{"id":839,"date":"2023-08-12T13:53:51","date_gmt":"2023-08-12T05:53:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/?p=839"},"modified":"2024-05-21T23:07:48","modified_gmt":"2024-05-21T15:07:48","slug":"vladivostok-zhen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/2023\/08\/12\/vladivostok-zhen\/","title":{"rendered":"\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\uff08\u6d77\u53c2\u5d34\uff09- \uff08\u5168\u6587\uff09\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u878d\u5408"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\n

\u4e2d\u6587\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff08\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\uff09\uff1ahttps:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%B5%B7%E5%8F%83%E5%B4%B4<\/a>
\u82f1\u6587\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff08\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\uff09\uff1ahttps:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vladivostok<\/a>
\u672c\u6587\u57fa\u4e8e\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u7684\u7ebf\u7d22\uff0c\u5e76\u8865\u5145\u90e8\u5206\u6765\u81ea\u4e2d\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u8fbd\u89c2\u642c\u8fd0\u65f6\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u5408\u89c4\u5316\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u5176\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u4e0a\u4f20\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\uff08Wikipedia\uff09\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7684\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u767e\u79d1\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u5230\u7acb\u573a\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u6765\u6e90\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8bf7\u5ba2\u89c2\u770b\u5f85\u3002\u6b63\u6587\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u8bd1\u8005\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fbd\u89c2\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u8bd1\u6587\u4ec5\u4f9b\u53c2\u8003\u3002\u642c\u8fd0\u539f\u6587\u3001\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u540c\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u4e00\u9053\u9075\u5b88CC-BY-SA 4.0\u56fd\u9645\u534f\u8bae<\/a>\uff0c\u56fe\u7247\u53ef\u80fd\u9075\u5faa\u5176\u4ed6\u5171\u4eab\u534f\u8bae\uff1b\u5728\u6807\u6ce8\u6765\u6e90\u5e76\u9075\u5b88\u534f\u8bae\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u514d\u8d39\u4f7f\u7528\u6587\u7ae0\u548c\u56fe\u7247\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5546\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u6587\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u5171\u4eab\u534f\u8bae<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u6587\u4e2d\u8d85\u94fe\u63a5\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u5411\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\u9875\u9762\uff08\u5982\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u7ad9\u5185\u94fe\u63a5\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\u5c01\u9762\u56fe\u7247\uff1aFlag of Vladivostok\uff08\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u65d7\u5e1c\uff09 \u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

0. \u6982\u8ff0<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n

\u8fbd\u89c2\u6ce8\uff1a\u6b64\u6807\u9898\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u642c\u8fd0\u548c\u6574\u5408\u65f6\u6dfb\u52a0\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

0.1 \u6587\u5b57\u8bf4\u660e<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n

\u8fbd\u89c2\u6ce8\uff1a\u6b64\u6807\u9898\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u642c\u8fd0\u548c\u6574\u5408\u65f6\u6dfb\u52a0\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b<\/strong>[7]<\/a><\/sup>\uff08\u4fc4\u8bed\uff1a\u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u5316<\/a>\uff1a<\/small>Vladivostok\uff0cIPA\uff1a<\/small>[vl\u0259d\u02b2\u026av\u0250\u02c8stok]<\/a> \uff08<\/a> \u8046\u542c<\/a>\uff09\uff0c\u610f\u4e3a\u201c\u5f81\u670d\u4e1c\u65b9\u201d[8]<\/a><\/sup>\u6216\u201c\u63a7\u5236\u4e1c\u65b9\u201d[9]<\/a><\/sup>\uff09\uff0c\u7b80\u79f0\u7b26\u5e02<\/strong>[10]<\/a><\/sup>[11]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u540d\u4e3a\u6d77\u53c2\u5d34<\/strong>\uff08\u6ee1\u8bed<\/a>\uff1a\u1865\u1820\u1873\u180c\u1867\u185d\u1828\u1838\u185d\u1873[12]<\/a><\/sup>[13]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u610f\u4e3a\u201c\u6d77\u8fb9\u6e14\u6751\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af<\/a>\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a<\/a>\u7684\u9996\u5e9c<\/a>\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u8fdc\u4e1c\u8054\u90a6\u7ba1\u533a<\/a>\u884c\u653f\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6240\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8be5\u5e02\u662f\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af<\/a>\u8fdc\u4e1c\u5730\u533a<\/a>\u6700\u5927\u7684\u57ce\u5e02[12]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u8fdc\u4e1c\u8054\u90a6\u7ba1\u533a<\/a>\u4eba\u53e3\u6700\u591a\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6700\u53d1\u8fbe\u7684\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u4eba\u53e3\u622a\u81f32017\u5e74\u8fbe605,049\u4eba[14]<\/a><\/sup>\uff08\u82f1\u6587\u767e\u79d1\u8865\u5145\uff1awith a population of 600,871 residents as of 2021.[11]<\/a><\/sup>\uff09<\/em>\u3002\u8be5\u5e02\u4e34\u8fd1\u4fc4<\/a>\u3001\u4e2d<\/a>\u3001\u671d<\/a>\u4e09\u56fd\u4ea4\u754c\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u4e09\u9762\u4e34\u6d77\uff0c\u662f\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5728\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b<\/a>\u6cbf\u5cb8\u6700\u5927\u7684\u6e2f\u53e3[15]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u4e3a\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u8fdc\u4e1c\u5730\u533a<\/a>\u8fd1\u6d77\u8fd0\u8f93\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u8be5\u5e02\u662f\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u8230\u961f<\/a>\u53f8\u4ee4\u90e8\u6240\u5728\u5730[12]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u81ea\u65b0\u77f3\u5668\u65f6\u4ee3\u65f6\u8d77\u4fbf\u6709\u4eba\u7c7b\u5c45\u4f4f\uff0c\u539f\u4e3a\u8083\u614e<\/a>\u6c11\u65cf\u5c45\u4f4f\u5730[16]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u540e\u5386\u4e3a\u6e24\u6d77\u56fd<\/a>\u3001\u8fbd\u671d<\/a>\u3001\u91d1\u671d<\/a>\u3001\u5143\u671d<\/a>\u3001\u660e\u671d<\/a>\u548c\u6e05\u671d<\/a>\u7edf\u6cbb\u30021860\u5e74\uff0c\u6e05\u671d\u4e0e\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5e1d\u56fd<\/a>\u7b7e\u8ba2\u300a\u4e2d\u4fc4\u5317\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6<\/a>\u300b\u540e\uff0c\u5272\u8ba9\u7ed9\u4fc4\u56fd\u5e76\u7531\u201c\u6d77\u53c2\u5d34\u201d\u6539\u79f0\u201c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u201d[17]<\/a>[18]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Shortly after the signing of the Treaty of Aigun<\/a> between Qing China<\/a> and the Russian Empire<\/a> and affirmed by the Convention of Peking<\/a> \u2013 of which it is also known as the Amur Annexation<\/a> \u2013 the city was founded as a Russian military outpost on July 2, 1860.[12]<\/a><\/sup> In 1872, the main Russian naval base on the Pacific Ocean was transferred to the city, stimulating its growth. After the outbreak of the Russian Revolution<\/a> in 1917, Vladivostok was occupied in 1918<\/a> by White Russian<\/a> and Allied forces<\/a>, the last of whom from the Japanese Empire<\/a> were not withdrawn until 1922 due to its wider intervention in Siberia<\/a>; by that time the antirevolutionary White Army<\/a> forces had promptly collapsed. That same year, the Red Army<\/a> occupied the city, absorbing the Far Eastern Republic<\/a> into the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic<\/a>. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union<\/a> in 1991, the city became a part of the Russian Federation<\/a>.
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u6e05\u671d\u4e0e\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5e1d\u56fd\u7b7e\u7f72\u300a\u7477\u73f2\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u5e76\u5f97\u5230\u300a\u5317\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\uff08\u4e5f\u79f0\u4e3a\u300a\u963f\u7a46\u5c14\u541e\u5e76\u300b\uff09\u7684\u786e\u8ba4\u540e\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u8fd9\u5ea7\u57ce\u5e02\u4e8e 1860 \u5e74 7 \u6708 2 \u65e5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u519b\u4e8b\u524d\u54e8\u57fa\u5730\u5efa\u7acb\u3002 [12] 1872\u5e74\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u4e0a\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6d77\u519b\u57fa\u5730\u8f6c\u79fb\u81f3\u8be5\u5e02\uff0c\u523a\u6fc0\u4e86\u5176\u53d1\u5c55\u3002 1917 \u5e74\u4fc4\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u7206\u53d1\u540e\uff0c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u4e8e 1918 \u5e74\u88ab\u767d\u4fc4\u548c\u76df\u519b\u5360\u9886\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5bf9\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u7684\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5e72\u9884\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6279\u767d\u4fc4\u548c\u76df\u519b\u76f4\u5230 1922 \u5e74\u624d\u4ece\u65e5\u672c\u5e1d\u56fd\u64a4\u51fa\uff1b \u90a3\u65f6\uff0c\u53cd\u9769\u547d\u7684\u767d\u519b\u52bf\u529b\u5df2\u8fc5\u901f\u5d29\u6e83\u3002 \u540c\u5e74\uff0c\u7ea2\u519b\u5360\u9886\u8be5\u5e02\uff0c\u5c06\u8fdc\u4e1c\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u5e76\u5165\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u8054\u90a6\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u3002 1991\u5e74\u82cf\u8054\u89e3\u4f53\u540e\uff0c\u8be5\u5e02\u6210\u4e3a\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u8054\u90a6\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Today, Vladivostok remains the largest Russian port on the Pacific Ocean<\/a>, and the chief cultural, economic, scientific, and tourism hub of the Russian Far East. As the terminus of the Trans-Siberian Railway<\/a>, the city was visited by over three million tourists in 2017.[13]<\/a><\/sup> The city is the administrative center of the Far Eastern Federal District, and is the home to the headquarters of the Pacific Fleet<\/a> of the Russian Navy<\/a>. Due to its geographical position in Asia combined with its Russian architecture<\/a>, the city has been referred to as “Europe in the Far East”.[14]<\/a>[15]<\/a><\/sup> Many foreign consulates<\/a> and businesses have offices in Vladivostok, and the city hosts the annual Eastern Economic Forum<\/a>. With a yearly mean temperature of around 5 \u00b0C (41 \u00b0F) Vladivostok has a cold climate<\/a> for its mid-latitude coastal setting. This is due to winds from the vast Eurasian<\/a> landmass in winter, also cooling the ocean temperatures.
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u4e0a\u6700\u5927\u7684\u6e2f\u53e3\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u8fdc\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u6587\u5316\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u65c5\u6e38\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002 \u4f5c\u4e3a\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u5927\u94c1\u8def\u7684\u7ec8\u70b9\u7ad9\uff0c2017\u5e74\u8be5\u5e02\u63a5\u5f85\u4e86\u8d85\u8fc7300\u4e07\u6e38\u5ba2\u3002[13] \u8be5\u5e02\u662f\u8fdc\u4e1c\u8054\u90a6\u533a\u7684\u884c\u653f\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u6d77\u519b\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u8230\u961f\u603b\u90e8\u6240\u5728\u5730\u3002 \u7531\u4e8e\u5176\u5728\u4e9a\u6d32\u7684\u5730\u7406\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0e\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5efa\u7b51\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u8fd9\u5ea7\u57ce\u5e02\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u8fdc\u4e1c\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u201d\u3002 [14][15] \u8bb8\u591a\u5916\u56fd\u9886\u4e8b\u9986\u548c\u4f01\u4e1a\u5728\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u8bbe\u6709\u529e\u4e8b\u5904\uff0c\u8be5\u5e02\u8fd8\u4e3e\u529e\u4e00\u5e74\u4e00\u5ea6\u7684\u4e1c\u65b9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8bba\u575b\u3002 \u6d77\u53c2\u5d34\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4e2d\u7eac\u5ea6\u6cbf\u6d77\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u5e74\u5e73\u5747\u6c14\u6e29\u7ea6\u4e3a 5 \u00b0C (41 \u00b0F)\uff0c\u6c14\u5019\u5bd2\u51b7\u3002 \u8fd9\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u51ac\u5b63\u6765\u81ea\u5e7f\u9614\u7684\u6b27\u4e9a\u5927\u9646\u7684\u98ce\uff0c\u4e5f\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u6d77\u6d0b\u6e29\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

0.2 \u6982\u51b5\u8868\u683c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n

\u8fbd\u89c2\u6ce8\uff1a\u6b64\u6807\u9898\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u642c\u8fd0\u548c\u6574\u5408\u65f6\u6dfb\u52a0\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u56fd\u5bb6<\/th>\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
\u8054\u90a6\u4e3b\u4f53<\/a><\/th>\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
\u5efa\u7acb<\/th>1860\u5e747\u67082\u65e5[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr>
City status since
\uff08\u83b7\u57ce\u5e02\u5730\u4f4d\uff09<\/td>		April 22, 1880\uff081880\u5e744\u670822\u65e5\uff09<\/td><\/tr>
\u653f\u5e9c<\/th><\/tr>
 \u2022 \u884c\u653f\u673a\u6784<\/th>\u5e02\u675c\u9a6c<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
 \u2022 \u5e02\u957f<\/th>\u5eb7\u65af\u5766\u4e01\u00b7\u5f17\u62c9\u57fa\u7c73\u7f57\u7ef4\u5947\u00b7\u820d\u65af\u5854\u79d1\u592b<\/a>[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr>
\u9762\u79ef<\/th><\/tr>
 \u2022 \u603b\u8ba1<\/th>331.2 \u5e73\u65b9\u5343\u7c73\uff08127.9 \u5e73\u65b9\u82f1\u91cc\uff09<\/td><\/tr>
\u6d77\u62d4<\/th>8 \u7c73\uff0826 \u82f1\u5c3a\uff09<\/td><\/tr>
\u4eba\u53e3<\/th><\/tr>
 \u2022 \u4f30\u8ba1\uff082018\uff09[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/th>604,901<\/td><\/tr>
 \u2022 \u5bc6\u5ea6<\/a><\/th>1,815.65\u4eba\/\u5e73\u65b9\u5343\u7c73\uff084,702.5\u4eba\/\u5e73\u65b9\u82f1\u91cc\uff09<\/td><\/tr>
\u884c\u653f\u5730\u4f4d<\/a><\/th><\/tr>
Subordinated to
(\u96b6\u5c5e\u4e8e\uff09<\/td>		Vladivostok City Under Krai Jurisdiction<\/a>[1]<\/a><\/sup>
\uff08\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u7ba1\u8f96\u7684\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u5e02[1]\uff09<\/td><\/tr>
 \u2022 \u884c\u653f\u4e2d\u5fc3<\/a><\/th>\"\" \u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a<\/a><\/td><\/tr>
\u5e02\u653f\u5730\u4f4d<\/a><\/th><\/tr>
 \u2022 \u57ce\u533a<\/th>\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u5e02\u533a<\/td><\/tr>
\u65f6\u533a<\/a><\/th>\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u65f6\u95f4<\/a><\/a>[5]<\/a><\/sup>\uff08UTC+10<\/a>\uff09<\/td><\/tr>
\u90ae\u653f\u7f16\u7801<\/a>[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/th>690xxx<\/td><\/tr>
\u7535\u8bdd\u533a\u53f7<\/th>+7 423<\/td><\/tr>
\u5e02\u65e5<\/th>7\u6708\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u661f\u671f\u5929<\/td><\/tr>
\u53cb\u597d\u57ce\u5e02<\/a><\/th>\u65b0\u6f5f\u5e02<\/a>\u3001\u5723\u8fed\u6208<\/a>\u3001\u6731\u8bfa<\/a>\u3001\u5854\u79d1\u9a6c<\/a>\u3001\u79cb\u7530\u5e02<\/a>\u3001\u91dc\u5c71<\/a>\u3001\u51fd\u9986\u5e02<\/a>\u3001\u5927\u8fde\u5e02<\/a>\u3001\u5143\u5c71\u5e02<\/a>\u3001\u66fc\u5854<\/a>\u3001\u5f17\u62c9\u5b63\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22<\/a>\u3001\u4e9a\u5e87<\/a>\u3001\u4ec1\u5ddd\u5e7f\u57df\u5e02<\/a>\u3001\u6d77\u9632\u5e02<\/a>\u3001\u9a6c\u5361\u8482<\/a>\u3001\u4e0a\u6d77\u5e02<\/a>\u3001\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71<\/a>\u3001\u8328\u6b23\u74e6\u5229<\/a><\/a><\/td><\/tr>
\u533a\u5212\u4ee3\u7801<\/a><\/th>05701000001<\/td><\/tr>
\u7f51\u7ad9<\/th>www.vlc.ru<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

0.3 \u6807\u5fd7\u548c\u98ce\u5149\u56fe\u7247<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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\u8fbd\u89c2\u6ce8\uff1a\u6b64\u6807\u9898\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u642c\u8fd0\u548c\u6574\u5408\u65f6\u6dfb\u52a0\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
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\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aFlag of Vladivostok\uff08\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u65d7\u5e1c\uff09<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
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\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aCoat of arms of Vladivostok
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u7684\u7eb9\u7ae0<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY 2.0\u534f\u8bae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
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\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aView of Zolotoy Bridge and the Golden Horn Bay at night
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u4f50\u6d1b\u6258\u4f0a\u5927\u6865\u548c\u91d1\u89d2\u6e7e\u7684\u591c\u666f<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aRaita Futo<\/a> from Tokyo, Japan – \u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee\u539f\u56fe\u94fe\u63a5<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 4.0\u534f\u8bae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
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\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aGUM Department Store
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u53e4\u59c6\u767e\u8d27\u5546\u5e97<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aAlexxx1979<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 3.0\u534f\u8bae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
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\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aArseniev State Museum of Primorsky Region
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u963f\u5c14\u8c22\u5c3c\u8036\u592b\u56fd\u7acb\u535a\u7269\u9986<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aPress museum<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY 2.0\u534f\u8bae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
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\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aThe campus of Far Eastern Federal University
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u8fdc\u4e1c\u8054\u90a6\u5927\u5b66\u6821\u56ed<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aRaita Futo<\/a> from Tokyo, Japan – \u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee\u539f\u56fe\u94fe\u63a5<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 4.0\u534f\u8bae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
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\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aVladivostok Railway Station
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u6d77\u53c2\u5d34\u706b\u8f66\u7ad9<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aAlexxx1979<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 2.0\u534f\u8bae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
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\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aCentral Square
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u4e2d\u592e\u5e7f\u573a<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aUwe Brodrecht<\/a> – \u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee\u539f\u56fe\u94fe\u63a5<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. \u540d\u79f0<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1.1 \u8bcd\u6e90<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u6e05\u671d<\/a>\u5efa\u5236\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6ee1\u65cf<\/a>\u8d4b\u540d\u6b64\u5730\u6ee1\u8bed<\/a>\u540d\u201c\u1865\u1820\u1873\u1867\u185d\u1828\u1838\u185d\u1873\u201d[a]<\/a><\/sup>\u548c\u6c49\u8bed<\/a>\u540d\u201c\u6d77\u53c2\u5d34<\/strong>\u201d[b]<\/a>[c]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u201c\u6d77\u53c2\u5d34\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5176\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u4e2d\u6587<\/a>\u53eb\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ea6\u88ab\u534e\u4eba<\/a>\u6cbf\u7528\u81f3\u4eca\u30021860\u5e74\uff0c\u300a\u5317\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6<\/a>\u300b\u7b7e\u8ba2\u524d\u4e09\u6708\uff0c\u4fc4\u56fd\u53d6\u5f97\u6b64\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u66f4\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b<\/strong>\u201d\uff08\u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\uff09\uff0c\u610f\u4e3a\u201c\u4e1c\u65b9\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u201d[d]<\/a><\/sup>\u6216\u201c\u5f81\u670d\u4e1c\u65b9\u201d[20]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bd1\u201c\u9547\u4e1c\u5e9c\u201d\u201c\u4e1c\u65b9\u7684\u738b\u540e\u201d[21]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vladivostok<\/em> means ‘Lord of the East’ or ‘Ruler of the East’. The name derives from Slavic \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044c (vlad<\/em>, ‘to rule’) and Russian \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a (vostok<\/em>, ‘east’); see the etymology of Vladimir (name)<\/a>. Colloquial Russian speech may use the short form Vladik<\/em> (Russian<\/a>: \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a) to refer to the city.[16]<\/a>[better source needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup>
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\u201c\u4e1c\u65b9\u4e4b\u4e3b\u201d\u6216\u201c\u4e1c\u65b9\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u201d\u3002 \u8be5\u540d\u79f0\u6e90\u81ea\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u8bed \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044c\uff08vlad\uff0c\u201c\u7edf\u6cbb\u201d\uff09\u548c\u4fc4\u8bed \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\uff08vostok\uff0c\u201c\u4e1c\u65b9\u201d\uff09\uff1b \u53c2\u89c1\u5f17\u62c9\u57fa\u7c73\u5c14\uff08\u540d\u5b57\uff09\u7684\u8bcd\u6e90\u3002 \u4fc4\u8bed\u53e3\u8bed\u53ef\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u7f29\u5199\u5f62\u5f0f Vladik\uff08\u4fc4\u8bed\uff1a\u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\uff09\u6765\u6307\u4ee3\u8fd9\u5ea7\u57ce\u5e02\u3002[16][\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u6765\u6e90]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The city, along with other features in the Peter the Great Gulf<\/a> area, was first given its modern name in 1859 by Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky<\/a>. The name initially applied to the bay, but following an expedition by Alexey Karlovich Shefner<\/a> in 1860, it was later applied to the new settlement.[17]<\/a><\/sup> The form of the name appears analogous to that of the city of Vladikavkaz<\/a> (“Ruler of the Caucasus” or “Rule the Caucasus”), now in North Ossetia\u2013Alania<\/a>, which was founded and named by the Russian Empire in 1784.
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a1859 \u5e74\uff0c\u5c3c\u53e4\u62c9\u00b7\u7a46\u62c9\u7ef4\u7ea6\u592b-\u963f\u7a46\u5c14\u65af\u57fa (Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky) \u9996\u6b21\u4e3a\u8fd9\u5ea7\u57ce\u5e02\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f7c\u5f97\u5927\u5e1d\u6d77\u6e7e\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u6807\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3\u540d\u79f0\u3002 \u8be5\u540d\u79f0\u6700\u521d\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6d77\u6e7e\uff0c\u4f46\u5728 1860 \u5e74\u963f\u5217\u514b\u8c22\u00b7\u5361\u6d1b\u7ef4\u5947\u00b7\u8c22\u592b\u7eb3 (Alexey Karlovich Shefner) \u63a2\u9669\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8be5\u540d\u79f0\u540e\u6765\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u65b0\u5b9a\u5c45\u70b9\u3002 [17] \u8be5\u540d\u79f0\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0e\u73b0\u5728\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5317\u5965\u585e\u68af-\u963f\u62c9\u5c3c\u4e9a\u7684\u5f17\u62c9\u5b63\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u5e02\uff08\u201c\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u201d\u6216\u201c\u7edf\u6cbb\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u201d\uff09\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u7531\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e8e 1784 \u5e74\u5efa\u7acb\u5e76\u547d\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chinese maps from the Yuan dynasty<\/a> (1271\u20131368) referred to Vladivostok as Yongmingcheng<\/em> (\u6c38\u660e\u57ce; Y\u01d2ngm\u00edngch\u00e9ng<\/em>).[18]<\/a><\/sup> Since the Qing dynasty<\/a>,[19]<\/a><\/sup> the city has also been known as Haishenwai<\/em>\/Haishenwei<\/em>\/Hai-shen-wei<\/em> (\u6d77\u53c3\u5d34<\/a>; H\u01ceish\u0113nw\u01cei, H\u01ceish\u0113nw\u0113i<\/em>; ‘sea cucumber bay[20]<\/a><\/sup>‘) from Mandarin Chinese, ultimately from the Manchu<\/a> Hai\u0161enwai<\/em> (Manchu<\/a>: \u1865\u1820\u1873\u1867\u185d\u1828\u1838\u185d\u1873,\u2002M\u00f6llendorff<\/a>: Hai\u0161enwai<\/em>,\u2002Abkai<\/a>: Haixenwai<\/em>) or small seaside fishing village<\/em>.[21]<\/a><\/sup> However, according to National Chung Cheng University<\/a>‘s research department for Manchu studies, the Manchu name comes from Chinese, specifically Mandarin Chinese<\/a>, that was named for its historical abundance of sea cucumbers.[22]<\/a><\/sup> In China, Vladivostok is now officially known by the transliteration Chinese<\/a>: \u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b; pinyin<\/a>: F\u00fal\u0101d\u00edw\u00f2s\u012btu\u014dk\u00e8<\/em>), although the historical Chinese name \u6d77\u53c3\u5d34 (H\u01ceish\u0113nw\u01cei<\/em>) is still often used in common parlance and outside Mainland China<\/a> to refer to the city.[23]<\/a>[24]<\/a><\/sup> According to the provisions of the Chinese government, all maps published in China must bracket the city’s Chinese name.[25]<\/a>[26]<\/a><\/sup>
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5143\u671d\uff081271-1368\uff09\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5730\u56fe\u5c06\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u79f0\u4e3a\u6c38\u660e\u57ce\uff08\u6c38\u660e\u57ce\uff1bY\u01d2ngm\u00edngch\u00e9ng\uff09\u3002[18] \u81ea\u6e05\u671d\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c[19]\u8fd9\u5ea7\u57ce\u5e02\u4e5f\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u6d77\u53c2\u5d34\uff1bH\u01ceish\u0113nw\u01cei\uff0cH\u01ceish\u0113nw\u0113i\uff1b\u201c\u6d77\u53c2\u6e7e[20]\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u666e\u901a\u8bdd\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u6765\u81ea\u6ee1\u8bed\u6d77\u68ee\u5916\uff08 \u6ee1\u8bed\uff1a\u1865\u1820\u1873\u1867\u185d\u1828\u1838\u185d\u1873\u3001\u2002M\u00f6llendorff\uff1aHai\u0161enwai\u3001\u2002Abkai\uff1aHaixenwai\uff09\u6216\u6d77\u8fb9\u5c0f\u6e14\u6751\u3002[21] \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u56fd\u7acb\u4e2d\u6b63\u5927\u5b66\u6ee1\u65cf\u7814\u7a76\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u6ee1\u65cf\u540d\u79f0\u6765\u81ea\u6c49\u8bed\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u666e\u901a\u8bdd\uff0c\u56e0\u5176\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u76db\u4ea7\u6d77\u53c2\u800c\u5f97\u540d\u3002 [22] \u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u4e2d\u6587\u97f3\u8bd1\u4e3a\uff1a\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\uff1b \u62fc\u97f3\uff1aF\u00fal\u0101d\u00edw\u00f2s\u012btu\u014dk\u00e8\uff09\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u540d\u79f0\u6d77\u53c2\u5d34 (H\u01ceish\u0113nw\u01cei) \u4ecd\u7136\u7ecf\u5e38\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u9646\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u6307\u4ee3\u8fd9\u5ea7\u57ce\u5e02\u3002[23][24] \u6839\u636e\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5730\u56fe\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u52a0\u4e0a\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u540d\u79f0\u3002[25][26]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1949\u5e74\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd<\/a>\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u5730\u56fe\u5c06\u5b83\u6807\u8bb0\u4e3a\u201c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\uff08\u6d77\u53c2\u5d34\uff09\u201d[1]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u81ea2003\u5e74\u8d77\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u539f\u56fd\u5bb6\u6d4b\u7ed8\u5c40<\/a>\u300a\u516c\u5f00\u5730\u56fe\u5185\u5bb9\u8868\u793a\u82e5\u5e72\u89c4\u5b9a\u300b\u7b2c\u5341\u4e03\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u201c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u201d\u7b49\u516b\u4e2a\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5730\u540d\u5fc5\u987b\u62ec\u6ce8\u4e2d\u56fd\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u6c49\u8bed\u62fc\u97f3\u7248\u5730\u56fe\u548c\u5916\u6587\u7248\u5730\u56fe\u9664\u5916\u3002\u6839\u636e\u81ea\u7136\u8d44\u6e90\u90e8<\/a>2023\u5e742\u67086\u65e5\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u300a\u516c\u5f00\u5730\u56fe\u5185\u5bb9\u8868\u793a\u89c4\u8303<\/a>\u300b\u7b2c\u5341\u56db\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u6c49\u8bed\u7248\u5730\u56fe\u4e2d\u201c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u201d\u4e4b\u540e\u5fc5\u987b\u62ec\u6ce8\u201c\u6d77\u53c2\u5d34\u201d\uff0c\u6c49\u8bed\u62fc\u97f3\u7248\u5730\u56fe\u548c\u5916\u6587\u7248\u5730\u56fe\u9664\u5916[22]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u9646\u5b98\u65b9\u5a92\u4f53\u5bf9\u6b64\u57ce\u7684\u79f0\u547c\u4e0d\u7edf\u4e00\uff0c\u6216\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u201d[7]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u6216\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u6d77\u53c2\u5d34\u201d[23]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u5b98\u65b9<\/a>\u6cbf\u7528\u201c\u6d77\u53c2\u5d34\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f20\u7edf\u5730\u540d[24]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u53f0\u6e7e\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u5730\u56fe\u4e5f\u6807\u6ce8\u4e3a\u201c\u6d77\u53c2\u5d34\u201d[25]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u53f0\u6e7e\u5a92\u4f53<\/a>\u5bf9\u8be5\u5e02\u7684\u79f0\u547c\u4e0d\u7edf\u4e00\uff0c\u6216\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u6d77\u53c2\u5d34\u201d[26]<\/a><\/sup>[27]<\/a><\/sup>[28]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u6216\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u201d[29]<\/a><\/sup>[30]<\/a><\/sup>[31]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u65e5\u672c\u4eba<\/a>\u81ea\u660e\u6cbb<\/a>\u65f6\u4ee3\u4ee5\u540e\u628a\u8be5\u5730\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u6d66\u76d0\u65af\u5fb7\u201d\uff08\u65e5\u8bed\uff1a\u6d66\u5869\u65af\u5fb3\u3014\u6d66\u9e7d\u65af\u5fb7\u3015<\/sup>\uff09[32]<\/a><\/sup>\u6216\u201c\u30a6\u30e9\u30b8\u30aa\u30b9\u30c8\u30af\u201d\uff0c\u7b80\u79f0\u201c\u6d66\u76d0\u201d\u3001\u201c\u6d66\u6e2f\u201d\u6216\u201c\u30a6\u30e9\u30b8\u30aa\u201d\uff1b\u501f\u7528<\/a>\u540c\u97f3\u6c49\u5b57<\/a>\u4e5f\u5199\u4f5c\u201c\u6d66\u6f6e\u65af\u5fb7\u201d\uff08\u65e5\u8bed\uff1a\u6d66\u6f6e\u65af\u5fb3\u3014\u6d66\u6f6e\u65af\u5fb7\u3015<\/sup>\uff09\uff0c\u7b80\u79f0\u201c\u6d66\u6f6e\u201d\uff08\u65e5\u8bed\uff1a\u6d66\u6f6e<\/sup>\uff09\uff1b\u4e8c\u6218\u540e\u5219\u5927\u591a\u4ec5\u4f7f\u7528\u5047\u540d\u7684\u201c\u30a6\u30e9\u30b8\u30aa\u30b9\u30c8\u30af\u201d\u3002\u671d\u9c9c\u8bed<\/a>\u4e2d\uff0c\u65e7\u540d\u201c\ud574\uc0bc\uc704\u201d[33]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u671d\u9c9c<\/a>\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\uc6b8\ub77c\uc9c0\ubcf4\uc2a4\ub610\ud06c\u201d\uff0c\u97e9\u56fd<\/a>\u8bd1\u540d\u201c\ube14\ub77c\ub514\ubcf4\uc2a4\ud1a0\ud06c\u201d[34]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u671d\u9c9c\u65cf<\/a>\u8bd1\u4f5c\u201c\ube14\ub77c\uc9c0\ubcf4\uc2a4\ub610\ud06c\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.2 \u7f8e\u79f0\u548c\u522b\u79f0<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u6709\u201c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u7684\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u5927\u95e8\uff08\u0442\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043e\u043a\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438\uff09[35]<\/a><\/sup>\u201d\u201c\u6e14\u4e1a\u4e4b\u90fd\uff08\u0440\u044b\u0431\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430\uff09[36]<\/a><\/sup>\u201d\u548c\u201c\u7eb3\u7533\u65af\u57fa\u5e02\uff08\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439\uff09[37]<\/a>[38]<\/a><\/sup>\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. \u5386\u53f2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

2.1 \u6e05\u671d\u65f6\u671f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u4f4d\u4e8e\u7ee5\u82ac\u6cb3<\/a>\u53e3\u6d77\u6e7e\u4e1c\u5cb8[9]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u81ea\u65b0\u77f3\u5668\u65f6\u4ee3<\/a>\u65f6\u8d77\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u5df2\u6e10\u89c1\u4eba\u7c7b\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u6709\u53f2\u6599\u8bb0\u8f7d\u4ee5\u6765\u4e00\u76f4\u4e3a\u6ee1-\u901a\u53e4\u65af\u6c11\u65cf<\/a>\u6d3b\u52a8\u533a\u57df[16]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u5510\u671d\u65f6\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7c9f\u672b\u977a\u97a8<\/a>\u4eba\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u56fd\u5bb6\u2014\u6e24\u6d77\u56fd<\/a>\u7684\u7387\u5bbe\u5e9c<\/a>\u8f96\u5730\uff08698\u5e74\u2014926\u5e74\uff09\u3002\u8fbd\u671d<\/a>\u65f6\u5c5e\u4e0a\u4eac\u9053<\/a>\u7387\u5bbe\u5e9c\u6240\u7ba1\uff1b\u91d1\u671d<\/a>\u65f6\u5c5e\u4e0a\u4eac\u8def<\/a>\u8f96\u4e0b\u6064\u54c1\u8def<\/a>\u6240\u7ba1\uff1b\u5143\u671d<\/a>\u65f6\u79f0\u6c38\u660e\u57ce\uff1b\u660e\u671d<\/a>\u65f6\u5c5e\u6728\u9633\u6cb3\u536b\uff1b\u6e05\u671d<\/a>\u65f6\u8be5\u5730\u4e3a\u5409\u6797<\/a>\u5b81\u53e4\u5854<\/a>\u526f\u90fd\u7edf\u7ba1\u8f96\u4e4b\u4e0b[9]<\/a>[39]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The city was the site of a Chinese settlement around 600 AD,[28]<\/a>[29]<\/a><\/sup> where it was known as Yongmingcheng (\u6c38\u660e\u57ce [Y\u01d2ngm\u00edngch\u00e9ng<\/em>], “city of eternal light”) during the Yuan dynasty<\/a>.[18]<\/a><\/sup>
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u8fd9\u5ea7\u57ce\u5e02\u662f\u516c\u5143 600 \u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b9a\u5c45\u70b9\uff0c[28][29]\u5728\u5143\u671d\u671f\u95f4\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u6c38\u660e\u57ce\uff08\u6c38\u660e\u57ce [Y\u01d2ngm\u00edngch\u00e9ng]\uff0c\u201c\u6c38\u6052\u4e4b\u5149\u4e4b\u57ce\u201d\uff09\u3002 [18]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u81ea1630\u5e74\u4ee3\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5e1d\u56fd<\/a>\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u961f\u8fdb\u5165\u8be5\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u5bfb\u6c42\u5728\u8fdc\u4e1c<\/a>\u5730\u533a\u5f00\u62d3\u4e0d\u51bb\u6e2f\u53e3\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u548c\u6e05\u671d\u66fe\u6709\u7740\u591a\u6b21\u9886\u571f\u4e0a\u7684\u6b66\u88c5\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u57281689\u5e74\u6e05\u671d\u548c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5e1d\u56fd\u7b7e\u8ba2\u7684\u300a\u5c3c\u5e03\u695a\u6761\u7ea6<\/a>\u300b\u4e2d\u8ba2\u660e\u6d77\u53c2\u5d34\u5c5e\u6e05\u671d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u540e\u6765\u6e05\u671d\u56fd\u529b\u4e0d\u632f\uff0c\u5230\u4e861858\u5e74\u65f6\u6e05\u9ed1\u9f99\u6c5f\u5c06\u519b<\/a>\u5955\u5c71<\/a>\u5728\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5e1d\u56fd<\/a>\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u80c1\u8feb\u4e0b\u7b7e\u8ba2\u300a\u7477\u73f2\u6761\u7ea6<\/a>\u300b\uff0c\u89c4\u5b9a\u5305\u62ec\u6d77\u53c2\u5d34\u7684\u4e4c\u82cf\u91cc\u6c5f<\/a>\u4ee5\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u4e3a\u6e05\u4fc4\u5171\u7ba1\u3002\u4e24\u5e74\u540e\u76841860\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89<\/a>\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\u4fc4\u56fd\u53c8\u4e0e\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u7b7e\u8ba2\u300a\u4e2d\u4fc4\u5317\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6<\/a>\u300b\u5c06\u8be5\u5904\u5272\u8ba9\u4fc4\u56fd\u3002\u82cf\u4fc4\u653f\u5e9c\u66fe\u6253\u7b97\u5f52\u8fd8\uff0c\u4f46\u6ca1\u6709\u6267\u884c[40]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u6b63\u5f0f\u957f\u671f\u5360\u9886\u4e86\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u4e4c\u82cf\u91cc\u6c5f\u4ee5\u4e1c\u7ea640\u4e07\u5e73\u65b9\u5343\u7c73\u7684\u9886\u571f\u3002\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5728\u6d77\u53c2\u5d34\u7b51\u5be8\u5efa\u6e2f\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u547d\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u201d[12]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u6210\u4e3a\u4fc4\u56fd\u672a\u6765\u5728\u8fdc\u4e1c\u53d1\u5c55\u653f\u7b56\u4e0a\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6e2f\u53e3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.2 \u4fc4\u56fd\u65f6\u671f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

For a long time, the Russian government looked for a stronghold in the Far East<\/a>; this role was played in turn by the settlements of Okhotsk<\/a>, Ayan<\/a>, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky<\/a>, and Nikolaevsk-on-Amur<\/a>. By the middle of the 19th-century, the search for the outpost had reached a dead end: none of the ports met the necessary requirement: to have a convenient and protected harbor next to important trade routes.[30]<\/a><\/sup> After China was threatened with war on a second front by Governor-General of the Far East Nikolay Muraviev<\/a> when China was suppressing the Taiping Rebellion<\/a>,[12]<\/a><\/sup> the Aigun Treaty<\/a> was concluded by Muraviev’s forces, after which Russian exploration of the Amur region began, and later, as a result of the signing of the Treaty of Tientsin<\/a> and the Convention of Peking<\/a>, the territory of modern Vladivostok was annexed to Russia. The name Vladivostok appeared in the middle of 1859, was used in newspaper articles and denoted a bay.[30]<\/a><\/sup> On June 20 (or July 2 of the Gregorian calendar<\/a>), 1860 the transport of the Siberian Military Flotilla “Mandzhur” under the command of Lieutenant-Commander Alexei Karlovich Shefner delivered a military unit to the Golden Horn Bay to establish a military post, which has now officially received the name of Vladivostok.[31]<\/a><\/sup>
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u653f\u5e9c\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u8fdc\u4e1c\u5bfb\u627e\u636e\u70b9\u3002 \u9102\u970d\u6b21\u514b\u3001\u963f\u626c\u3001\u582a\u5bdf\u52a0\u5f7c\u5f97\u5df4\u752b\u6d1b\u592b\u65af\u514b\u548c\u963f\u7a46\u5c14\u6cb3\u7554\u5c3c\u53e4\u62c9\u8036\u592b\u65af\u514b\u7684\u5b9a\u5c45\u70b9\u4f9d\u6b21\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u4f5c\u7528\u3002 \u5230\u4e86 19 \u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\uff0c\u5bfb\u627e\u524d\u54e8\u57fa\u5730\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u5df2\u7ecf\u8d70\u8fdb\u4e86\u6b7b\u80e1\u540c\uff1a\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6e2f\u53e3\u6ee1\u8db3\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff1a\u5728\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u8def\u7ebf\u65c1\u8fb9\u62e5\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u4fbf\u4e14\u53d7\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u6e2f\u53e3\u3002 [30] \u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u9547\u538b\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u8fd0\u52a8\u65f6\uff0c\u8fdc\u4e1c\u603b\u7763\u5c3c\u53e4\u62c9\u00b7\u7a46\u62c9\u7ef4\u8036\u592b\u4ee5\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ebf\u6218\u4e89\u5a01\u80c1\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c[12]\u7a46\u62c9\u7ef4\u8036\u592b\u7684\u519b\u961f\u7f14\u7ed3\u4e86\u300a\u7477\u73f2\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\uff0c\u6b64\u540e\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5f00\u59cb\u5bf9\u963f\u7a46\u5c14\u5730\u533a\u7684\u52d8\u63a2\uff0c \u540e\u6765\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u300a\u5929\u6d25\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u548c\u300a\u5317\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u7684\u7b7e\u8ba2\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u7684\u9886\u571f\u88ab\u5e76\u5165\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u3002 \u6d77\u53c2\u5d34\u8fd9\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57\u51fa\u73b0\u4e8e 1859 \u5e74\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u62a5\u7eb8\u6587\u7ae0\u5e76\u8868\u793a\u6d77\u6e7e\u3002 [30] 1860\u5e746\u670820\u65e5\uff08\u5373\u516c\u53867\u67082\u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u963f\u5217\u514b\u8c22\u00b7\u5361\u6d1b\u7ef4\u5947\u00b7\u8c22\u592b\u7eb3\u4e2d\u5c09\u6307\u6325\u7684\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u201c\u66fc\u6731\u5c14\u201d\u519b\u4e8b\u8fd0\u8f93\u8239\u961f\u5c06\u4e00\u652f\u519b\u4e8b\u90e8\u961f\u8fd0\u9001\u5230\u91d1\u89d2\u6e7e\u5efa\u7acb\u519b\u4e8b\u54e8\u6240\uff0c \u73b0\u5df2\u6b63\u5f0f\u547d\u540d\u4e3a\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u3002[31]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1860\u5e747\u67082\u65e5\uff0c\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u8230\u961f<\/a>\u66fc\u6731\u5c14\u53f7<\/a>\u5728\u963f\u5217\u514b\u8c22\u00b7\u5361\u5c14\u6d1b\u7ef4\u5947\u00b7\u6770\u592b\u6d85\u5c14<\/a>\u4e2d\u6821\u6307\u6325\u4e0b\u5411\u91d1\u89d2\u6e7e\u8fd0\u9001\u519b\u961f\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u519b\u4e8b\u54e8\u6240\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u662f\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

\u6c11\u65cf\u5fd7\u5b66\u5bb6\u8c22\u5c14\u76d6\u00b7\u9a6c\u514b\u897f\u83ab\u592b\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u6e2f\u53e3\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u5929\u3002[41]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\u8be5\u6e2f\u53e3\u53ef\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u6700\u597d\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba9\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u60f3\u8d77\u5965\u5c14\u52a0\u6e7e<\/a>\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u662f\u6bd4\u5979\u5c0f\uff0c\u66f4\u8212\u9002\u3001\u66f4\u6e29\u6696\u3001\u66f4\u5f00\u6717\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5468\u56f4\u90fd\u662f\u540c\u6837\u7684\u6a61\u6811\uff0c\u4e00\u6837\u98ce\u666f\u5982\u753b\u7684\u5c71\u8109\u3002\u4f4e\u5730\u6cb3\u6d41\u6f7a\u6f7a\uff0c\u5cb8\u8fb9\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u6cc9\u6c34\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u524d\u51e0\u5929\u642d\u5efa\u7684\u54e8\u6240\uff0c\u6709\u7740\u767d\u8272\u7684\u5e10\u7bf7\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u7fa4\u5c1a\u672a\u88ab\u780d\u4f10\u3001\u521a\u521a\u6e05\u7406\u8fc7\u7684\u6a61\u6811\u4e2d\u663e\u5f97\u5f88\u6f02\u4eae\u3002 <\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u6210\u4e3a\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5e1d\u56fd<\/a>\u5728\u8fdc\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u57fa\u5730\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8ddd\u79bb\u4fc4\u56fd\u6b27\u6d32\u90e8\u5206\u6838\u5fc3\u5730\u5e26\u592a\u8fdc\uff0c\u8be5\u5730\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u7f13\u6162\u30021861\u5e7411\u670812\u65e5\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u975e\u519b\u4e8b\u4eba\u5458\u5546\u4eba\u96c5\u79d1\u592b\u00b7\u62c9\u624e\u5217\u7ef4\u5947\u00b7\u8c22\u82d7\u8bfa\u592b<\/a>\u4e0e\u5bb6\u4eba\u62b5\u8fbe\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u30021862\u5e743\u670827\u65e5\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u6709\u4eba\u5728\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u8d2d\u4e70\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u4e70\u4e3b\u6b63\u662f\u96c5\u79d1\u592b\u00b7\u8c22\u82d7\u8bfa\u592b\uff0c1870\u5e74\u4ed6\u5f53\u9009\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u5e02\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u3002\u5730\u65b9\u81ea\u6cbb\u5f62\u6210[42]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On October 31, 1861, the first civilian settler, a merchant, Yakov Lazarevich Semyonov, arrived in Vladivostok with his family. On March 15, 1862, the first act of his purchase of land was registered, and in 1870 Semyonov was elected the first head of the post, and a local self-government emerged.[30]<\/a><\/sup> By this time, a special commission decided to designate Vladivostok as the main port of the Russian Empire<\/a> in the Far East.[32]<\/a><\/sup> In 1871, the main naval base of the Siberian Military Flotilla, the headquarters of the military governor and other naval departments were transferred from Nikolaevsk-on-Amur to Vladivostok.[33]<\/a><\/sup>
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a1861 \u5e74 10 \u6708 31 \u65e5\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u5e73\u6c11\u5b9a\u5c45\u8005\u3001\u5546\u4eba\u96c5\u79d1\u592b\u00b7\u62c9\u624e\u5217\u7ef4\u5947\u00b7\u8c22\u82d7\u8bfa\u592b (Yakov Lazarevich Semyonov) \u643a\u5bb6\u4eba\u62b5\u8fbe\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u3002 1862\u5e743\u670815\u65e5\uff0c\u4ed6\u8d2d\u4e70\u571f\u5730\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6cd5\u6848\u88ab\u767b\u8bb0\uff0c1870\u5e74\u8c22\u82d7\u8bfa\u592b\u88ab\u9009\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efb\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\uff0c\u5730\u65b9\u81ea\u6cbb\u653f\u5e9c\u51fa\u73b0\u3002 [30] \u6b64\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u522b\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u51b3\u5b9a\u5c06\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u6307\u5b9a\u4e3a\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5e1d\u56fd\u5728\u8fdc\u4e1c\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6e2f\u53e3\u3002 [32] 1871\u5e74\uff0c\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u519b\u533a\u8230\u961f\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6d77\u519b\u57fa\u5730\u3001\u603b\u7763\u53f8\u4ee4\u90e8\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6d77\u519b\u90e8\u95e8\u4ece\u963f\u7a46\u5c14\u6cb3\u7554\u5c3c\u53e4\u62c9\u8036\u592b\u65af\u514b\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u3002 [33]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1871\u5e74\uff0c\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u8230\u961f\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6d77\u519b\u57fa\u5730\u3001\u519b\u4e8b\u603b\u7763\u7684\u603b\u90e8\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6d77\u519b\u90e8\u95e8\u4ece\u963f\u7a46\u5c14\u6cb3\u7554\u5c3c\u53e4\u62c9\u8036\u592b\u65af\u514b<\/a>\u8fc1\u81f3\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b[43]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5c06\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5728\u8fdc\u4e1c\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6d77\u519b\u57fa\u5730\u5efa\u8bbe\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u5965\u5c14\u52a0\u6e7e<\/a>\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u505c\u6b62\u30021879\u5e74\uff0c\u6218\u4e89\u90e8\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u751a\u81f3\u505a\u51fa\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u53ea\u7559\u4e0b\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u5546\u4e1a\u6e2f\u53e3\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\u548c\u65e0\u6570\u7684\u6297\u8bae\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e86\u4e00\u573a\u634d\u536b\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u7684\u65b0\u95fb\u8fd0\u52a8\u30021879\u5e74\u6625\uff0c\u603b\u53c2\u8c0b\u90e8\u519b\u5b98\u7c73\u54c8\u4f0a\u5c14\u00b7\u5e15\u592b\u6d1b\u7ef4\u5947\u00b7\u5b63\u8d6b\u6885\u6d85\u592b<\/a>\u5c11\u5c06\u88ab\u6d3e\u5f80\u8fdc\u4e1c\uff0c\u88ab\u6307\u793a\u5bf9\u65e5\u672c\u6d77\u7684\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u6d77\u5cb8\u8fdb\u884c\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u6218\u7565\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7814\u7a76\u201c\u58f0\u79f0\u5177\u6709\u519b\u7528\u6e2f\u53e3\u4f5c\u7528\u201d\u7684\u8981\u70b9\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u5b63\u8d6b\u6885\u6d85\u592b\u679c\u65ad\u5730\u9009\u62e9\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u519b\u6e2f\uff0c\u5e76\u6076\u5316\u4e86\u4e0e\u6ee1\u6e05\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u6e2f\u53e3\u4e89\u8bae[44]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Due to the constant threat of attack from the Royal Navy<\/a>, Vladivostok also actively developed as a naval base.
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u7531\u4e8e\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d7\u5230\u82f1\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u6d77\u519b\u7684\u653b\u51fb\u5a01\u80c1\uff0c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u4e5f\u79ef\u6781\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3a\u6d77\u519b\u57fa\u5730\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u9f13\u52b1\u5728\u5357\u4e4c\u82cf\u91cc\u6c5f<\/a>\u5730\u533a\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u5c45\uff0c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u54e8\u6240\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u589e\u52a0\uff1a\u6839\u636e1878\u5e74\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\uff0c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u67094,163\u540d\u5c45\u6c11\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u57ce\u5e02\u6cd5\u89c4\u3001\u57ce\u5e02\u675c\u9a6c\u548c\u5e02\u957f\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u91c7\u7528\u5e02\u5fbd\u7ae0\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5f53\u65f6\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u627f\u8ba4\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e2a\u57ce\u5e02[45]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u8230\u961f\u4e0d\u65ad\u7684\u653b\u51fb\u5a01\u80c1\uff0c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u88ab\u79ef\u6781\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3a\u6d77\u519b\u57fa\u5730[46]<\/a><\/sup>\u30021880\u5e74\uff0c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u83b7\u5f97\u57ce\u5e02\u5730\u4f4d[43]<\/a><\/sup>\u300219\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u94c1\u8def<\/a>\u548c\u4e2d\u4e1c\u94c1\u8def<\/a>\u7684\u5efa\u6210\u4f7f\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u4eba\u53e3\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u30021897\u5e742\u670821\u65e5\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\u663e\u793a\u670928,993\u540d\u5c45\u6c11\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\uff0c\u5341\u5e74\u540e\u5e02\u4eba\u53e3\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u4e24\u500d[45]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1890\u5e74\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u4f5c\u5bb6\u5951\u8bc3\u592b<\/a>\u79bb\u5f00\u5e93\u9875\u5c9b<\/a>\u540e\uff0c\u4ece\u4ed6\u5f62\u5bb9\u4e3a\u8d2b\u7a77\u7684\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u51fa\u53d1\u7ecf\u9999\u6e2f<\/a>\u548c\u65b0\u52a0\u5761<\/a>\uff0c11\u6708\u5230\u8fbe\u79d1\u4f26\u5761<\/a>[47]<\/a><\/sup>\u56de\u83ab\u65af\u79d1[48]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u57281891\u5e74\uff0c\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u94c1\u8def<\/a>\u81f3\u6b64\uff0c\u4ea6\u5f00\u59cb\u6709\u6d77\u8fd0\u8def\u7ebf\u7531\u5176\u5f80\u8fd4\u65e5\u672c\u795e\u6237<\/a>\u3001\u957f\u5d0e<\/a>\u53ca\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0a\u6d77<\/a>\u7b49\u5730\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u5c40\u52bf\u4e0d\u7a33\u5bfc\u81f4\u957f\u671f\u5371\u673a\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u963f\u745f\u6e2f<\/a>\u548c\u8fbe\u91cc\u5c3c<\/a>\uff0c1900-1901\u5e74\u4e2d\u56fd\u5317\u65b9\u53d1\u751f\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u8d77\u4e49<\/a>\uff0c1904-1905\u5e74\u4fc4\u65e5\u6218\u4e89\u548c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4fc4\u56fd\u9769\u547d<\/a>\u5bfc\u81f4\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6d3b\u52a8\u51e0\u4e4e\u505c\u6ede[49]<\/a><\/sup>\u30021904\u5e74\u81f31905\u5e74\u95f4\u65e5\u4fc4\u6218\u4e89<\/a>\u4e2d\uff0c\u5176\u66fe\u88ab\u65e5\u672c\u6d77\u519b\u6d3e\u9063\u7684\u5206\u9063\u8230\u961f\u7a81\u88ad\u3002\u6709\u4fc4\u519b\u5de1\u6d0b\u8230\u961f\u575a\u5b88\uff0c\u4f7f\u65e5\u672c\u6d77\u519b\u8f6c\u79fb\u76ee\u6807\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1907\u5e74\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u53d1\u5c55\u5f00\u542f\u65b0\u7684\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u4fc4\u56fd\u4e22\u5931\u963f\u745f\u6e2f\u548c\u8fbe\u5c14\u5c3c\u4f7f\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u518d\u6b21\u6210\u4e3a\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5728\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u4e0a\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6e2f\u53e3\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u6e2f\u5236\u5ea6\u88ab\u5f15\u5165\uff0c\u76f4\u52301914\u5e74\uff0c\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u5feb\u901f\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e9a\u592a\u5730\u533a\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e4b\u4e00[49]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u4eba\u53e3\u8d85\u8fc710\u4e07\uff0c\u6c11\u65cf\u591a\u6837\u6027\u9ad8\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u4eba\u53ea\u5360\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u4e0d\u5230\u4e00\u534a[50]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u3001\u671d\u9c9c\u4eba\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u793e\u533a\u5728\u57ce\u5e02\u91cc\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u84ec\u52c3\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u516c\u5171\u534f\u4f1a\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u4ece\u6148\u5584\u56e2\u4f53\u5230\u7231\u597d\u56e2\u4f53\u90fd\u6709\u3002\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218<\/a>\u4e2d\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u6ca1\u6709\u906d\u5230\u6218\u4e89\u76f4\u63a5\u6ce2\u53ca[51]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u6e2f\u6210\u4e3a\u4fc4\u519b\u63a5\u6536\u7f8e\u56fd\u652f\u63f4\u7269\u8d44\uff08\u5982\u98df\u7269\u3001\u5f15\u64ce\u3001\u6b66\u5668\uff09\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5730\u70b9\uff0c\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u8fc5\u901f\u7a9c\u5347\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u4e3b\u8981\u5546\u6e2f\u4e4b\u4e00[15]<\/a>[52]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u8fdb\u5165\u6e2f\u53e3\u7684\u8d27\u7269\u6570\u91cf\u548c\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u589e\u957f\uff0c1916\u5e74\u6e2f\u53e3\u7684\u8d27\u7269\u5468\u8f6c\u91cf\u8d85\u8fc7200\u4e07\u5428\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u7d27\u6025\u6269\u5efa\u548c\u6280\u672f\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u88c5\u5907[53]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n

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\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
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1880\u5e74\u7684\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u00a0–\u00a0\u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043b\u043b\u044e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/a>\u00a0: \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b. \u2014 1880. \u2014 \u0422. 23. \u2014 \u2116 585. \u2014 \u0421. 261.<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n

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\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
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1910\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u3002<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1ahttp:\/\/nortvoods.net\/rrs\/siberia\/siberia-a.htm<\/a>\u00a0AEF Siberia<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n

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\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
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\u91d1\u89d2\u6e7e\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u519b\u8230\u3002<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\u672a\u77e5<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n

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\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
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1918\u5e74\u7f8e\u56fd\u519b\u961f\u3002<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1ahttp:\/\/nortvoods.net\/rrs\/siberia\/siberia-a.htm<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

2.2.1 \u5185\u6218\u65f6\u671f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

During\u00a0World War I<\/a>, no active hostilities took place in the city.[37]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0However, Vladivostok was an important staging post for the import of military-technical equipment for troops from allied and neutral countries, as well as raw materials and equipment for industry.[38]<\/a><\/sup>
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u8be5\u5e02\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u751f\u6d3b\u8dc3\u7684\u654c\u5bf9\u884c\u52a8\u3002[37] \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u662f\u76df\u56fd\u548c\u4e2d\u7acb\u56fd\u519b\u961f\u8fdb\u53e3\u519b\u4e8b\u6280\u672f\u88c5\u5907\u4ee5\u53ca\u5de5\u4e1a\u539f\u6750\u6599\u548c\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4e2d\u8f6c\u7ad9\u3002 [38]<\/p>\n\n\n

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\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
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Map of Vladivostok, 1911 \uff08\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u5730\u56fe\uff0c1911\u5e74\uff09<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u0421.\u041c. \u0424\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e\u00a0–\u00a0\u0421\u043f\u0443\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043f\u043e \u0414\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0443\u00a0: \u0417\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0439\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0435, \u0410\u043c\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439, \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u041a\u0430\u043c\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0421\u0430\u0445\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d. \u041c\u0430\u043d\u044c\u0447\u0436\u0443\u0440\u0438\u044f, \u041c\u043e\u043d\u0433\u043e\u043b\u0438\u044f, \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439, \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u044f \u0438 \u042f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0413\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u044b\u00a0: \u0410\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441.-\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432. \u043e\u0442\u0434.\u00a0: \u0410\u043d\u0433. \u0438 \u044f\u043f. \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b\u00a0: \u041f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432… \/ \u0418\u0437\u0434. \u0421.\u041c. \u0424\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e 1911-12 \u0433\u043e\u0434.<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

1917\u5e74\uff0c\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b<\/a>\u5ba3\u5e03\u4e86\u201c\u548c\u5e73\u6cd5\u4ee4\u201d\uff0c\u82cf\u4fc4<\/a>\u4e0e\u5fb7\u56fd<\/a>\u4e4b\u95f4\u7f14\u7ed3\u5e03\u5217\u65af\u7279\u548c\u5e73\u6761\u7ea6<\/a>\u9000\u51fa\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u300210\u670830\u65e5\uff0c\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u8230\u961f\u7684\u6c34\u624b\u4eec\u901a\u7535\u8d77\u4e49\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u6743\u529b\u4ea4\u4e88\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b[51]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u65e5\u82f1\u8054\u519b\u57281918\u5e744\u6708\u501f\u53e3\u5f53\u5730\u6709\u65e5\u8d44\u8bbe\u65bd\u88ab\u88ad\uff0c\u8fdb\u9a7b\u91d1\u89d2\u6e7e<\/a>\u548c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u30021918\u5e746\u670829\u65e5\uff0c\u6377\u514b\u519b\u56e2<\/a>\u5360\u9886\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\uff0c8\u670815\u65e5\u7f8e\u519b\u62b5\u8fbe\u3002\u79cb\u5b63\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u3001\u610f\u5927\u5229\u548c\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7684\u519b\u961f\u76f8\u7ee7\u62b5\u8fbe\u30021919\u5e74\u5168\u5e74\uff0c\u5730\u533a\u5185\u5fd9\u4e8e\u6e38\u51fb\u6218\uff0c1918-1922\u5e74\u5185\u767d\u519b\u3001\u4e4c\u519b\u3001\u9ed1\u519b\u3001\u7eff\u519b<\/a>\u7b49\u548c\u534f\u7ea6\u56fd\u6b66\u88c5\u5e72\u6d89<\/a>\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u82cf\u8054\u56fd\u5185\u6218\u4e89<\/a>\u7684\u6df7\u4e71\u60c5\u51b5\u4f7f\u5e02\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5d29\u6e83\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u907f\u514d\u4e0e\u65e5\u672c\u53d1\u751f\u76f4\u63a5\u6218\u4e89\uff0c1920\u5e744\u67086\u65e5\u65b0\u751f\u7684\u82cf\u4fc4\u653f\u6743\u51b3\u5b9a\u6210\u7acb\u7f13\u51b2\u56fd\u8fdc\u4e1c\u5171\u548c\u56fd<\/a>\u3002\u82cf\u4fc4\u57285\u6708\u627f\u8ba4\u4e86\u65b0\u5171\u548c\u56fd\uff0c\u767d\u519b\u53d1\u52a8\u4e86\u53db\u4e71\uff0c\u963f\u7a46\u5c14\u6cb3\u6cbf\u5cb8\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c<\/a>\u6210\u7acb[54]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1922\u5e7410\u6708\uff0c\u5728\u4f0a\u8036\u7f57\u5c3c\u59c6\u00b7\u5f7c\u5f97\u7f57\u7ef4\u5947\u00b7\u4e4c\u535a\u5217\u7ef4\u5947<\/a>\u7684\u6307\u6325\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fdc\u4e1c\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u9769\u547d\u519b\u5360\u9886\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\uff0c\u5c06\u767d\u519b\u8d76\u8d70\u300211\u6708\uff0c\u8fdc\u4e1c\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7ed3\u675f\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u82cf\u4fc4\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206[43]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1917-1922\u5e74\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u7684\u653f\u6743\u63a7\u5236\u60c5\u51b5<\/strong>[55]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5e74\u4efd<\/th>1\u6708<\/th>2\u6708<\/th>3\u6708<\/th>4\u6708<\/th>5\u6708<\/th>6\u6708<\/th>7\u6708<\/th>8\u6708<\/th>9\u6708<\/th>10\u6708<\/th>11\u6708<\/th>12\u6708<\/th><\/tr>
1917<\/td>\"\" \u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5e1d\u56fd<\/a>
\u20141917\u5e743\u670815\u65e5<\/td>		\"\" \u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5171\u548c\u56fd<\/a>
1917\u5e743\u670815\u65e5\u201410\u670830\u65e5<\/td>		\"\" \u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u4fc4\u56fd<\/a>
1917\u5e7410\u670830\u65e5\u20141918\u5e742\u67086\u65e5<\/td><\/tr>
1918<\/td>\"\" \u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u4fc4\u56fd<\/a>
1917\u5e7410\u670830\u65e5\u20141918\u5e744\u67086\u65e5<\/td>		\"\" \u5927\u65e5\u672c\u5e1d\u56fd<\/a>
\"\" \u82f1\u56fd<\/a>
1918\u5e744\u67086\u65e5\u20141918\u5e744\u670825\u65e5<\/td>		\"\" \u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u4fc4\u56fd<\/a>
1918\u5e744\u670825\u65e5\u20146\u670829\u65e5<\/td>		<\/a> \u6377\u514b\u519b\u56e2<\/a>
<\/a> \u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c<\/a>
1918\u5e746\u670829\u65e5\u20148\u670820\u65e5<\/td>		<\/a> \u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c<\/a>
\"\" \u7f8e\u56fd<\/a>
1918\u5e748\u670820\u65e5\u201410\u670822\u65e5<\/td>		<\/a> \u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u56fd<\/a>
1918\u5e7410\u670822\u65e5\u20141920\u5e741\u670830\u65e5<\/td><\/tr>
1919<\/td><\/a> \u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u56fd<\/a>
1918\u5e7410\u670822\u65e5\u20141920\u5e741\u670830\u65e5<\/td><\/tr>
1920<\/td><\/a> \u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u56fd<\/a>
1918\u5e7410\u670822\u65e5\u20141920\u5e741\u670830\u65e5<\/td>		\"\" \u8fdc\u4e1c\u5171\u548c\u56fd<\/a>
1920\u5e741\u670830\u65e5\u20144\u67085\u65e5<\/td>		\"\" \u5927\u65e5\u672c\u5e1d\u56fd<\/a>
1920\u5e744\u67085\u65e5\u201429\u65e5<\/td>		\"\" \u5927\u65e5\u672c\u5e1d\u56fd<\/a>
<\/a> \u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u56fd<\/a>
1920\u5e744\u670829\u65e5\u20141920\u5e7410\u670828\u65e5<\/td>		\"\" \u8fdc\u4e1c\u5171\u548c\u56fd<\/a>
1920\u5e7410\u670828\u65e5\u20141921\u5e745\u670826\u65e5<\/td><\/tr>
1921<\/td>\"\" \u8fdc\u4e1c\u5171\u548c\u56fd<\/a>
1920\u5e7410\u670828\u65e5\u20141921\u5e745\u670826\u65e5<\/td>		<\/a> \u963f\u7a46\u5c14\u6cb3\u6cbf\u5cb8\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c<\/a>
1921\u5e745\u670826\u65e5\u20141922\u5e748\u67088\u65e5<\/td><\/tr>
1922<\/td><\/a> \u963f\u7a46\u5c14\u6cb3\u6cbf\u5cb8\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c<\/a>
1921\u5e745\u670826\u65e5\u20141922\u5e744\u67088\u65e5<\/td>		<\/a> \u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u56fd<\/a>
1922\u5e748\u67088\u65e5\u20141922\u5e7410\u670825\u65e5<\/td>		\"\" \u8fdc\u4e1c\u5171\u548c\u56fd<\/a>
1922\u5e7410\u670825\u65e5\u20141922\u5e7411\u670814\u65e5<\/td>		\"\" \u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u4fc4\u56fd<\/a>
1922\u5e7411\u670814\u65e5<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

2.2.2 \u82cf\u8054\u65f6\u671f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u8fde\u5e74\u6218\u4e89\u4f7f\u82cf\u8054<\/a>\u6210\u7acb\u65f6\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u5f02\u5e38\u8870\u843d\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u519b\u64a4\u9000\u65f6\u52ab\u63a0\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u7269\u54c1\u3002\u751f\u6d3b\u762b\u75ea\uff0c\u94f6\u884c\u91cc\u6ca1\u6709\u94b1\uff0c\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\u88ab\u62a2\u8d70[56]<\/a><\/sup>\u30021923-1925\u5e74\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u201c\u4e09\u5e74\u91cd\u5efa\u8ba1\u5212\u201d\uff0c\u6062\u590d\u4e86\u5546\u4e1a\u6e2f\u53e3\u6b63\u5e38\u8fd0\u8f6c\uff0c\u57281924-1925\u5e74\u6210\u4e3a\u8be5\u56fd\u6700\u8d5a\u94b1\u7684\u65f6\u671f[56]<\/a><\/sup>[57]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u57ce\u5e02\u6ca1\u6709\u8d76\u4e0a\u6218\u65f6\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\uff0c\u65b0\u7ecf\u6d4e\u653f\u7b56<\/a>\u4f7f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6062\u590d[57]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1925\u5e74\uff0c\u82cf\u8054\u51b3\u5b9a\u52a0\u901f\u56fd\u5bb6\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u3002\u4e94\u5e74\u8ba1\u5212\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a<\/a>\u7684\u9762\u8c8c\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de5\u4e1a\u533a\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u96c6\u4e2d\u8425[57]<\/a><\/sup>\u30021930\u5e74\u4ee3\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u6b64\u57ce\u6210\u4e3a\u82cf\u8054<\/a>\u6d41\u653e\u653f\u6cbb\u72af\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5730\u70b9\u3002\u57281930\u5e74\u4ee3\u548c1940\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u662f\u8fbe\u91cc\u65af\u7279\u7f57\u4f0a<\/a>\u585e\u6c83\u65af\u7279\u62c9\u683c<\/a>\u8fd0\u9001\u56da\u72af\u548c\u8d27\u7269\u7684\u4e2d\u8f6c\u7ad9[58]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u57281930\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u548c1940\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\uff0c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u77eb\u6b63\u52b3\u6539\u8425\u7b26\u62c9\u5fb7\u62c9\u683c<\/a>\u4f4d\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6761\u6cb3\u7ad9<\/a>\u9644\u8fd1[59]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5c3d\u7ba1\u65e5\u672c\u6709\u5165\u4fb5\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\uff0c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u5728\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u536b\u56fd\u6218\u4e89<\/a>\u671f\u95f4\u6ca1\u6709\u53d7\u5230\u6218\u706b\u76f4\u63a5\u6ce2\u53ca\u3002\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6210\u7acb\u56fd\u9632\u57fa\u91d1<\/a>\u7684\u57ce\u5e02[60]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u5148\u540e\u56da\u7981\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u6709\u82cf\u8054\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u6218\u4fd8\u3002\u57ce\u5e02\u6210\u4e3a\u79df\u501f\u6cd5\u6848<\/a>\u4e2d\u201c\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u822a\u7ebf\u201d\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u843d\u8d27\u6e2f\u53e3\u30021941\u5e74\u82cf\u5fb7\u6218\u4e89<\/a>\u82cf\u8054\u5728\u6ce2\u7f57\u7684\u6d77<\/a>\u3001\u9ed1\u6d77<\/a>\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6e2f\u53e3\u88ab\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5fb7\u56fd\u6d77\u519b<\/a>\u5c01\u9501\uff0c\u9ad8\u8fbe1000\u4e07\u5428\u7684\u7f8e\u63f4\u7269\u8d44\u5728\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u4e0a\u5cb8\u540e\uff0c\u7ecf\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u94c1\u8def\u8fd0\u5f80\u6b27\u6d32\u6218\u7ebf\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u5927\u5e45\u6269\u5f20\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u6e2f\u53e3\u5904\u7406\u7684\u79df\u501f\u6cd5\u6848\u79df\u501f\u7684\u8d27\u7269\u51e0\u4e4e\u662f\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b<\/a>\u76844\u500d\uff0c\u963f\u5c14\u6c49\u683c\u5c14\u65af\u514b<\/a>\u6e2f\u53e3\u76845\u500d[61]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u57281945\u5e74\u6218\u4e89\u7ed3\u675f\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u53d7\u6218\u706b\u6ce2\u53ca\u7684\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u541e\u5410\u91cf\u4e3a\u6218\u524d\u76847\u500d[15]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1951\u5e748\u670811\u65e5\u82cf\u8054\u90e8\u957f\u4f1a\u8bae<\/a>\u201c\u7b2c\u4e94\u6d77\u519b\u95ee\u9898\u201d\u6cd5\u4ee4\uff0c\u5e02\u4ece1952\u5e741\u67081\u65e5\u5f00\u59cb\u7981\u6b62\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u8fdb\u5165[62]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u8ba1\u5212\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ece\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u8981\u6c42\u64a4\u51fa\u5916\u56fd\u9886\u4e8b\u9986\uff0c\u8fd8\u64a4\u8d70\u5546\u4eba\u548c\u6355\u9c7c\u8239\uff0c\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u4f0f\u7f57\u5e0c\u6d1b\u592b\uff08\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u4e4c\u82cf\u91cc\u65af\u514b<\/a>\uff09\u3002\u8ba1\u5212\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5b9e\u65bd[62]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u540c\u5e74\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u6210\u4e3a\u82cf\u8054\u6d77\u519b\u82cf\u8054\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u8230\u961f<\/a>\u53f8\u4ee4\u90e8\u6240\u5728\u5730\uff0c\u5e76\u7981\u6b62\u5916\u56fd\u8239\u8230\u8fdb\u51fa[15]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

1968\u5e74\u7684\u82cf\u8054\u90ae\u7968<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u041f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0430 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420:\u00a0–\u00a0\u0421\u0430\u0439\u0442 –\u00a0\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee\u539f\u56fe\u94fe\u63a5<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 3.0\u534f\u8bae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

1982\u5e74\u57ce\u5e02\u98ce\u5149<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aAndshel<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 4.0\u534f\u8bae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

\u5efa\u8bbe\u9ad8\u697c<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aAdmiralHood<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u201c\u8d6b\u9c81\u6653\u592b\u89e3\u51bb\u201d\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u53d7\u5230\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f53\u5c40\u7684\u7279\u522b\u5173\u6ce8\u30021954\u5e74\uff0c\u5c3c\u57fa\u5854\u00b7\u8c22\u5c14\u76d6\u8036\u7ef4\u5947\u00b7\u8d6b\u9c81\u6653\u592b<\/a>\u9996\u6b21\u8bbf\u95ee\u4e86\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u51b3\u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u5c06\u5176\u5206\u914d\u4e3a\u5c01\u95ed\u7684\u6d77\u519b\u57fa\u5730\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u57ce\u5e02\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u5904\u4e8e\u53ef\u60b2\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u30021959\u5e74\uff0c\u8d6b\u9c81\u6653\u592b\u518d\u6b21\u8bbf\u95ee\u8be5\u5e02\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ddf\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71<\/a>\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u4ea6\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a\u82cf\u8054\u8fdc\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u6700\u91cd\u70b9\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u57ce\u5e02\u4e4b\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u5e76\u4f5c\u51fa\u52a0\u901f\u57ce\u5e02\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u51b3\u5b9a\u75311960\u5e741\u670818\u65e5\u82cf\u8054\u90e8\u957f\u4f1a\u8bae\u51b3\u8bae\u201c\u5173\u4e8e\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u5e02\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u201d\u4f5c\u51fa\u300260\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u5efa\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u6761\u65b0\u7684\u6709\u8f68\u7535\u8f66\u7ebf\u8def\uff0c\u65e0\u8f68\u7535\u8f66\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u5efa\u7b51\u4e1a\u70ed\u706b\u671d\u5929\uff0c\u5728\u90ca\u533a\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4f4f\u5b85\u5fae\u578b\u533a\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5efa\u9020\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u516c\u5171\u548c\u6c11\u7528\u5efa\u7b51[63]<\/a><\/sup>\u30021974\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7b2c38\u4efb\u603b\u7edf\u6770\u62c9\u5c14\u5fb7\u00b7\u798f\u7279<\/a>\u8bbf\u95ee\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\uff0c\u5e76\u4f1a\u89c1\u82cf\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u603b\u4e66\u8bb0\u5217\u6602\u5c3c\u5fb7\u00b7\u4f0a\u91cc\u5947\u00b7\u52c3\u5217\u65e5\u6d85\u592b<\/a>\u3002\u5728\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b7e\u7f72\u4e86\u300a\u9650\u5236\u5f39\u5c04\u7cfb\u7edf\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u548c\u300a\u9650\u5236\u5730\u4e0b\u6838\u8bd5\u9a8c\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u7684\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u904f\u5236\u519b\u5907\u7ade\u8d5b[64]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1991\u5e745\u670816\u65e5\u300a\u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u548c\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u8054\u76df\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2d\u82cf\u56fd\u754c\u4e1c\u6bb5\u7684\u534f\u5b9a<\/a>\u300b\uff0c\u65f6\u4efb\u4e2d\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u603b\u4e66\u8bb0\u6c5f\u6cfd\u6c11<\/a>\u4e0e\u82cf\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u603b\u4e66\u8bb0\u517c\u82cf\u8054\u603b\u7edf\u6208\u5c14\u5df4\u4e54\u592b<\/a>\u8fbe\u6210\u4e00\u81f4\u5730\u6bb5\u7684\u4e2d\u82cf\u56fd\u754c\u4e1c\u6bb5\u8fb9\u754c\u7ebf\u8d70\u5411\uff0c\u660e\u786e\u548c\u786e\u5b9a\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u5c5e\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5883\u5185\u3002[65]<\/a><\/sup>1991\u5e749\u670820\u65e5\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u8054\u90a6\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u9c8d\u91cc\u65af\u00b7\u53f6\u5229\u94a6\u7b7e\u7f72\u4e86\u7b2c123\u53f7\u6cd5\u4ee4\uff0c\u5411\u5916\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u5f00\u653e\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u5e02\uff0c\u8be5\u6cd5\u4ee4\u81ea1992\u5e741\u67081\u65e5\u8d77\u751f\u6548\u3002\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c01\u95ed\u7684\u57ce\u5e02[66]<\/a><\/sup>\u30022001\u5e747\u670816\u65e5\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u603b\u4e66\u8bb0\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u5e2d\u6c5f\u6cfd\u6c11<\/a>\u4e0e\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u8054\u90a6\u603b\u7edf\u666e\u4eac<\/a>\uff0c\u5728\u83ab\u65af\u79d1<\/a>\u514b\u91cc\u59c6\u6797\u5bab<\/a>\u7b7e\u7f72\u300a\u4e2d\u4fc4\u7766\u90bb\u53cb\u597d\u5408\u4f5c\u6761\u7ea6<\/a>\u300b\uff0c\u7f14\u7ea6\u53cc\u65b9\u6839\u636e\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e5d\u4e00\u5e74\u4e94\u6708\u5341\u516d\u65e5\u300a\u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u548c\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u8054\u76df\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2d\u82cf\u56fd\u754c\u4e1c\u6bb5\u7684\u534f\u5b9a\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.2.3 \u73b0\u4ee3<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u82cf\u8054\u89e3\u4f53<\/a>\u6781\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u5e02\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3002\u56fd\u8425\u56fd\u9632\u4f01\u4e1a\u6ca1\u6709\u4e86\u8ba2\u5355\uff0c\u4f7f\u5de5\u8d44\u62d6\u6b20\u548c\u5931\u4e1a\u3002\u5e78\u5b58\u7684\u6e14\u4e1a\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e3b\u8981\u8f6c\u5411\u5411\u65e5\u672c\u51fa\u53e3\u9c7c\u7c7b\u548c\u6d77\u9c9c\u3002\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u6210\u4e3a\u975e\u6cd5\u6355\u9c7c\u3001\u6728\u6750\u8d70\u79c1\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u6c7d\u8f66\u8f6c\u552e\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002\u751f\u6d3b\u6c34\u5e73\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u51fa\u751f\u7387\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u5411\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u4e2d\u90e8\u5730\u533a\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u4f30\u8ba1\uff0c1992\u5e74\u8be5\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u4e3a64.8\u4e07\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u52302010\u5e74\u4f1a\u964d\u4f4e\u523057.8\u4e07\u4eba[67]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5728\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u72b6\u51b5\u6709\u6240\u6539\u5584\u30022010\u5e7411\u67084\u65e5\uff0c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u88ab\u6388\u4e88\u201c\u519b\u4e8b\u8363\u8000\u4e4b\u57ce\u201d\u79f0\u53f7[68]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c2012\u5e74\u5b89\u88c5\u4e86\u4e00\u5757\u77f3\u7891\u30022012\u5e749\u6708\uff0cAPEC<\/a> \u5cf0\u4f1a\u5728\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5c9b<\/a>\u4e3e\u884c[69]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u51c6\u5907\u5cf0\u4f1a\uff0c\u5dde\u6295\u8d44\u4e86\u7ea6200\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\u7528\u4e8e\u5f00\u53d1\u5e02\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u5efa\u7b51\u7269\u4ef6\u662f\u6709\u6a2a\u8de8\u91d1\u89d2\u6e7e\u7684\u6865\u6881\u3001\u901a\u5f80\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5c9b\u7684\u6865\u6881\u548c\u65b0\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u573a\u514b\u6d85\u7ef4\u5947\uff08\u041a\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0438\uff09\u30022012\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u4e3e\u884c\u7684 APEC \u5cf0\u4f1a\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fdc\u4e1c\u8054\u90a6\u5927\u5b66<\/a>\u6700\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u6821\u56ed\u548c\u5824\u9632\u5728\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5c9b\u4e0a\u3002\u8fdc\u4e1c\u8054\u90a6\u5927\u5b66\u662f\u8fdc\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u6700\u5927\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u521b\u65b0\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u6765\u81ea\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u548c\u56fd\u5916\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u73af\u5883\u3001\u9ad8\u79d1\u6280\u4f01\u4e1a\u3002\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u548c\u4e9a\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u5b66\u4e60\u30022013\u5e74\uff0c\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u6b4c\u5267\u82ad\u857e\u821e\u5267\u9662\u5f00\u4e1a\u3002\u5267\u9662\u5efa\u7b51\u7684\u6280\u672f\u8bbe\u5907\u53ca\u5176\u97f3\u54cd\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u5168\u4fc4\u6700\u597d\u7684\u3002\u8be5\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u7279\u8272\u662f\u73bb\u7483\u5e55\u5899\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u7acb\u65b9\u4f53\u7684\u539f\u5219\u5236\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2023\u5e745\u670815\u65e5\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6d77\u5173\u603b\u7f72\u65e5\u524d\u5ba3\u5e03\uff0c\u540c\u610f\u589e\u52a0\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u6e2f<\/a>\u4e3a\u5185\u8d38\u8d27\u7269\u8de8\u5883\u8fd0\u8f93\u4e2d\u8f6c\u53e3\u5cb8[70]<\/a>[71]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u6709\u89c2\u70b9\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a2022\u5e74\u4fc4\u4e4c\u6218\u4e89<\/a>\u7206\u53d1\u540e\uff0c\u56e0\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u906d\u53d7\u591a\u6570\u6b27\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5404\u65b9\u9762\u5236\u88c1\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5728\u5404\u65b9\u9762\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u800c\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u88ab\u8feb\u505a\u51fa\u8ba9\u6b65\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206[72]<\/a>[73]<\/a>[74]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. \u5730\u7406<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

3.1 \u5730\u7406\u7279\u5f81<\/h3>\n\n\n
\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

Vladivostok (1955)<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aArmy Map Serivce<\/a> (PV), Corps of Engineers<\/a> 1955 – \u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee\u539f\u56fe\u94fe\u63a5<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

Vladivostok and surrounding region (DMA<\/a>, 1988)
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u53ca\u5176\u5468\u8fb9\u5730\u533a(DMA, 1988\u5e74)<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aDefense Mapping Agency<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u5176\u4f4d\u4e8e\u7a46\u62c9\u7ef4\u7ea6\u592b-\u963f\u7a46\u5c14\u65af\u57fa\u534a\u5c9b<\/a>\u6700\u5357\u7aef\uff0c\u5927\u7ea630\u5343\u7c73\u957f\uff0c12\u5343\u7c73\u5bbd\u3002\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u4e09\u9762\u73af\u6d77\uff0c\u7531\u91d1\u89d2\u6e7e<\/a>\u3001\u963f\u7a46\u5c14\u6e7e<\/a>\u3001\u4e4c\u82cf\u91cc\u6e7e<\/a>\u73af\u7ed5\uff0c\u5357\u4e34\u5f7c\u5f97\u5927\u5e1d\u6e7e<\/a>\uff0c\u53e6\u7531\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5c9b\u5927\u6865<\/a>\u4e0e\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5c9b<\/a>\u76f8\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u81ea\u4e1c\u5317\u5411\u897f\u5357\u7ef5\u5ef630\u5343\u7c73\uff0c\u5448\u6597\u5706\u578b\uff0c\u9762\u79ef\u4e3a\u7ea6331.2\u5e73\u65b9\u5343\u7c73\uff0c\u662f\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af<\/a>\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a<\/a>\u7684\u9996\u5e9c<\/a>\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u8fdc\u4e1c<\/a>\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b<\/a>\u6cbf\u5cb8\u6700\u5927\u7684\u6e2f\u53e3\uff0c\u4fc4\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a<\/a>\u548c\u8fdc\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u4ec5\u6b21\u4e8e\u65b0\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a<\/a>\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u5e02\u8f96\u533a\u5305\u62ec\u7279\u9c81\u591a\u6c83\u8036<\/a>\u3001\u4f69\u590f\u5c3c\u534a\u5c9b<\/a>\u548c\u5f7c\u5f97\u5927\u5e1d\u6e7e<\/a>\u5185\u7ea650\u4e2a\u5c9b\u5c7f\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d6\u4e2a\u5c9b\u5c7f\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5c9b<\/a>\u3001\u6ce2\u6ce2\u592b\u5c9b<\/a>\u3001\u5217\u4f0a\u6d85\u514b\u5c9b<\/a>\u3001\u91cc\u79d1\u5c14\u8fbe\u5c9b<\/a>\u3001\u4ec0\u79d1\u7279\u5c9b<\/a>\u548c\u57c3\u7433\u5185\u5c9b<\/a>\u9762\u79ef\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e00\u5e73\u65b9\u5343\u7c73[75]<\/a><\/sup>\u30022005\u5e741\u67081\u65e5\u56fd\u5bb6\u571f\u5730\u5730\u7c4d\u7684\u6570\u636e\u663e\u793a\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u5e02\u533a\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u7684\u571f\u5730\u603b\u9762\u79ef\u4e3a56,154\u516c\u9877\u3002\u4f4d\u4e8e\u7a46\u62c9\u7ef4\u7ea6\u592b-\u963f\u83ab\u5c14\u65af\u57fa\u534a\u5c9b\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7279\u9c81\u591a\u6c83\u8036\u6751\uff0c\u9762\u79ef35,044\u516c\u9877\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4f69\u590f\u5c3c\u534a\u5c9b\u548c\u90bb\u8fd1\u7684\u571f\u5730\u9762\u79ef7,525\u516c\u9877\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6cb3\u7f51\u53d1\u5c55\u901f\u5ea6\u4f4e\uff0c\u76d1\u7ba1\u4e25\u683c\uff0c\u4ee5\u5c0f\u6cb3\u548c\u6eaa\u4e3a\u4e3b\u3002\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u6cb3\u6709\u89e3\u91ca\u6cb3<\/a>\u3001\u4e00\u6cb3<\/a>\u3001\u4e8c\u6cb3<\/a>\u3001\u8272\u5f53\u5361\u6cb3<\/a>\u548c\u535a\u52a0\u5854\u4e9a\u6cb3<\/a>\uff0c\u4ece\u4e1c\u5411\u897f\u6d41\uff0c\u540e\u56db\u8005\u6d41\u5165\u963f\u7a46\u5c14\u6e7e<\/a>\u3002\u8272\u5f53\u5361\u6cb3\u548c\u535a\u52a0\u5854\u4e9a\u6cb3\u4e0a\u6709\u6c34\u5e93[76]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8001\u57ce\u533a\u6700\u9ad8\u70b9\u662f\u9e70\u5de2\u4e18<\/a>\uff0c\u6d77\u62d4199\u7c73\uff08\u4e00\u8bf4214\u7c73\uff09\u3002\u5e02\u533a\u6700\u9ad8\u70b9\u4f69\u6c99\u7eb3\u4e9a\u5c71\uff08\u041f\u0435\u0441\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0430\u044f\uff09\uff0c\u4fd7\u540d\u84dd\u5c71\uff0c\u6d77\u62d4474\u7c73\uff0c\u662f\u6ee8\u6d77\u5c71\u8109<\/a>\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u7a46\u62c9\u7ef4\u7ea6\u592b-\u963f\u7a46\u5c14\u65af\u57fa\u534a\u5c9b\u5317\u90e8\uff0c\u9760\u8fd1\u963f\u5c14\u4e54\u59c6<\/a>\u754c\u3002\u884c\u653f\u533a\u5185\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u5c71\u5cf0\u8fd8\u6709\u970d\u6d1b\u5b63\u6797\u5c71<\/a>\uff08257\u7c73\uff09\u3001\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5c71<\/a>\uff08291\u7c73\uff09\u548c\u74e6\u5c14\u5409\u7eb3\u5c71<\/a>\uff08458\u7c73\uff09[76]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u822a\u7167\u56fe<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aNASA\u00a0–\u00a0\u0421 \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430 \u041d\u0410\u0421\u0410\u00a0\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee\u539f\u56fe\u94fe\u63a5<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

\u5f7c\u5f97\u5927\u5e1d\u6e7e\u5730\u5f62\u9065\u611f\u56fe<\/p>\n\u672c\u56fe\u50cf\u5c5e\u4e8e\u00a0w:\u516c\u6709\u9886\u57df<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0\uff0c\u56e0\u5176\u4e3a\u00a0NASA<\/a>\u00a0\u7684\u00a0World Wind<\/a>\u00a0\u536b\u661f\u5730\u56fe\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u7684\u4e00\u5f20\u622a\u56fe\uff0c\u4e14\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u516c\u6709\u9886\u57df\u56fe\u5c42\uff0c\u5982 Blue Marble\u3001MODIS\u3001Landsat\u3001SRTM\u3001USGS\u3001GLOBE \u7b49\u3002<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

\u91d1\u89d2\u6e7e\u548c\u6b63\u5728\u5efa\u8bbe\u4e2d\u7684\u65b0\u6865\u6881<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aAlexxxxx\u00a0–\u00a0Atlantis condo.<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

\u827e\u683c\u820d\u5229\u7279\u534a\u5c9b\u548c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u8d27\u67dc\u7801\u5934<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aRussian.dissident<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

\u91d1\u89d2\u6e7e\u3001\u827e\u683c\u820d\u5229\u7279\u534a\u5c9b\u548c\u4e1c\u9762\u7684\u9ad8\u5c14\u591a\u5bbe\u90a3\u534a\u5c9b<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aRussian.dissident<\/a>\u00a0<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 3.0\u534f\u8bae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u4e2d\u5fc3\u533a\u548c\u91d1\u89d2\u6e7e<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a\u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u041a\u041e\u0411\u0417\u0410\u0420\u042c<\/a>\u00a0Permission to use some albums <\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

\u91d1\u89d2\u6e7e\u603b\u89c8<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aAlan Dooley\u00a0–\u00a0\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee\u539f\u56fe\u94fe\u63a5<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

3.2 \u6c14\u5019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u867d\u7136\u662f\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u8fdc\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u6700\u6e29\u6696\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4f46\u6c14\u6e29\u4ecd\u6bd4\u5317\u7eac43\u5ea6\u7ebf\u4e0a\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5730\u533a\u4f4e\u3002\u6c14\u5019\u7279\u8272\u662f\u5b63\u8282\u6027\u6c14\u56e2\u7684\u660e\u663e\u5bf9\u6bd4\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u6e7f\u6696\u7684\u590f\u5b63\u548c\u5e72\u51b7\u7684\u51ac\u5b63\uff0c\u51ac\u590f\u5b63\u964d\u6c34\u91cf\u5dee\u8ddd\u53ef\u8fbe\u5341\u500d\u4ee5\u4e0a\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6e29\u5e26\u5927\u9646\u6027\u5b63\u98ce\u6c14\u5019<\/a>\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u6d77\u6d0b\u8c03\u8282\u6c14\u6e29\uff0c\u8be5\u5730\u5728\u4e00\u6708\u7684\u6708\u5747\u6e29\u53ea\u6709\u221212 \u00b0C\uff0810 \u00b0F\uff09\uff1b\u800c\u5728\u590f\u5b63\uff0c\u53d7\u5229\u66fc\u5bd2\u6d41\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u7684\u6c14\u6e29\u4e5f\u6bd4\u540c\u7eac\u5ea6\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e1c\u5317\u7684\u5185\u9646\u57ce\u5e02\u4f4e\u5f97\u591a\u3002\u51ac\u5b63\u964d\u6c34\u4e3b\u8981\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u4e0b\u96ea\uff0c\u79ef\u96ea\u91cf\u4e00\u822c\u4e0d\u8d85\u8fc75\u5398\u7c73\uff082.0\u82f1\u5bf8\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

11\u6708\u81f3\u6b21\u5e743\u6708\u662f\u51ac\u5b63\uff0c\u51ac\u5b63\u5b63\u98ce\u7684\u5317\u548c\u897f\u5317\u98ce\u5bf9\u5e72\u71e5\u51b7\u7a7a\u6c14\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u4f7f\u5929\u6c14\u5bd2\u51b7\u3001\u5e72\u71e5\u800c\u6674\u6717\u3002\u5e73\u5747\u98ce\u901f6-9\u7c73\/\u79d2\uff0c\u964d\u96ea\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u964d\u6c34\u91cf\u5c0f\uff0c\u7ea614-24\u6beb\u7c73\uff0c\u7a7a\u6c14\u6e7f\u5ea659-60%\u3002\u5728\u521d\u51ac\uff0c\u5927\u96ea\u548c\u96e8\u5939\u96ea\u7ecf\u5e38\u964d\u4e0b\uff0c\u5e38\u5e38\u6298\u65ad\u6811\u6728[76]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6625\u5b63\uff0c\u4e1c\u5357\u98ce\u4ee5\u5e73\u5747\u901f\u5ea66.4\u7c73\/\u79d2\u76db\u884c\uff0c\u6e7f\u5ea6\u9ad8\uff0c\u51c9\u723d\u3002\u665a\u6625\u6709\u6bdb\u6bdb\u96e8\u548c\u96fe<\/a>\uff0c\u964d\u6c34\u91cf\u57287-26\u6beb\u7c73\u5de6\u53f3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ece6\u6708\u5e95\u52309\u6708\u5e95\u662f\u590f\u5b63\uff0c\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u660e\u663e\u8fe5\u5f02\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u3002\u4e0a\u534a\u671f\u51c9\u723d\u591a\u4e91\uff0c\u6709\u6bdb\u6bdb\u96e8\u548c\u96fe\u3002\u4e0b\u534a\u671f\u5929\u6c14\u6e29\u6696\uff0c\u76db\u884c\u7684\u4e1c\u5357\u98ce\u5e73\u5747\u901f\u5ea6\u4e3a5.3-5.8\u7c73\/\u79d2\u3002\u6709\u53f0\u98ce\u548c\u5927\u96e8\uff0c\u98ce\u901f\u589e\u52a05-8\u500d\u65f6\uff0c\u9ad8\u8fbe20-35\u7c73\/\u79d2\u3002\u7a7a\u6c14\u6e7f\u5ea6\u6700\u9ad8\u8fbe87-91%\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u79cb\u5b63\u7684\u524d\u534a\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u6e29\u6696\u3001\u5e72\u71e5\u548c\u9633\u5149\u660e\u5a9a\u7684\u5929\u6c14\u5360\u4e0a\u98ce\u30029\u6708\u591a\u4e1c\u5357\u98ce\uff0c10\u6708\u81f311\u6708\u4e1c\u5357\u98ce\u548c\u5317\u98ce\u4ea4\u66ff\u3002\u964d\u6c34\u91cf\u9010\u6e10\u51cf\u5c11\u3002\u521d\u971c\u901a\u5e38\u572811\u6708\u521d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5e02\u5e74\u5e73\u5747\u6c14\u6e29\u4e3a4.9\u00b0C\u3002\u6700\u70ed\u7684\u6708\u4efd\u662f8\u6708\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u6e2919.8\u00b0C\uff0c\u6700\u51b7\u7684\u662f1\u6708\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u6e29-12.3\u00b0C\uff0c\u5168\u5e74\u8bb0\u5f55\u6700\u9ad8\u6e29\u5ea6\u4e3a+33.6\u00b0C\uff0c1939\u5e747\u670816\u65e5\u548c1958\u5e747\u670817\u65e5\u8bb0\u5f55\u6700\u4f4e\u6e29\u5ea6-31.4\u00b0C\u3002\u5730\u52bf\u590d\u6742\u4f7f\u57ce\u5e02\u5730\u533a\u7a7a\u6c14\u6e29\u5ea6\u5e74\u603b\u548c\u4ece2200\u00b0C\u52302800\u00b0C\u4e0d\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1989\u5e747\u670813\u65e5\u53f0\u98ce\u201c\u6731\u8fea\u201d\u521b\u6700\u5927\u964d\u6c34\u91cf\u7eaa\u5f55243.5\u6beb\u7c73\u30022019\u5e748\u6708\u8bb0\u5f55\u5230\u8be5\u6708\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u6700\u5927\u964d\u6c34\u91cf521\u6beb\u7c73\u3002\u5e74\u5e73\u5747\u6c14\u538b\u4e3a763\u6beb\u7c73\u6c5e\u67f1[77]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.3 \u52a8\u690d\u7269<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u5e02\u690d\u7269\u533a\u4f4d\u5728\u9488\u53f6-\u843d\u53f6\u6df7\u4ea4\u6797\u7684\u5357\u90e8[81]<\/a><\/sup>[82]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u5305\u62ec1,000\u591a\u79cd\u7ef4\u7ba1\u675f\u690d\u7269<\/a>\u3002\u5f53\u5730\u690d\u7269\u7fa4\u4e2d\u4e9a\u70ed\u5e26\u690d\u7269\u5360\u603b\u6570\u76843%\uff0c\u843d\u53f6\u6797\u536070%\uff0c\u9488\u53f6\u6797\u536013%\uff0c\u5f53\u5730\u7684\u5f27\u85fb\u53601%[82]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u662f\u6c34\u66f2\u67f3<\/a>\u3001\u6625\u6986<\/a>\u3001\u767d\u6866<\/a>\u3001\u82b1\u66f2\u67f3<\/a>\u3001\u523a\u69d0<\/a>\u548c \u65e0\u6bdb\u98ce\u7bb1\u679c<\/a>[83]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u6709\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u539f\u751f\u7684\u9ed1\u6749\u6797\u88ab\u4fdd\u5b58\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u6b21\u751f\u6797\u5360\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u5c9b\u4e0a\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u6a61\u6811\u3001\u67ab\u6811\u548c\u6866\u6811\uff0c\u5728\u6cb3\u8c37\u6709\u67f3\u6811\u3001\u6625\u6986\u548c\u68a3\u6811<\/a>\u3002\u90ca\u533a\u7684\u68ee\u6797\u91cc\u6709\u677e\u5b50<\/a>\u3001\u699b\u5b50\u3001\u8393\u679c<\/a>\u3001\u8611\u83c7\u3001\u8568\u7c7b\u690d\u7269<\/a>\u3001\u718a\u8471<\/a>\u548c\u836f\u7528\u690d\u7269<\/a>\u751f\u957f\u3002\u57ce\u5e02\u6709\u7a00\u6709\u7269\u79cd\u88ab\u5217\u5165\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u7ea2\u76ae\u4e66\u548c\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u7ea2\u76ae\u4e66\u3002\u523a\u6978<\/a>\u3001\u6c34\u6986\u82b1\u6978\u3001\u79cb\u5b50\u68a8<\/a>\u548c\u4e1c\u5317\u674f<\/a>\u8f83\u8457\u540d\u3002\u523a\u6978\u5728\u7c73\u5185\uff08\u041c\u0438\u043d\u043d\u044b\uff09\u516c\u56ed\u81ea\u7136\u690d\u7269\u4ee5\u53ca\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u8def\u548c\u57fa\u6d1b\u592b\u8def\u7684\u5927\u6d0b\u5927\u9053\u4e5f\u6709\u4e3b\u8981\u5206\u5e03\u3002\u5728\u7c73\u5185\u516c\u56ed\u91cc\u4fdd\u5b58\u4e86\u7531700\u68f5\u5c0f\u679c\u6811\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u6811\u6797\u3002\u5728\u516c\u56ed\u548c\u82b1\u56ed\u7684\u7eff\u5730\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u6a31\u4e9a\u5c5e<\/a>\u548c\u6c99\u6a31\u6843<\/a>[76]<\/a><\/sup>[84]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u9e1f\u7c7b\u4e2d\u81f3\u5c11\u670950\u79cd\u5e38\u5c45\u7269\u79cd[76]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u6709\u9e3d\u5c5e<\/a>\u3001\u96c0\u79d1<\/a>\u3001\u9e25\u5c5e<\/a>\u3001\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u96e8\u71d5<\/a>\u3001\u6b27\u4e9a\u559c\u9e4a<\/a>\u3001\u9e61\u9e30\u5c5e<\/a>\u548c\u5c71\u96c0\u5c5e<\/a>\u7b49\u3002\u68ee\u6797\u4e2d\u7684\u771f\u76f2\u7f3a\u76ee<\/a>\u6709\u4e1c\u5317\u523a\u732c<\/a>\u3001\u58ee\u9f39<\/a>\u548c\u9f29\u9f31\u5c5e<\/a>\u3002\u8759\u8760<\/a>\u6709\u9f20\u8033\u8760\u5c5e<\/a>\u3001\u666e\u901a\u957f\u8033\u8760<\/a>\u3001\u8428\u6c0f\u4f0f\u7ffc<\/a>\u3001\u666e\u901a\u8759\u8760<\/a>\u548c\u7ba1\u9f3b\u8760\u5c5e<\/a>[76]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5154\u5f62\u76ee<\/a>\u52a8\u7269\u6709\u4e1c\u5317\u5154<\/a>\u3002\u556e\u9f7f\u52a8\u7269<\/a>\u5305\u62ec\u9f2f\u9f20<\/a>\u3001\u6b27\u4e9a\u7ea2\u677e\u9f20\u3001\u82b1\u9f20\u3001\u7530\u91ce\u9f20\u3001\u68ee\u6797\u9f20\u3001\u5bb6\u9f20\u3001\u7070\u9ed1\u5927\u9f20\u5c5e<\/a>\u3001\u9e9d\u9f20\u548c\u7ea2\u8272\u8fdc\u4e1c\u7530\u9f20<\/a>\u3002\u6355\u98df\u8005\u6709\u8c89<\/a>\u3001\u72d0<\/a>\u3001\u6b27\u6d32\u72d7\u737e<\/a>\u3001\u4f36\u9f2c<\/a>\u3001\u9ec4\u9f2c<\/a>\u548c\u5bf9\u9a6c\u5c71\u732b<\/a>\u3002\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u6cbf\u6d77\u6c34\u57df\u62e5\u6709\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u6d77\u6d0b\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u9cb1\u5c5e<\/a>\u3001\u7f8e\u6d32\u80e1\u74dc\u9c7c<\/a>\u3001\u7ec6\u8eab\u5bbd\u7a81\u9cd5<\/a>\u3001\u9cbd\u5f62\u76ee<\/a>\u3001\u516d\u7ebf\u9c7c\u79d1<\/a>\u3001\u7ea2\u773c\u9c7c<\/a>\u3001\u9bbb<\/a>\u3001\u8d3b\u8d1d\u5c5e<\/a>\u3001\u6d77\u53c2<\/a>\u3001\u6247\u8d1d<\/a>\u548c\u516b\u8155\u76ee<\/a>[76]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.3 \u751f\u6001<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u81ea\u7136\u8d44\u6e90\u90e8\u7f16\u5236\u7684\u201c2014\u5e74\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u57ce\u5e02\u73af\u5883\u53d1\u5c55\u8bc4\u7ea7\u201d\u4e2d\uff0c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u572894\u4e2a\u53c2\u4e0e\u57ce\u5e02\u4e2d\u6392\u540d\u7b2c69\u4f4d[85]<\/a><\/sup>\u30022013\u5e74\uff0c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u5728\u8bc4\u7ea7\u768485\u4e2a\u53c2\u4e0e\u57ce\u5e02\u4e2d\u6392\u540d\u7b2c45\u4f4d[86]<\/a><\/sup>\u30022014\u5e74\u7a7a\u6c14\u6c61\u67d3\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u4e8c\u6c27\u5316\u6c2e\u7684\u542b\u91cf\u7ea6\u662f\u6700\u5927\u5141\u8bb8\u6d53\u5ea6\u7684\u4e24\u500d[87]<\/a><\/sup>[88]<\/a><\/sup>[87]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u8f66\u8f86\u5bfc\u81f4\u7a7a\u6c14\u6c61\u67d3\u3002\u5728\u9053\u8def\u4e0a\u505c\u653e\u6c7d\u8f66\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u7a7a\u6c14\u7684\u6c14\u4f53\u6c61\u67d3\uff0c\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u4ea4\u901a\u62e5\u5835[87]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u751f\u4ea7\u8bbe\u65bd\u6392\u653e\uff0c\u5982\u65af\u4f69\u8328\u624e\u6c83\u5fb71\u53f7\uff08\u041c\u0423\u041f\u0412 \u0421\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u2116 1\uff09\u5783\u573e\u711a\u70e7\u5382\u3001\u7b2c1\u706b\u7535\u5382\uff08\u0422\u042d\u0426-1\uff09\u548c\u7b2c2\u706b\u7535\u5382\uff08\u0422\u042d\u0426-2\uff09\u7b49\u5f71\u54cd\u8f83\u5c0f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u4e09\u9762\u73af\u6d77\uff0c\u6d77\u6c34\u8d28\u6781\u7aef\u6076\u52a3\u3002\u963f\u7a46\u5c14\u6e7e\u3001\u4e4c\u82cf\u91cc\u6e7e\u548c\u4e1c\u535a\u65af\u666e\u9c81\u65af\u6d77\u5ce1\u6c61\u67d3\u8f83\u91cd\uff0c\u91d1\u89d2\u6e7e<\/a>\u5468\u56f4\u6c34\u57df\u6c61\u67d3\u5c24\u4e3a\u4e25\u91cd\uff0c2013\u5e7412\u6708\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u6c34\u6587\u6c14\u8c61\uff08\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\uff09\u5ba3\u5e03\u91d1\u89d2\u6e7e\u662f\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u6700\u810f\u7684\u6c34\u57df[89]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u6839\u636e2014\u5e74\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u73af\u5883\u72b6\u51b5\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u91d1\u89d2\u6e7e\u8868\u9762\u88ab\u6f02\u6d6e\u7684\u5783\u573e\u548c\u6cb9\u819c\u8986\u76d6\u4e8691-100%\uff0c\u6c34\u4e2d\u77f3\u6cb9\u70c3<\/a>\u7684\u6d53\u5ea6\u6709\u6240\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u6bd4\u6700\u5927\u5141\u8bb8\u6d53\u5ea6\uff08MPC\uff09\u9ad8\u51fa1.5-2\u500d[87]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u6d77\u6e7e\u7684\u6d6e\u6e38\u751f\u7269\u6709\u6bd2\uff0c\u98df\u7528\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u88ab\u6355\u83b7\u7684\u9c7c\u662f\u5371\u9669\u7684[90]<\/a><\/sup>\u30022015\u5e74\uff0c\u91d1\u89d2\u6e7e\u7684\u6c34\u8d28\u6539\u5584\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5ea6\u6c61\u67d3\uff0c\u77f3\u6cb9\u78b3\u6c22\u5316\u5408\u7269\u5e74\u5747\u6d53\u5ea6\u964d\u81f31MPC[91]<\/a><\/sup>\u30022018\u5e74\u5854\u65af\u793e<\/a>\u62a5\u9053\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u67091420\u4e07\u7acb\u65b9\u7c73\u7684\u5e9f\u6c34\u6392\u653e\u5230\u6d77\u6e7e\u4e2d\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d940\u4e07\u7acb\u65b9\u7c73\u672a\u7ecf\u5904\u7406[92]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u9644\u8fd1\u6d77\u6c34\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6c61\u67d3\u6e90\u662f\u57ce\u5e02\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5b9a\u5c45\u70b9\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u548c\u6c61\u6c34\u6392\u653e\u7269\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6d41\u5165\u9644\u8fd1\u6d77\u6d0b\u7684\u88ab\u6c61\u67d3\u7684\u6cb3\u6c34\u3002\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u66fe\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ca1\u6709\u6c61\u6c34\u5904\u7406\u5382\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6c61\u6c34\u90fd\u76f4\u63a5\u6392\u5165\u5927\u6d77\u3002\u57281990\u5e74\u4ee3\u548c2000\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u8be5\u5e02\u53ea\u67092%\u7684\u5e9f\u6c34\u5f97\u5230\u5904\u7406[93]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u4e3a2012\u5e74 APEC \u5cf0\u4f1a\u51c6\u5907\u671f\u95f4\u5efa\u9020\u4e86\u4e09\u4e2a\u6c61\u6c34\u5904\u7406\u5382\uff0c\u5e76\u91cd\u5efa\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5382\u3002\u5168\u5e02\u5904\u7406\u8bbe\u65bd\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5bb9\u91cf\u589e\u52a0\u5230\u6bcf\u592938\u4e07\u7acb\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u5317\u90e8\u6bcf\u59295\u4e07\u7acb\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u4e2d\u90e8\u6bcf\u592916\u4e07\u7acb\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u5357\u90e8\u6bcf\u592916\u4e07\u7acb\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5c9b\u6bcf\u59291\u4e07\u7acb\u65b9\u7c73\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2012\u5e74\uff0c\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u5dde\u957f\u5f17\u62c9\u57fa\u7c73\u5c14\u00b7\u5f17\u62c9\u57fa\u7c73\u7f57\u7ef4\u5947\u00b7\u7c73\u514b\u5362\u820d\u592b\u65af\u57fa<\/a>\u5ba3\u5e03\u5b8c\u5168\u505c\u6b62\u5c06\u672a\u7ecf\u5904\u7406\u7684\u6c61\u6c34\u6392\u5165\u6d77\u4e2d[94]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5357\u65b9\u6700\u5927\u7684\u6c61\u6c34\u5904\u7406\u7ad9\u6ca1\u6709\u914d\u5957\u7684\u7ba1\u9053\uff0c\u957f\u671f\u8fbe\u4e0d\u5230\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5904\u7406\u80fd\u529b[95]<\/a>[96]<\/a><\/sup>\u30022013\u5e74\uff0c\u5e02\u53ea\u670930%\u7684\u6c61\u6c34\u5f97\u5230\u5904\u7406[97]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c2016\u5e74\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fbe\u523085%[98]<\/a>[99]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u91ca\u653e\u5230\u91d1\u89d2\u6e7e\u7684\u6c61\u6c34\u768475%\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5904\u7406[100]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u6bcf\u5929\u53ea\u670912.6\u4e07\u7acb\u65b9\u7c73\u6c61\u6c34\u5f97\u5230\u5904\u7406[100]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u4e03\u4e2a\u6c61\u6c34\u6392\u653e\u53e3\u4e2d\u53ea\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u88ab\u6539\u5efa\u4e3a\u6c61\u6c34\u5904\u7406\u5382[100]<\/a><\/sup>\u30022017\u5e74\u6d41\u5165\u91d1\u89d2\u6e7e\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u6cb3\uff08\u0420\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u041e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\uff09\u6ce5\u6cde\u7684\u800c\u5bcc\u6709\u4e0b\u6c34\u9053\u5473\u3002\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u57282017\u5e74\u4ece\u6d77\u6e7e\u5e95\u90e8\u6700\u810f\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u2014\u2014\u89e3\u91ca\u6cb3\u53e3\u7684\u533a\u57df\u91c7\u96c6\u4e86\u51e0\u4e2a\u6837\u672c\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u73b0\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u79cd\u5e95\u6816\u751f\u7269[101]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. \u7ecf\u6d4e<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u662f\u8fdc\u4e1c\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u9886\u5934\u7f8a\uff0c\u7279\u70b9\u662f\u4eba\u529b\u3001\u91d1\u878d\u548c\u751f\u4ea7\u8d44\u6e90\u96c6\u4e2d[102]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5e02\u7ecf\u6d4e\u591a\u5143\u5316\uff0c\u4ee5\u5236\u9020\u4e1a\uff08\u673a\u68b0\u5de5\u7a0b\u3001\u9020\u8239\u3001\u8239\u8236\u4fee\u7406\u548c\u98df\u54c1\u751f\u4ea7\u7b49\uff09\u3001\u6279\u53d1\u548c\u96f6\u552e\u8d38\u6613\u3001\u670d\u52a1\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fd0\u8f93\u548c\u901a\u4fe1\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u3002\u5efa\u7b51\u3001\u519c\u4e1a\u3001\u80fd\u6e90\u3001\u7164\u6c14\u548c\u4f9b\u6c34\u53d1\u5c55\u72b6\u51b5\u4e0d\u4f73[102]<\/a><\/sup>[103]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u8d85\u8fc746,000\u5bb6\u4f01\u4e1a\u548c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5728\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u6ce8\u518c\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d92.9%\u662f\u6c11\u8425\u4f01\u4e1a[104]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u57282015\u5e74\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5404\u5730\u533a\u7684\u9996\u5e9c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8bc4\u7ea7\u4e2d\u6392\u540d\u7b2c18\u4f4d\u3002\u57ce\u5e02GDP\u7ea63930\u4ebf\u5362\u5e03\uff1b\u4eba\u5747GDP\u8fbe\u523062.35\u4e07\u5362\u5e03\uff0c\u6392\u540d\u7b2c17\u4f4d[105]<\/a><\/sup>\u30022015\u5e74\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u7684\u805a\u96c6\u5730\u533a\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u89c4\u6a21\u65b9\u9762\u6392\u540d\u7b2c15\u4f4d\uff0c\u5e74\u5ea6\u603b\u6536\u5165\u8fbe228\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\uff0c\u4eba\u57472.44\u4e07\u56fd\u9645\u7f8e\u5143[106]<\/a><\/sup>\u30022013\u5e74\uff0c\u300a\u798f\u5e03\u65af<\/a>\u300b\u6392\u884c\u699c\u5c06\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u5217\u4e3a\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u6700\u4f73\u5546\u4e1a\u57ce\u5e02\u6392\u540d\u7b2c30\u4f4d\u3002\u5e02\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u56fa\u5b9a\u8d44\u4ea7\u7684\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u6295\u8d44\u548c\u8fde\u63a5\u5230\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u4f4e\u6bd4\u8f83\u6210\u672c[107]<\/a><\/sup>\u30022014\u5e74\uff0c\u300a\u4f01\u4e1a\u79d8\u5bc6\u300b\uff08\u0421\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0440\u043c\u044b\uff09\u6742\u5fd7\u5c06\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u5217\u4e3a\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u6700\u4f73\u57ce\u5e02\u8bc4\u7ea7\u7684\u7b2c32\u4f4d\uff0c\u8bc4\u7ea7\u662f\u6839\u636e\u4eba\u529b\u8d44\u672c\u548c\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u7cbe\u795e\u6307\u6570\u5236\u7684[108]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u662fDNS\u7684\u603b\u90e8\uff0c\u636e\u300a\u798f\u5e03\u65af\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\u62a5\u5bfc\uff0cDNS\u88ab\u5217\u5165\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u4e24\u767e\u5bb6\u6700\u5927\u79c1\u8425\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u8bc4\u7ea7\u4e2d[109]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.1 \u822a\u8fd0\u4e1a<\/h3>\n\n\n
\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 3.0\u534f\u8bae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

\u6e2f\u53e3<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aDr. Leonid Kozlov<\/a>, http:\/\/l-e-kozlov.narod.ru<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u662f\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u5927\u94c1\u8def\u548c\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u6d77\u4e0a\u822a\u7ebf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7ebd\u5e26\uff0c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8d27\u8fd0\u548c\u5ba2\u8fd0\u6e2f\u53e3\uff0c\u5904\u7406\u5404\u79cd\u8fd1\u6d77\u8fd0\u8f93\u548c\u8fdb\u51fa\u53e3\u666e\u901a\u8d27\u7269\uff0c\u6709\u6563\u88c5\u3001\u51b7\u85cf\u3001\u77f3\u6cb9\u4ea7\u54c1\u3001\u9c7c\u4ea7\u54c1\u3001\u6728\u6750\u3001\u96c6\u88c5\u7bb1\u3001\u6c7d\u8f66\u548c\u5efa\u7b51\u8bbe\u5907\u3002\u6e2f\u53e3\u670920\u5bb6\u88c5\u5378\u516c\u53f8[110]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u622a\u81f32018\u5e74\u5e95\uff0c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u6e2f<\/a>\u7684\u8d27\u7269\u5468\u8f6c\u91cf\u8fbe2120\u4e07\u5428[111]<\/a><\/sup>\u30022015\u5e74\uff0c\u6d77\u6e2f\u7684\u5bf9\u5916\u8d38\u6613\u603b\u989d\u8d85\u8fc7118\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\u3002\u548c104\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u5730\u533a\u6709\u5bf9\u5916\u7ecf\u8d38\u5f80\u6765\uff0c\u6700\u591a\u7684\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u3001\u97e9\u56fd\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u548c\u53f0\u6e7e[112]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u51fa\u53e3\u4ea7\u54c1\u662f\u9c7c\u3001\u6d77\u9c9c\u3001\u6728\u6750\u3001\u9ed1\u8272\u91d1\u5c5e\u3001\u6709\u8272\u91d1\u5c5e\u548c\u8239\u8236\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u8fdb\u53e3\u4ea7\u54c1\u6709\u98df\u54c1\u3001\u836f\u54c1\u3001\u670d\u88c5\u3001\u978b\u7c7b\u3001\u5bb6\u7528\u7535\u5668\u548c\u8239\u8236[113]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.2 \u5de5\u4e1a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u5de5\u4e1a\u4ee5\u9020\u8239\u3001\u6728\u6750\u548c\u9c7c\u7c7b\u52a0\u5de5\u4e3a\u4e3b\u3002[12]<\/a><\/sup>\u5168\u5e02\u53d1\u5c55\u6709\u8239\u8236\u4fee\u7406\u3001\u6728\u5de5\u3001\u5efa\u7b51\u3001\u5316\u5de5\u3001\u80fd\u6e90\u3001\u98df\u54c1\u3001\u5370\u5237\u3001\u533b\u7597\u7b49\u884c\u4e1a\uff0c\u5de5\u4e1a\u4f01\u4e1a\u6570\u91cf\u7ea6\u4e3a\u4e24\u5343\u5bb6[102]<\/a><\/sup>[114]<\/a><\/sup>\u30022013\u5e74\uff0c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u5728\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5de5\u4e1a\u57ce\u5e02\u6392\u540d\u4e2d\u6392\u540d\u7b2c106\u4f4d\uff0c\u4ea7\u503c\u4e3a489\u4ebf\u5362\u5e03[115]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5de5\u4e1a\u5de5\u7a0b\u4e3b\u8981\u5305\u62ec\u9020\u8239\u4e1a\u548c\u8239\u8236\u4fee\u7406\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6e14\u4e1a\u8bbe\u5907\u4eea\u5668\u5236\u9020\u3001\u4eea\u5668\u4eea\u8868\u548c\u65e0\u7ebf\u7535\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u3002\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u6709\u8fbe\u5c14\u624e\u6c83\u5fb7\u4fee\u8239\u4e2d\u5fc3<\/a>\u3001\u4e1c\u65b9\u8239\u5382<\/a>\u3001\u7956\u6bcd\u7eff\uff08\u0418\u0437\u0443\u043c\u0440\u0443\u0434\uff09\u73e0\u5b9d\u3001\u8fbe\u91cc\u666e\u91cc\u535a\u5c14\uff08\u0414\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043e\u0440\uff09\u5bb6\u5177\u3001\u74e6\u826f\u683c\uff08\u0412\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0433\uff09\u5de5\u5382\u3001\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u516c\u53f8\u548c\u7535\u5b50\u65e0\u7ebf\u7535\u81ea\u52a8\u88c5\u7f6e\uff08\u042d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\uff09\u5382[116]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u4ee5\u751f\u4ea7\u9a6c\u81ea\u8fbe<\/a>\u548c\u4e30\u7530<\/a>\u6c7d\u8f66\u7684 Sollers JSC \u5de5\u5382\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u6c7d\u8f66\u884c\u4e1a\uff0c\u6682\u505c\u751f\u4ea7\u53cc\u9f99\u6c7d\u8f66<\/a>SUV\u30022015\u5e74\u5de5\u5382\u751f\u4ea7\u4e8631.8\u4e07\u8f86\u6c7d\u8f66[117]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u98df\u54c1\u5de5\u4e1a\u53d1\u8fbe\u3002\u9c7c\u7c7b\u52a0\u5de5\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\u8fbe\u6469\u5c14\u4ea7\u54c1\uff08\u0414\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\uff09\u3001\u6e14\u4e1a\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u573a\uff08\u0420\u044b\u0431\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0445\u043e\u0437\uff09\u3001\u4e1c\u65b9-1\uff08\u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a-1\uff09\u3001\u8fbe\u5c14\u91cc\u5df4\uff08\u0414\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0440\u044b\u0431\u0430\uff09\u3001\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u6e14\u4e1a\u60c5\u62a5\u5c40\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u8230\u961f\u3001\u56e0\u7279\u62c9\u7f57\u65af\uff08\u0418\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0441\uff09\u3001\u7f57\u5229\u5179\uff08\u0420\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0437\uff09\u548c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u9c7c\u5382\uff0c\u8089\u7c7b\u52a0\u5de5\u5382\u4ee5\u62c9\u5b63\u7c73\u5c14\uff08\u0420\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\uff09\u548c \u0412\u0418\u041a \u8d38\u6613\u516c\u53f8\u4e3a\u5927\uff0c\u5f17\u62c9\u5fb7\u8d6b\u5217\u5e03\uff08\u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0445\u043b\u0435\u0431\uff09\u548c\u5b83\u7684\u5b50\u516c\u53f8\u9762\u5305\u5c4b\uff08\u0425\u043b\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043c\uff09\u751f\u4ea7\u9762\u5305\uff0c\u4e00\u5bb6\u4e73\u54c1\u5382\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u4e73\u54c1\u5382\uff0c\u4e00\u5bb6\u7cd6\u679c\u5382\u6ee8\u6d77\u7cd6\u679c\u5e97\uff08\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\uff09\uff0c\u9152\u7cbe\u548c\u975e\u9152\u7cbe\u996e\u6599\u5de5\u5382\u5206\u522b\u662f\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u827e\u83f2\u65af\u5564\u9152\u5382\uff08\u041f\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430-\u042d\u0444\u0435\u0441\uff09\u548c\u53ef\u53e3\u53ef\u4e50\u6b27\u4e9a HBC\uff08\u041a\u043e\u043a\u0430-\u041a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u042d\u0439\u0447\u0411\u0438\u0421\u0438 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u044f\uff09[116]<\/a><\/sup>[118]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.3 \u670d\u52a1\u4e1a<\/h3>\n\n\n
\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 3.0\u534f\u8bae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

\u5546\u52a1\u4e2d\u5fc3<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aAdmiralHood<\/a>\u00a0(talk<\/a>) 14:48, 7 June 2011 (UTC)\u00a0<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u7ea640%\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u4ece\u4e8b\u8d38\u6613\u548c\u670d\u52a1\u4e1a\u30022015\u5e74\uff0c\u96f6\u552e\u4e1a\u8425\u4e1a\u989d1810\u4ebf\u5362\u5e03\uff0c\u516c\u5171\u9910\u996e\u4e1a\u8425\u4e1a\u989d79\u4ebf\u5362\u5e03\uff0c\u6709\u507f\u670d\u52a1\u8425\u4e1a\u989d757\u4ebf\u5362\u5e03[104]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5728\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\uff0c\u67091892\u5bb6\u96f6\u552e\u8d38\u6613\u7f51\u7edc\u4f01\u4e1a\u548c2108\u5bb6\u5c0f\u578b\u96f6\u552e\u8d38\u6613\u516c\u53f8\u30015\u4e2a\u96f6\u552e\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca14\u4e2a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u519c\u4e1a\u535a\u89c8\u4f1a\u7684\u5730\u70b9\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6709955\u5bb6\u6742\u8d27\u5e97\u3001873\u5bb6\u5de5\u4e1a\u54c1\u5546\u5e97\u548c64\u5bb6\u8d2d\u7269\u4e2d\u5fc3[119]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u8be5\u5e02\u62e5\u6709\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u6700\u5927\u7684\u6c7d\u8f66\u5e02\u573a\u7eff\u8272\u89d2\u843d\uff08\u0417\u0435\u043b\u0451\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b\uff09[120]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u603b\u90e8\u4f4d\u4e8e\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u7684DNS\u662f\u8be5\u56fd\u6536\u5165\u7b2c\u5341\u5927\u96f6\u552e\u5546[121]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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2014\u5e74\uff0c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u7684\u80fd\u6e90\u5e02\u573a\u9ad8\u8fbe240\u4ebf\u5362\u5e03[102]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u7535\u80fd\u548c\u70ed\u80fd\u7531\u7b2c1\u548c\u7b2c2\u706b\u7535\u5382\u4f9b\u5e94\u3002\u5728\u9ad8\u5cf0\u8d1f\u8377\u671f\u95f4\u90e8\u5206\u7535\u529b\u6765\u81ea\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5362\u5207\u6208\u5c14\u65af\u514b<\/a>\u7684\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6807\u51c6\u533a\u57df\u53d1\u7535\u5382<\/a>\u3002\u622a\u81f32018\u5e74\uff0c\u8be5\u7ad9\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u5f00\u59cb\u4ea7\u7535\uff0c\u70ed\u4ea7\u91cf350Gcal\/h[128]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5728\u8428\u54c8\u6797<\/a>–\u54c8\u5df4\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u514b<\/a>-\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u5929\u7136\u6c14\u7ba1\u9053\u5efa\u6210\u540e\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u57ce\u5e02\u4e00\u534a\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7535\u529b\u7684\u7b2c2\u706b\u7535\u5382\u5f00\u59cb\u7164\u6539\u6c14\uff0c2015\u5e74\u521d\uff0c14\u53f0\u9505\u7089\u4e2d\u670910\u53f0\u88ab\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u71c3\u6c14\uff0c4\u53f0\u71c3\u7164\u9505\u7089\u5e74\u4e45\u5931\u4fee\uff0c\u57282017\u5e74\u5b8c\u6210\u8f6c\u5316[129]<\/a><\/sup>[130]<\/a><\/sup>\u30022018\u5e74\uff0c\u4ea7\u91cf\u4e3a139.5\u5146\u74e6\u7684\u4e1c\u706b\u529b\u53d1\u7535\u5382\uff08\u0422\u042d\u0426 \u00ab\u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f\u00bb\uff09\u6295\u5165\u8fd0\u8425\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u63d0\u4f9b\u8be5\u5e02\u7ea620%\u7684\u7535\u529b\u9700\u6c42[131]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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5. \u4eba\u53e3<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

5.1\u7279\u5f81<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u6839\u636e2002\u5e74\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u7ea6\u6709591,800\u4eba[208]<\/a><\/sup>[209]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u6839\u636e2010\u5e74\u5168\u4fc4\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\uff0c\u5e38\u4f4f\u4eba\u53e3\u662f59.2\u4e07\u4eba\uff0c\u5e02\u533a\u670961.68\u4e07\u4eba[210]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7edf\u8ba1\u5c402016\u5e74\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u5e02\u533a\u7684\u5e38\u4f4f\u4eba\u53e3\u4e3a633,167\u4eba[211]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u81ea\u57ce\u5e02\u6210\u7acb\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5176\u4eba\u53e3\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u6b63\u589e\u957f\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u4eba\u53e3\u8d85\u8fc750\u4e07\uff0c1992\u5e74\u8fbe\u5230\u5386\u53f2\u6700\u9ad864.8\u4e07\u4eba\u3002\u5e73\u5747\u4eba\u53e3\u5bc6\u5ea6\u4e3a\u6bcf\u5e73\u65b9\u5343\u7c731831.9\u4eba\u3002\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u79fb\u5f99\u8fc7\u7a0b\u548c\u51fa\u751f\u7387\u7684\u63d0\u9ad8\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u4eba\u53e3\u9010\u6e10\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u8d8b\u52bf\u30022013-2018\u5e74\uff0c\u4eba\u53e3\u589e\u52a0\u4e863\u4e07\u4eba\uff1b\u81ea2013\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4eba\u53e3\u81ea\u7136\u589e\u957f\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u52a8\u6001[212]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u4eba\u53e3\u8001\u9f84\u5316\u4f7f\u5f88\u5927\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u662f\u9000\u4f11\u4eba\u58eb\u3002\u672a\u6210\u5e74\u4eba\u536012.7%\uff0c\u6210\u5e74\u4eba\u536066.3%\uff0c\u8001\u5e74\u4eba\u536021%[210]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u548c\u6574\u4e2a\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5973\u591a\u7537\u5c11[210]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u622a\u81f32022\u5e741\u67081\u65e5\uff0c\u5e02\u4eba\u53e3\u5728\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u8054\u90a61117\u4e2a\u57ce\u5e02\u4e2d\u6392\u540d\u7b2c26\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.2 \u6c11\u65cf<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

1938\u5e74\u57ce\u5185\u7684\u6c49\u65cf<\/a>\u548c\u6ee1\u65cf<\/a>\u5168\u88ab\u5f3a\u5236\u8fc1\u79fb\u6216\u9a71\u9010\uff0c\u671d\u9c9c\u65cf<\/a>\u4eba\u4e5f\u88ab\u5168\u90e8\u8fc1\u8d70\u30022010\u5e74\u5168\u4fc4\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\u663e\u793a\u6709\u4e03\u5341\u591a\u65cf\u4eba\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u666e\u904d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u662f\u591a\u6c11\u65cf\u57ce\u5e02\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e00\u5343\u4eba\u7684\u6709\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u4eba<\/a>47.52\u4e07\u4eba\u3001\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u4eba<\/a>10,474\u4eba\u3001\u4e4c\u5179\u522b\u514b\u65af\u5766\u4eba<\/a>7,109\u4eba\u3001\u671d\u9c9c\u4eba<\/a>4,192\u4eba\u3001\u534e\u4eba2,446\u4eba\u3001\u9791\u977c\u4eba<\/a>2,295\u4eba\u3001\u767d\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u4eba<\/a>1,642\u4eba\u3001\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba<\/a>1,635\u4eba\u548c\u963f\u585e\u62dc\u7586\u4eba<\/a>1,252\u4eba[213]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u81ea2002\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u79fb\u6c11\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5e02\u6c11\u65cf\u6784\u6210\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u4e4c\u5179\u522b\u514b\u65af\u5766\u4eba\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u589e\u52a0\u4e8614.4\u500d\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u548c\u5854\u5409\u514b\u65af\u5766\u4eba\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u589e\u52a0\u4e865.4\u500d\uff0c\u5409\u5c14\u5409\u65af\u65af\u5766\u4eba\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u589e\u52a0\u4e868.5\u500d\uff0c\u671d\u9c9c\u4eba\u589e\u52a0\u4e861.6\u500d\u3002\u81ea1991\u5e74\u82cf\u8054\u89e3\u4f53<\/a>\u540e\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u5f00\u59cb\u89e3\u5c01\uff0c\u5730\u7406\u56e0\u7d20\u518d\u6b21\u4ee4\u5f53\u5730\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u201c\u91cd\u73b0\u201d\uff0c\u5df2\u6709\u8fbe\u81f3\u7ea628\u4e07\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5728\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u957f\u671f\u6216\u77ed\u671f\u6027\u5c45\u4f4f[214]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u5728\u4fc4\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5f00\u653e\u540e\uff0c\u6b64\u5730\u4f4d\u4e8e\u65e5\u4e2d\u8d27\u7269\u8fd0\u8f93\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u4e0a\uff0c\u6765\u6b64\u4f5c\u8d38\u6613\u4e2d\u8f6c\u6f5c\u529b\u76f8\u5f53\u5927\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4e9a\u6d32\u5374\u6709\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u6587\u5316\u7279\u8272\u5438\u5f15\u4f17\u591a\u89c2\u5149\u5ba2\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u672c\u5730\u4e2d\u56fd\u5546\u4eba\u84ec\u52c3\u6210\u957f\u7684\u8981\u7d20\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002 \u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e00\u534a\u7684\u671d\u9c9c\u4eba\u805a\u96c6\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u548c\u4e4c\u82cf\u91cc\u65af\u514b<\/a>\u3002\u8d85\u8fc780%\u7684\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u7684\u4e4c\u5179\u522b\u514b\u65af\u5766\u4eba\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u3002\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u4eba\u3001\u767d\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u4eba\u3001\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u4eba\u548c\u9791\u977c\u4eba\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4e0b\u964d[215]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u4eca\u5929\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u6ca1\u6709\u4ece\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u5230\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u536b\u56fd\u6218\u4e89\u65f6\u671f\u90a3\u6837\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u591a\u6837\u6027\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u6574\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5c45\u4f4f\u533a\u767e\u4e07\u8857\uff0c\u671d\u9c9c\u4eba\u5b9a\u5c45\u70b9\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u805a\u96c6\u533a\u65e5\u672c\u753a\uff08\u041d\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0437\u0438\u043d \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0438\uff09\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u5fb7\u56fd\u3001\u6cd5\u56fd\u3001\u7231\u6c99\u5c3c\u4e9a<\/a>\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u4fa8\u6c11\u7684\u805a\u96c6\u533a\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u7684\u4e2d\u4e9a\u4eba\u533a\u90fd\u5f88\u5c11\u88ab\u7814\u7a76[216]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.3 \u5b97\u6559<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u6559\u6d3e\u662f\u4e1c\u6b63\u6559<\/a>\uff0c\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6559\u4f1a\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u6b63\u6559\u4f1a<\/a>\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u4e3b\u6559\u533a\u3001\u963f\u514b\u6cd5\u52d2\u6559\u4f1a<\/a>\u8fdc\u4e1c\u6559\u533a[217]<\/a><\/sup>\u3001\u65e7\u793c\u4eea\u6d3e<\/a>\u3001\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4f7f\u5f92\u6559\u4f1a<\/a>[218]<\/a><\/sup>[219]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u6b63\u6559\u4f1a\u7ec4\u6709\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u6559\u533a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u5927\u90fd\u5e02\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u6559\u533a\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4f4d\u4e8e\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\uff0c\u6839\u636e1945\u5e741\u670825\u65e5\u795e\u5723\u4e3b\u6559\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u6cd5\u4ee4\u521b\u5efa\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u5b58\u5728\u52301949\u5e74\uff0c1988\u5e74\u6062\u590d\u4e3a\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u548c\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u6559\u533a\u3002\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u65e5\u5b66\u7f51\u7edc\u3001\u6709\u4e00\u6240\u795e\u5b66\u6821\u548c\u4e00\u6240\u4e1c\u6b63\u6559\u4f53\u80b2\u9986\uff0c\u5e76\u51fa\u7248\u6708\u62a5\u300a\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u5e03\u62c9\u6208\u7ef4\u65af\u7279\u300b\uff08\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0411\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\uff09[220]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u8fdc\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u65e7\u793c\u4eea\u6d3e\u5728\u4e1c\u6b63\u6559\u5f92\u4e2d\u5360\u5f88\u5927\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u6c99\u7687\u65f6\u671f\u79ef\u6781\u8fc1\u5c45\u5728\u8be5\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u5728\u82cf\u8054\u65f6\u671f\u9547\u538b\u548c\u79fb\u6c11\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4eba\u6570\u6025\u5267\u51cf\u5c11\u3002\u65e7\u793c\u4eea\u6d3e\u793e\u533a\u57281980\u5e74\u4ee3\u5f00\u59cb\u6062\u590d\u3002\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u65e7\u793c\u4eea\u6d3e\u793e\u533a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5f88\u5927\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u5e74\u8f7b\u4fe1\u5f92[220]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1990\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559<\/a>\u548c\u4fe1\u4e49\u5b97<\/a>\u793e\u533a\u5f97\u4ee5\u590d\u5174\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6559\u533a\u5c45\u6c11\u4eba\u6570\u4e0d\u591a\u3002\u4e94\u4e2a\u6d78\u4fe1\u4f1a\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u590d\u4e34\u5b89\u606f\u65e5\u4f1a<\/a>\u3001\u5faa\u9053\u5b97\u548c\u4e94\u65ec\u8282\u8fd0\u52a8\u6d3e\u3001\u957f\u8001\u5b97\u3001\u7075\u6069\u8fd0\u52a8\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u793e\u533a\u3002\u65b0\u6559\u4fe1\u4f17\u76f8\u5f53\u666e\u904d[221]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u6709\u6df1\u539a\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6839\u6e90\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f\u798f\u97f3\u6d3e\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u6d78\u4fe1\u4f1a\u548c\u57fa\u7763\u590d\u4e34\u5b89\u606f\u65e5\u4f1a<\/a>\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u793e\u533a\uff0c\u81ea\u9769\u547d\u524d\u5c31\u6709\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6210\u529f\u5730\u5728\u82cf\u8054\u653f\u5e9c\u6700\u4e25\u5389\u7684\u53cd\u5b97\u6559\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\u5e78\u5b58\u4e0b\u6765[222]<\/a><\/sup>\u30021990\u5e74\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u81ea\u7531\u6cd5\u4ee4\u4f7f\u957f\u8001\u4f1a\u7684\u5f97\u4ee5\u6062\u590d\u30021991\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5ea7\u6559\u5802\u5728\u7eb3\u970d\u5fb7\u5361\u5f00\u653e\uff0c1995\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u6240\u795e\u5b66\u9662\uff0c1998\u5e74\u642c\u5230\u4e86\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u7684\u4e00\u5ea7\u65b0\u5efa\u7b51\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u957f\u8001\u4f1a\u795e\u5b66\u9662\u30021998\u5e74\u81f32015\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u6709105\u540d\u5b66\u751f\u4ece\u795e\u5b66\u9662\u6bd5\u4e1a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d17\u4eba\u6210\u4e3a\u7267\u5e08\uff0c19\u4eba\u6210\u4e3a\u4f20\u6559\u58eb[223]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u662f\u65b0\u6559\u6559\u4f1a\u534f\u4f1a\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u798f\u97f3\u6d3e\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u6559\u4f1a\u534f\u4f1a\uff0c\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u6d78\u4fe1\u4f1a\u548c\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u798f\u97f3\u6d3e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u6559\u4f1a\u534f\u4f1a\u3002\u5728\u65b0\u6559\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u534f\u52a9\u4e0b\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5723\u7ecf\u534f\u4f1a\u7684\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u5206\u4f1a\u6210\u7acb[219]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u8036\u548c\u534e\u89c1\u8bc1\u4eba<\/a>\u548c\u6469\u95e8<\/a>\u6559\u5f92\u2014\u2014\u90fd\u5f88\u6d3b\u8dc3\u3002\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u662f\u8036\u7a23\u57fa\u7763\u540e\u671f\u5723\u5f92\u6469\u95e8\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff1a1999\u5e74\u6469\u95e8\u6559\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u4f20\u9053\u4f1a\u5f00\u653e[220]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u72b9\u592a\u793e\u533a\u6709\u72b9\u592a\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u5fc3[219]<\/a><\/sup>\u30021995\u5e74\uff0c\u4f5b\u6559\u6062\u590d\u6d3b\u52a8[219]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u8bbe\u6709\u5676\u739b\u5676\u4e3e\u6d3e<\/a>\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u4e39\u9ea6\u5b97\u6559\u4eba\u7269\u6b27\u96f7\u00b7\u5c3c\u8fbe\u5c14<\/a>\u5728\u57ce\u5e02\u4e3e\u529e\u8bb2\u5ea7[224]<\/a><\/sup>\u30022013\u5e74\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u4e9a\u6d32\u90e8\u5206\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u7cbe\u795e\u7ba1\u7406\u5c40\uff08\u0414\u0423\u041c \u0410\u0427\u0420\uff09\u7684\u8fdc\u4e1c\u7a46\u592b\u63d0<\/a>\u963f\u535c\u675c\u62c9\u00b7\u8fbe\u7c73\u5c14\u00b7\u4f0a\u4ec0\u7a46\u54c8\u6885\u591a\u592b\uff08\u0410\u0431\u0434\u0443\u043b\u043b\u0430 \u0414\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0418\u0448\u043c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\uff09\u4f30\u8ba1\uff0c\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u7684\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u670960,000\u4eba[225]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u56fd\u9645\u594e\u5e08\u90a3\u77e5\u89c9\u534f\u4f1a<\/a>\u3001\u5c71\u8fbe\u57fa<\/a>\u3001\u5df4\u54c8\u4f0a\u4fe1\u4ef0<\/a>\u3001\u65b0\u5f02\u6559\u4e3b\u4e49<\/a>\u3001\u9e23\u54cd\u96ea\u677e<\/a>\u548c\u65b0\u5174\u5b97\u6559<\/a>\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 3.0\u534f\u8bae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u6559\u533a<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aNatalia Anoshkina<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 3.0\u534f\u8bae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

\u5723\u4fdd\u7f57\u8def\u5fb7\u6559\u4f1a<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aGenkayo<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 3.0\u534f\u8bae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

\u0411\u0435\u0439\u0442 \u0421\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u72b9\u592a\u6559\u5802<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aHelgi-S<\/a>\u00a0<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

5.4 \u5927\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u57ce\u5e02\u7fa4<\/h3>\n\n\n
\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

Vladivostok city metropolitain area map
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u90fd\u4f1a\u533a\u5730\u56fe<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aFGUP RosNIPIUrbanistiki\u00a0–\u00a0\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee\u539f\u56fe\u94fe\u63a5<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u662f\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u5357\u90e8\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u5438\u5f15\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u56f4\u7ed5\u7740\u6709\u5df2\u5f62\u6210\u800c\u5c1a\u672a\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u7fa4\u5927\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b<\/a>[226]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5728\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u548c\u7eb3\u970d\u5fb7\u5361<\/a>\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u6709\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u4e3a\u6570\u4e0d\u591a\u7684\u90fd\u5e02\u5708\uff08\u96c6\u805a\u533a\uff09[226]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u622a\u81f32010\u5e741\u67081\u65e5\u90fd\u5e02\u5708\u533a\u7684\u603b\u4eba\u53e3\u4e3a1,199,063\u4eba[226]<\/a>[227]<\/a><\/sup>\u30022014\u5e7410\u670828\u65e5\uff0c\u56db\u4e2a\u5e02\u9547\u5c31\u521b\u5efa\u884c\u653f\u4e13\u6848\u201c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u96c6\u805a\u533a\u201d\u7b7e\u7f72\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u534f\u5b9a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u5e02\u533a\u3001\u963f\u5c14\u4e54\u59c6\u5e02\u533a\u3001\u7eb3\u6770\u65e5\u91d1\u65af\u79d1\u8036\u533a<\/a>\u5e02\u533a\u548c\u4ec0\u79d1\u6258\u6c83\u533a<\/a>\u5e02\u533a[228]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5171\u9762\u79ef5308\u5e73\u65b9\u5343\u7c73\uff0c\u4eba\u53e380.7\u4e07\uff082015\u5e74\uff09\u3002\u96c6\u805a\u533a\u6301\u7eed\u57ce\u5e02\u53d1\u5c55\u533a\u8fb9\u754c\u5185\u7684\u4eba\u53e370\u4e07\u4eba\u3002\u5bc6\u96c6\u6446\u9524\u8fc1\u79fb\u533a\u8fb9\u754c\u5185\u4eba\u53e3100\u4e07[229]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u96c6\u805a\u533a\u62e5\u6709\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u94c1\u8def\u7f51\u7edc\u3001\u56fd\u9645\u673a\u573a\u3001\u5de5\u4e1a\u4f4f\u623f\u5efa\u8bbe\u3001\u5355\u4e00\u7535\u529b\u5de5\u4e1a\u3001\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c34\u5e93\u548c\u4e00\u676180\u5343\u7c73\u957f\u7684\u8f93\u6c34\u7ba1\u9053\u3001\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u7269\u6d41\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u5de5\u4e1a\u751f\u4ea7\u3001\u519c\u4e1a\u3001\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u548c\u90bb\u8fd1\u5730\u533a\u7684\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u3001\u65e5\u5e38\u901a\u52e4\u5ba2\u6d41[230]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. \u653f\u6cbb<\/h2>\n\n\n
\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 2.0\u534f\u8bae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u884c\u653f\u533a\u5212\u56fe 1.\u5217\u5b81\u533a 2.\u4e94\u4e00\u533a 3.\u522b\u5c14\u6c83\u5217\u7434\u65af\u57fa\u533a 4.\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u533a 5.\u8d39\u4f26\u591a\u65af\u57fa\u533a (2)\u6ce2\u6ce2\u592b\u5c9b\u5317\u90e8\u548c\u5217\u4f0a\u6d85\u514b\u5c9b\u7684\u5b9a\u5c45\u70b9\u96b6\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e94\u4e00\u533a (4)\u52b3\u52a8\u6751<\/a>\u4ece\u5c5e\u4e8e\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u533a (5)\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5c9b\u5357\u90e8\u548c\u522b\u5217\u6208\u6c83\u8036\u897f\u5317\u90e8\u96b6\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8d39\u4f26\u591a\u65af\u57fa\u533a<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aNzeemin<\/a>, Danloud<\/a>\u548cRosssW<\/a><\/a>\u00a0–\u00a0\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u00a0using Maperitive and OpenStreetMap data<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

6.1 \u884c\u653f\u533a\u57df<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u662f\u533a\u57df\u4ece\u5c5e\u57ce\u5e02<\/a>\uff0c5\u4e2a\u519c\u6751\u5b9a\u5c45\u70b9\u4ece\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5730\u533a[231]<\/a><\/sup>[232]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5e02\u653f\u7ed3\u6784\u5177\u6709\u57ce\u5e02\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u5305\u62ec6\u4e2a\u5b9a\u5c45\u70b9\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d1\u4e2a\u57ce\u5e02\u5b9a\u5c45\u70b9\u548c5\u4e2a\u519c\u6751\u5b9a\u5c45\u70b9\uff0c\u5e02\u533a\u662f\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u5e02\uff0c\u519c\u6751\u5b9a\u5c45\u70b9\u6709\u7279\u9c81\u591a\u6c83\u8036\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5c9b\u3001\u6ce2\u6ce2\u592b\u5c9b\u548c\u5217\u4f0a\u6d85\u514b\u5c9b\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f69\u590f\u5c3c\u534a\u5c9b\u4e0a\u7684\u522b\u5217\u6208\u6c83\u8036<\/a>\u3002[233]<\/a><\/sup>[234]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u884c\u653f\u533a\u5212\u4e0a\u67095\u4e2a\u533a\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u662f\u5217\u5b81\u533a<\/a>\u3001\u4e94\u4e00\u533a<\/a>\u3001\u522b\u5c14\u6c83\u5217\u7434\u65af\u57fa\u533a<\/a>\u3001\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u533a<\/a>\u548c\u8d39\u4f26\u591a\u65af\u57fa\u533a<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6.2 \u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u5e02\u5baa\u7ae0\u51b3\u5b9a\u5730\u65b9\u81ea\u6cbb\u7684\u7ed3\u6784[235]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u4ee3\u8868\u673a\u6784\u662f\u5e02\u675c\u9a6c\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u5b98\u5458\u662f\u5e02\u957f\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u884c\u653f\u673a\u6784\u548c\u76d1\u5bdf\u673a\u6784\u3002\u5e02\u675c\u9a6c\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u52301875\u5e7411\u670821\u65e5\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u9009\u51fa\u4e8630\u4e2a\u4ee3\u8868\u3002\u5341\u6708\u9769\u547d\u540e\u4e3e\u884c\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5927\u9009\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5141\u8bb8\u5987\u5973\u6295\u7968\u3002\u5e02\u675c\u9a6c\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e8e1922\u5e7410\u670819\u65e5\u5173\u95ed\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e10\u670827\u65e5\u88ab\u6b63\u5f0f\u5e9f\u9664\u3002\u5728\u82cf\u8054\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u804c\u80fd\u7531\u5e02\u8bae\u4f1a\u5c65\u884c\u3002\u6839\u636e\u603b\u7edf\u4ee4\uff0c\u57281993\u5e74\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u673a\u6784\u88ab\u89e3\u6563\uff0c\u76f4\u52302001\u5e74\u6240\u6709\u9009\u4e3e\u65b0\u675c\u9a6c\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u6210\u529f\u3002\u5e02\u675c\u9a6c\u7b2c5\u5c4a\u4f1a\u8bae\u81ea2017\u5e74\u79cb\u5f00\u59cb\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u753135\u540d\u4ee3\u8868\u7ec4\u6210[236]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5e02\u9996\u8111\u6839\u636e\u7edf\u4e00\u6307\u6325\u7684\u539f\u5219\u9886\u5bfc\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u5e02\u7684\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u4ed6\u6839\u636e\u8054\u90a6\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u5e02\u5baa\u7ae0\u7ec4\u5efa\u4e86\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u5e02\u653f\u5e9c\u3002\u5e02\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u7531\u5e02\u675c\u9a6c\u6839\u636e\u9996\u8111\u7684\u63d0\u8bae\u6279\u51c6\u3002\u884c\u653f\u7ed3\u6784\u5305\u62ec\u5e02\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u804c\u80fd\u90e8\u95e8\u548c\u9886\u571f\u673a\u6784[237]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6.3 \u57ce\u5e02\u8c61\u5f81<\/h3>\n\n\n
\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY 2.0\u534f\u8bae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

Townhall<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aJack Shadow<\/a>\u00a0from Vladivostok, Russian Federation\u00a0–\u00a0\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee\u539f\u56fe\u94fe\u63a5<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u5e02\u5fbd\u7684\u65b0\u7248\u672c\u57282014\u5e74\u91c7\u7528\uff0c2015\u5e74\u5728\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u8054\u90a6\u56fd\u5bb6\u7eb9\u7ae0\u767b\u8bb0\u518c\u7b2c984\u53f7\u6ce8\u518c\u3002\u5e02\u5fbd\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u662f\u201c\u5728\u76fe\u724c\u7684\u7eff\u8272\u533a\u57df\u662f\u4e00\u53ea\u91d1\u8272\u7684\u8001\u864e\uff0c\u6709\u7329\u7ea2\u8272\u7684\u773c\u775b\u548c\u820c\u5934\uff0c\u6cbf\u7740\u53f3\u8fb9\u7684\u5ca9\u77f3\u94f6\u8272\u659c\u5761\u884c\u8d70\uff0c\u62ac\u8d77\u53f3\u524d\u722a\u201d[238]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5e02\u65d7\u57282012\u5e74\u66f4\u65b0\uff0c\u77e9\u5f62\u7ea2\u5e03\u5e26\u6709\u4e24\u6761\u84dd\u8272\u7684\u5bf9\u89d2\u7ebf\u6761\u7eb9\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u503e\u659c\u7684\u5341\u5b57\u67b6\uff0c\u5bf9\u89d2\u7ebf\u84dd\u8272\u6761\u7eb9\u7531\u767d\u8272\u8fb9\u6846\u6784\u6210\u3002\u5728\u65d7\u5e1c\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u6709\u4e00\u5e45\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u7684\u5fbd\u7ae0\u56fe\u50cf\uff0c\u4e0a\u9762\u6709\u5730\u4f4d\u548c\u57ce\u5e02\u8c61\u5f81\u7684\u9644\u52a0\u5143\u7d20[238]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5e02\u82b1\u662f\u91d1\u8fbe\u83b1<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7. \u793e\u4f1a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

7.1 \u6559\u80b2<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u57ce\u5e02\u5171\u6709114\u6240\u666e\u901a\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\uff0c2015\u5e74\u5b66\u751f\u603b\u657050.7\u4e07\u4eba\u3002\u5e02\u653f\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf\u7531\u8bb8\u591a\u79cd\u5b66\u6821\u7ec4\u6210\u3002\u6280\u672f\u5b66\u9662\u3001\u7b2c1 \u0433\u0438\u043c\u043d\u0430\u0437\u0438\u044f \u548c\u7b2c23\u4e2d\u5b66\u88ab\u5217\u5165\u201c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u8054\u90a6500\u5f3a\u5b66\u6821\u201d\u8bc4\u7ea7[239]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5e02\u7ea7\u5b66\u6821\u5b9e\u884c\u5e02\u7ea7\u7ade\u8d5b\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u8bbe\u7acb\u5e02\u7ea7\u4f18\u79c0\u5b66\u751f\u5956\u5b66\u91d1[240]<\/a><\/sup>[241]<\/a><\/sup>[242]<\/a><\/sup>\u30022016\u5e74\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u82ad\u857e\u821e\u5b66\u9662<\/a>\u548c\u7eb3\u5e0c\u83ab\u592b\u6d77\u519b\u5b66\u6821\u5206\u6821<\/a>\u5f00\u59cb\u62db\u751f[243]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\u6709\u51e0\u5341\u6240\u5b66\u9662\u548c\u5927\u5b66\u3002\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5f00\u7aef\u662f\u5728\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u9662<\/a>\u5960\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u662f\u8fdc\u4e1c\u8054\u90a6\u5927\u5b66\u3002\u73b0\u6709\u5b66\u751f4.1\u4e07\u4f59\u4eba\uff0c\u5458\u5de55,000\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6559\u5e081,598\u4eba\u3002\u5b83\u5728\u8fdc\u4e1c\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u4e2d\u5360\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u768464%[243]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u8f83\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u6709\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u56fd\u7acb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u670d\u52a1\u5927\u5b66<\/a>\u3001\u8fdc\u4e1c\u8054\u90a6\u5927\u5b66<\/a>\u3001\u56fd\u7acb\u6d77\u6d0b\u5927\u5b66<\/a>\u3001\u56fd\u7acb\u8fdc\u4e1c\u827a\u672f\u5b66\u9662<\/a>\u3001\u56fd\u7acb\u8fdc\u4e1c\u6e14\u4e1a\u6280\u672f\u5927\u5b66<\/a>\u3001\u6839\u7eb3\u5b63\u00b7\u4f0a\u4e07\u8bfa\u7ef4\u5947\u00b7\u6d85\u97e6\u5c14\u65af\u79d1\u4f0a\u5dde\u7acb\u6d77\u4e8b\u5927\u5b66<\/a>\u3001\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u9ad8\u7b49\u6d77\u519b\u5b66\u6821<\/a>\u3001\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u5dde\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\u533b\u5b66\u9662<\/a>\u3001\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u6d77\u5173\u5b66\u9662<\/a>\u3001\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5185\u653f\u90e8\u56fd\u9645\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u548c\u8fdc\u4e1c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u73b0\u4ee3\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b66\u9662<\/a>\u548c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u7d27\u6025\u60c5\u51b5\u90e8\u5723\u5f7c\u5f97\u5821\u56fd\u7acb\u8fb9\u5883\u670d\u52a1\u5927\u5b66<\/a>\u5206\u6821\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 3.0\u534f\u8bae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

\u0422\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043e\u043a\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0421. \u041e. \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430
\u4ee5 S. O. \u9a6c\u5361\u6d1b\u592b\u547d\u540d\u7684\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u9ad8\u7b49\u6d77\u519b\u5b66\u6821<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aMaks25rus<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 3.0\u534f\u8bae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

\u751f\u7269\u548c\u571f\u58e4\u7814\u7a76\u6240 feb ras<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aGenkayo<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

7.2 \u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

2014\u5e74\uff0c\u5e02\u670932\u4e2a\u79d1\u5b66\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u67094949\u540d\u5458\u5de5\uff0c\u6700\u5927\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7ec4\u7ec7\u662f\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u8fdc\u4e1c\u5206\u9662[239]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u8fdc\u4e1c\u5206\u9662\u5728\u57ce\u5e02\u8bbe\u6709\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u548c\u63a7\u5236\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u3001\u5e94\u7528\u6570\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u3001\u6d77\u6d0b\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u3001\u5316\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u3001\u0413.\u0411.\u53f6\u5229\u4e9a\u79d1\u592b\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u751f\u7269\u6709\u673a\u5316\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u3001\u751f\u7269\u548c\u571f\u58e4\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u3001\u6d77\u6d0b\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u3001\u690d\u7269\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u3001\u8fdc\u4e1c\u5730\u8d28\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u3001\u7ef4\u514b\u591a\u00b7\u4f0a\u4e07\u8bfa\u7ef4\u5947\u00b7\u4f0a\u5229\u5207\u592b\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u6d77\u6d0b\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u3001\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u5730\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fdc\u4e1c\u4eba\u6c11\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u548c\u6c11\u65cf\u5fd7\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7ec4\u7ec7\u662f\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u6e14\u4e1a\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u8fdc\u4e1c\u533a\u57df\u7814\u7a76\u6c34\u6587\u6c14\u8c61\u7814\u7a76\u6240<\/a>\u548c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u6c34\u6587\u6c14\u8c61\u3002\u0413.\u041f.\u7d22\u83ab\u592b\u6d41\u884c\u75c5\u5b66\u548c\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u5728\u5e02\u533b\u5b66\u754c\u51fa\u7c7b\u62d4\u8403\u3002\u6280\u672f\u79d1\u5b66\u6709\u8fdc\u4e1c\u5efa\u7b51\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u6240\uff0c\u662f\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5efa\u7b51\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u963f\u7a46\u5c14\u5730\u533a\u7814\u7a76\u5b66\u4f1a<\/a>\u662f\u8fdc\u4e1c\u6700\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u662f\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u4f1a<\/a>\u7684\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u5206\u4f1a\u30021899\u5e74\uff0c\u8be5\u534f\u4f1a\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e86\u0424.\u0424.\u5e03\u8c22\u5956<\/a>[244]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u4e3e\u884c\u8fc7\u6570\u5341\u6b21\u56fd\u9645\u548c\u533a\u57df\u79d1\u5b66\u4f1a\u8bae\u548c\u7814\u8ba8\u4f1a\uff0c\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u6765\u81ea\u97e9\u56fd\u7684\u9996\u5c14\u5927\u5b66<\/a>\uff0c\u4ec1\u6d4e\u5927\u5b66<\/a>\u548c\u6c5f\u5357\u5927\u5b66<\/a>\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662<\/a>[245]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u8fdc\u4e1c\u5206\u9662\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u6bcf\u5e74\u4e3e\u529e\u8fdc\u4e1c\u79d1\u5b66\u8282\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u4e4b\u7a97\u201d[246]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.3 \u533b\u7597<\/h3>\n\n\n
\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 3.0\u534f\u8bae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

\u5730\u533a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e34\u5e8a\u533b\u9662<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aTatiana Baloban<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u5bb6\u533b\u9662\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e34\u5e8a\u533b\u9662\u57281893\u5e748\u670815\u65e5\u5f00\u4e1a[247]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u5b83\u662f\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u6700\u5927\u7684\u591a\u5b66\u79d1\u533b\u7597\u673a\u6784\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u62e5\u6709700\u5f20\u4f4f\u9662\u75c5\u5e8a\u3002\u8be5\u533b\u9662\u6bcf\u5e74\u63a5\u6536\u8d85\u8fc717,000\u540d\u60a3\u8005\uff0c\u505a\u8d85\u8fc76,000\u6b21\u624b\u672f[248]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u57ce\u5e02\u4e34\u5e8a\u533b\u9662\u662f\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u6700\u5927\u7684\u533b\u9662\u7efc\u5408\u4f53\uff0c\u6709923\u5f20\u75c5\u5e8a\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u4e3a38,000\u540d\u75c5\u4eba\u63d0\u4f9b\u670d\u52a1[249]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u5171\u670938\u5bb6\u533b\u9662\u548c104\u5bb6\u7efc\u5408\u8bca\u6240\uff0c\u62e5\u67099455\u5f20\u5e8a\u4f4d\uff0c2014\u5e74\u67095963\u540d\u533b\u751f\u5de5\u4f5c[239]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5728\u65b0\u7684\u533b\u7597\u4fdd\u5065\u673a\u6784\u4e2d\uff1a\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5c9b\u7684\u8fdc\u4e1c\u8054\u90a6\u5927\u5b66\u533b\u7597\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u5916\u56fd\u8bca\u6240\u548c\u8bca\u65ad\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u5de5\u4f5c[250]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u662f\u547c\u5438\u7cfb\u7edf\u75be\u75c5\u3001\u53d7\u4f24\u3001\u4e2d\u6bd2\u548c\u6ccc\u5c3f\u751f\u6b96\u7cfb\u7edf\u75be\u75c5[239]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u80bf\u7624\u75be\u75c5\u3001\u827e\u6ecb\u75c5<\/a>\u548c\u5438\u6bd2\u6210\u763e\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u6b63\u5728\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u5185\u5206\u6ccc\u7cfb\u7edf\u6700\u4e0d\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u75be\u75c5\u548c\u5148\u5929\u6027\u5f02\u5e38\uff0c\u6709\u51cf\u5c11\u9157\u9152\uff0c\u836f\u7269\u6ee5\u7528\u7684\u503e\u5411\u3002\u603b\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8be5\u5e02\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u53d1\u75c5\u7387\u4ece2011\u5e74\u7684573.3\u4e07\u4eba\u4e0b\u964d\u52302014\u5e74\u7684521.1\u4e07\u4eba[239]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u57ce\u5e02\u9762\u4e34\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8bca\u65ad\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u5987\u5973\u8bca\u6240\u5927\u5e45\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u4eba\u5458\u77ed\u7f3a[251]<\/a><\/sup>[239]<\/a><\/sup>\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.4 \u6cbb\u5b89<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u5e02\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5185\u653f\u90e8\u8d1f\u8d23\u4fdd\u62a4\u516c\u5171\u79e9\u5e8f\u548c\u6253\u51fb\u8be5\u5e02\u7684\u72af\u7f6a\uff0c\u67092905\u540d\u5458\u5de5\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d1987\u540d\u5458\u8b66\u3001844\u540d\u666e\u901a\u5458\u5de5\u548c74\u540d\u5b9e\u4e60\u5458\u5de5[252]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e09\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u72af\u7f6a\u7387\u8d8b\u4e8e\u4e0b\u964d\u30022013\u5e74\u8bb0\u5f5517581\u8d77\u72af\u7f6a\uff0c2015\u5e74\u670915147\u8d77\u3002\u8c0b\u6740\u3001\u76d7\u7a83\u3001\u76d7\u7a83\u8f66\u8f86\u548c\u62a2\u52ab\u7b49\u91cd\u7f6a\u7684\u6570\u76ee\u6709\u6240\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u6545\u610f\u4f24\u5bb3\u3001\u5165\u5ba4\u76d7\u7a83\u3001\u8bc8\u9a97\u3001\u975e\u6cd5\u6b66\u5668\u8d29\u8fd0\u548c\u5f3a\u5978\u7b49\u8f83\u8f7b\u7f6a\u540d\u6709\u6240\u589e\u52a0[252]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5f3a\u5978\u6848\u6570\u91cf\u57282015\u5e74\u7ffb\u4e86\u4e00\u756a\uff0c\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u5bf9\u672a\u6210\u5e74\u4eba\u7684\u5f3a\u5978[253]<\/a><\/sup>\u30022015\u5e74\u8bb0\u5f55\u5230101\u8d77\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u56e2\u4f53\u548c\u72af\u7f6a\u56e2\u4f19\u72af\u4e0b\u7684\u7f6a\u884c\uff0c73\u8d77\u7834\u6848[254]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u4eca\u5929\u6700\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u56e2\u4f19\u662f\u666e\u970d\u592b\u65af\u57fa\uff08\u041f\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435\uff09\u3001\u8f66\u81e3\u5e2e\u3001\u4e09\u798f\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5854-\u5c24\u91cc\u5c3c\uff08\u0422\u0440\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0430-\u042e\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044b\uff09\u3001\u963f\u5217\u514b\u8c22\u548c\u4f69\u7279\u62c9\u57fa\uff08\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0438\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8150\u8d25\u4e5f\u662f\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u30022015-2016\u5e74\u51e0\u5341\u8d77\u6848\u4ef6\u6d89\u5acc\u8150\u8d25\u3002\u88ab\u544a\u65e2\u6709\u5b98\u5458\uff0c\u4ece\u5e02\u653f\u5f53\u5c40\u7684\u9996\u8111\u5230\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u5dde\u957f\u56e2\u961f\u7684\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u4e0e\u653f\u5e9c\u6709\u4e1a\u52a1\u5f80\u6765\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6[255]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5e02\u957f\u4f0a\u6208\u5c14\u00b7\u666e\u4ec0\u5361\u5217\u592b\u4e5f\u88ab\u6355\u4e86\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd1\u4ee3\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4f4d\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u7684\u5e02\u957f\u9003\u8131\u5211\u4e8b\u8d77\u8bc9[256]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8. \u57ce\u5efa<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

8.1 \u4f4f\u623f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u5360\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a31.7%\u7684\u4f4f\u623f\u5b58\u91cf\uff0c\u591a\u8fbe1350\u4e07\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\u3002\u591a\u4f4f\u5b85\u516c\u5bd3\u5efa\u7b51\u7684\u4efd\u989d\u536089.3%\uff0c\u4e00\u6237\u5efa\u53607.5%\uff0c\u4e13\u4e1a\u4f4f\u623f\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5bbf\u820d\uff09\u53603.2%\uff0c\u7834\u65e7\u548c\u5371\u623f\u670912.39\u4e07\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u53600.9%\u300240.1\u4e07\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\u5728\u5e94\u6025\u57fa\u91d1\u4e0a\u3002\u5168\u5e02\u6709448\u680b\u7834\u65e7\u548c\u5371\u516c\u5bd3\u697c\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d94\u680b\u662f\u5371\u516c\u5bd3\u697c\uff0c215\u680b\u7834\u65e7\u72ec\u680b[257]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5e02\u653f\u5e9c\u4f4f\u623f\u7ef4\u62a4\u90e8\u8d1f\u8d23\u76d1\u7ba1\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u7684\u4f4f\u5b85\u533a\uff0c\u7269\u4e1a\u516c\u53f8\u670997\u4e2a\uff0c\u5e76\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6709\u57ce\u5e02\u4f4f\u623f\u548c\u793e\u533a\u670d\u52a1\u516c\u5171\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a[258]<\/a><\/sup>[259]<\/a><\/sup>[260]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u8fd8\u5f00\u8bbe\u4e86\u4e00\u6240\u4f4f\u623f\u548c\u793e\u533a\u670d\u52a1\u5b66\u6821\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e\u4f4f\u623f\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5e74\u5ea6\u7cfb\u5217\u7814\u8ba8\u4f1a\u7684\u5e02\u653f\u4e13\u6848\u3002\u7ecf\u8fc74\u5e74\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u8d85\u8fc71.1\u4e07\u540d\u5e02\u6c11\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u8fd9\u6240\u5b66\u6821[261]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2015\u5e74\uff0c\u53ea\u670932%\u7684\u5c45\u6c11\u5bf9\u57ce\u5e02\u4f4f\u623f\u548c\u793e\u533a\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u611f\u5230\u6ee1\u610f\u3002\u5927\u591a\u6570\u516c\u5171\u673a\u6784\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u54c1\u8d28\u5f88\u5dee[262]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8.2 \u4f9b\u6c34\u548c\u4f9b\u6696<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u57ce\u5e02\u67093\u4e2a\u6c34\u5e93\u627f\u62c5\u4f9b\u6c34\u804c\u80fd\uff0c\u7531\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u4f0f\u591a\u5361\u7eb3\u5c14\uff08\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\uff09\u7ba1\u7406\u3002\u57ce\u5185\u6709\u5148\u950b\uff08\u041f\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435\uff09\u6c34\u5e93\u548c\u535a\u52a0\u5ef7\u65af\u79d1\u8036\uff08\u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435\uff09\u6c34\u5e93\uff0c\u4ec0\u79d1\u6258\u6c83\u533a<\/a>\u963f\u4e54\u83ab\u592b\u5361\u6cb3<\/a>\u4e0a\u7684\u963f\u5c14\u4e54\u83ab\u592b\u65af\u79d1\u6c34\u5e93<\/a>\u3002\u5728\u5148\u950b\u6c34\u5e93\u5efa\u9020\u4e86\u65e5\u5904\u74065\u4e07\u7acb\u65b9\u7c73\u6c34\u7684\u5904\u7406\u8bbe\u65bd\uff0c\u53e6\u4e24\u4e2a\u6c34\u5e93\u7684\u6c34\u4e5f\u4f7f\u7528\u5904\u7406\u3002\u81ea2012\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u6b21\u6c2f\u9178\u94a0\u4ee3\u66ff\u6c2f\u7528\u4e8e\u51c0\u5316\uff0c\u7528\u7d2b\u5916\u7ebf\u8f90\u5c04\u6d88\u6bd2[263]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f9b\u6c34\u7f51\u7edc\u5206\u4e3a\u4e0b\u90e8\uff08\u6d77\u62d45-30\u7c73\uff09\uff0c\u4e2d\u90e8\uff08\u6d77\u62d430-60\u7c73\uff09\u548c\u4e0a\u90e8\uff08\u6d77\u62d460-130\u7c73\uff09\u4e09\u4e2a\u533a\u57df\u3002\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u5730\u5f62\u6781\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u4f9b\u6c34\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5411\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4e00\u822c\u4f9b\u6c34\u7cfb\u7edf\u57fa\u51c6\u9762\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u9ad8\u5c42\u5efa\u7b51\u4f9b\u6c34\u7684\u589e\u538b\u7ad9\u8017\u8d39\u5927\u91cf\u8d44\u91d1\u548c\u80fd\u6e90\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u5728\u505c\u7535\u671f\u95f4\u5f15\u8d77\u4f9b\u6c34\u7cfb\u7edf\u6545\u969c\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u6709\u4fdd\u8bc1\u7684\u4f9b\u6c34\u7cfb\u7edf[264]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8be5\u5e02\u7684\u70ed\u6c34\u4f9b\u5e94\u548c\u4f9b\u6696\u7531\u7b2c1\u706b\u7535\u5382\u3001\u7b2c2\u706b\u7535\u5382\u4ee5\u53ca\u9505\u7089\u623f\u96c6\u4e2d\u4f9b\u5e94\uff0c\u5e02\u6709\u516b\u5341\u591a\u4e2a\u9505\u7089\u623f\u3002\u5927\u591a\u6570\u9505\u7089\u623f\u90fd\u4f7f\u7528\u71c3\u6cb9[265]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u662f\u8428\u54c8\u6797-\u54c8\u5df4\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u514b-\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u5929\u7136\u6c14\u7ba1\u9053\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u76ee\u7684\u5730\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5c11\u6570\u4f9b\u6696\u6539\u6c14\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u662f\u7b2c1\u706b\u7535\u5382\u3001\u7b2c2\u706b\u7535\u5382\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u548c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5c9b\u4e0a\u7684\u71c3\u6c14\u9505\u7089\u623f[266]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8.3 \u7eff\u5316<\/h3>\n\n\n
\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 3.0\u534f\u8bae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u8857<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aAdmiralHood<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

2010\u5e74\u516c\u5171\u7eff\u5730\u9762\u79ef591\u516c\u9877\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u6bcf\u4f4d\u5c45\u6c119.8\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\u3002\u8ba1\u5212\u52302015\u5e74\u589e\u52a0\u5230882\u516c\u9877\u3002\u79cd\u690d\u56ed\u9762\u79ef\u6bd41980\u5e74\u51cf\u5c11\u4e861.3\u500d\u30022015\u5e74\uff0c\u8be5\u5e02\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5c45\u6c11\u7684\u79cd\u690d\u56ed\u9762\u79ef\u4e0d\u52301\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u6bd4\u6b63\u5e38\u6c34\u51c6\u4f4e5\u500d[267]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u65e9\u57282006\u5e74\uff0c\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u5916\u533a\u7684\u5e02\u533a\u4e3a\u516c\u6c11\u63d0\u4f9b\u7eff\u8272\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u89c4\u6a21\u5e76\u672a\u8d85\u8fc7\u5e38\u89c4\u768410%[76]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8.4 Parks and Squares \u516c\u56ed\u548c\u5e7f\u573a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u8bd1\u8005\u6ce8\uff1a\u672c\u90e8\u5206\u5728\u82f1\u6587\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u4e2d\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u7ae0\u8282\uff0c\u6b64\u5904\u4e3a\u7f16\u8f91\u65b9\u4fbf\u964d\u7ea7\u4e3a\u6b21\u7ea7\u6807\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u5883\u5185\uff0c\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u57ce\u5e02\u516c\u56ed\uff0c\u603b\u9762\u79ef\u7ea646\u516c\u9877\uff0c9\u4e2a\u82b1\u56ed\uff0c\u603b\u9762\u79ef15\u516c\u9877\uff0c60\u591a\u4e2a\u5e7f\u573a\uff0c\u603b\u9762\u79ef\u7ea6100\u516c\u9877[83]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u6700\u5927\u7684\u662f\u77ff\u5c71\u9547\u516c\u56ed<\/a>\uff0c\u9762\u79ef\u7ea636\u516c\u9877\uff0c\u6709\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u679c\u6811\u6797\uff0c\u5404\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u88c5\u9970\u6027\u6d77\u8fb9\u67ab\u6811\uff0c\u523a\u6978\uff0c\u7d2b\u7f57\u5170\u548c\u57ce\u5e02\u690d\u7269\u7fa4\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u4ee3\u8868\u6811\u79cd\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u4eba\u5de5\u6c34\u5e93\uff0c\u9762\u79ef\u4e3a4\u516c\u9877\uff0c\u516c\u56ed\u72b6\u6001\u4e0d\u4f73\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u8ba1\u5212\u91cd\u5efa[267]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u6ce2\u514b\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u57fa\u516c\u56ed<\/a>\u5360\u57308\u516c\u9877\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u8001\u57ce\u533a\u7684\u9e70\u5de2\u4e18\u4e0a\u3002\u4f4d\u7f6e\u9760\u8fd1\u5e02\u4e2d\u5fc3\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u5e02\u6c11\u7684\u6b22\u8fce\u3002\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u6e05\u6d01\u57ce\u5e02\u201d\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u516c\u56ed\u5185\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e86\u957f\u51f3\u3001\u706f\u3001\u88c5\u9970\u6c47\u57ab\uff0c\u5e76\u94fa\u8bbe\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u5c0f\u5df7[239]\u30022016\u5e74\uff0c\u6731\u5217\u5df4\u0422.\u0421.\u516c\u56ed\u91cd\u5efa\uff0c\u6269\u5927\u4e86\u8be5\u5e02\u4f69\u5c14\u6c83\u5217\u7434\u65af\u79d1\u8036\u533a\u7684\u7eff\u5316\u9762\u79ef\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Parks and squares in Vladivostok include Pokrovskiy Park, Minnyy Gorodok, Detskiy Razvlekatelnyy Park, Park of Sergeya Lazo, Admiralskiy Skver, Skver im. Neveskogo, Nagornyy Park, Skver im. Sukhanova, Fantaziya Park, Skver Rybatskoy Slavy, Skver im. A.I.Shchetininoy.
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u7684\u516c\u56ed\u548c\u5e7f\u573a\u5305\u62ec Pokrovskiy \u516c\u56ed\u3001Minnyy Gorodok\u3001Detskiy Razvlekatelnyy \u516c\u56ed\u3001Sergeya Lazo \u516c\u56ed\u3001Admiralskiy Skver\u3001Skver im\u3002 Neveskogo\uff0c\u7eb3\u6208\u5c14\u5185\u516c\u56ed\uff0cSkver im\u3002 Sukhanova\uff0cFantaziya Park\uff0cSkver Rybatskoy Slavy\uff0cSkver im\u3002 A.I.\u8c22\u8482\u5c3c\u8bfa\u4f0a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8.4.1 Pokrovskiy Park \u6ce2\u514b\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u57fa\u516c\u56ed<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Pokrovskiy Park was once a cemetery. It was converted into a park in 1934 but was closed in 1990. Since 1990, the land the park sits on belongs to the Russian Orthodox Church. During the rebuilding of the Orthodox Church, graves were found.
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u6ce2\u514b\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u57fa\u516c\u56ed\u66fe\u7ecf\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5893\u5730\u3002 1934\u5e74\u6539\u5efa\u4e3a\u516c\u56ed\uff0c1990\u5e74\u5173\u95ed\u30021990\u5e74\u8d77\uff0c\u516c\u56ed\u6240\u5728\u571f\u5730\u5f52\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u4e1c\u6b63\u6559\u6240\u6709\u3002 \u5728\u4e1c\u6b63\u6559\u6559\u5802\u91cd\u5efa\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u575f\u5893\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8.4.2 Minny Gorodok \u77ff\u533a\u516c\u56ed<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Minny Gorodok is a 91-acre (37 ha) public park. Minny Gorodok means “Mine Borough Park” in English. The park is a former military base that was founded in 1880. The military base was used for storing mines in underground storage. Converted into a park in 1985, Minny Gorodok contains several lakes, ponds, and an ice-skating rink.
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u660e\u5c3c\u6208\u7f57\u591a\u514b (Minny Gorodok) \u662f\u4e00\u5ea7\u5360\u5730 91 \u82f1\u4ea9\uff0837 \u516c\u9877\uff09\u7684\u516c\u56ed\u3002 \u660e\u5c3c\u00b7\u6208\u7f57\u591a\u514b (Minny Gorodok) \u5728\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\u201c\u77ff\u533a\u516c\u56ed\u201d\u3002 \u8be5\u516c\u56ed\u524d\u8eab\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u519b\u4e8b\u57fa\u5730\uff0c\u5efa\u4e8e1880\u5e74\u3002\u519b\u4e8b\u57fa\u5730\u7684\u5730\u4e0b\u4ed3\u5e93\u7528\u4e8e\u50a8\u5b58\u5730\u96f7\u3002 \u660e\u5c3c\u6208\u7f57\u591a\u514b (Minny Gorodok) \u4e8e 1985 \u5e74\u6539\u5efa\u4e3a\u516c\u56ed\uff0c\u5185\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u6e56\u6cca\u3001\u6c60\u5858\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6e9c\u51b0\u573a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8.4.3 Detsky Razvlekatelny Park \u513f\u7ae5\u6e38\u4e50\u56ed<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Detsky Razvlekatelny Park is a children’s amusement park located near Downtown Vladivostok. The park contains a carousel, gaming machines, a Ferris wheel, caf\u00e9s, an aquarium, movie theater and a stadium.
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1aDetsky Razvlekatelny Park \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u513f\u7ae5\u6e38\u4e50\u56ed\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u5e02\u4e2d\u5fc3\u9644\u8fd1\u3002 \u516c\u56ed\u5185\u8bbe\u6709\u65cb\u8f6c\u6728\u9a6c\u3001\u6e38\u620f\u673a\u3001\u6469\u5929\u8f6e\u3001\u5496\u5561\u9986\u3001\u6c34\u65cf\u9986\u3001\u7535\u5f71\u9662\u548c\u4f53\u80b2\u573a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8.4.4 Admiralsky Skver \u5e02\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5e7f\u573a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Admiralsky Skver is a landmark located near Downtown Vladivostok. The Square is an open space, dominated by the Triumfalnaya Arka. South of the square sits a museum of Soviet submarine S-56<\/a>.
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1aAdmiralsky Skver \u662f\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u5e02\u4e2d\u5fc3\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730\u6807\u3002 \u5e7f\u573a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u4ee5\u51ef\u65cb\u95e8 (Triumfalnaya Arka) \u4e3a\u4e3b\u3002 \u5e7f\u573a\u5357\u8fb9\u5750\u843d\u7740\u82cf\u8054\u6f5c\u8247 S-56 \u535a\u7269\u9986\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9. \u4ea4\u901a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

9.1 \u516c\u8def\u8fd0\u8f93<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u662f\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u673a\u52a8\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u3002\u6c7d\u8f66\u662f\u5e02\u6c11\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4ea4\u901a\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u622a\u81f32015\u5e74\uff0c\u5171\u6709422,600\u8f86\u6c7d\u8f66\u6ce8\u518c[268]<\/a><\/sup>[269]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u5728\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u8054\u90a6\u57ce\u5e02\u4e2d\u6392\u540d\u7b2c\u4e94\uff0c\u4ec5\u6b21\u4e8e\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u3001\u5723\u5f7c\u5f97\u5821\u3001\u65b0\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u548c\u53f6\u5361\u6377\u7433\u5821\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u6c7d\u8f66\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u4ea4\u901a\u62e5\u5835\uff0c\u73af\u5883\u72b6\u51b5\u7684\u6076\u5316[270]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8857\u9053\u548c\u516c\u8def\u7f51\u5bc6\u5ea6\u4f4e\uff0c\u603b\u957f902\u5343\u7c73\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d16\u5343\u7c73\u662f\u54c8\u5df4\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u514b-\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514bM-60\u8054\u90a6\u516c\u8def\uff0c54\u5343\u7c73\u662f\u5177\u6709\u533a\u57df\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u9053\u8def\uff0c700\u5343\u7c73\u662f\u57ce\u5e02\u8857\u9053\u3001\u9053\u8def\u548c\u901a\u9053[271]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u57282012\u5e74 APEC \u5cf0\u4f1a\u524d\u4fee\u5efa\u4e86\u51e0\u4e2a\u516c\u8def\u8fd0\u8f93\u8bbe\u65bd\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e00\u5ea7\u6a2a\u8de8\u6d77\u5ce1\u5230\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5c9b\u7684\u659c\u62c9\u6865\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e00\u5ea7\u6a2a\u8de8\u91d1\u89d2\u6e7e\u7684\u659c\u62c9\u6865\uff0c\u5927\u5927\u7f13\u89e3\u4e86\u5e02\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u4ea4\u901a\u538b\u529b[272]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u81ea2011\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u9053\u8def\u957f\u5ea6\u589e\u52a0\u4e866.2\u500d[239]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u9053\u8def\u7f51\u7edc\u53d1\u5c55\u8ba1\u5212\u5305\u62ec\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u73af\u57ce\u516c\u8def\u7684\u5efa\u8bbe\uff0c\u8be5\u9879\u76ee\u89c4\u5b9a\u6cbf\u7740\u963f\u7a46\u5c14\u6e7e\u5efa\u9020\u4e00\u6761\u8def\u7ebf\uff0c\u4fee\u5efa\u6865\u6881\u4ece\u57c3\u683c\u5c14\u8c22\u5c14\u5fb7\u89d2\u5230\u57c3\u7433\u5185\u5c9b\u4e0e\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5c9b\u7684\u8fd0\u8f93\u7f51\u76f8\u8fde\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 3.0\u534f\u8bae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
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\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5c9b\u6865<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447\u2026<\/a>\u00a0–\u00a0Frunzenskiy rayon, Vladivostok, Primorsky Krai, Russia<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 4.0\u534f\u8bae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
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\u91d1\u89d2\u6e7e\u6865<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005: Svetlov Artem<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC0\u534f\u8bae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
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\u963f\u7a46\u5c14\u6e7e\u6865<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a\u044f\u00a0–\u00a0\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u043b \u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043c<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 3.0\u534f\u8bae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
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\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5c9b\u5927\u6865<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a\u0411\u0430\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 3.0\u534f\u8bae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
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\u91d1\u89d2\u6e7e\u5927\u6865<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aCapvit<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3a\u4e86\u7f13\u89e3\u4ea4\u901a\u5835\u585e\u538b\u529b\uff0c\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\u5e02\u653f\u5385\u8003\u8651\u5728\u5e02\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5f15\u5165\u6536\u8d39\u505c\u8f66\u5236\u5ea6[273]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9.2 \u516c\u5171\u4ea4\u901a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u8981\u516c\u5171\u4ea4\u901a\u5de5\u5177\u662f\u516c\u5171\u6c7d\u8f66\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u8fd8\u6709\u65e0\u8f68\u7535\u8f66\u3001\u7535\u8f66\u3001\u7f06\u8f66\u3001\u6d77\u8239\u548c\u6e21\u8f6e\u3002\u5e02\u62e5\u6709\u53d1\u8fbe\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u548c\u90ca\u533a\u516c\u4ea4\u7ebf\u8def\u7f51\u7edc[274]<\/a><\/sup>\u300295%\u7684\u8fd0\u8f93\u662f\u7531\u5546\u4e1a\u5df4\u58eb\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u30022014\u5e74\u5df4\u58eb\u8f66\u961f\u603b\u6570563\u8f86\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d157\u8f86\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5e02\u653f\u3002\u4e24\u5bb6\u5e02\u653f\u5df4\u58eb\u8fd0\u8425\u5546\u7b2c1\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u5ba2\u8fd0\u6c7d\u8f66\u751f\u4ea7\u534f\u4f1a\u548c\u7b2c3\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u5ba2\u8fd0\u6c7d\u8f66\u751f\u4ea7\u534f\u4f1a\u8fd0\u8425\u516c\u5171\u6c7d\u8f66[275]<\/a><\/sup>\u30022014\u5e74\uff0c\u5171\u67093160\u4e07\u4e58\u5ba2\u4e58\u5750\u516c\u5171\u5df4\u58eb[239]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7535\u8f66\u8fd0\u8f93\u72b6\u51b5\u4e0d\u4f73[276]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u5df2\u51e0\u4e4e\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u4e3a\u7b79\u59072012\u5e74 APEC \u5cf0\u4f1a\u800c\u4fee\u5efa\u7684\u6709\u8f68\u7535\u8f66\u8f68\u9053\u957f\u5ea6\u4ece18.4\u5343\u7c73\u51cf\u5c11\u5230\u5f53\u4eca\u76845\u5343\u7c73\uff0c\u65e0\u8f68\u7535\u8f66\u7f51\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\u4ece45\u5343\u7c73\u51cf\u5c11\u52304.5\u5343\u7c73\u3002\u5e73\u5747\u6bcf\u5929\u670922,883\u4eba\u6b21\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u7ea6850\u4e07\u4eba\u6b21\u4e58\u7535\u8f66\u3002\u8be5\u5e02\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5021\u8bae\u5c0f\u7ec4\uff0c\u4e3a\u4fdd\u62a4\u7535\u8f66\u4ea4\u901a\u800c\u6218[276]<\/a><\/sup>[277]<\/a><\/sup>\u30022017\u5e74\uff0c\u65af\u7ef4\u7279\u5170\u65af\u5361\u5a05\uff08\u0421\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f\uff09\u8857\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6bb5\u7535\u8f66\u7ebf\u8def\u88ab\u62c6\u9664\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7f06\u8f66\u7ebf\u8def<\/a>\u57281962\u5e74\u4fee\u5efa\u3002\u6e21\u8f6e\u8fde\u63a5\u6d77\u4e0a\u7684\u5c9b\u5c7f[274]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u6c34\u8fd0\u4e58\u5ba2\u4eba\u6570\u6025\u5267\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c2014\u5e74\u4e0b\u964d\u81f32011\u5e74\u76841\/900\u30022014\u5e74\u8239\u53ea\u548c\u6e21\u8f6e\u4ec5\u8f7d\u5ba21,200\u4eba\u6b21[239]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8def\u7f51\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\u957f\u4e14\u53d1\u5c55\u56f0\u96be\u548c\u5d0e\u5c96\u7684\u5730\u5f62\u4f7f\u57ce\u5e02\u5185\u7684\u901a\u52e4\u5217\u8f66\uff0c\u5230\u7164\u70ad\uff08\u0423\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f\uff09\u7ad9\uff0c\u88ab\u7528\u4f5c\u57ce\u5e02\u4ea4\u901a\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u6bcf\u5e74\u7684\u5ba2\u8fd0\u91cf\u7ea6\u4e3a670\u4e07\u4eba\u6b21[275]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u7684\u5c45\u6c11\u5728\u5468\u672b\u4e58\u5750\u516c\u5171\u4ea4\u901a\u5de5\u517746.2\u4e07\u4eba\u6b21\uff0c\u5de5\u4f5c\u65e5\u9ad8\u8fbe78.2\u4e07\u4eba\u6b21\uff0c\u6709289\u4e2a\u7ad9\u70b9\u548c\u6362\u4e58\u70b9\uff1b\u8fd0\u8f93\u753121\u5bb6\u79c1\u4eba\u6c7d\u8f66\u8fd0\u8f93\u516c\u53f8\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u7535\u52a8\u8fd0\u8f93\u5f00\u653e\u5f0f\u80a1\u4efd\u516c\u53f8\u8d1f\u8d23\u7f06\u8f66\uff0c\u7535\u8f66\u548c\u65e0\u8f68\u7535\u8f66\uff0c\u83ab\u7279\u5170\u65af\u516c\u53f8\u4e3a\u4e58\u5ba2\u63d0\u4f9b\u6d77\u8239\u548c\u6e21\u8f6e[278]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 3.0\u534f\u8bae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

\u7f06\u8f66<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aI,\u00a0Chakat Rimm<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 3.0\u534f\u8bae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

\u5df4\u58eb<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aHellmaster ru<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

9.3 \u57ce\u9645\u4ea4\u901a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u94c1\u8def<\/a>\u7684\u7ec8\u70b9\u5750\u843d\u5728\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u3002\u5728\u5e02\u5185\u6709\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u7ad9<\/a>\u3001\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6761\u6cb3\u7ad9<\/a>\u548c\u4e4c\u6208\u5229\u7eb3\u4e9a\u7ad9<\/a>\u3002\u6e2f\u533a\u7ed3\u51b0\u671f\u7ea64\u4e2a\u6708\uff0c\u501f\u52a9\u7834\u51b0\u8239<\/a>\u53ef\u5168\u5e74\u901a\u822a\u5317\u51b0\u6d0b<\/a>\u822a\u7ebf\uff1b\u5317\u51b0\u6d0b<\/a>\u822a\u7ebf\u7684\u7ec8\u70b9\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e5f\u662f\u8fdc\u4e1c\u5730\u533a<\/a>\u8fd1\u6d77\u8fd0\u8f93\u4e2d\u5fc3\u53ca\u91cd\u8981\u6e14\u6e2f\u3002[12]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8054\u90a6\u9ad8\u901f\u516c\u8defA370\u516c\u8def\u201c\u4e4c\u82cf\u91cc<\/a>\u201d\u5c06\u7b26\u5e02\u4e0e\u54c8\u5df4\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u514b\u8fde\u63a5\u8d77\u6765\uff0cA188\u516c\u8def\u8fde\u63a5\u7eb3\u970d\u5fb7\u5361\u548c\u4e1c\u90e8\u6e2f\u53e3\uff0c\u4f7f\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u6210\u4e3a\u8fde\u63a5\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u548c\u897f\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4ea4\u901a\u67a2\u7ebd\u3002\u8be5\u5e02\u7684\u94c1\u8def\u7f51\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u91cd\u8fbe8000\u591a\u5428\u7684\u91cd\u578b\u5217\u8f66\u3002\u6bcf\u5e74\u6709\u8d85\u8fc72000\u4e07\u4eba\u6b21\u62b5\u8fbe\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u706b\u8f66\u7ad9[239]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u56fd\u9645\u8fd0\u8f93\u8d70\u5eca<\/a>\u7a7f\u8fc7\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\uff0c\u8d70\u5eca\u7528\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u5317\u90e8\u7701\u4efd\u4e0e\u4e9a\u592a\u5730\u533a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u96c6\u88c5\u7bb1\u8fd0\u8f93\u3002\u8def\u7ebf\u901a\u8fc7\u94c1\u8def\u548c\u516c\u8def\u8fde\u63a5\u7b26\u5e02\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u54c8\u5c14\u6ee8<\/a>\u548c\u7ee5\u82ac\u6cb3<\/a>\u30022015\u5e74\u8fd0\u8f93\u7684\u8d27\u7269\u603b\u91cd\u91cf\u4e3a835.5\u5428[279]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u6e2f\u662f\u8fdc\u4e1c\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8d27\u7269\u8f6c\u8fd0\u6e2f\u4e4b\u4e00[239]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u6e2f\u53e3\u67093\u4e2a\u5ba2\u8fd0\u6cca\u4f4d\u7528\u4e8e\u6d77\u4e0a\u822a\u7ebf\uff0c\u5e76\u6709\u5ba2\u8fd0\u6e21\u8f6e\u548c\u8239\u53ea\u7684\u6cca\u4f4d[239]<\/a><\/sup>\u30022023\u5e745\u6708\uff0c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u6e2f\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u8d38\u8d27\u7269\u4e2d\u8f6c\u53e3\u5cb8\uff0c\u9ed1\u9f99\u6c5f\u7701\u3001\u5409\u6797\u7701\u7684\u5185\u8d38\u8d27\u7269\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd0\u81f3\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u6e2f\uff0c\u518d\u8f6c\u8fd0\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e1c\u5357\u6cbf\u6d77\u6e2f\u53e3\u3002[280]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u56fd\u9645\u673a\u573a<\/a>\u662f\u8fdc\u4e1c\u6700\u5927\u7684\u673a\u573a\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u53ef\u5e38\u5e74\u6027\u76f4\u822a\u4e2d\u56fd<\/a>\u3001\u9999\u6e2f<\/a>\u3001\u65e5\u672c<\/a>\u3001\u97e9\u56fd<\/a>\u3001\u671d\u9c9c<\/a>\u3001\u8d8a\u5357<\/a>\u3001\u6cf0\u56fd<\/a>\u53ca\u53f0\u6e7e<\/a>\u30022012\u5e74APEC\u5cf0\u4f1a\u4f7f\u673a\u573a\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a5\u6536\u6240\u6709\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u98de\u673a\u3002\u822a\u7ebf\u7f51\u7edc\u670930\u591a\u4e2a\u76ee\u7684\u5730\uff0c\u822a\u73ed\u7531\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u822a\u7a7a\u516c\u53f8\u3001S7\u822a\u7a7a\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u5965\u7f57\u62c9\u822a\u7a7a\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u96c5\u5e93\u7279\u822a\u7a7a\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u4e4c\u62c9\u5c14\u822a\u7a7a\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u514b\u62c9\u65af\u8bfa\u4e9a\u5c14\u65af\u514b\u822a\u7a7a<\/a>\u3001IrAero\u3001Pegas Fly\u3001\u97e9\u4e9a\u822a\u7a7a\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u5927\u97e9\u822a\u7a7a\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u9ad8\u4e3d\u822a\u7a7a\u516c\u53f8\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5357\u65b9\u822a\u7a7a\u516c\u53f8\u7b49\u822a\u7a7a\u516c\u53f8\u8fd0\u8425[239]<\/a><\/sup>\u30022016\u5e74\uff0c\u8be5\u673a\u573a\u4e3a182.9\u4e07\u4eba\u6b21\u4e58\u5ba2\u63d0\u4f9b\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u7b2c14\u5927\u6700\u7e41\u5fd9\u7684\u673a\u573a[281]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9.4 Media \u5a92\u4f53<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u8bd1\u8005\u6ce8\uff1a\u672c\u90e8\u5206\u5728\u82f1\u6587\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u4e2d\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u7ae0\u8282\uff0c\u6b64\u5904\u4e3a\u7f16\u8f91\u65b9\u4fbf\u964d\u7ea7\u4e3a\u6b21\u7ea7\u6807\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over fifty newspapers<\/a> and regional editions to Moscow publications are issued in Vladivostok. The largest newspaper of the Primorsky Krai<\/a> and the whole Russian Far East<\/a> is Vladivostok News<\/em> with a circulation of 124,000 copies at the beginning of 1996. Its founder, joint-stock company Vladivostok-News, also issues a weekly English-language newspaper Vladivostok News. The subjects of the publications issued in these newspapers vary from information about Vladivostok and Primorye to major international events. Newspaper Zolotoy Rog<\/em> (Golden Horn<\/em>) gives every detail of economic news. Entertainment materials and cultural news constitute a larger part of Novosti (News) newspaper which is the most popular among Primorye’s young people. Also, new online mass media about the Russian Far East for foreigners is the Far East Times. This source invites readers to take part in the informational support of R.F.E. for visitors, travellers and businessmen. Vladivostok operates many online news agencies, such as NewsVL.ru, Primamedia, Primorye24 and Vesti-Primorye. From 2012 to 2017 there operates youth online magazine Vladivostok-3000.
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u53d1\u884c\u4e86\u4e94\u5341\u591a\u79cd\u62a5\u7eb8\u548c\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u7684\u5730\u533a\u7248\u672c\u3002 \u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u548c\u6574\u4e2a\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u8fdc\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u6700\u5927\u7684\u62a5\u7eb8\u662f\u300a\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u65b0\u95fb\u62a5\u300b\uff0c1996\u5e74\u521d\u53d1\u884c\u91cf\u4e3a12.4\u4e07\u4efd\u3002\u5176\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u80a1\u4efd\u516c\u53f8\u300a\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u65b0\u95fb\u300b\u8fd8\u53d1\u884c\u82f1\u6587\u5468\u62a5\u300a\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u65b0\u95fb\u300b\u3002 \u8fd9\u4e9b\u62a5\u7eb8\u53d1\u884c\u7684\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u4e3b\u9898\u591a\u79cd\u591a\u6837\uff0c\u4ece\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u548c\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5230\u91cd\u5927\u56fd\u9645\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002 \u62a5\u7eb8 Zolotoy Rog\uff08\u91d1\u89d2\u6e7e\uff09\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u65b0\u95fb\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec6\u8282\u3002 \u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u6700\u559c\u7231\u7684\u300a\u65b0\u95fb\u62a5\u300b\u4ee5\u5a31\u4e50\u8d44\u6599\u548c\u6587\u5316\u65b0\u95fb\u4e3a\u4e3b\u3002 \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u9488\u5bf9\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u8fdc\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u7684\u65b0\u5728\u7ebf\u5927\u4f17\u5a92\u4f53\u662f\u300a\u8fdc\u4e1c\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u3002 \u6b64\u6765\u6e90\u9080\u8bf7\u8bfb\u8005\u53c2\u4e0e R.F.E \u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u652f\u6301\u3002 \u9002\u5408\u6e38\u5ba2\u3001\u65c5\u884c\u8005\u548c\u5546\u4eba\u3002 \u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u8fd0\u8425\u7740\u8bb8\u591a\u5728\u7ebf\u901a\u8baf\u793e\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 NewsVL.ru\u3001Primamedia\u3001Primorye24 \u548c Vesti-Primorye\u3002 2012\u5e74\u81f32017\u5e74\u8fd0\u8425\u9752\u5e74\u5728\u7ebf\u6742\u5fd7\u300aVladivostok-3000\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As of 2020, there operate nineteen radio stations, including three 24-hour local stations. Radio VBC (FM 101,7 MHz, since 1993) broadcasts classic and modern rock music, oldies and music of the 1980s\u20131990s. Radio Lemma (FM 102,7 MHz, since 1996) broadcasts news, radio shows and various Russian and European-American songs. Vladivostok FM (FM 106,4 MHz, was launched in 2008) broadcasts local news and popular music (Top 40). The State broadcasting company “Vladivostok” broadcasts local news and music programs from 7 to 9, from 12 to 14 and from 18 to 19 on weekdays on the frequency of Radio Rossii (Radio of Russia).
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u622a\u81f3 2020 \u5e74\uff0c\u5171\u6709 19 \u4e2a\u5e7f\u64ad\u7535\u53f0\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec 3 \u4e2a 24 \u5c0f\u65f6\u672c\u5730\u7535\u53f0\u3002 VBC \u5e7f\u64ad\u7535\u53f0\uff08FM 101,7 MHz\uff0c\u81ea 1993 \u5e74\u8d77\uff09\u64ad\u653e\u7ecf\u5178\u548c\u73b0\u4ee3\u6447\u6eda\u97f3\u4e50\u3001\u8001\u6b4c\u548c 20 \u4e16\u7eaa 80 \u5e74\u4ee3\u81f3 90 \u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u97f3\u4e50\u3002 Radio Lemma\uff08FM 102,7 MHz\uff0c\u81ea 1996 \u5e74\u8d77\uff09\u5e7f\u64ad\u65b0\u95fb\u3001\u5e7f\u64ad\u8282\u76ee\u4ee5\u53ca\u5404\u79cd\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u548c\u6b27\u7f8e\u6b4c\u66f2\u3002 \u6d77\u53c2\u5d34 FM\uff08FM 106,4 MHz\uff0c\u4e8e 2008 \u5e74\u63a8\u51fa\uff09\u5e7f\u64ad\u5f53\u5730\u65b0\u95fb\u548c\u6d41\u884c\u97f3\u4e50\uff08\u524d 40 \u540d\uff09\u3002 \u56fd\u5bb6\u5e7f\u64ad\u516c\u53f8\u201c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u201d\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\u65e5\u7684 7 \u70b9\u81f3 9 \u70b9\u300112 \u70b9\u81f3 14 \u70b9\u548c 18 \u70b9\u81f3 19 \u70b9\u5728 Rossii \u5e7f\u64ad\u7535\u53f0\uff08\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5e7f\u64ad\u7535\u53f0\uff09\u7684\u9891\u7387\u4e0a\u64ad\u653e\u5f53\u5730\u65b0\u95fb\u548c\u97f3\u4e50\u8282\u76ee\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10. \u6587\u5316\u827a\u672f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u662f\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u7684\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002\u8be5\u5e02\u5f00\u8bbe\u4e86\u6570\u5341\u4e2a\u6587\u5316\u673a\u6784\u3001\u535a\u7269\u9986\u3001\u5267\u9662\u3001\u827a\u672f\u753b\u5eca\u3001\u7535\u5f71\u9662\u548c\u7231\u4e50\u4e50\u56e2\u3002\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u662f\u827a\u672f\u9886\u57df\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u827a\u672f\u548c\u97f3\u4e50\u5b66\u6821\uff1b\u8fdc\u4e1c\u56fd\u7acb\u827a\u672f\u5b66\u9662\u5728\u5e02\u5185[282]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u7cfb\u7edf\u5305\u542b27\u4e2a\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\uff0c\u603b\u56fe\u4e66161.63\u4e07\u518c\u3002\u516c\u5171\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u7684\u7528\u6237\u6570\u91cf\u7ea6\u4e3a12\u4e07\u4eba[239]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u6587\u5316\u9057\u4ea7\u5b58\u5728\u5e02\u4e2d\uff0c700\u591a\u4e2a\u5386\u53f2\u6587\u5316\u53e4\u8ff9\uff0c\u5360\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u53e4\u8ff9\u768451.7%\u300215\u4ef6\u662f\u8054\u90a6\u6027\u7684\uff0c583\u4ef6\u662f\u5730\u533a\u6027\u7684\uff0c17\u4ef6\u5177\u6709\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u6587\u5316\u4ef7\u503c[283]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u57ce\u5e02\u8fd8\u5177\u6709\u5f88\u9ad8\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u89c4\u5212\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u5386\u53f2\u5e03\u5c40\u3001\u5efa\u7b51\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u5efa\u7b51\u7fa4\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u5efa\u7b51\u3001\u8003\u53e4\u7eaa\u5ff5\u7891\u548c\u9632\u5fa1\u5de5\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5df2\u6545\u745e\u58eb<\/a>\u6f14\u5458\u5c24\u5c14\u00b7\u4f2f\u8fde\u7eb3<\/a>\u51fa\u751f\u4e8e\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u7ae5\u5e74\u6545\u5c45\u5f97\u5230\u4fdd\u7559\uff0c\u5e76\u6539\u4e3a\u535a\u7269\u9986\u3002\u53f0\u6e7e\u521b\u4f5c\u6b4c\u624b\u5468\u6770\u4f26<\/a>\u4e5f\u4e0e\u5f53\u5730\u4e50\u961f\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u66fe\u5728\u6b64\u62cd\u6444\u6b4c\u66f2\u300a\u501f\u53e3\u300b\u548c\u300a\u6b62\u6218\u4e4b\u6b87\u300b\u7684\u97f3\u4e50\u5f55\u5f71\u5e26\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u5973\u5b50\u5076\u50cf\u7ec4\u5408NGT48<\/a>\u5355\u66f2\u300a\u732e\u7ed9\u4e16\u4eba<\/a>\u300b\u7684\u97f3\u4e50\u5f55\u5f71\u5e26\u4e5f\u5728\u6b64\u62cd\u6444\u3002\u9999\u6e2f\u6b4c\u624b\u51af\u5141\u8c26<\/a>\u4e8e2019\u5e74\u4e5f\u66fe\u5230\u5f53\u5730\u62cd\u6444\u6b4c\u66f2\u300a\u5bfb\u627e\u767d\u91d1\u6c49\u300b\u7684\u97f3\u4e50\u5f55\u5f71\u5e26\uff0c\u7531\u4e50\u961f RubberBand<\/a> \u7684\u4e3b\u97f36\u53f7<\/a>\u62c5\u4efb\u5bfc\u6f14\u3002\u300a\u521b\u9020\u84252021<\/a>\u300b\u91cc\u7684\u5b66\u5458\u5229\u8def\u4fee<\/a>\u7684\u6545\u4e61\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10.1 \u535a\u7269\u9986<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

1884\u5e74\uff0c\u963f\u7a46\u5c14\u5730\u533a\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u535a\u7269\u9986\u963f\u7a46\u5c14\u5730\u533a\u7814\u7a76\u534f\u4f1a\u535a\u7269\u9986\u5728\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u6210\u7acb\u30021891\u5e74\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c55\u89c8\u5f00\u5e55\u3002\u5728\u82cf\u8054\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u6e14\u4e1a\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6d77\u6d0b\u9986\u3001\u0413\u0423\u041c\u5386\u53f2\u535a\u7269\u9986\u3001\u7ea2\u65d7\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u8230\u961f\u519b\u4e8b\u5386\u53f2\u535a\u7269\u9986\u3001\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u7f8e\u672f\u9986\u3001\u8fdc\u4e1c\u56fd\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u5b66\u535a\u7269\u9986\u3001\u8fb9\u9632\u90e8\u961f\u535a\u7269\u9986\u3001\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u8fdc\u4e1c\u5206\u9662\u535a\u7269\u9986\u4ee5\u53ca\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u6d77\u6d0b\u6c34\u65cf\u9986\u7b49[284]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u57ce\u5e02\u6709\u4e24\u6b21\u201c\u535a\u7269\u9986\u70ed\u6f6e\u201d\uff0c\u57281970\u5e74\u4ee3\u548c1990\u5e74\u4ee3\u540e\u534a\u671f\u3002\u4e5d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u89c1\u8bc1\u4e86\u79c1\u4eba\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7684\u9f0e\u76db\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u88ab\u5c01\u5b58\u7684\u535a\u7269\u9986\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8fbe\u5c14\u624e\u6c83\u5fb7\uff08\u0414\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\uff09\u535a\u7269\u9986\uff0c\u6d3b\u52a8\u6062\u590d[285]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u73b0\u4eca\u5e02\u5185\u6709\u516d\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u535a\u7269\u9986\u30022014\u5e74\uff0c\u670955.86\u4e07\u4eba\u53c2\u89c2[239]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u535a\u7269\u9986\u662f\u963f\u5c14\u8c22\u5c3c\u8036\u592b\u8fdc\u4e1c\u5386\u53f2\u535a\u7269\u9986<\/a>\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u963f\u7a46\u5c14\u5730\u533a\u7814\u7a76\u5b66\u4f1a\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u7684\u535a\u7269\u9986\u30022015\u5e74\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u827a\u672f\u62a5\u5c06\u5176\u8bc4\u4e3a\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u53c2\u89c2\u91cf\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5730\u533a\u535a\u7269\u9986\u3002\u53c2\u89c2\u4eba\u6570\u8d85\u8fc742.1\u4e07\u4eba\u6b21[286]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2019\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u8981\u585e\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8054\u90a6\u535a\u7269\u9986\u4fdd\u62a4\u533a\uff0c\u5821\u5792\u7531\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u3001\u90ca\u533a\u548c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5c9b\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u9ad8\u5730\u4e0a\u7684\u8d85\u8fc7800\u4ef6\u7269\u54c1\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u6700\u8fd1\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7269\u54c1\u8fd8\u6709\u5404\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u62e5\u6709\u6743\u5904\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4fdd\u5b58\u72b6\u51b5[287]<\/a><\/sup>\u30022019\u5e749\u67085\u65e5\uff0c\u5728\u4e1c\u65b9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8bba\u575b\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u5185\uff0c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u535a\u7269\u9986\u4fdd\u62a4\u533a\u7684\u9996\u6b21\u535a\u89c8\u4f1a\u5f00\u5e55\u3002\u5821\u5792\u603b\u9762\u79ef250\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73[288]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 3.0\u534f\u8bae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
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\u82cf\u54c8\u8bfa\u592b\u6545\u5c45\u535a\u7269\u9986<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aDaBler<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY 4.0\u534f\u8bae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
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\u5c55\u89c8\u9879\u76ee\u201c\u042d\u043b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0439. \u6765\u81ea\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u7684\u4fe1\u201d<\/p>\n<\/a>
\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1aMil.ru<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC0\u534f\u8bae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
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\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u8981\u585e\u5185\u90e8\u5c55\u89c8<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aA. C. Tatarinov<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

10.2 \u753b\u5eca\u548c\u5c55\u5385<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u827a\u672f\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u53d1\u5c55\u59cb\u4e8e20\u4e16\u7eaa50\u5e74\u4ee3\u30021960\u5e74\uff0c\u5efa\u9020\u4e86\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u4e4b\u5bb6\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u5c55\u89c8\u5385\u30021965\u5e74\uff0c\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7f8e\u672f\u9986\u5206\u79bb\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u513f\u7ae5\u7f8e\u672f\u9986\u3002\u82cf\u8054\u65f6\u671f\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5c55\u89c8\u573a\u6240\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u82cf\u4fc4\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u8054\u76df\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u5206\u90e8\u7684\u5c55\u5385\u30021989\u5e74\uff0c\u963f\u5c14\u7279\u5854\u65e5\uff08\u0410\u0440\u0442\u044d\u0442\u0430\u0436\uff09\u827a\u672f\u753b\u5eca\u5f00\u653e[289]<\/a><\/sup>\u30021995\u5e74\uff0c\u963f\u5c14\u5361\uff08\u0410\u0440\u043a\u0430\uff09\u5f53\u4ee3\u827a\u672f\u753b\u5eca\u5efa\u6210\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6279\u6536\u85cf\u7531\u6536\u85cf\u5bb6\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u00b7\u6234\u7ef4\u591a\u7ef4\u5947\u00b7\u683c\u5217\u6cfd\u5c14\uff08\u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0414\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0413\u043b\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\uff09\u6350\u8d60100\u5e45\u753b\u4f5c[290]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u753b\u5eca\u53c2\u52a0\u56fd\u9645\u5c55\u89c8\u548c\u4ea4\u6613\u4f1a\u30022005\u5e74\uff0c\u975e\u8425\u5229\u79c1\u4eba\u753b\u5eca\u7f57\u4f0a\u9676\uff08\u0420\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0430\u0443\uff09\u51fa\u73b0[273]\u3002\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u5728\u8fdc\u4e1c\u8054\u90a6\u5927\u5b66\u7f8e\u672f\u9986\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u5f53\u4ee3\u827a\u672f\u4e2d\u5fc3\u201c\u76d0\uff08\u0421\u043e\u043b\u044c\uff09\u201d\u548c\u201c\u9ece\u660e\uff08\u0417\u0430\u0440\u044f\uff09\u201d\u6d3b\u8dc3\u8d77\u6765[291]<\/a>[292]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10.3 \u5267\u9662<\/h3>\n\n\n
\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 3.0\u534f\u8bae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

\u6b4c\u5267\u548c\u82ad\u857e\u821e\u5267\u9662<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aBKirienko<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 3.0\u534f\u8bae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

\u9ad8\u5c14\u57fa\u5267\u9662<\/p>\nPavel K\u00a0F pkalac<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u8be5\u5e02\u5171\u6709\u4e94\u4e2a\u4e13\u4e1a\u5267\u9662\u30022014\u5e74\uff0c\u670936.98\u4e07\u4eba\u6b21\u53c2\u89c2[239]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u6208\u5c14\u57fa\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u5b66\u672f\u620f\u5267\u5267\u9662\u662f\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5267\u9662\uff0c\u4e8e1932\u5e7411\u67083\u65e5\u5f00\u653e\u3002\u5267\u9662\u5458\u5de5202\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d41\u540d\u6f14\u5458\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u4e09\u540d\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u7684\u6f14\u5458\u548c\u4e5d\u540d\u8363\u8a89\u827a\u672f\u5bb6[293]<\/a><\/sup>.\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u666e\u5e0c\u91d1\u5267\u9662\u662f\u5728\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u5e02\u515a\u4ee3\u4f1a\u7684\u5021\u8bae\u4e0b\u5efa\u9020\u7684\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u662f\u4e3b\u8981\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u57281930-40\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u8230\u961f\u5267\u573a\u3001\u6ee8\u6d77\u5730\u533a\u65f6\u4ee3\u6728\u5076\u5267\u9662\u548c\u6ee8\u6d77\u65f6\u4ee3\u9752\u5e74\u533a\u5267\u9662\u4e00\u76f4\u5f00\u653e[294]<\/a><\/sup>\u30022015\u5e74\uff0c\u5730\u533a\u6728\u5076\u5267\u9662\u6f14\u51fa484\u573a\uff0c\u89c2\u4f17\u8d85\u8fc75.2\u4e07\u4eba\u6b21\u3002\u5267\u9662\u6709500\u4e2a\u6728\u5076\uff0c15\u4e2a\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u5267\u56e2\u5b9a\u671f\u5de1\u6f14\u6ce2\u5170<\/a>\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u3001\u97e9\u56fd\u548c\u8fdc\u4e1c\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u533a[295]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u7231\u4e50\u4e50\u56e2\u5728\u97f3\u4e50\u5267\u65b9\u9762\u8f83\u4e3a\u77e5\u540d\uff0c\u4e50\u56e2\u662f\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u6700\u5927\u7684\u97f3\u4e50\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002\u5728\u7231\u4e50\u4e50\u56e2\u4e2d\u6709\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u4ea4\u54cd\u4e50\u56e2\u548c\u603b\u7763\u94dc\u7ba1\u4e50\u961f[296]<\/a><\/sup>\u30022013\u5e74\uff0c\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u6b4c\u5267\u82ad\u857e\u821e\u5267\u9662\u5f00\u6f14[297]<\/a><\/sup>\u30022016\u5e741\u67081\u65e5\uff0c\u5b83\u88ab\u6539\u9020\u6210\u9a6c\u6797\u65af\u57fa\u5267\u9662\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u9662\u6ee8\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u821e\u53f0[298]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10.4 \u9a6c\u620f\u56e2<\/h3>\n\n\n
\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 4.0\u534f\u8bae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

Vladivostok Circus\uff08\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u9a6c\u620f\u56e2\uff09<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aAdmiralHood<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u9a6c\u620f\u56e2\u8868\u6f14\u57281885\u5e74\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u7684\u5170\u4f2f\u683c\uff08\u041b\u0430\u043c\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0440\uff09\u9a6c\u620f\u56e2\u4e3e\u884c\u3002\u57ce\u5e02\u5f00\u8bbe\u6709\u5341\u591a\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u9a6c\u620f\u56e2\uff0c\u76f4\u52301973\u5e74\uff0c\u65af\u7ef4\u7279\u5170\u65af\u79d1\u8857\u4e0a\u7684\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u9a6c\u620f\u56e2\u73b0\u4ee3\u5efa\u7b51\u5f00\u653e\u3002\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e08\u662f\u7d22\u00b7\u76d6\u5c14\u5f17\uff08\u0421\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0435\u044f \u0413\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0444\u0435\u0440\uff09\u548c\u4e54\u00b7\u7eb3\u666e\u8fde\u79d1\uff08\u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e\uff09\uff0c\u9996\u5e2d\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e08\u662f\u5f17\u00b7\u8c22\u7c73\u4e9a\u91d1\uff08\u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0428\u0435\u043c\u044f\u043a\u0438\u043d\uff09[299]<\/a><\/sup>\u30022017\u5e7412\u6708\uff0c\u9a6c\u620f\u56e2\u91cd\u5efa\u5b8c\u6210\uff0c12\u670816\u65e5\uff0c\u9996\u573a\u6f14\u51fa\u5728\u7ffb\u65b0\u7684\u5927\u697c\u5185\u4e3e\u884c\uff0c\u9080\u8bf7\u5b64\u513f\u3001\u8d44\u4f18\u513f\u548c\u5efa\u7b51\u5546\u5bb6\u5ead\u89c2\u770b\uff0c\u6b63\u5e38\u6f14\u51fa\u4ece12\u670823\u65e5\u5f00\u59cb\u3002\u9a6c\u620f\u56e2\u7684\u5609\u5bbe\u4eec\u88ab\u8d60\u9001\u89c2\u770b\u201c\u6bcd\u72ee\u7687\u5e1d\u201d\u8282\u76ee[300]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u4e13\u6848\u8ba1\u5212\u4e3a\u9a6c\u620f\u56e2\u5efa\u9020\u4e00\u5bb6\u9152\u5e97\u3001\u4e00\u4e2a\u505c\u8f66\u573a\u548c\u4e00\u5ea7\u9ad8\u67b6\u6865[301]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10.5 \u5f71\u9662<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

2014\u5e74\uff0c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u5171\u670921\u5bb6\u7535\u5f71\u9662\uff0c\u7535\u5f71\u653e\u6620150.1\u4e07\u4eba\u6b21[239]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u6d77\u6d0b\u7535\u5f71\u9662\u3001\u661f\u7cfb\u7535\u5f71\u9662\u3001\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u7535\u5f71\u9662\u3001\u6d77\u738b\u661f3D\u5f71\u9662\u3001\u9b54\u672f\uff08\u0418\u043b\u043b\u044e\u0437\u0438\u043e\u043d\uff09\u5f71\u9662\u548c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u5f71\u9662\u662f\u82cf\u8054\u65f6\u671f\u5efa\u9020\u7684\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u662f\u6d77\u6d0b\u7535\u5f71\u9662\uff0c\u6709\u8fdc\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u6700\u5927\u768422x10m\u8424\u5e55\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4f53\u80b2\u6e2f\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5e02\u4e2d\u5fc3[302]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5b83\u4e0e\u4e4c\u82cf\u91cc\u7535\u5f71\u9662\u4e00\u540c\u662f\u4e00\u5e74\u4e00\u5ea6\u7684\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u7eac\u7ebf\u56fd\u9645\u7535\u5f71\u8282\u81ea2002\u5e74\u8d77\u7684\u4e3e\u529e\u5730[303]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u81ea2014\u5e7412\u670810\u65e5\u8d77\uff0cIMAX 3D\u5f71\u5385\u5728\u6d77\u6d0b\u5f71\u9662\u6295\u5165\u4f7f\u7528[304]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10.6 \u6587\u5316\u8282\u65e5<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u662f\u6d3b\u52a8\u548c\u8282\u65e5\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u4e3e\u529e\u6570\u5341\u4e2a\u8282\u65e5\u3001\u8bba\u575b\u3001\u516c\u5171\u5047\u671f\u548c\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u662f\u4e9a\u592a\u5730\u533a\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u7eac\u7ebf\u56fd\u9645\u7535\u5f71\u8282\u3002\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\u8fd8\u4e3e\u529e\u91cd\u5927\u6d3b\u52a8\u6709\u56fd\u5bb6\u6c11\u4fd7\u8282\u3001\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u51b0\u8dd1\u51b0\u4e0a\u534a\u7a0b\u9a6c\u62c9\u677e\u3001\u201c\u8fdc\u4e1c\u4e4b\u6625\u201d\u53e4\u5178\u97f3\u4e50\u8282\u3001\u8282\u65e5\u201c\u535a\u7269\u9986\u4e4b\u591c\u201d\u3001\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u65c5\u6e38\u8bba\u575b\u3001\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u65f6\u5c1a\u5468\u3001\u7eff\u8272\u9a6c\u62c9\u677e\u3001\u4fc4\u8bed\u7684\u590f\u5929\u3001\u8272\u5f69\u6d12\u7ea2\u8282\u3001V-Rox \u97f3\u4e50\u8282\u3001\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u8981\u585e\u57ce\u5e02\u8282\u3001\u4e1c\u65b9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8bba\u575b\u3001\u201c\u65c5\u884c\u8005\u7684\u4e00\u5929\u201d\u56fd\u9645\u827a\u672f\u8282\u3001\u201c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u7684\u6865\u6881\u201d\u56fd\u9645\u534a\u7a0b\u9a6c\u62c9\u677e\u3001\u53cc\u57ce\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u6587\u5316\u56fd\u9645\u8282\u201c\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u56e2\u7ed3 \u0410\u0422\u0420\u201d\u3001\u56fd\u9645\u7235\u58eb\u97f3\u4e50\u8282\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u6e14\u6c11\u5927\u4f1a[305]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 4.0\u534f\u8bae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

Practicing yoga on\u00a0Yoga Day<\/a>\u00a0in Vladivostok, 2016
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a2016\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\u7684\u745c\u4f3d\u65e5\u7ec3\u4e60\u745c\u4f3d<\/p>\n<\/a>
\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aMohan Yoga India<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

11. \u65c5\u6e38<\/h2>\n\n\n\n