通用汽车 / General Motors(GM) – 中英文维基百科词条融合

By cathayvista企业, 公路交通（汽车）, 制造业, 区域：美国和加拿大, 跨国公司

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A 正文

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A2 不便外发的部分

7. 劳工冲突 | Labor conflicts

General Motors’ American workers are unionized generally under the United Auto Workers (UAW), the primary labor union representing automotive workers in the United States.
【参考译文】美国通用汽车公司的工人通常由全美汽车工人联合会（UAW）组织工会，该工会是美国代表汽车工人的主要劳工组织。

7.1 弗林特静坐罢工 | Flint sit-down strike

Main article: Flint sit-down strike【主条目：弗林特静坐罢工】

图7-1和7-2（发布于知乎想法）

The 1936–1937 Flint sit-down strike against General Motors changed the UAW from a collection of isolated local unions on the fringes of the industry into a major labor union and led to the unionization of the domestic United States automobile industry.
【参考译文】1936年至1937年针对通用汽车公司的弗林特静坐罢工，使全美汽车工人联合会（UAW）从一个处于行业边缘、由众多孤立的地方工会组成的松散集合，蜕变为一个主要的劳工组织，并推动了美国本土汽车工业的全面工会化。

After the first convention of UAW in 1936, the union decided that it could not survive by piecemeal organizing campaigns at smaller plants, as it had in the past, but that it could organize the automobile industry only by going after its biggest and most powerful employer, General Motors, focusing on GM’s production complex in Flint, Michigan.
【参考译文】在1936年UAW首次代表大会之后，工会认识到，像过去那样仅靠对小型工厂进行零敲碎打的组织活动是无法生存的；要想成功组织整个汽车行业，就必须向最大、最强大的雇主——通用汽车公司发起挑战，并将重点放在其位于密歇根州弗林特的生产综合园区。

Organizing in Flint was a difficult and dangerous plan. GM controlled city politics in Flint and kept a close eye on outsiders. According to Wyndham Mortimer, the UAW officer put in charge of the organizing campaign in Flint, he received a death threat by an anonymous caller when he visited Flint in 1936. GM also maintained an extensive network of spies throughout its plants. This forced UAW members to keep the names of new members secret and meeting workers at their homes.
【参考译文】在弗林特开展组织工作是一项极其困难且充满危险的计划。通用汽车不仅掌控着弗林特的地方政治，还对任何外来人员保持着高度警惕。据负责弗林特工运活动的UAW官员温德姆·莫蒂默（Wyndham Mortimer）回忆，他在1936年造访弗林特时，曾接到匿名电话的死亡威胁。此外，通用汽车还在其各工厂内部维持着一个庞大的间谍网络。这迫使UAW成员必须对新会员的身份严格保密，并且只能前往工人的家中与他们秘密会面。

As the UAW studied its target, it discovered that GM had only two factories that produced the dies from which car body components were stamped: one in Flint that produced the parts for Buicks, Pontiacs, and Oldsmobiles, and another in Cleveland that produced Chevrolet parts.
【参考译文】随着UAW对其目标的深入调查，他们发现通用汽车仅有两家工厂负责生产用于冲压车身零部件的模具：一家位于弗林特，为别克（Buick）、庞蒂亚克（Pontiac）和奥兹莫比尔（Oldsmobile）生产零部件；另一家则位于克利夫兰，专门生产雪佛兰（Chevrolet）的零部件。

While the UAW called for a sit-down strike in Flint, the police, armed with guns and tear gas, attempted to enter the Fisher Body 2 plant on January 11, 1937. The strikers inside the plant pelted them with hinges, bottles, and bolts. At the time, Vice President John Nance Garner supported federal intervention to break up the Flint Strike, but this idea was rejected by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The president urged GM to distinguish a union so the plants could re-open. The strike ended after 44 days.
【参考译文】当全美汽车工人联合会（UAW）在弗林特发起静坐罢工时，1937年1月11日，警方全副武装，带着枪支和催泪瓦斯试图强行进入费舍尔车身2号工厂。躲在工厂内的罢工者用铰链、瓶子和螺栓等物品向警方猛烈投掷。当时，美国副总统约翰·南斯·加纳支持联邦政府出面干预以瓦解弗林特罢工，但这一提议遭到了富兰克林·D·罗斯福总统的拒绝。罗斯福敦促通用汽车公司承认工会，以便工厂能够重新开工。这场罢工最终在持续了44天后宣告结束。

That development forced GM to bargain with the union. John L. Lewis, President of the United Mine Workers and founder and leader of the Congress of Industrial Organizations, spoke for the UAW in those negotiations; UAW President Homer Martin was sent on a speaking tour to keep him out of the way. GM’s representatives refused to be in the same room as the UAW, so Governor Frank Murphy acted as a courier and intermediary between the two groups. Governor Murphy sent in the U.S. National Guard not to evict the strikers but rather to protect them from the police and corporate strike-breakers. The two parties finally reached an agreement on February 11, 1937, on a one-page agreement that recognized the UAW as the exclusive bargaining representative for GM’s employees, who were union members for the next six months.[246]
【参考译文】事态的发展迫使通用汽车不得不与工会进行谈判。美国矿工联合会主席、产业工会联合会创始人兼领导人约翰·L·刘易斯代表UAW参与了这些谈判；而UAW主席霍默·马丁则被派去进行巡回演讲，以免他干扰谈判进程。由于通用汽车的代表拒绝与UAW同处一室，密歇根州州长弗兰克·墨菲便充当了双方之间的信使和调停人。墨菲州长还出动了美国国民警卫队，但这并非为了驱逐罢工者，而是为了保护他们免受警察和公司雇佣的破坏罢工者的伤害。1937年2月11日，双方终于达成了一项只有一页纸的协议，正式承认UAW为通用汽车员工的唯一排他性谈判代表，并规定员工在接下来的六个月内加入工会。

7.2 1939年模具与工具工人大罢工 | Tool and die strike of 1939

Main article: Tool and die strike of 1939【主条目：1939年模具与工具工人大罢工】

The tool and die strike of 1939, also known as the “strategy strike”, was an ultimately successful attempt by the UAW to be recognized as the sole representative for General Motors workers. In addition to representation rights, the UAW, working jointly with the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), sought to resolve existing grievances of skilled workers.
【参考译文】1939年的这场模具与工具工人大罢工也被称为“策略性罢工”，是全美汽车工人联合会（UAW）为争取成为通用汽车员工唯一代表而发起的一次最终取得成功的行动。除了争取代表权之外，UAW还与产业工会联合会（CIO）联手，致力于解决技术工人长期以来的各项劳资诉求（或不满）。

7.3 全美汽车工人联合会（UAW）1945–1946年大罢工 | United Auto Workers (UAW) strike of 1945–1946

Main article: 1945-46 United Auto Workers strike【主条目：1945-46年全美汽车工人联合会罢工】

From November 21, 1945, until March 13, 1946, (113 days) the UAW organized “320,000 hourly workers” to form a US-wide strike against the General Motors Corporation, workers used the tactic of the sit down strike.[247] It was “the longest strike against a major manufacturer” that the UAW had yet seen, and it was also “the longest national GM strike in its history”.[247] As director of the UAW’s General Motors Department (coordinator of union relations with GM),[248] Walter Reuther suggested to his colleagues the idea of striking the GM manufacturing plants with a ‘one-at-a-time’ strategy, which was “intended to maximize pressure on the target company”.[247] Reuther also put forth the demands of the strikers: a 30 percent increase in wages and a hold on product prices. However, the strike ended with the dissatisfaction of Walter Reuther and the UAW, and the workers received only a 17.5-percent increase in wages.
【参考译文】从1945年11月21日至1946年3月13日（历时113天），全美汽车工人联合会组织了“32万名计时工人”，针对通用汽车公司发起了一场席卷全美的罢工，工人们在此次行动中采用了静坐罢工的战术。这是当时全美汽车工人联合会迄今为止见过的“针对大型制造商持续时间最长的一次罢工”，同时也是通用汽车历史上“持续时间最长的全国性罢工”。作为全美汽车工人联合会通用汽车部的主管（负责协调工会与通用汽车的关系），沃尔特·路瑟（Walter Reuther）向同事们提出了对通用汽车制造工厂采取“逐个击破”策略的建议，其目的是“最大限度地增加对目标公司的施压”。此外，路瑟还提出了罢工者的诉求：工资上涨30%，并冻结产品价格。然而，这场罢工最终以沃尔特·路瑟和全美汽车工人联合会的失望而告终，工人们仅获得了17.5%的工资涨幅。

7.4 2007年通用汽车大罢工 | 2007 General Motors strike

Main article: 2007 General Motors strike【主条目：2007年通用汽车罢工事件】

The 2007 General Motors strike was a strike from September 24 to 26, 2007, by the UAW against General Motors.
【参考译文】2007年通用汽车罢工是全美汽车工人联合会（UAW）于2007年9月24日至26日期间针对通用汽车发起的一场罢工。

On September 24, 2007, General Motors workers represented by the UAW union went on strike against the company. The first US-wide strike against GM since 1970 was expected to idle 59 plants and facilities for an indefinite period of time. Talks broke down after more than 20 straight days of bargaining failed to produce a new contract. Major issues that proved to be stumbling blocks for an agreement included wages, benefits, job security and investments in US facilities.[249][250][251]
【参考译文】2007年9月24日，由全美汽车工人联合会代表的通用汽车员工正式对公司发起罢工。这是自1970年以来美国首次针对通用汽车的全国性罢工，预计将导致59家工厂和设施无限期停产。在连续20多天的谈判未能达成新合同后，劳资双方的会谈宣告破裂。阻碍双方达成协议的主要问题包括工资、福利、就业保障以及在美国本土工厂的投资等

Two car assembly plants in Oshawa, Ontario and a transmission facility in Windsor closed on September 25. However, on September 26, a tentative agreement was reached, and the strike’s end was announced by UAW officials in a news conference at 4 a.m.[252] By the following day, all GM workers in both countries were back to work.
【参考译文】9月25日，位于加拿大安大略省奥沙瓦的两家汽车装配厂和温莎的一家变速箱工厂被迫关闭。然而到了9月26日，双方达成了一项初步协议，全美汽车工人联合会的官员在凌晨4点的新闻发布会上宣布罢工结束。到第二天，两国的所有通用汽车员工均已全面复工。

7.5 2019年通用汽车大罢工 | 2019 General Motors strike

Main article: 2019 General Motors strike【主条目：2019年通用汽车罢工事件】

On September 15, 2019, after talks broke down to renew their contract, which expired earlier that day, the UAW announced that GM employees would begin striking at 11:59 pm.[253] This strike shut down operations in nine states, including 33 manufacturing plants and 22 parts distribution warehouses.[254] After 40 days, on October 25, 2019, the “longest strike by autoworkers in a decade” and the longest against GM since 1970 came to an end when United Auto Workers members voted to approve a new contract with GM. Striking labor union members received a $275 a week strike pay salary for the duration of the strike.[255] The strike cost GM more than $2 billion.
【参考译文】2019年9月15日，在双方关于续签合同的谈判宣告破裂（该合同于当天早些时候到期）后，全美汽车工人联合会（UAW）宣布通用汽车的员工将从晚上11点59分开始举行罢工。此次罢工导致包括33家制造工厂和22个零部件配送仓库在内的九个州的运营全面停摆。经过40天的抗争，这场“十年来汽车工人持续时间最长的罢工”以及自1970年以来针对通用汽车最长的一次罢工于2019年10月25日落下帷幕，当时全美汽车工人联合会的成员投票批准了与通用汽车的新合同。在罢工期间，参与罢工的工会成员每周可领取275美元的罢工津贴。这场罢工给通用汽车造成了超过20亿美元的经济损失。

7.6 2023年全美汽车工人联合会大罢工 | 2023 United Auto Workers strike

Main article: 2023 United Auto Workers strike【主条目：2023年全美汽车工人联合会罢工事件】

The 2023 strike launched by the UAW was the first strike against all three major American automakers in history. Then-recently elected UAW president Shawn Fain stated that he was “fed up” with the current situation between workers and automakers; Fain specifically blasted the tiered workers system at automakers, failure for automakers to keep wages up with inflation, pensions, as well as the introduction of a four-day workweek as opposed to the five-day workweek. GM CEO Mary Barra protested that her company offered an “unprecedented deal” which gave workers 20% raises as well as “world-class” healthcare. Barra further stated that meeting all 1,000 plus demands would bankrupt the company and cost over $100 billion.[256][257]
【参考译文】由全美汽车工人联合会（UAW）发起的这场2023年大罢工，是美国历史上首次同时针对三大主要汽车制造商的联合罢工。新近当选的UAW主席肖恩·费恩（Shawn Fain）表示，他对工人与汽车制造商之间的现状已经“忍无可忍”；他特别抨击了车企实行的阶梯式薪酬制度、工资未能跟上通货膨胀的步伐以及养老金等问题，并呼吁推行每周四天工作制以取代现有的五天工作制。通用汽车首席执行官玛丽·博拉（Mary Barra）对此提出异议，声称她的公司已经提供了一份“史无前例的协议”，其中包括为工人加薪20%以及提供“世界级”的医疗保健。博拉进一步指出，如果满足工会提出的所有1000多项要求，将导致公司破产，且成本将超过1000亿美元。

8. 争议 | Controversies

8.1 反对环保立法 | Opposition to environmental legislation

General Motors has sought to influence the US and Canadian governments to weaken or remove environmental regulations governing its products in 2025. General Motors supported a Senate vote to repeal the California Air Resources Board‘s Advanced Clean Cars II[258] regulation in May 2025, which would require the company to sell an increasing amount of zero-emissions vehicles in participating US states.[259][260] General Motors is reported to have encouraged employees to privately lobby US senators to oppose the rule,[261] and supported the Transportation Freedom Act,[262] a bill that would repeal the Advanced Clean Cars II rule in March 2025.[263] In Canada, General Motors Canada signed a joint letter issued to Prime Minister Carney requesting the government abandon the Electric Vehicle Availability Standard.[264][265]
【参考译文】2025年，通用汽车试图影响美国和加拿大政府，以削弱或取消针对其产品的环保法规。2025年5月，通用汽车支持参议院投票废除加州空气资源委员会（CARB）的《先进清洁汽车II》（ACC II）法规，该法规要求公司在参与的美国各州销售越来越多的零排放车辆。据报道，通用汽车曾鼓励员工私下向美国参议员进行游说，以反对该规定；此外，在2025年3月，该公司还支持了《交通运输自由法案》（Transportation Freedom Act），该法案旨在废除《先进清洁汽车II》规则。在加拿大，通用汽车加拿大公司签署了一封致总理卡尼（Carney）的联名信，请求政府放弃“电动汽车可用性标准”（Electric Vehicle Availability Standard）。

General Motors is a member of multiple industry associations that have opposed environmental regulations, such as the Alliance for Automotive Innovation,[266] the US Chamber of Commerce,[267] the Truck and Engine Manufacturers Association,[268] and the Business Roundtable,[269] where GM’s CEO Mary Barra is a board member.[270]
【参考译文】通用汽车是多个反对环保法规的行业协会的成员，包括美国汽车创新联盟（Alliance for Automotive Innovation）、美国商会（US Chamber of Commerce）、卡车和发动机制造商协会（Truck and Engine Manufacturers Association）以及商业圆桌会议（Business Roundtable，通用汽车首席执行官玛丽·博拉担任该组织董事会成员）。

8.2 有轨电车阴谋 | Streetcar conspiracy

Main article: General Motors streetcar conspiracy【主条目：通用汽车有轨电车阴谋】

Between 1938 and 1950, GM allegedly deliberately monopolized the sale of buses and supplies to National City Lines (NCL) and its subsidiaries, in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, intending to dismantle streetcar systems in many cities in the United States and make buses, sold by GM, the dominant form of public transport.[citation needed]
【参考译文】据称，在1938年至1950年间，通用汽车故意垄断了向国家城市线路公司（NCL）及其子公司的客车和物资销售。此举违反了《1890年谢尔曼反托拉斯法》（Sherman Antitrust Act），其目的是拆除美国许多城市的有轨电车系统，并使通用汽车销售的公共汽车成为公共交通的主导形式。[需要引证]

8.3 拉尔夫·纳德与雪佛兰克维尔 | Ralph Nader and the Corvair

Main article: Unsafe at Any Speed: The Designed-In Dangers of the American Automobile
【主条目：《任何速度都不安全：美国汽车的设计危险》】

Unsafe at Any Speed: The Designed-In Dangers of the American Automobile by Ralph Nader, published in 1965, is a book accusing car manufacturers of being slow to introduce safety features and reluctant to spend money on improving safety. It relates to the first models of the Chevrolet Corvair (1960–1964) that had a swing axle suspension design that was prone to ‘tuck under’ in certain circumstances. To compensate for the removal of a front stabilizer bar (anti-roll bar) as a cost-cutting measure, Corvairs required tire pressures that were outside of the tire manufacturer’s recommended tolerances. The Corvair relied on an unusually high front to rear pressure differential (15 psi front, 26 psi rear, when cold; 18 psi and 30 psi hot), and if one inflated the tires equally, as was standard practice for all other cars at the time, the result was dangerous over-steer.[271]
【参考译文】由拉尔夫·纳德（Ralph Nader）于1965年出版的著作《任何速度都不安全：美国汽车的设计危险》，指责汽车制造商在引入安全功能方面行动迟缓，且不愿花钱提升车辆的安全性。该书提到了第一代雪佛兰克维尔（1960-1964年款），这些车型采用了摆动轴悬架设计，在某些情况下容易发生“内缩”现象。作为削减成本的措施，该车取消了前稳定杆（防倾杆），为了弥补这一改动，克维尔要求轮胎气压必须保持在超出轮胎制造商建议公差的范围之外。这款车的独特之处在于其前后轮胎压差异常偏高（冷车状态下为前轮15 psi、后轮26 psi；热车状态下为前轮18 psi、后轮30 psi）。如果按照当时所有其他汽车的标准做法将四个轮胎充入相同的气压，就会导致危险的转向过度。

In early March 1966, several media outlets, including The New Republic and The New York Times, reported that GM had tried to discredit Ralph Nader, hiring private detectives to tap his phones and investigate his past, and hiring prostitutes to trap him in compromising situations.[272][273] Nader sued the company for invasion of privacy and settled the case for $425,000. Nader’s lawsuit against GM was ultimately decided by the New York Court of Appeals, whose opinion in the case expanded tort law to cover “overzealous surveillance”.[274] Nader used the proceeds from the lawsuit to start the pro-consumer Center for Study of Responsive Law.
【参考译文】1966年3月初，包括《新共和》和《纽约时报》在内的多家媒体报道称，通用汽车试图抹黑拉尔夫·纳德，不仅雇佣私家侦探窃听他的电话并调查他的背景，还雇佣妓女设局让他陷入身败名裂的境地。随后，纳德以“侵犯隐私”为由将该公司告上法庭，最终双方以42.5万美元达成和解。纳德起诉通用汽车的案件最终由纽约州上诉法院作出裁决，该法院在判决意见中扩大了侵权法的适用范围，将“过度监视”也纳入了管辖范畴。事后，纳德利用这笔诉讼赔偿金创立了亲消费者的“责任法律研究中心”（Center for Study of Responsive Law）。

A 1972 safety commission report conducted by Texas A&M University concluded that the 1960–1963 Corvair possessed no greater potential for loss of control than its contemporary competitors in extreme situations.[275] The United States Department of Transportation (DOT) issued a press release in 1972 describing the findings of NHTSA testing from the previous year. NHTSA conducted a series of comparative tests in 1971 studying the handling of the 1963 Corvair and four contemporary cars – a Ford Falcon, Plymouth Valiant, Volkswagen Beetle, and Renault Dauphine – along with a second-generation Corvair (with its completely redesigned, independent rear suspension). The 143-page report reviewed NHTSA’s extreme-condition handling tests, national crash-involvement data for the cars in the test as well as General Motors’ internal documentation regarding the Corvair’s handling.[276]
【参考译文】1972年，由得克萨斯农工大学（Texas A&M University）进行的一项安全委员会报告得出结论：在极端情况下，1960至1963年款的克维尔（Corvair）发生失控的可能性并不比其同时代的竞争对手更大。美国交通部（DOT）于1972年发布了一份新闻稿，阐述了前一年国家公路交通安全管理局（NHTSA）的测试结果。1971年，NHTSA进行了一系列对比测试，研究了1963款克维尔与四款同时代车型——福特猎鹰（Ford Falcon）、普利茅斯勇士（Plymouth Valiant）、大众甲壳虫（Volkswagen Beetle）和雷诺多芬（Renault Dauphine），以及第二代克维尔（采用了完全重新设计的独立后悬架）的操控性能。这份长达143页的报告审查了NHTSA在极端条件下的操控测试、参与测试车辆的全国车祸数据，以及通用汽车内部关于克维尔操控性的相关文档。

In 1980, former GM executive John DeLorean wrote in his book On a Clear Day You Can See General Motors that Nader’s criticisms were valid.[277]
【参考译文】1980年，通用汽车前高管约翰·德罗宁（John DeLorean）在其著作《晴日里又见通用汽车》（On a Clear Day You Can See General Motors）中写道，纳德（Nader）的批评是合理的。

Journalist David E. Davis said that despite Nader’s claim that swing-axle rear suspension were dangerous, Porsche, Mercedes-Benz, and Volkswagen all used similar swing-axle concepts during that era.[278]
【参考译文】记者大卫·E·戴维斯（David E. Davis）表示，尽管纳德声称摆动轴后悬架存在危险，但在当时的时代背景下，保时捷、梅赛德斯-奔驰和大众汽车都采用了类似的摆动轴概念。

8.4 麦吉诉通用汽车公司案 | Mcgee v. General Motors Corp.

This section is an excerpt from Mcgee v. General Motors Corp..
【参考译文】本段内容摘自“麦吉诉通用汽车公司案”

McGee v. General Motors was a 1998 court case in which the jury awarded plaintiffs Robert and Connie McGee $60 million.[279] The trial revealed hidden information about a General Motors fuel tank design. General Motors (GM) was alleged to have sacrificed vehicle safety measures in favor of additional profit.[279] This case was featured on CNN, 60 Minutes, The New York Times, and USA Today.[279]
【参考译文】“麦吉诉通用汽车案”是1998年的一起诉讼案件，陪审团最终裁定原告罗伯特·麦吉（Robert McGee）和康妮·麦吉（Connie McGee）胜诉，并获赔6000万美元。庭审揭露了关于通用汽车燃油箱设计的隐瞒信息。原告方指控通用汽车为了获取更多利润而牺牲了车辆的安全措施。这起案件曾受到CNN、《60分钟》（60 Minutes）、《纽约时报》以及《今日美国》（USA Today）等多家媒体的报道与关注。

8.5 种族隔离制度 | Apartheid

In 2002, GM (along with other multinational corporations) was sued by a group of South Africans represented by the Khulumani Support Group.[280] The plaintiffs alleged that the company provided vehicles to the South African security forces during the Apartheid. The company settled with the plaintiffs in 2012, agreeing to pay a sum of up to $1.5 million.[281]
【参考译文】2002年，由“库卢马尼支持小组”（Khulumani Support Group）代表的一群南非人起诉了通用汽车（GM）及其他跨国公司。原告指控该公司在种族隔离时期曾向南非安全部队提供车辆。2012年，该公司与原告达成和解，同意支付最高达150万美元的赔偿金。

8.6 点火开关召回事件 | Ignition switch recall

Main article: General Motors ignition switch recalls【主条目：通用汽车点火开关召回事件】

In May 2014, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration fined the company $35 million for failing to recall cars with faulty ignition switches for a decade, despite knowing there was a problem with the switches. There were 124 deaths linked to General Motors’ deliberate failure to recall the cars, and the company paid compensation as a result:[282] the $35 million fine was the maximum the regulator could impose.[283] The total cost of the recall was estimated to be $1.5 billion.[144] As well as the Cobalts, the switches of concern had been installed in many other cars, such as the Pontiac G5, the Saturn Ion, the Chevrolet HHR, the Saturn Sky, and Pontiac Solstice. The recall involved about 2.6 million GM cars worldwide.[284]
【参考译文】2014年5月，美国国家公路交通安全管理局（NHTSA）对该公司处以3500万美元的罚款，原因是通用汽车在明知点火开关存在问题的情况下，长达十年未能召回装有故障点火开关的车辆。由于通用汽车蓄意隐瞒并拒绝召回，该缺陷共导致124人死亡，公司也因此支付了相应的赔偿金：这3500万美元是该监管机构所能开出的最高罚款金额。此次召回事件的总成本估计高达15亿美元。除了雪佛兰科宝（Cobalts）之外，这种有隐患的点火开关还被安装在了许多其他车型上，如庞蒂亚克G5、土星Ion、雪佛兰HHR、土星Sky以及庞蒂亚克Solstice等。此次全球范围内的召回涉及约260万辆通用汽车。

8.7 维吾尔族强迫劳动 | Forced Uyghur labor

In 2020, the Australian Strategic Policy Institute accused at least 82 major brands, including General Motors, of being connected to forced Uyghur labor in Xinjiang.[285]
【参考译文】2020年，澳大利亚战略政策研究所指控至少82个主要品牌，包括通用汽车，与新疆的强迫维吾尔劳动有关。[285]

8.8 向保险公司出售驾驶员数据 | Sale of driver data to insurance companies

General Motors has come under criticism for collecting highly detailed driver data and selling the personal information to insurance companies without consumers’ consent or knowledge. Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton sued General Motors on August 13, 2024, alleging that General Motors sold the information to at least two companies, LexisNexis Risk Solutions and Verisk Analytics, who then sold the information to insurance companies.[286][287]
【参考译文】通用汽车因在未经消费者同意或知情的情况下，收集高度详细的驾驶员数据并将个人信息出售给保险公司而备受批评。2024年8月13日，得克萨斯州总检察长肯·帕克斯顿（Ken Paxton）起诉了通用汽车，指控其将这些信息至少出售给了两家公司——律商联讯风险解决方案公司（LexisNexis Risk Solutions）和威睿思分析公司（Verisk Analytics），随后这两家公司又将信息转卖给了各大保险公司。

B 参见、参考文献、外部链接（发布于辽观网站）

B1 参见（维基百科的相关词条）| See also

B2 英文词条参考文献（与文中标号对应）| References

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B3 中文词条参考文献（与文中标号对应）

  1. ^ General Motors | 2023 Fortune Global 500. Fortune. [September 18, 2023]. （原始内容存档于2019-02-15） （英语）.
  2. ^ Fortune 500: General Motors. （原始内容存档于January 14, 2023）.
  3. ^ Bunkley, Nick. Toyota Ahead of G.M. in 2008 Sales有限度免费查阅，超限则需付费订阅. The New York Times. January 21, 2009 [2025-08-11]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-06）.
  4. ^ U.S. light vehicle market share by automotive manufacturers. Statista.
  5. ^ Isidore, Chris. GM sells 10 million cars for first time thanks to China. CNN. 2017-02-07 [April 3, 2018]. （原始内容存档于2019-09-24）.
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  7. ^ Szczesny, Joseph. Milestone: China Is General Motors’ Biggest Market. US: CNBC. July 8, 2013 [November 19, 2018]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-25）.
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B4 延伸阅读 | Further reading

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