054\u3002 \u8fd9\u4e9b\u7269\u8d44\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5317\u6781\u8f66\u961f\u8fd0\u5f80\u8be5\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u3002[22]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

German forces in Finnish territory launched an offensive against the city in 1941 as part of Operation Silver Fox<\/a>. Murmansk suffered extensive destruction, the magnitude of which was rivaled only by the destruction of Leningrad<\/a> and Stalingrad<\/a>.[23]<\/a>[24]<\/a><\/sup> However, fierce Soviet resistance and harsh local weather conditions with the bad terrain prevented the Germans from capturing the city and cutting off the vital Karelian railway line and the ice-free harbor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1941 \u5e74\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u94f6\u72d0\u884c\u52a8\u201d\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u82ac\u5170\u9886\u571f\u4e0a\u7684\u5fb7\u519b\u5bf9\u8fd9\u5ea7\u57ce\u5e02\u53d1\u52a8\u4e86\u653b\u52bf\u3002 \u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u906d\u53d7\u4e86\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u7834\u574f\uff0c\u5176\u4e25\u91cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4ec5\u6b21\u4e8e\u5217\u5b81\u683c\u52d2\u548c\u65af\u5927\u6797\u683c\u52d2\u7684\u7834\u574f\u3002[23][24] \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u6fc0\u70c8\u62b5\u6297\u548c\u5f53\u5730\u6076\u52a3\u7684\u5929\u6c14\u6761\u4ef6\u4ee5\u53ca\u6076\u52a3\u7684\u5730\u5f62\u4f7f\u5fb7\u519b\u65e0\u6cd5\u5360\u9886\u8fd9\u5ea7\u57ce\u5e02\u5e76\u5207\u65ad\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5361\u7d2f\u5229\u963f\u94c1\u8def\u7ebf\u548c\u4e0d\u51bb\u6e2f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Luftwaffe<\/a><\/em> bombed the city 792 times during World War II.[25]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u7a7a\u519b\u5bf9\u8be5\u5e02\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86 792 \u6b21\u8f70\u70b8\u3002[25]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For the rest of the war, Murmansk served as a transit point for weapons and other supplies entering the Soviet Union from other Allied nations. This resistance was commemorated at the 40th anniversary of the victory over the Germans in the formal designation of Murmansk as a Hero City<\/a> on May 6, 1985.[26]<\/a><\/sup> During the Cold War<\/a> Murmansk was a center of Soviet submarine<\/a> and icebreaker activity. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union<\/a>, the nearby city and naval base of Severomorsk<\/a> remains the headquarters of the Russian Northern Fleet<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u5269\u4f59\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\uff0c\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u5145\u5f53\u4e86\u4ece\u5176\u4ed6\u76df\u56fd\u8fdb\u5165\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u6b66\u5668\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7269\u8d44\u7684\u4e2d\u8f6c\u7ad9\u3002 1985 \u5e74 5 \u6708 6 \u65e5\uff0c\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u88ab\u6b63\u5f0f\u6307\u5b9a\u4e3a\u82f1\u96c4\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u4ee5\u7eaa\u5ff5\u6218\u80dc\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba 40 \u5468\u5e74\u3002[26] \u51b7\u6218\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u662f\u82cf\u8054\u6f5c\u8247\u548c\u7834\u51b0\u8239\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002 \u82cf\u8054\u89e3\u4f53\u540e\uff0c\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u5317\u83ab\u5c14\u65af\u514b\u57ce\u5e02\u548c\u6d77\u519b\u57fa\u5730\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5317\u65b9\u8230\u961f\u7684\u603b\u90e8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1974, a massive 35.5-meter (116 ft) tall statue Alyosha<\/a><\/em>, depicting a Soviet World War II soldier, was installed on a 7-meter (23 ft) high foundation.[27]<\/a><\/sup> The Hotel Arctic<\/a> opened in 1984 becoming the tallest building above the Arctic Circle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1974 \u5e74\uff0c\u4e00\u5ea7 35.5 \u7c73\uff08116 \u82f1\u5c3a\uff09\u9ad8\u7684\u963f\u8fbd\u6c99\u96d5\u50cf\u88ab\u5b89\u88c5\u5728 7 \u7c73\uff0823 \u82f1\u5c3a\uff09\u9ad8\u7684\u5730\u57fa\u4e0a\u3002[27] \u5317\u6781\u9152\u5e97\u4e8e 1984 \u5e74\u5f00\u4e1a\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u5317\u6781\u5708\u5185\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On January 1, 2015, the territory of Murmansk was expanded when the urban-type settlement<\/a> of Roslyakovo<\/a>, previously under the jurisdiction of the closed administrative-territorial formation<\/a> of Severomorsk, was abolished and its territory merged into Murmansk.[28]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2015\u5e741\u67081\u65e5\uff0c\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u7684\u9886\u571f\u6269\u5927\uff0c\u5148\u524d\u96b6\u5c5e\u5317\u83ab\u5c14\u65af\u514b\u5c01\u95ed\u884c\u653f\u9886\u571f\u7ba1\u8f96\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u578b\u5c45\u4f4f\u533a\u7f57\u65af\u5229\u4e9a\u79d1\u6c83\u88ab\u5e9f\u9664\uff0c\u5176\u9886\u571f\u5e76\u5165\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u3002 [28]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Administrative and municipal status \u884c\u653f\u548c\u5e02\u9547\u5730\u4f4d<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Within the framework of administrative divisions<\/a>, it is incorporated as the City<\/a> of Murmansk<\/strong>\u2014an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts<\/a>.[1]<\/a><\/sup> As a municipal division<\/a>, the City of Murmansk is incorporated as Murmansk Urban Okrug<\/strong>.[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u884c\u653f\u533a\u5212\u6846\u67b6\u5185\uff0c\u5b83\u88ab\u5408\u5e76\u4e3a\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u5e02\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u533a\u5177\u6709\u540c\u7b49\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u884c\u653f\u5355\u4f4d\u3002 [1] \u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e02\u653f\u90e8\u95e8\uff0c\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u5e02\u88ab\u5408\u5e76\u4e3a\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u57ce\u5e02\u533a\u3002[4]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.1 City divisions \u57ce\u5e02\u533a\u5212<\/h3>\n\n\n
\n
\"\"<\/a>
Lenin Avenue \u5217\u5b81\u5927\u8857
\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u042e\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

As of 2012, the city is divided into three administrative okrugs:[29]<\/a><\/sup>
\u622a\u81f32012\u5e74\uff0c\u8be5\u5e02\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u4e2a\u884c\u653f\u533a\uff1a[29]<\/p>\n\n\n\n