中文词条原文链接(无法从中国内地访问):请点击这里访问
英文词条原文链接(无法从中国内地访问):请点击这里访问
本文基于英文词条的线索,并补充部分来自中文词条的内容(在二者冲突时,以更晚更新者为准)。 辽观搬运时进行了必要的合规化处理,以使其能够在中国内地上传。部分文字采用汉语拼音方式代替,音节后的数字表示汉语拼音规则中的声调。关于辽观的维基百科搬运计划,及其他已搬运的词条,请点击这里了解更多。维基百科(Wikipedia)是美国维基媒体基金会的互联网百科项目,其内容可能受到立场、信息来源等因素影响,请客观看待。正文内容不代表译者观点。
辽观提供的翻译仅供参考。文中可能包含无法从中国内地访问的链接。
辽观所搬运的词条文本与维基百科一道同样遵循CC BY-SA 4.0协议(辽观搬运的中英文对照版本),在符合协议要求的情况下您可以免费使用其内容(包括商用)。图片和视频可能遵循不同的共享协议。请点击这里访问
目录
0. 概述
辽观注:此标题是我们搬运、整合过程中添加的。
中国进出口银行(简称进出口银行、中出行,英语:The Export-Import Bank of China,缩写:CEXIM)是直属中华人民共和国国务院领导,由政府全资拥有、具有独立法人地位的国有政策性银行,其国际信用评级与国家主权评级一致。进出口银行创立的目的是为了解决当时中华人民共和国在扩大出口和吸引外资两方面的外贸需求,也是为适应建立社会主义市场经济体制的需要,加快金融体制改革,实行政策性金融业务与商业性金融业务分离的重大举措之一。
The Export–Import Bank of China (中国进出口银行; Exim Bank) is a policy bank of China under the State Council. Established in 1994, the bank was chartered to implement the state policies in industry, foreign trade, economy, and foreign aid to other developing countries, and provide policy financial support so as to promote the export of Chinese products and services.[1]
【参考译文】中国进出口银行(简称“进出口银行”)是隶属于国务院的政策性银行。该行成立于1994年,其宗旨是贯彻国家在产业、对外贸易、经济以及对其他发展中国家的对外援助等方面的政策,提供政策性金融支持,以促进中国产品和服务的出口。[1]
| 简称 | 进出口银行 |
|---|---|
| 支付系统行号 | 202100000003 |
| SWIFT识别码 | EIBCCNBJ |
| 金融许可证机构编码 | A0003H111000001 |
| 统一社会信用代码 | 91100000100016448C (查) |
| 银行类别 | 政策性银行 |
| 开设日期 | 1994年6月16日(31年前) |
| 邮政编码 | 100031 |
| 总部地址 | 北京市西城区复兴门内大街30号 |
| 标语口号 | 伴你走向世界 助你领先全球 |
| 董事长 | 陈怀宇 |
| 行长 | 王春英 |
| 年营业额 | ▼218.45亿元人民币(2020)[1] |
| 息税前利润 | ▲74.78亿元人民币(2020)[1] |
| 净利润 | ▼56.38亿元人民币(2016)[1] |
| 总资产 | ▲50438.28亿元人民币(2020)[1] |
| 股东权益 | ▲3194.42亿元人民币(2020)[1] |
| 实收资本额 | ━ 1500亿元人民币(2016)[1] |
| 员工人数 | 3,036(2016)[1] |
| 主要股东 | 梧桐树投资平台有限责任公司89.26% 中华人民共和国财政部10.74% |
| 主要子公司 | 上海盛盈房地产有限公司银鼎控股有限公司欧鼎控股有限公司美鼎控股有限公司 |
| 网站 | http://www.eximbank.gov.cn/ |
1. 使命 | Mission
The bank is a policy bank and along with other Chinese policy institutions like China Development Bank and Sinosure implement the economic policies of the government. The focus of the bank is facilitate Chinese companies’ exports.[2]: 74 Commercial lending forms the backbone of the bank. Commercial activity includes export credits mainly in the infrastructure fields (roads, power plants, oil and gas pipelines, telecom, and water projects) and investment loans for Chinese businesses to establish overseas in the energy, mining and industrial sectors.[3] Another function is to administer concessional loans which are no interest or very low interest loans provided as foreign aid by the Chinese government. Exim is the sole provider of Chinese government concessional loans.[3]
【参考译文】该银行是一家政策性银行,与中国国家开发银行、中国出口信用保险公司(Sinosure)等其他中国政策性机构共同执行政府的经济政策。该银行的重点是促进中国企业的出口。商业贷款构成了该银行业务的支柱,其商业活动主要包括基础设施领域(如公路、发电厂、石油和天然气管道、电信以及水利项目)的出口信贷,以及为中国企业在海外能源、采矿和工业领域的投资提供贷款。另一项职能是管理由中国政府提供的优惠贷款,即作为对外援助的无息或低息贷款。进出口银行是唯一提供中国政府优惠贷款的机构。
Exim Bank does not publish figures for overseas loans. However, U.S. officials estimate that it finances more than the total export financing of the Group of Seven industrialized nations combined.[4] The Financial Times estimates that in 2009 and 2010, Exim Bank and China Development Bank (CDB) together signed loans of at least $110 billion to other developing country governments and companies, more than the World Bank over a similar period.[5]
【参考译文】进出口银行不公布其海外贷款的具体数据。然而,美国官员估计,其融资总额超过了七国集团(G7)所有工业化国家出口融资的总和。《金融时报》估计,在2009年和2010年期间,进出口银行与中国国家开发银行(CDB)共同向其他发展中国家的政府和企业提供了至少1100亿美元的贷款,超过了同期世界银行的贷款总额。
In 2014, CIC contributed some of the initial capital for the Silk Road Fund.[6]: 221 Along the CDB and the Silk Road Fund, Exim Bank is one of the primary financing sources for Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) development projects in Africa.[7]: 245
【参考译文】2014年,中国投资有限责任公司(CIC)为丝路基金的初始资本做出了部分贡献。与国家开发银行及丝路基金一起,进出口银行是非洲“一带一路”倡议(BRI)发展项目的主要资金来源之一。
Rival export financing institutions that have seen a decline in influence, such as the U.S. Export–Import Bank through Chairman Fred Hochberg, have complained that Exim Bank doesn’t follow the export financing guidelines promulgated by the OECD and so has an unfair advantage.[4]
【参考译文】一些影响力已下降的竞争性出口融资机构,例如美国进出口银行(时任主席为弗雷德·霍克伯格),曾抱怨称,进出口银行不遵守经合组织(OECD)颁布的出口融资准则,因此拥有不公平的优势。
2. 历史沿革
- 1986年,佟志广(进出口银行首任董事长,时任香港华润集团总经理)受香港出口信用保险局启发,认为有必要开设一家中华人民共和国的出口信用机构。
- 1991年,佟志广到中华人民共和国对外贸易经济合作部就职,作为第二任中国“复关”首席谈判代表,他意识到进出口银行的建立迫在眉睫[2]。
- 1994年4月26日,根据《国务院关于组建中国进出口银行的通知》(国发《1994》20号),中国进出口银行正式组建。组建单位为中华人民共和国财政部、中华人民共和国对外贸易经济合作部和中国银行。
- 1994年7月1日,进出口银行正式开业。
2.1 资本化 | Capitalization
Exim Bank was established in 1994.[8]: 209
【参考译文】进出口银行成立于1994年。
Exim Bank implemented a bond auction in 1999.[2]: 36
【参考译文】1999年,进出口银行实施了债券发行。
In 2015, China used its foreign exchange reserves to recapitalize Exim Bank, which in turn empowered it to make significant foreign loans.[9]: 70
【参考译文】2015年,中国利用其外汇储备对进出口银行进行注资重组,从而使其具备了提供巨额对外贷款的能力。
Exim Bank is entirely state-owned.[2]: 85 As of 2019, its majority owner is Buttonwood Investment Holding Company Ltd. (which is in turn owned by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange) and the Ministry of Finance is a minority owner.[2]: 85
【参考译文】进出口银行为完全国有。截至2019年,其主要股东为“中汇投资控股有限公司”(该公司由国家外汇管理局全资拥有),财政部为少数股东。
2.2 业务发展
中国进出口银行成立之初是为了支持机电产品和成套设备等资本性货物的出口,相应地开办了出口信贷业务。1995年中华人民共和国援外体制改革,进出口银行开始承办援外优惠贷款及转贷业务。1996年,开办了加工贸易贷款业务。1999年,开始提供对高新技术产品出口贷款的支持。在中国加入世界贸易组织后,按照走出去战略,在境内开设营业机构,并开办了国际国内结算和企业存款业务。
截至目前,进出口银行在中华人民共和国大陆境内设有29家营业性分支机构;在香港特别行政区设有香港代表处;在境外设有巴黎分行、东南非代表处、圣彼得堡代表处以及西北非代表处;与1000多家银行的总分支机构建立了代理行关系。
2017年4月26日,交通银行与中国进出口银行在北京签署战略合作协议,双方将进一步加强在银团贷款、结算代理、贸易融资等领域的合作[4]。
3. 业务范围
中国进出口银行的经营宗旨随着国家战略的调整而做出相应的变化,目前其业务范围主要为[3]:
- 经批准办理配合国家对外贸易和“走出去”领域的短期、中期和长期贷款,含出口信贷、进口信贷、对外承包工程贷款、境外投资贷款、中国政府援外优惠贷款和优惠出口买方信贷等;
- 办理国务院指定的特种贷款;
- 办理外国政府和国际金融机构转贷款(转赠款)业务中的三类项目及人民币配套贷款;
- 吸收授信客户项下存款;
- 发行金融债券;
- 办理国内外结算和结售汇业务;
- 办理保函、信用证、福费廷等其他方式的贸易融资业务;
- 办理与对外贸易相关的委托贷款业务;
- 办理与对外贸易相关的担保业务;
- 办理经批准的外汇业务;
- 买卖、代理买卖和承销债券;
- 从事同业拆借、存放业务;
- 办理与金融业务相关的资信调查、咨询、评估、见证业务;
- 办理票据承兑与贴现;
- 代理收付款项及代理保险业务;
- 买卖、代理买卖金融衍生产品;
- 资产证券化业务;
- 企业财务顾问服务;
- 组织或参加银团贷款;
- 海外分支机构在进出口银行授权范围内经营当地法律许可的银行业务;
- 按程序经批准后以子公司形式开展股权投资及租赁业务;
- 经国务院银行业监督管理机构批准的其他业务。
4. 对外援助与发展援助 | Foreign aid and development assistance
The bank is a part of the Chinese foreign aid system and administers the Two Preferential Loan Program (两优贷款业务; liangyou).[2]: 74 The concessional loan (优惠贷款) and preferential buyer’s credit (优惠买方信贷) are the two main loan products under the preferential loan program.[10] Exim Bank’s Sovereign Business Loan Department manages these loans.[2]: 74 These two types of loans are a major part of the financing support for the BRI.[11]
【参考译文】该银行是中国对外援助体系的一部分,负责管理“两优贷款”业务。优惠贷款和优惠买方信贷是“两优贷款”项目下的两大主要贷款产品。进出口银行的主权业务贷款部门负责管理这些贷款。这两类贷款是“一带一路”倡议融资支持的重要组成部分。
For concessional loans the bank advances a no interest or very low interest rate loan to a developing country government or agency to build a project (e.g. power plant, road, water treatment facility). The term of the concession loan is up to 20 years and a maximum grace period of 7 years is given. The preferential export buyer’s credit is provided to a foreign borrower to purchase Chinese goods or services (e.g. construction contractor building the project). Concessional loans are a form of foreign aid and subsidized by the Chinese government revenues.[2]: 74 They are denominated in renminbi.[2]: 74
【参考译文】对于优惠贷款,该银行向发展中国家政府或机构提供无息或极低利率的贷款,用于建设特定项目(例如发电厂、公路、污水处理设施)。优惠贷款期限最长可达20年,并可给予最长7年的宽限期。优惠出口买方信贷则提供给外国借款人,用于购买中国的商品或服务(例如由中国承包商承建项目)。优惠贷款属于对外援助形式,由中国的财政收入进行补贴,以人民币计价。
Preferential buyers’ credits are denominated in U.S. dollars.[2]: 74 Although their conditions are concessional, they are not subsidized by tax revenues.[2]: 74 The preferential export buyer’s credit is generally classified as a commercial loan rather than foreign aid even if the interest rate is very low because the purpose is to promote Chinese exports.[12]
【参考译文】优惠买方信贷以美元计价。尽管其贷款条件具有优惠性质,但并未使用税收收入进行补贴。由于其目的是促进中国出口,因此即使利率很低,优惠出口买方信贷通常被归类为商业贷款而非对外援助。
During the Covid pandemic, the bank granted the government of Angola an undisclosed amount of debt relief.[13]
【参考译文】在新冠疫情期间,该银行向安哥拉政府提供了数额未公开的债务减免。
In 2022, the bank signed an agreement with Hong Kong realtor group ESR Group and to invest in ASEAN infrastructure projects.[14]
【参考译文】2022年,该银行与香港房地产集团ESR集团签署协议,共同投资东盟基础设施项目。
In 2023, the Exim Bank has agreed to support Sri Lanka’s debt restructuring efforts. The news follow’s India’s promise to also support Sri Lanka through the debt restructuring program.[15][16][17]
【参考译文】2023年,进出口银行同意支持斯里兰卡的债务重组工作。此举紧随印度承诺通过债务重组计划支持斯里兰卡之后。
The bank has provided more than $1 billion in loans to the Maldives for upgrading infrastructure, including upgrading an airport, bridge construction, and relocating the country’s port.[18]: 112
【参考译文】该银行已向马尔代夫提供了超过10亿美元的贷款,用于升级基础设施,包括机场升级、桥梁建设和国家港口搬迁。
4.1 斯里兰卡 | Sri Lanka
Beginning in the early 2000s, the Sri Lankan government sought to obtain funding from international creditors to develop Hambantota.[2] The Sri Lankan government sought funding for the Hambantota Port project form both the United States and India, which both declined.[2]: 93
【参考译文】从21世纪初开始,斯里兰卡政府寻求国际债权人的资金以开发汉班托塔地区。斯里兰卡政府曾向美国和印度寻求汉班托塔港项目的资金,但均遭拒绝。
After India declined to fund development of the port, Sri Lanka next sought funding from China.[19] In July 2006, Sri Lankan foreign minister Mangala Samaraweera met in China with Exim Bank president Li Ruogu.[2]: 93 After this visit, Sri Lanka and China agreed that both countries would encourage Chinese companies to participate in the port project and encourage the use of concessional loans from China to finance the project.[20][2]: 93 Sri Lankan President Rajapaksa visited China in February 2007 and the visit resulted in China’s decision to fund the port development.[2]: 93–94
【参考译文】在印度拒绝为港口建设提供资金后,斯里兰卡转而向中国寻求资金支持。2006年7月,斯里兰卡外长芒古拉·萨马拉维拉在中国会见了进出口银行行长李若谷。此次访问后,中斯两国同意鼓励中国企业参与港口项目,并利用中国的优惠贷款为该项目融资。2007年2月,斯里兰卡总统拉贾帕克萨访华,此行促成了中国决定资助港口开发。
In 2023, Exim Bank provided Sri Lanka with an extension on Sri Lankan debt due in 2022 and 2023.[2]: 137
【参考译文】2023年,进出口银行为斯里兰卡提供了延期偿还2022年和2023年到期债务的安排。
5. 组织结构 | Organizational structure
5.1 内部部门 | Internal Departments
- Executive Office【行长办公室】
- Human Resources Department【人力资源部】
- Business Development & Innovation Department【业务发展与创新部】
- Corporate Business Department【公司业务部】
- Shipping Financing Department【船舶融资部】
- Onlending Department【转贷部】
- Planning & Financial Management Department【规划财务部】
- Evaluation Department【评估部】
- Auditing Department【审计部】
- Legal Affairs Department【法律事务部】
- International Business Department【国际业务部】
- Risk Management Department【风险财务部】
- Administrative Department【行政管理部】
- Supervision Office【监察办公室】
- Economic Research Department【经济研究部】
- Department of Special Account Financing【特别账户融资部】
- Corporate Business Department【公司业务部(原文重复)】
- Concessional Loan Department【优惠贷款部】
- Treasury Department【资金部】
- Information Technology Department【信息技术部】
- Compliance Department【合规部】
- Accounting Department【会计部】
- Workers Union【工会】
- Software Development Department【软件开发部】
- Party & League Affairs Department【党群工作部】
5.2 境内分支机构 | Mainland branches
There are a total of 21 branches of the bank, in Anhui, Beijing, Chengdu, Chongqing, Dalian, Fujian, Guangdong, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Nanjing, Ningbo, Qingdao, Shanghai, Shanxi, Shenzhen, Tianjin, Xiamen, Xi’an, Xinjiang, Yunnan, and Zhejiang.[21]
【参考译文】该银行在全国共设有21家分行,分别位于安徽、北京、成都、重庆、大连、福建、广东、黑龙江、湖北、湖南、江苏、南京、宁波、青岛、上海、山西、深圳、天津、厦门、西安、新疆、云南和浙江。
5.3 董事会 | Board of Directors
Exim Bank has a twelve-member board of directors.[2]: 85 Two are the executives in charge of managing Exim Bank.[2]: 85 Six are directors from the agencies that hold shares of Exim Bank.[2]: 85 The four “government-ministry directors” come from the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Commerce, and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange.[2]: 85
【参考译文】中国进出口银行董事会由十二名成员组成。其中两名是负责管理进出口银行的高管人员。六名为持有进出口银行股份的机构派出的董事。另外四名为“政府部委董事”,分别来自国家发展和改革委员会、财政部、商务部以及国家外汇管理局。
5.4 董事长 | Chairmen
| Name (English) 【姓名(英文)】 | Name (Chinese) 【姓名(中文)】 | Tenure begins 【任期开始于】 | Tenure ends 【任期结束于】 | Note 【备注】 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tong Zhiguang | 佟志广 | 1994 | 1998 | [2]: 83 |
| Zhou Keren [zh] | 周可仁 | 1998 | 1999 | [2]: 83 |
| Yang Zilin [zh] | 羊子林 | 1999 | 2005 | [2]: 83 |
| Li Ruogu | 李若谷 | 2005 | 2015 | [2]: 83 |
| Hu Xiaolin | 胡晓炼 | 2015 | 2022 | [2]: 83 |
| Wu Fulin | 吴富林 | June 2022 | [2]: 83 [22] |
5.5 行长 | Governors
| Name (English) 【姓名(英文)】 | Name (Chinese) 【姓名(中文)】 | Tenure begins 【任期开始于】 | Tenure ends 【任期结束于】 | Note 【备注】 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ren Shengjun [zh] | 任生俊 | August 2022 | August 2024 | |
| Wang Chunying | 王春英 | 21 October 2024 | [23] |
相关条目 | See also
- 中国农业发展银行
- 走出去战略
- 中华人民共和国对外国的援助
- 一带一路
- China International Development Cooperation Agency【中国政府对外援助机构】
- Banking in China【中国的银行业】
- History of Banking in China【中国的银行业的历史】
相关国家或地区的类似机构:
英文词条参考文献 | References
- ^ “Brief Introduction – The Export-Import Bank of China”. Archived from the original on 2019-05-12. Retrieved 2017-04-01.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Chen, Muyang (2024). The Latecomer’s Rise: Policy Banks and the Globalization of China’s Development Finance. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. ISBN 9781501775857. JSTOR 10.7591/jj.6230186.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Wang, Jian-Ye (October 2007). What Drives China’s Growing Role in Africa? (PDF). IMF Working Paper.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Reddy, Sudeep (12 January 2011). “U.S. Export Financing Challenges China”. Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
- ^ Dyer, Geoff; Anderlini, Jamil; Sender, Henny (17 January 2011). “China’s lending hits new heights”. Financial Times. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
- ^ Lin, Shuanglin (2022). China’s Public Finance: Reforms, Challenges, and Options. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-009-09902-8.
- ^ Murphy, Dawn (2022). China’s Rise in the Global South: the Middle East, Africa, and Beijing’s Alternative World Order. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1-5036-3009-3.
- ^ Lin, Shuanglin (2022). China’s Public Finance: Reforms, Challenges, and Options. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-009-09902-8.
- ^ Liu, Zongyuan Zoe (2023). Sovereign Funds: How the Communist Party of China Finances its Global Ambitions. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. doi:10.2307/jj.2915805. ISBN 9780674271913. JSTOR jj.2915805. S2CID 259402050.
- ^ Handbook on China and Developing Countries. 2015. p. 207.
- ^ Normative Readings of the Belt and Road Initiative: Road to New Paradigms. Springer International Publishing. 2018. p. 119. ISBN 978-3-319-78017-7.
- ^ “Export Finance Activities by the Chinese Government” (PDF). European Parliament. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-08-19. Retrieved 2019-12-01.
- ^ “Angola looks at refinancing as it faces higher repayments on Chinese loans”. South China Morning Post. March 11, 2022. Archived from the original on April 9, 2022. Retrieved April 9, 2022.
- ^ “ESR, China Eximbank close US$1 billion infra fund”. theasset.com. Archived from the original on 2022-12-05. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
- ^ “After India, China gives financing assurances to Sri Lanka for IMF bailout package”. Business Today. 2023-01-22. Archived from the original on 2023-01-23. Retrieved 2023-01-23.
- ^ “Sri Lanka president, China Exim Bank chief discuss debt issues”. EconomyNext. 2023-01-12. Archived from the original on 2023-01-23. Retrieved 2023-01-23.
- ^ PTI (2023-01-22). “After India, China gives financing assurances to Sri Lanka for IMF bailout package”. The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 2023-01-23. Retrieved 2023-01-23.
- ^ Garlick, Jeremy (2024). Advantage China: Agent of Change in an Era of Global Disruption. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-350-25231-8.
- ^ Kelegama, Saman (2016). “China as a Balancer in South Asia”. The new great game : China and South and Central Asia in the era of reform. Thomas Fingar. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 207. ISBN 978-0-8047-9764-1. OCLC 939553543.
- ^ Abi-Habib, Maria (2018-06-25). “How China Got Sri Lanka to Cough Up a Port”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2018-10-16. Retrieved 2022-02-23.
The first major loan it took on the project came from the Chinese government’s Export-Import Bank, or Exim, for $307 million. But to obtain the loan, Sri Lanka was required to accept Beijing’s preferred company, China Harbor, as the port’s builder, according to a United States Embassy cable from the time, leaked to WikiLeaks.
- ^ “Business Branches”. The Export Import Bank of China. Archived from the original on 2013-04-17. Retrieved 2013-03-25.
- ^ Ma Xin (马欣) (16 April 2022). 吴富林出任中国进出口银行党委书记. ce.cn (in Chinese). Retrieved 11 November 2024.
- ^ Chen Yan (陈琰) (5 November 2024). 经核准,王春英任中国进出口银行行长. sina (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 November 2024.
中文词条参考文献
- ^ 跳转到:1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 数据来源:中国进出口银行. 中国进出口银行2016年年度报告 (PDF). 2017-05-31 [2017-09-09]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-09-09).
- ^ 原有的担心是多余的——专访商务部前副部长佟志广. 网易. 2009-09-22 [2017-09-09]. (原始内容存档于2017-09-09) (中文(简体)).
- ^ 银行简介——主要业务范围. 中国进出口银行. [2017-09-09]. (原始内容存档于2017-08-30) (中文(简体)).
- ^ 交通银行与中国进出口银行签署《战略合作协议》. FT中文网. 2017-04-26 [2017-09-09]. (原始内容存档于2017-09-09) (中文(简体)).
外部链接 | External links
- 中国进出口银行官方网站(简体中文)
- The Export-Import Bank of China(英文)
- Banque d’exportation et d’importation de Chine(法文)
- (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)(俄文)

分享到: